An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp;



This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-discovery-ancient-mars-earth-like-water-lake-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochemical Perspective Letters</a> that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-mars-watery-past">Tracing Mars’ watery past</h2>



Scientists have long known that the Lafayette Meteorite interacted with liquid water on Mars, but the exact timing of this event was uncertain.&nbsp;



Dr. Marissa Tremblay, an assistant professor at Purdue University’s <a href="https://www.eaps.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</a> (EAPS), led an international research team to determine the age of the water-altered minerals in the meteorite, pinpointing it to 742 million years ago.



“Dating these minerals can therefore tell us when there was liquid water at or near the surface of Mars in the planet's geologic past,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that while liquid water wasn’t abundant on the surface at this time, it likely came from melting subsurface ice, or permafrost, caused by intermittent volcanic activity - a phenomenon still observed on Mars today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-a-moment-in-mars-geological-timeline">Preserving a moment in Mars’ geological timeline</h2>



The study not only identified when water interacted with the meteorite but also established that the dating was unaffected by events after the meteorite left Mars.&nbsp;



“The age could have been affected by the impact that ejected the Lafayette Meteorite from Mars, the heating it experienced during the 11 million years it was floating in space, or the heating when it fell to Earth,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



However, the team confirmed that none of these factors altered the age, validating the timeline of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> interaction.



Study co-author and Purdue EAPS researcher Ryan Ickert applied heavy isotope analysis to further verify that previous data on the meteorite’s water-rock interaction had likely been skewed by other geological processes.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“This meteorite uniquely has evidence that it has reacted with water. The exact date of this was controversial, and our publication dates when water was present,” said Ickert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-journey-of-the-meteorite">Mysterious journey of the meteorite </h2>



The Lafayette Meteorite’s journey to Purdue is something of a mystery. It was found in a university drawer in 1931, though how it got there remains unknown.&nbsp;



In previous research, Tremblay and her team used crop disease markers from organic contaminants found on the meteorite to narrow down when it might have fallen to Earth.



Once the meteorite was ejected from Mars, it endured constant cosmic ray bombardment in space, which produced certain isotopes, offering clues to its time of impact on Earth.&nbsp;



“Many meteoroids are produced by impacts on Mars and other planetary bodies, but only a handful will eventually fall to Earth,” Tremblay said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-time-capsules">Planetary time capsules</h2>



Meteorites like Lafayette serve as planetary time capsules, offering invaluable data on the geological and environmental history of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-meteorites-can-be-traced-to-three-asteroid-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">home worlds</a>. With their dense structure, metallic content, and magnetic properties, meteorites are often distinguishable from Earth rocks.&nbsp;



“We can identify meteorites by studying what minerals are present in them, their mineral relationships, and by checking for a fusion crust formed during entry into Earth’s atmosphere,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



By analyzing these traits and their chemical signatures, scientists can often determine a meteorite’s planetary origin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-history-of-meteorites">Complex history of meteorites</h2>



This research marks a significant milestone for the team, which included scientists from institutions across the globe, such as the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), the University of St. Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Bristol, and London’s <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum</a>.&nbsp;



“Before moving to Purdue, Ryan and I were both based at SUERC, where the argon-argon isotopic analyses of the alteration minerals in Lafayette took place,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



Their partners at SUERC and the Natural History Museum have long contributed to studying Lafayette’s complex history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dating-minerals-in-meteorites">Dating minerals in meteorites</h2>



Dating the water-altered minerals in Lafayette, and others in its class of Martian meteorites called nakhlites, has been a central focus in planetary science, as they uniquely capture moments when liquid water was present on Mars.&nbsp;



Due to complex alterations over time, previous attempts to date these minerals were plagued with uncertainties.&nbsp;



However, the team has now developed a robust dating method that could be applied to other meteorites, enhancing our understanding of when water might have been present on Mars and other planetary bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-planetary-science">The future of planetary science</h2>



Thanks to the Stahura Undergraduate Meteorite Fund, Tremblay and Ickert’s research on the Lafayette Meteorite will continue, with the involvement of undergraduate students in Purdue EAPS.&nbsp;



This opportunity allows students to engage in real-world planetary science, helping to reveal the intricate histories of meteoritic samples.



Tremblay and her team’s work on the Lafayette Meteorite highlights its scientific significance, revealing a complex history that ties it to Mars’ geological past.&nbsp;



Their findings not only deepen our understanding of Mars but also set a precedent for future studies that might unveil even more about the red planet’s climate history, water activity, and potential for supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-mars-rocks-contain-signs-of-life-scientists-call-to-bring-them-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



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Meteorite that struck Mars reveals when the planet had liquid water

An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp; This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of Mars’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal Geochemical Perspective Letters that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity. Tracing Mars’ watery past Scientists have long known that the Lafayette...

The Western Forest Complex (<a href="https://thailand.wcs.org/en-us/Wild-Places/Western-Forest-Complex.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WEFCOM</a>) in Thailand has seen a remarkable resurgence of its rich biodiversity, particularly with the tiger, the apex predator of these woods, experiencing a significant increase in population over the past 15 years.



According to the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Thailand has recorded a staggering 250% increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tiger-day-worldwide-support-for-tiger-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiger numbers</a> from 2007 to 2023. That's right, the count has leaped from about 40 to over 140!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-thailand-tiger-conservation">Celebrating Thailand tiger conservation</h2>



The Pattaya News reports that this extraordinary success story in Thailand is playing out differently in other parts of Southeast Asia. The disappearance of tigers from Java and Bali predates the 21st century, with Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam reporting similar losses by the mid-2000s. 



In Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Myanmar, these big cats are hanging on by a thread, often in small or isolated populations, held at bay by hunting and loss of habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destined-to-save-thailand-tigers">Destined to save Thailand tigers</h2>



Enter Pornkamol Jornburom, director of WCS Thailand, and a defiant beacon of hope for these endangered creatures. She believes the credit for this remarkable recovery goes to Thailand's Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, (DNP).



They have executed rigorous patrolling regimes, forming a protective shield around the tigers and their habitat from poachers and deforestation.



"We see very strong correlations between better law enforcement and the recovery of tigers. Prior to this, illegal hunting and logging were rife in WEFCOM, and tigers were on a path toward extinction. Here, as elsewhere in Asia, good enforcement is the cornerstone of the tiger recovery process," explained Jornburom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-coast-is-clear">The coast is clear</h2>



The DNP's tireless work of more than two decades, coupled with WCS and the Thai government's meticulous monitoring, were crucial in tracking the success of these patrols. Started in 2004, the team installed hundreds of cameras to photograph the tigers, effectively using their unique stripe patterns to monitor the population's health.



The work was led by Thailand DNP senior scientist Somphot Duangchantrasiri. "We believe this is a good example of how to set up and maintain a strong, independent monitoring program that brings credibility to tiger recovery efforts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-a-tiger-tale">More than just a tiger tale</h2>



Any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thriving ecosystem</a> is a balanced ecosystem. So, apex predators, the state of tigers is a reflection of the overall health of their habitat.



The team also monitored the positive ripple effects of their rigorous patrolling. Notably, they reported recovery in prey populations, like the banteng, a species of endangered wild cattