It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms.



Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. 



But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-fuel-for-evolution">Energy: Fuel for evolution</h2>



The boring billion period appears to mark a time when the evolution of complex life was delayed and conditions were so stable as to border on stagnant. 



Scientists state that oxygen levels at this time were drastically decreased and conditions were fairly harsh for most forms of life.



A new study by Michael Lynch of <a href="https://www.asu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arizona State University</a> has revealed that the transition from unicellular to multicellular life forms would have come at a cost.



Using the water flea, Daphnia, as a <a href="https://phys.org/tags/model+organism/">model organism</a>, the study shows that multicellular organisms require more than a tenfold increase in energy compared with the simpler, unicellular organisms characteristic of the boring billion period. 



"No one doubts that multicellularity can bring substantial advantages to the table, but the privilege of attaining such benefits comes at a steep investment cost," said Lynch, who directs the <a href="https://search.app?link=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodesign.asu.edu%2Fmechanisms-of-evolution%2F&amp;utm_campaign=aga&amp;utm_source=agsadl2%2Csh%2Fx%2Fgs%2Fm2%2F4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodesign Center for Mechanisms of Evolution</a> at ASU.



The study emphasizes the importance of respiration and other metabolic processes in navigating the transition to more complex life forms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-of-complexity">Cost of complexity </h2>



Every organism, from the smallest bacterium to a human, is driven by energy. Having an entire body made of only one cell reduces the need for energy and nutrients to grow and reproduce. 



But multicellular organisms, like plants, animals, and fungi, have to maintain a multitude of cells in complex tissues, organs and structures. And this places a far higher energy demand on the organism.



As the cell count increases in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-life-and-environment-co-evolved-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organism</a>, so does the demand on ATP synthase, the molecular machinery in cells that manufactures ATP, the universal energy currency. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/multicelled-organisms_metazoan-daphnia_credit-Marek-Mis_1s.webp" alt="A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś" class="wp-image-1950209"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A new study shows that multicelled organisms like the metazoan daphnia (pictured) require a tenfold increase in energy compared with protists for their growth, maintenance and survival. The high cost of multicellular existence is offset by the many evolutionary advantages afforded to advanced organisms, from simpler forms like daphnia all the way up to vertebrate species, including humans. Credit: Marek Miś</figcaption></figure>



Each new cell in a multicellular body is another mouth to feed in terms of energy, and the cost increases with the number of cells.



The findings of the Daphnia study show that metazoans - the group that includes multicellular creatures - need a lot more ATP synthase complexes in each cell than their simpler, unicellular counterparts.



In fact, for every increment in body mass, these organisms require 30 to 50 times more oxygen than simpler, unicellular creatures. This additional oxygen supports the complex needs for metabolism, cellular communication, and tissue maintenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-comes-at-a-price">Size comes at a price</h2>



Growth isn't cheap, particularly for multicellular organisms. 



While larger, unicellular organisms, like some amoebas, become more efficient as they grow, multicellular organisms face unique challenges that require extra energy to sustain their larger sizes and more complex structures.



Given this steep energy price, why did multicellularity evolve at all? 



The answer seems to be that multicellular life offers evolutionary advantages, such as being able to consume unicellular organisms en masse, evade predators, and live in various environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-energy-barriers">Overcoming energy barriers</h2>



To surmount the energetic challenges presented by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-snowball-earth-conditions-drove-evolution-complex-multicellular-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellularity</a>, organisms have developed remarkable adaptations to utilize their resources efficiently. 



One key adaptation is the division of labor between specialized cells, tissues, and organs; this specialization allows for optimized energy usage where cells perform distinct functions more efficiently than they would if they had to carry out all the different life activities.



For example, mitochondria within eukaryotic cells have evolved highly efficient pathways to generate ATP, thus maximizing the energy harvested from different substrates.



Furthermore, the development of vascular systems in plants and circulatory systems in animals allows for the effective distribution of energy resources, and ensures that all cells have access to the oxygen and nutrients necessary to produce energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-boring-billion">Implications of the "boring billion"</h2>



Understanding the evolutionary narrative of the "boring billion" holds powerful implications for modern scientific research. 



This era not only reflects the energy-centric challenges of the past but also informs the fields of synthetic biology, evolutionary biology, and bioengineering.



By studying the metabolic pathways and energy efficiencies developed during this period, researchers can potentially design bio-inspired systems and organisms with enhanced functionalities and sustainability.



Furthermore, insights gained from this epoch's evolutionary innovations could pioneer future advancements in medical therapies, agriculture, and ecosystem management. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This study primarily focuses on aerobic, animal-like organisms. But there's a vast and varied spectrum of life out there, including plants and fungi, and the researchers plan to extend their investigations to these life forms. 



Future insights could shed light on why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life forms</a> took a considerable time to appear and diversify on our planet.



Multicellular life has high energy demands and this study suggests that the constraints of bioenergy could be a universal phenomenon that is applicable to any carbon-based, oxygen-breathing life, no matter where it exists in the universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2414742121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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'Boring billion' wasn’t a dull period, it fueled a shift to complex life

It's known as the "boring billion," a murky period in Earth's history between 1.8 billion and 800 million years ago, when life's complexity didn't extend much beyond single-celled organisms. Apart from the occasional multicellular life form, most of the living species during that time period were simple, unicellular organisms that had minimal requirements for life. But don't mistake "boring" for insignificant. This epoch of evolution laid the foundation for the drama of complex multicellularity that would eventually lead to us. Energy: Fuel for evolution The boring billion...

Lupus and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-d-reduces-the-risk-of-autoimmune-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">autoimmune diseases</a> are a rampant problem in today's world, affecting a significant portion of the global population. This particular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nightmares-daymares-hallucinations-may-be-early-warning-signs-serious-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> is prevalent, with more than 1.5 million people in the U.S. alone requiring treatment.



Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can inflict severe, even life-threatening damage to multiple organs like the kidneys, brain, and heart.



Until recently, the causes of lupus remained a medical mystery, but a breakthrough discovery offers hope for more targeted treatments.



Scientists have now unveiled a molecular defect which turns the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-may-be-the-best-strategy-to-boost-your-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body's immune system</a> rogue in lupus.



Existing treatments, often barely scratching the surface of this profound problem, come with a nasty hitch - they dilute the immune system's potency to fight infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lupus-treatment-breakthrough">Lupus treatment breakthrough</h2>



“All therapy for lupus until this point has been a blunt instrument. It’s broad immunosuppression. By identifying a cause for this disease, we have found a potential cure that will not have the side effects of current therapies,” noted Professor Jaehyuk Choi, a professor of dermatology at <a href="https://www.feinberg.northwestern.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine</a>.



"We’ve identified a fundamental imbalance in the immune responses that patients with lupus make, and we’ve defined specific mediators that can correct this imbalance to dampen the pathologic autoimmune response," said Dr. Deepak Rao, a rheumatologist at <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women’s Hospital</a> and co-director of its Center for Cellular Profiling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lupus-on-the-molecular-level">Lupus on the molecular level</h2>



The study uncovers a new pathway that steers the course of lupus. The research delves into the intricate mechanisms of the disease, revealing that multiple blood molecules in lupus patients exhibit significant disease-associated changes.



These changes pinpoint a pathway controlled by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) as crucial in the development and progression of the disease.



AHR plays a pivotal role in the body's immune response, overseeing cells' reactions to external factors such as pollutants, bacteria, or metabolites. It acts as a regulatory switch, modulating how cells respond to these environmental triggers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insufficient-ahr-activation">Insufficient AHR activation</h2>



The experts found that insufficient activation of AHR leads to a detrimental cascade of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-people-have-unique-immune-responses-that-block-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune responses</a>, culminating in an increase in T peripheral helper cells.



These cells are notorious for promoting the production of disease-causing auto-antibodies, which attack the body's own tissues and organs, leading to the severe manifestations of lupus.



By identifying this pathway and its impact on the immune system, the researchers have opened up new possibilities for targeted treatments. They can correct these specific molecular defects, potentially offering more effective and less harmful treatment option for lupus patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lupus-treatment-potential">Lupus treatment potential</h2>



The scientists demonstrated the potential of their discovery for treating lupus. By reintroducing AHR-activating molecules back into blood samples from lupus patients, they were able to convert disease-causing cells into Th22 cells, potentially healing wounds inflicted by lupus.



“We found that if we either activate the AHR pathway with small molecule activators or limit the pathologically excessive interferon in the blood, we can reduce the number of these disease-causing cells,” explained Professor Choi.



Next, the team will turn their attention to developing novel treatments for lupus patients. They are actively working on finding ways to safely and effectively deliver these molecules, offering a potential cure and a new lease on life to millions of people affected by this disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-implications">Far-reaching implications </h2>



The implications of this breakthrough extend far beyond immediate treatment options. The discovery opens new research avenues for autoimmune diseases. It may ultimately offer insights into conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes.



Understanding AHR's role in immune regulation could advance personalized medicine. Treatments could be tailored to individual molecular profiles.



This personalized approach could improve the efficacy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/laser-technology-could-improve-radiation-treatments-for-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatments</a> and reduce the risk of adverse side effects.



The research team’s findings could revolutionize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-predict-health-deterioration-in-hospital-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patient care</a>, providing hope for millions who suffer from chronic autoimmune conditions and paving the way for a future where these diseases can be precisely targeted and effectively managed.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07627-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Experts have found a possible cure for lupus

Lupus and other autoimmune diseases are a rampant problem in...

As the oil and gas industry expands across North America, new research reveals striking links between sites involving fossil fuel development and various health conditions during and after pregnancy.



Preconception issues, physical and mental health challenges, preterm births, defects at birth, and psychological stress are all part of the conversation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-and-gas-industry-expansion">Oil and gas industry expansion</h2>



The oil and gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oil-and-gas-production-linked-to-77-billion-in-annual-health-care-costs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">industry</a> is rapidly expanding across North America due to rising energy demand and economic growth.



The vast network of drilling sites, pipelines, and processing facilities now stretches across numerous states and provinces, bringing with it promises of jobs and development.



However, what is less commonly discussed are the significant physical and mental health implications associated with living near these industrial activities.



Emerging research reveals many health issues linked to the oil and gas sector. These issues are especially concerning for vulnerable groups like pregnant individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-risks-from-oil-and-gas-development">Mental health risks from oil and gas development</h2>



Recent research from the <a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH)</a> has revealed alarming findings.



The study shows that the oil and gas industry's harmful effects also impact people planning to conceive. This sheds light on an underexplored area of reproductive health.



The findings suggest higher mental health risks for those living near oil and gas sites. These individuals are more prone to moderate-to-severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a> than their counterparts living further away from such activities.



The study shows high stress levels in people living 1.25 miles from development sites. This highlights the need for strict residential safety measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-preconception-health">Prioritizing preconception health</h2>



While prenatal and postpartum health challenges continue to draw national attention with the alarming rise in US maternal morbidity and mortality rates, this new study calls for an increased focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calcium-zinc-are-keys-to-healthier-pregnancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preconception health</a> – an area previously understudied.



"Oil and gas development is a multifaceted exposure - it swiftly changes the economy, the social structures, and the environment in the community," explained lead author Dr. Mary Willis, an assistant professor of epidemiology at BUSPH.



"All of the changes may create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mothers-stress-shapes-her-firstborn-daughters-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress and depression</a> among local residents, an experience that may be particularly heightened among people trying to conceive."



The researchers emphasize that understanding and addressing the health risks faced by individuals planning to conceive is crucial for improving overall reproductive health outcomes. 



Policymakers should prioritize preconception health. Moreover, healthcare providers can develop comprehensive strategies. These strategies mitigate risks and support healthier pregnancies and ensure better long-term health for parents and children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-the-dark-depths">Unearthing the dark depths</h2>



Based on their comprehensive analysis of mental health survey, the researchers discovered that heightened stress and depressive symptoms were not solely confined to people living within close proximity of oil and gas development sites.



Even individuals residing further away reported adverse mental health outcomes, indicating a broader impact than previously understood. 



This highlights the urgent need for a thorough reconsideration of residential safety regulations, particularly in states with major oil and gas production. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-ripple-effect">Economic ripple effect</h2>



Beyond the direct health implications, it's essential to consider the broader economic impact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> issues can have on communities.



Increased stress and depressive symptoms among residents reduce workforce productivity. This leads to higher healthcare costs. It also diminishes the quality of life.



Local economies may struggle. Decreased consumer spending and increased demand for mental health services impact them. Businesses might face challenges in retaining employees and struggle to maintain a stable workforce.



Therefore, addressing the mental health consequences of oil and gas development is not only a public health priority but also an economic imperative for communities affected by these industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The burgeoning oil and gas industry's expansion necessitates comprehensive studies and improved regulations on health implications. The researchers at BUSPH hope their findings will shine light on the invisible health impacts of resource extraction and drive protective measures for residential areas.



Isn't it time we pulled the curtains on these hidden health hazards? It just might be the wakeup call we need for a healthier tomorrow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307730" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Journal of Public Health</a>.



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Living near oil and gas sites linked to hidden health issues

As the oil and gas industry expands across North America,...

In the world of physics, the idea of particles moving faster than light has always been a bit of a wild card. These particles, known as tachyons, have stirred up debates and skepticism.



However, a recent study published in Physical Review D has shaken up our understanding of these enigmatic particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-old-assumptions">Challenging old assumptions</h2>



For a long time, tachyons were considered more of a theoretical oddity than a scientific possibility. They seemed to conflict with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-glitch-in-gravity-expands-the-theory-of-general-relativity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">special theory of relativity</a>, which has been a cornerstone of modern physics. 



But this new research suggests that our previous doubts about tachyons might have been misplaced. According to Andrzej Dragan from the <a href="https://en.uw.edu.pl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Warsaw</a>, the lead researcher on the study, "It's a bit like internet advertising -- one simple trick can solve your problems."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-against-tachyons">Case against tachyons</h2>



So, why were tachyons dismissed by the scientific community for so long? There were three main reasons:



<ol>
<li>Unstable Ground State: The ground state of the tachyon field was thought to be unstable, leading to the formation of uncontrollable "avalanches" of particles. </li>



<li>Observer Dependency: Changes in the inertial observer's frame of reference were believed to alter the number of tachyons observed, which contradicted the principle that particle existence shouldn't depend on observation. </li>



<li>Negative Energy: Tachyons were thought to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-consist-of-particles-that-travel-faster-than-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">possess negative energy</a>, which created numerous theoretical problems.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective">New perspective</h2>



Dragan and his colleagues discovered that these issues shared a common root cause: the way boundary conditions were applied in calculations. Typically, physicists consider only the initial state of a system when making predictions. 



However, this research team incorporated both the initial and final states into their calculations. This approach resolved the previous contradictions, making the theory of tachyons mathematically consistent.



This shift in perspective does more than just solve old problems -- it introduces new concepts to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum theory</a>. 



One of the most intriguing is a new form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum entanglement</a> that intertwines past and future states in a way that isn't seen in conventional particle theory. This expansion of boundary conditions opens up fresh possibilities and questions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-tachyons-in-new-physics">Future of tachyons in new physics</h2>



The idea that the future can influence the present isn't entirely new in physics, but this study takes it a step further. 



According to Dragan, "To 'make room' for tachyons we had to expand the state space." This expansion could have profound implications for our understanding of the universe.



The researchers also suggest that tachyons could be a fundamental part of the spontaneous breaking process that leads to the formation of matter. 



They propose that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/higgs-boson-god-particle-still-remains-quantum-mystery-after-12-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Higgs field excitations</a>, before the symmetry was broken, could travel at superluminal speeds in the vacuum. This hypothesis not only supports the existence of tachyons but also ties them to the very fabric of reality.



While this study provides a robust theoretical foundation for tachyons, it also raises many questions. Are these particles purely a mathematical construct, or could we observe them one day? 



The authors believe that tachyons are more than just a theoretical possibility -- they are a crucial component of the processes that govern the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradigm-shift-in-particle-physics">Paradigm shift in particle physics</h2>



This research represents a significant shift in how we think about causality and the structure of physical laws. 



By considering both the initial and final states of a system, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum processes</a>, leading to new discoveries and technologies that were previously thought impossible.



As with most new theories, this study invites further investigation and debate. The study of tachyons is far from over.



This new research has revitalized interest in these faster-than-light particles and opened up exciting avenues for future exploration. 



Whether tachyons remain a theoretical curiosity or become a tangible part of our understanding of the universe, one thing is certain: the journey to uncover the secrets of the cosmos continues, and tachyons are now a part of that journey.



In the end, the story of tachyons is a testament to the ever-evolving nature of science. It shows us that with an open mind and innovative thinking, we can challenge old assumptions and discover new truths about the universe. 



And who knows? Maybe one day, tachyons will move from the pages of theoretical physics into the realm of observable reality.



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The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.015006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review D</a>.

How faster-than-light 'tachyons' fit into the special theory of relativity

In the world of physics, the idea of particles moving...

Cave,Of,Grotta,Bianca,In,Grotte,Di,Castellana,Full,Of

The origins of cultural innovations in early Homo sapiens have sparked much debate. However, a significant discovery in Grotta di Castelcivita, southern Italy, may resolve one such long-standing question after discovering Homo sapiens' stone tools.



A multinational research team has meticulously pieced together the lifestyle of these early humans, primarily through their most enduring remnants.



Renowned researchers from the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a>, <a href="https://en.unisi.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Siena</a>, and <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a> dug deep into Castelcivita's rich prehistoric deposits. 



They employed avant-garde methodologies to reconstruct the crafting methods used in these stone tools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-homo-sapiens-past-and-stone-tools">Homo sapiens' past and stone tools</h2>



Stone tools are crucial in archaeology. They link us to our ancestors and show us their daily lives, skills, and thinking.



By studying the materials, techniques, and designs of these tools, researchers can infer a wealth of information about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early human</a> societies, including their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting practices</a>, food preparation methods, and even social structures.



The cave was bustling with activity nearly 43,000 years ago. Groups of Homo sapiens lived there. However, they eventually replaced the Neanderthals. 



This transition is known as the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition. It marks a crucial timeframe in human evolution that brought significant cultural and technological advancements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-did-a-volcano-spark-innovation">Did a volcano spark innovation?</h2>



The team scrutinized the homo sapiens' stone tools dating back to a time preceding the infamous Campanian Ignimbrite eruption. Notably, this eruption is the most potent volcanic explosion in Mediterranean history.



Originating from the still ablaze Phlegraean Fields over 40,000 years ago, an eruption of this magnitude undoubtedly would have disrupted the existing lifestyle of Homo sapiens.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/homo-sapiens_early-cultural-remnants_italy_credit-University-of-Tubingen_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/homo-sapiens_early-cultural-remnants_italy_credit-University-of-Tubingen_1s.jpg" alt="Prehistoric Homo sapiens' stone tools and other cultural items discovered in Italy. Credit: University of Tübingen" class="wp-image-1939083"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Prehistoric Homo sapiens' stone tools and other cultural items discovered in Italy. Credit: University of Tübingen</figcaption></figure>



The Campanian Ignimbrite eruption was a cataclysmic event that had far-reaching consequences for the environment and the human populations in the region. 



It covered large areas with thick ash and pumice, changing landscapes and ecosystems.



Such events have long been considered major drivers of human innovation. They forced populations to develop new survival strategies that helped them face environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-preceded-disaster">Innovation preceded disaster</h2>



To their utter surprise, researchers discovered that the cultural evolution at <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/homo-sapiens_Grotta-di-Castelcivita-cave-system_italy_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Grotto di Castelcivita</a> not only predated this catastrophic volcanic event but also usurped a subsequent frigid epoch known as Heinrich Stadial 4, which lasted for approximately two millennia.



The most striking innovation was the production of minuscule stone points derived from locally sourced rocks exhibiting superior fracture properties. 



The purpose? These were likely fashioned into multi-component projectile weapons. This technological advancement represents a significant leap in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-women-were-not-just-gatherers-they-were-hunters-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting capabilities</a>.



Multi-component weapons, combining stone points with shafts made of organic materials like wood or bone, allowed for greater versatility and effectiveness in hunting. 



Such innovations would have provided early Homo sapiens with a competitive edge in procuring food resources, potentially contributing to their success in outcompeting Neanderthals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-beliefs-about-homo-sapiens-tool-use">Past beliefs about homo sapiens' tool use</h2>



This revelation debunks the widespread belief that major climatic upheavals, like volcanic eruptions or chilling events, were primary catalysts for substantial shifts in the life patterns of hunter-gathers throughout human prehistory. 



Instead, the researchers posit that the cradle of innovation was cultural transmission and the establishment of sprawling networks extending well beyond the Alps.



This finding challenges the deterministic view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-lava-tubes-for-homes-middle-east-saudi-arabia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human adaptation</a>, which often attributes major cultural changes to external environmental pressures.



Instead, it suggests a more complex interplay between human agency, cultural exchange, and environmental factors in driving innovation and adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-approaches-to-homo-sapiens-tool-discoveries">Approaches to homo sapiens' tool discoveries</h2>



The study at Castelcivita exemplifies the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in archaeological research. 



By integrating insights from geology, anthropology, and environmental sciences, the research team was able to create a comprehensive picture of early Homo sapiens' innovations beyond tools.



This holistic approach not only enhances our understanding of ancient human behavior but also paves the way for future discoveries that may further challenge existing paradigms.



The integration of multiple scientific disciplines allows researchers to piece together a more complete picture of the past, considering not just the artifacts themselves, but also the geological, climatic, and ecological contexts in which they were created and used.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-59896-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Prehistoric Homo sapiens' stone tools preserved in volcanic ash

The origins of cultural innovations in early Homo sapiens have...

We've all heard the saying, "What doesn't kill you makes you stronger." But does this hold true when it comes to encounters with COVID-19? A recent study has revealed some intriguing and surprising insights about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abzymes-new-discovery-cause-long-covid-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">severity</a> and occurrence of reinfections.



In accordance with the research conducted by our proficient team of scientists from the National Institutes of Health, every subsequent bout with COVID-19 doesn't always follow the same pattern as the first encounter. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-infections">COVID infections</h2>



This study meticulously examined health data from an extensive group of 212,984 Americans who had contracted COVID-19 multiple times. This large dataset allowed researchers to create a reliable analysis of reinfection patterns and health outcomes.Severity of COVID and reinfections



The individuals included in the study first tested positive for COVID-19 between March 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022. They experienced reinfection by March 2023, providing a comprehensive timeline for tracking the progression and impact of multiple infections.



Out of the total participants, the majority - specifically 203,735 individuals - experienced the virus twice. Meanwhile, a smaller subset of 478 individuals dealt with three or more infections.



This detailed breakdown highlights the varying degrees of susceptibility and recurrence among the population studied, offering valuable insights into the behavior of COVID-19 reinfections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trends-in-covid-reinfections">Trends in COVID reinfections</h2>



The findings suggest that severe infections from the virus foreshadow a similarly severe reinfection.&nbsp;



Nearly 27% of patients who had severe primary infections (defined by needing hospital care) also ended up in hospital care for a reinfection.



Moreover, long COVID appeared to play the protagonist post initial infection rather than during reinfections. This persistent villain, characterized by prolonged symptoms like fatigue, cough, and breathing issues, was more likely to show up after a first infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-factors-and-protective-measures">Risk factors and protective measures</h2>



The scientists didn't stop at merely identifying the pattern of reinfection; they went a step further to identify potential risk markers and protective measures.



Certain health markers such as lower levels of albumin, a protein manufactured by the liver, emerged as a potential risk indicator for reinfection. On the flip side, COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-failure-patients-may-live-longer-with-covid-19-vaccination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protective effect</a> even though they were not available during the entire study period. 



Reinfections made a noticeable return during the omicron variant's spread. This occurred specifically in late 2021 and early 2022. Waning immunity and increased exposure to the virus played a role. Highly infectious variants also contributed to this trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-impact-of-covid-reinfections">Psychological impact of COVID reinfections</h2>



Facing COVID-19 once is daunting enough, but the prospect of reinfection adds a layer of psychological impact that can't be overlooked. Many individuals who endured a severe initial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-virus-can-remain-in-sperm-months-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection</a> report heightened anxiety and stress, fearing another debilitating encounter with the virus.



Mental health professionals have observed an increase in COVID-related anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among those who face the threat of reinfection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-possible-pandemics">Preparing for possible pandemics</h2>



As we continue to grapple with the ongoing challenges posed by COVID-19 and its reinfections, it's becoming increasingly clear that we need to develop robust strategies to prepare for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandemics</a>.&nbsp;



Learning from the data and insights gained through extensive research on COVID-19 can guide us in addressing future viral threats more effectively.&nbsp;



Investment in medical research, enhancement of global healthcare infrastructure, and improvement in rapid vaccine development are crucial steps forward.&nbsp;



Moreover, public health policies must be agile, based on real-time data, and capable of swift adaptation to emerging viral variants. By fostering a culture of scientific curiosity and preparedness, we can better safeguard our societies against future health crises.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The scientists suggest that additional research, particularly through trials testing various nutritional interventions, could provide valuable insights into the issue of reinfection. 



These studies could help determine if certain dietary changes or supplements might reduce the risk of getting infected again, potentially offering new strategies for managing the problem.



COVID-19 is a crafty villain, with diverse powers and strategies, but equipped with findings like these, we're better prepared for the fight. After all, when it comes to battling this microscopic beast, knowledge truly is our superpower.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00539-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Medicine</a>.



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Severe COVID infections often predict severe reinfections

We've all heard the saying, "What doesn't kill you makes...

Electric aircraft batteries may seem like an unlikely place to apply biological research methods but, as it turns out, the field of omics could play a breakthrough role in enabling carbon-free <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviation-emissions-big-data-analysis-sparks-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air travel</a>. 



These techniques, which have revolutionized the way scientists understand the human genome, might just help us understand why electric aircraft batteries degrade over time.



In a recent study, a team of experienced researchers from the <a href="https://www.lbl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab)</a>, the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> collaborated with industry partners ABA and 24M. 



The experts applied omics techniques to dissect the intricate interactions within the anode, cathode, and electrolyte of electric aircraft batteries.



Breaking new ground, the researchers found that specific salts, when added to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-sustainable-batteries-from-crab-shells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battery</a> electrolyte, could form a protective coating on cathode particles.



This fundamental discovery not only preserves the cathode from corrosion but also significantly enhances the battery life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-leap-towards-carbon-free-aviation">Promising leap towards carbon-free aviation</h2>



The scientists' innovative work involves the design and testing of an electric aircraft battery using their novel electrolyte solution. 



Impressively, this battery demonstrated a four-fold increase in performance over conventional batteries in maintaining the power-to-energy ratio needed for electric air flight. 



Looking ahead, the team's focus is on producing enough batteries, with approximately 100 kWh total capacity, for a predicted 2025 test flight.



As the study's corresponding author and a senior staff scientist at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry, Brett Helms highlights the importance of their work. 



"Our work redefines what's possible, pushing the boundaries of battery technology to enable deeper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/decarbonizing-worlds-industrial-emissions-possible-with-current-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decarbonization</a>," said Helms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-developing-electric-aircraft-batteries">Challenges in developing electric aircraft batteries</h2>



Transitioning from traditional vehicles to electric aircraft batteries is no easy feat, the latter demands high power for takeoff and landing and high energy density for extended flight. 



Youngmin Ko, a postdoctoral researcher at Berkeley Lab’s Molecular Foundry, paints a clear picture, indicating that it's the power fade that's critical for aircraft. 



This is where the omics approach has carved out its niche, decoding patterns from changes in chemical signatures in complex systems to understand and respond to power fade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-culprit-of-power-fade">Unveiling the culprit of power fade</h2>



Focusing on lithium metal batteries adorned by high-voltage, high-density layered oxides containing nickel, manganese, and cobalt, the team made a surprising discovery. 



Contrary to the prevailing belief that power fade attributed to the anode, the experts found it primarily stemmed from the cathode side. The cathode particles, over time, cracked and corroded, thereby reducing battery efficiency.



An "aha moment" came when the team discovered that particular electrolytes could control the corrosion rate at the cathode interface, leading to the creation of a new, power-retaining electrolyte solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-vertical-take-off-and-landing-evtol-batteries">Electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) batteries</h2>



Upon testing their new electrolyte solution in a high-capacity battery, the team found significant power retention, signaling a positive future for electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL).



The team is now focused on producing the batteries for an anticipated 2025 test flight in an aircraft prototype made by their partners. 



In the longer-term, they intend to expand the use of omics in battery research to customize battery performance for diverse uses in transportation and the grid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergence-of-electric-aircraft-in-modern-aviation">Emergence of electric aircraft in modern aviation</h2>



Electric aircraft represent a promising frontier in the pursuit of sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electric-aircraft-demonstrate-major-climate-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a>. Unlike their fossil fuel-powered counterparts, electric aircraft contribute significantly less to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circular-economy-needed-to-reduce-americas-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>, offering a greener alternative for the future of air travel. 



These aircraft leverage electric propulsion systems, which not only reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also minimize noise pollution, making air travel more environmentally and socially acceptable.



A key player in this transformative shift is the development of advanced battery technologies, like the ones studied by the Berkeley Lab team. These batteries must provide high energy density and power output while ensuring safety and reliability in various flight conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-innovative-designs">Future directions and innovative designs </h2>



Companies and researchers worldwide are exploring innovative designs such as distributed electric propulsion, where multiple smaller engines work in tandem to optimize performance and efficiency. This novel approach enhances aircraft aerodynamics and fuel efficiency, contributing to overall sustainability.



Moreover, regulatory bodies and aviation organizations are increasingly endorsing electric aircraft. 



The Federal Aviation Administration (<a href="https://www.faa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAA</a>) and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (<a href="https://www.easa.europa.eu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EASA</a>) are working on frameworks to certify electric aircraft, ensuring that safety standards keep pace with technological advancements. 



These efforts are crucial for integrating electric aircraft into the commercial aviation sector and fostering public confidence in this new mode of air travel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/joule/abstract/S2542-4351(24)00241-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Joule</a>.



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Electric aircraft batteries: Pushing the boundaries of technology

Electric aircraft batteries may seem like an unlikely place to...

Respiratory infections are as ubiquitous as they are overwhelming. However, what if a bacterium known widely as Haemophilus influenzae, has a unique trick up its microscopic sleeve? It "turns off" our immune systems to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteriophages-how-bacteria-harness-viruses-to-attack-competitors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thrive and sustain</a>.&nbsp;



This fascinating revelation comes to from the heart of the labs at <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Queensland</a>. The study was led by Professor Ulrike Kappler from UQ's <a href="https://scmb.uq.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Chemical and Molecular Biosciences</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-vs-immune-system">Bacteria vs. immune system</h2>



Let's take a detour into the fascinating world of bacteria. They're not always the bad guys as we often perceive them to be. 



However, bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacterial-disease-that-devours-olive-trees-is-thriving-in-a-warmer-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clever survivors</a>. They dodge blows from our immune system as they've perfected their camouflage art. Sadly, our immunity fails to spot them.



Our immune system is the unsung hero within us. It fights tirelessly to detect and eliminate harmful germs. Yet, bacteria can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outfox these defenses</a>. They use the immune system to their advantage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-groups">Vulnerable groups</h2>



The tiny organisms can wreak havoc in vulnerable individuals. They put these individuals at the mercy of worsening symptoms.



"These bacteria are especially damaging to vulnerable groups, such as those with cystic fibrosis, asthma, the elderly, and Indigenous communities," noted Professor Kappler.



"In some conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, they can drastically worsen symptoms."



"Our research shows the bacterium persists by essentially turning off the body's immune responses, inducing a state of tolerance in human respiratory tissues."



Keen to know how this bacterium operates? The answer, quite surprisingly, lies in its ability to "talk" to and deactivate our immune system. It performs an impressive act of deception, convincing our defense mechanisms that there's no threat looming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulation-of-infection">Simulation of infection</h2>



The nefarious operations of this bacterium unravel its ability to "talk" to and deactivate our immune system. It's an impostor in our midst, convincing our body that there's no threat on the horizon.



To understand this phenomenon, the UQ team simulated an infection by preparing human nasal tissue in the lab. This artificial environment mimicked the lining of our respiratory tracts. Over two weeks of 'infection,' they monitored the changes in gene expression.



Their findings? An astoundingly limited production of inflammation molecules, the body's usual response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-increases-threat-antimicrobial-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial invasion</a>. 



"We then applied both live and dead Haemophilus influenzae, showing the dead bacteria caused a fast production of the inflammation makers, while live bacteria prevented this," said Professor Kappler. "This proved that the bacteria can actively reduce the human immune response."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-and-immune-systems">Bacteria and immune systems</h2>



Collaborating on this research journey is pediatric respiratory physician Emeritus Professor Peter Sly from UQ's Faculty of Medicine.&nbsp;



"This is a rare behavior that many other bacteria don't possess," noted Professor Sly. "If local immunity drops, for example during a viral infection, the bacteria may be able to 'take over' and cause a more severe infection."



The valuable insights derived from this study will pave the path towards finding new treatments. 



"We'll look at ways of developing treatments that enhance the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate the pathogen before it can cause further damage," said Professor Kappler.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bacteria-and-immune-system-nbsp-dynamics">Bacteria and immune system&nbsp;dynamics</h2>



As the intricate dynamics between bacteria and our immune system continue to unfold, we remain curious, fascinated, and a tad bit wary.&nbsp;



Additionally, exploring how this bacterium interacts with other pathogens and the microbiome might reveal complex interdependencies that either hinder or assist its survival. 



After all, isn't it a strange thought to consider how the microscopic organisms in our bodies pull the strings? Does this knowledge make you look at common respiratory infections in a new light?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-and-beyond">Public health and beyond</h2>



This newfound understanding of Haemophilus influenzae's sneaky abilities underscores the importance of early detection and targeted treatment. 



This research can directly benefit public health initiatives by fostering the development of more effective diagnostic tools and preventative measures.



Moreover, the possibility of refining vaccines and developing therapies to counteract the bacterium's evasive strategies could potentially mitigate the impact of associated respiratory infections.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012282" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Pathogens</a>.



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How tiny bacteria outsmart the human immune system

Respiratory infections are as ubiquitous as they are overwhelming. However,...

A study examining the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> on brain function discovered a link between an individual's preference for morning or evening activity and their cognitive performance, suggesting that “night owls” generally score higher cognitively.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> (ICL) analyzed data from over 26,000 people to investigate how various aspects of sleep - such as duration, patterns, and quality - affect mental sharpness and cognitive ability. 



Using data from the <a href="https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Biobank</a>, they examined whether participants identified as “morning people” or “evening people,” indicating their most alert and productive times of the day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mysterious-function-of-sleep-nbsp">The mysterious function of sleep&nbsp;</h2>



“Sleep is a fundamental biological behavior that is universally conserved throughout evolution. However, despite its significance, the function of such a process remains a long-debated subject of interest,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Emerging studies suggest that sleep plays a crucial role in optimizing cognitive function by contributing to bodily restoration, memory consolidation, learning and emotional regulation. Sleep impairment, particularly common among elderly people, has been consistently linked to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.” 



“Homeostatic immune function is also profoundly influenced by sleep, and sleep impairment has been linked to immune-related neurodegenerative, metabolic, autoimmune and vascular diseases." 



"Animal studies have further shown that, mechanistically, sleep disturbance induces neuroinflammation, complement activation, impaired learning and memory, and affects hippocampus-dependent learning.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-duration-and-cognitive-performance">Sleep duration and cognitive performance</h2>



The researchers noted that population-based studies have highlighted the relationship between sleep duration and cognitive abilities, indicating potential cognitive impairments associated with both short and long sleep durations.



Published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-001000" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMJ Public Health</a>, the study revealed that sleeping between seven to nine hours per night optimizes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-light-instantly-enhances-brain-function-alertness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain function</a>, enhancing cognitive abilities such as memory, reasoning, and information processing speed. 



In contrast, sleeping for fewer than seven hours or more than nine hours had a negative impact on cognitive function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-night-owls-outperformed-morning-larks">Night owls outperformed morning larks</h2>



The study also highlighted the influence of a person’s chronotype, which refers to their preference for morning or evening activity. “Night owls” - those who are naturally more active in the evening - outperformed “morning larks” in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-exercise-improves-cognitive-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> tests. 



Larks consistently scored the lowest, with intermediate types - those with a mild preference for either day or night - performing better, and evening types achieving the highest scores.



Night owls scored approximately 13.5% higher than morning larks in one group and 7.5% higher in another group.&nbsp;



Intermediate sleepers scored around 10.6% and 6.3% higher than morning types in the two groups, respectively. These differences were statistically significant, indicating they are unlikely to be due to chance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-night-owls-cognitive-performance">Night owls' cognitive performance </h2>



The analysis accounted for various health and lifestyle factors, including age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, and chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes.&nbsp;



Generally, younger individuals and those without chronic conditions scored higher in cognitive tests, while healthier lifestyle choices were linked to better cognitive performance.



“Our study found that adults who are naturally more active in the evening (what we called 'eveningness') tended to perform better on cognitive tests than those who are 'morning people.' Rather than just being personal preferences, these chronotypes could impact our cognitive function,” said lead author Raha West from the Department of Surgery and Cancer at ICL.



However, West emphasized that the findings do not imply all morning people have poorer cognitive performance, but rather that the overall trend favors <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/late-night-habits-raise-the-risk-of-coronary-artery-calcification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evening types</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proactively-managing-sleep-patterns-nbsp">Proactively managing sleep patterns&nbsp;</h2>



West noted that shifting natural sleep habits is complex, but understanding and working with one's sleep tendencies while ensuring sufficient sleep duration is crucial for brain health.



Interestingly, while sleep duration was critical, people with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insomnia-strengthens-shameful-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insomnia</a> did not score significantly lower in cognitive performance. This suggests that specific aspects of insomnia, such as severity and duration, need to be considered.



“We've found that sleep duration has a direct effect on brain function, and we believe that proactively managing sleep patterns is really important for boosting, and safeguarding, the way our brains work,” said co-lead author Daqing Ma.



“We'd ideally like to see policy interventions to help sleep patterns improve in the general population.”



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‘Night owls’ are mentally sharper than ‘morning larks’ 

A study examining the impact of sleep on brain function...

A recent study has identified significant impacts of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching</a> events in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). 



The Great Barrier Reef, spanning nearly 350,000 square kilometers along Australia's northeast coast, is the largest coral ecosystem globally.&nbsp;



The GBR contributes approximately $6.4 billion annually to the Australian economy, but faces severe threats from rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



“Local meteorology over the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) can significantly influence ocean temperatures, which in turn impacts coral ecosystems. While El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides insight into the expected synoptic states, it lacks details of anticipated sub-seasonal weather variability at local scales,” wrote the researchers.



“This study explores the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) on Australian tropical climate, both independently and in combination with ENSO, focusing on GBR impacts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef">Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef </h2>



Corals in the Great Barrier Reef are particularly sensitive to weather conditions. Sunny, calm weather usually raises <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a>, heightening the risk of coral bleaching, while stormy, rainy weather can cool the ocean, offering some protection to corals. 



Calm, sunny days allow more sunlight to penetrate the water, heating the surface, whereas storms and rain increase cloud cover and wind, promoting the mixing of cooler, deeper waters with warmer surface waters.



“Bleaching is likely when tropical corals are exposed to ocean temperatures above a threshold for a prolonged period,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recurring-climate-patterns-on-the-great-barrier-reef">Recurring climate patterns on the Great Barrier Reef </h2>



The study found that ENSO, a recurring climate pattern involving temperature changes in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, influences weather patterns over the Great Barrier Reef on a seasonal scale.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, the MJO, a major fluctuation in tropical weather on weekly to monthly timescales, can alter these patterns on shorter, sub-seasonal timescales. This results in unexpected impacts on ocean temperatures and corals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compounding-impacts-of-multiple-drivers-nbsp">Compounding impacts of multiple drivers&nbsp;</h2>



“We find that the MJO can significantly influence the weather variability over the GBR, altering the expected states of El Niño and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Niña</a> periods,” said lead author Catherine Gregory, a doctoral candidate at the <a href="https://www.imas.utas.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies</a>.



“While these findings do not tell us all the possible causes of extreme warming and coral bleaching in the GBR, they emphasize the need to consider drivers beyond ENSO, including the compounding impacts of multiple drivers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anticipating-coral-bleaching-events-nbsp">Anticipating coral bleaching events&nbsp;</h2>



Understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ENSO</a> and MJO influence weather patterns can help anticipate coral bleaching events. 



ENSO phases, such as El Niño and La Niña, impact weather and ocean temperatures, with El Niño often leading to higher ocean temperatures and increased coral bleaching risk, while La Niña can bring cooler conditions.&nbsp;



However, the MJO can disrupt these patterns, leading to unexpected weather variations that also affect ocean temperatures and coral health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef-nbsp">Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef&nbsp;</h2>



“I'd often heard in the media that during El Niño periods the GBR is more likely to experience bleaching. Then during 2022, the reef experienced mass bleaching during a La Niña period, and it was reported that La Niña should mean cooling in the GBR,” Gregory said.



“However, in my research, I had examined this relationship and not found a strong connection between the ENSO index and ocean temperatures in this region. This motivated me to understand other drivers that could be influential.”



“The MJO, as the leading driver of sub-seasonal weather variability, seemed like an important one to consider. While ENSO provides insight into the expected synoptic states, it lacks details of anticipated sub-seasonal weather variability at local scales.”



These findings underscore the need for comprehensive forecasting models that include both ENSO and MJO impacts to better predict and manage coral bleaching events.



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> continues to pose the greatest threat to corals, understanding these climatic drivers and their interactions is crucial. This knowledge could be instrumental in developing adaptive strategies to safeguard the future of the Great Barrier Reef.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108810" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Climate patterns influence coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef

A recent study has identified significant impacts of the Madden-Julian...

When considering a vegetarian diet, genetics play a significant role, as highlighted by a new study from the <a href="https://www.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a>. 



Published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Genetics</a>, this research investigates how genetic variations influence individual responses to nutrients and potential diet-related diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increase-in-the-number-of-vegetarians">Increase in the number of vegetarians</h2>



“Vegetarianism is a superordinate term covering a variety of animal-restricted dietary practices, typically referring to lacto-ovo vegetarianism, which permits plant-based food, dairy, and eggs, and excludes meat, fish, and seafood,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“Estimates indicate that in Western countries, adherence to plant-based diets has increased over the past decade.”



“This has been motivated by several factors, including health benefits, taste preferences, ethical concerns with slaughtering animals and factory farming, environmental concerns related to pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and perceived moral accreditation.”&nbsp;



“It is now common for nutrition professionals to recommend vegetarianism to the public en masse.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-health-benefits">Potential health benefits</h2>



For many, a vegetarian diet offers health benefits like lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-can-work-as-well-as-medication-to-lower-cholesterol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cholesterol</a> and reduced risks of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes. 



However, the diet might pose challenges for others, potentially leading to lower Vitamin D levels and higher triglycerides, which can elevate cardiovascular risk.



“We are building a scientific foundation for personalized nutrition, which optimizes human health at the level of the individual, instead of one-size-fits-all dietary recommendations,” said lead author Michael Francis, an expert in bioinformatics at the University of Georgia.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-and-ancestry">Genetics and ancestry</h2>



The team analyzed data from over 150,000 participants, identifying 2,300 strict vegetarians to assess the genetic impact on health outcomes.



“Genetics and ancestry are known to play an important role in metabolic processes (i.e., nutrigenetics) and thus may impact both dietary behavior, and the effect of diet on disease risk,” noted the researchers.



“With regard to behavior, heritable components have previously been associated with plant-eating preference. Specific genetic variants have been significantly associated with quantitative measures of plant-eating.”



“To discover how the health impacts of vegetarianism can depend on the genetic background of an individual, we considered gene-environment interactions (G×E), which can produce synergistic (non-additive) effects on health outcomes that genetic or environmental factors alone would not.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-impact-on-health-outcomes-nbsp">Genetic impact on health outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



The study found that most vegetarians had lower cholesterol levels across all measures, which is beneficial for heart health.&nbsp;



However, vegetarians also exhibited lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-d-influences-gut-bacteria-to-help-fight-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vitamin D</a> levels and higher triglycerides. These findings highlight the complexity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/being-a-vegetarian-is-genetic-and-could-explain-why-some-people-cant-give-up-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> impacts and the importance of considering genetic factors.



By including a genetic component in their analysis, the researchers discovered that specific gene variants, or minor alleles, influenced health outcomes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegetarians-and-gene-variants-nbsp">Vegetarians and gene variants&nbsp;</h2>



One such gene variant, related to calcium metabolism, resulted in increased calcium levels among vegetarians with this allele, potentially benefiting bone and dental health but posing risks like kidney stones or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cardiovascular-disease-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular issues</a>. 



Another gene variant affected hormone levels, with some vegetarians experiencing increased testosterone despite the general trend of decreased testosterone in vegetarians.&nbsp;



Additionally, a variant related to kidney function altered the impact of vegetarianism on kidney filtration rates.



“People with specific and immediate nutritional requirements related to these three traits should consider being tested for the variants we describe in this manuscript and making changes accordingly,” Francis said.



This research supports future nutrigenetics studies and clinical trials, helping to better understand diet impacts on diverse populations.



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Vegetarians have different health outcomes due to genetics

When considering a vegetarian diet, genetics play a significant role,...

In the ever-changing world of climate science, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-relentlessly-melting-due-to-warm-water-underbelly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fascinating discoveries</a> continue to emerge. Every now and then, Mother Nature hands us a surprise, often wrapped up in a mystery. Recently, a group of scientists set out to understand the retreat of high mountain glaciers and the increase in greenhouse gas levels.



Guiding this remarkable research is Du Zhiheng, who hails from the prestigious <a href="http://english.nieer.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.



Alongside collaborators from <a href="https://english.bnu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Normal University</a> and <a href="https://en.lzu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lanzhou University</a>, Zhiheng led numerous expeditions to ice caves on a high-mountain glacier in China from 2021 to 2023. The research offers a new perspective, shedding light on the unseen yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/retreating-glaciers-unleash-a-world-of-ecological-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">far-reaching impacts</a> of glacier melting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glaciers-release-greenhouse-gases">Glaciers release greenhouse gases</h2>



High mountain glaciers have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreating</a> at an accelerated pace since the 1980s, leading to heightened glacier runoff. 



However, it's less clear if this process fuels or releases greenhouse gases, or if areas exposed to such retreat become absorbers or emitters of these gases.



This knowledge gap fueled Zhiheng and his team’s curiosity. They monitored changes in methane and carbon dioxide concentration and their isotope data in ice caves on high-mountain glaciers. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-revelation">Unexpected revelation</h2>



Here's a surprising fact: the methane emission and carbon dioxide absorption levels in ice caves and meltwater are changing. The team found increased methane levels (up to 5.7 ppm) and decreased carbon dioxide levels (down to 168 ppm) in the ice cave.



This shift in gas levels could significantly impact future glacier carbon budgets. Even more so, it was observed that during the strong ablation season (July 13-16, 2023), methane concentrations spiked. 



A key point to note, though, is that these levels remain relatively low compared to data from Greenland glaciers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-production">Methane production</h2>



The plot thickened when the researchers examined in-situ carbon isotope data (δ13C-CH4 and δ13C-CO2). 



The data revealed that methane production appears to be mainly due to acetoclastic methanogenesis. However, the possibility of thermogenic methane production couldn't be completely ruled out.



Adding another layer of complexity, meteorological factors such as wind speed, wind direction, and meltwater runoff appeared to influence methane emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-activity-and-greenhouse-gases">Glacier activity and greenhouse gases</h2>



The research showed a unique flux pattern for methane and carbon dioxide variations between the glacial outlet cavity and the subglacial environment. This leads to their release into the atmosphere, further accelerating glacier melting.



Staggering data reveals that over the past half century, 17.2% (5,956 out of 34,578) of small glaciers covering an area of 1,127.2 km2 have vanished in China. The disappearance of these icy titans is not only reshaping our landscapes but also our atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-climate-policy">Implications for global climate policy</h2>



The findings carry profound implications for global climate policy. The world is grappling with the escalating climate crisis. Understanding the nuanced interactions between glacier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/79-n-glacier-northeast-greenland-melting-rapidly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> and greenhouse gas emissions is becoming ever more critical.



Policy-makers can no longer afford to overlook the potential contributions of high-mountain glaciers to atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide levels.



As nations convene to discuss climate action, the revelations from high-mountain glacier research underscore the urgency of a unified, informed, and robust response to curbing global warming and its cascading effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-glacier-melting">Impacts of glacier melting</h2>



As these high mountain glaciers melt, new paths in the form of ice caves or subglacial channels are formed within drainage systems. And within these new channels, significant amounts of methane are being flushed out, along with substantial pools of carbon substrate.



So, a new question emerges: could melted glaciers be an unseen contributor to greenhouse gas emissions? And if so, what does this mean for our future?



The work led by Du Zhiheng is a vital stepping stone in improving our understanding of the environmental impacts of melting high-mountain glaciers - a phenomenon that remains as captivating as it is significant.



Policy changes and increased global cooperation are essential for addressing these concerns. Continued research and monitoring are crucial to developing a comprehensive strategy for managing and mitigating the environmental impacts of glacier melting.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724042220?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>.



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Melting glaciers are hidden sources of greenhouse gases

In the ever-changing world of climate science, fascinating discoveries continue...

In the ever-evolving universe of astronomy, the definitions of planets sometimes have to catch up with new discoveries and understandings. 



The term "planet," as defined by the <a href="https://www.iau.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Astronomical Union (IAU)</a>, is currently under scrutiny.



The longstanding definition describes a planet as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunspot-region-ar3664-blasted-earth-mars-may-2024-still-very-active/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">celestial body</a> that orbits the sun, has enough mass to be forced into a spherical shape by gravity, and has cleared away other objects from its orbit.



This IAU definition, however, only applies to celestial bodies within our solar system, sparking debate among scientists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-definition-of-planets">Expanding the definition of planets</h2>



We reside in a vast universe, where celestial bodies orbiting outside of our own solar system are frequently discovered. 



This reality prompts a thought-provoking question: shouldn't the definition of a planet expand beyond the bounds of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-ryugu-holds-clues-about-bombardment-in-the-early-solar-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>?



A soon-to-be-published article in a well-known scientific journal argues in favor of just that. The study authors propose a new definition of a planet - one unrestricted by our solar system's boundaries and bolstered by quantitative criteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-outdated-definition-of-planets">An outdated definition of planets</h2>



The pioneers of this proposal are scientists from the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)</a>. They are championing a replacement for the IAU's definition, which they view as sun-centric and outdated.



"The current definition specifically mentions orbiting our sun. It only applies to the planets in our solar system," said study lead author Professor Jean-Luc Margot. He added that the team's proposal will apply to celestial bodies orbiting any star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf.



The researchers argue that the IAU's requirement for a planet to orbit our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origin-of-the-suns-magnetic-field-discovered-after-400-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun</a> is overly specific while other criteria are excessively vague. 



They present a clear-cut definition, packed with quantifiable criteria applicable to planets both within and outside our solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-characteristics-of-planets">The characteristics of planets</h2>



According to the new proposal, a planet is a celestial body that orbits one or more stars, brown dwarfs, or stellar remnants. It has a mass exceeding 1,023 kg, but less than 13 Jupiter masses (2.5 X 1,028 kg). Providing such specific mass limits is a key component of the proposal.



The scientists used a mathematical algorithm to study the properties of objects in our solar system and identify distinct attributes shared by our planets. 



The analysis served as a foundation for developing a universal classification for these celestial bodies, introducing critical elements like dynamical dominance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mass-and-gravitational-influence">Mass and gravitational influence </h2>



An object is said to be dynamically dominant if it possesses enough gravity to clear a path by accumulating or ejecting smaller objects nearby. 



Interestingly, all planets in our solar system exhibit this trait, but others, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eris-and-makemake-icy-dwarf-planets-in-our-own-solar-system-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dwarf planets</a> like Pluto and several asteroids, do not. Consequently, this trait has been cited as a crucial addition to the planet definition.



While dynamical dominance sets a lower mass limit, mass also serves as an upper limit, particularly when celestial bodies become so large that they initiate thermonuclear fusion of deuterium and transform into substars known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-brown-dwarf-captured-emitting-methane-first-time-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown dwarfs</a>.



Notably, the requirement for a planet to be spherical is more complicated to implement due to the difficulty in observing distant planets' shapes. 



Therefore, the authors propose grounding definitions in mass, which is easier to measure, thereby circumventing debates about whether or not a celestial body meets the spherical criterion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planets-and-dwarf-planets">Planets and dwarf planets</h2>



A revision of the official IAU definition of a planet may not be impending, but the researchers hope that their work will spark a discussion leading to an improved definition. 



Under the proposal, the distinction between planets and dwarf planets becomes clearer.



Dwarf planets, like Pluto, which lack dynamical dominance, are part of a separate category. This ensures that the definition exclusively includes bodies that fit the stringent mass and dynamical dominance criteria.



Understanding exoplanets also plays a crucial part in the discussion. Exoplanets - planets located outside of our solar system - demand a definition that transcends solar system-centric limitations.



By focusing on mass and gravitational influence, the new definition provides a robust framework, making classification easier and more accurate.



The study is published in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.07590" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



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Thousands of worlds do not fit the definition of a 'planet'

In the ever-evolving universe of astronomy, the definitions of planets...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...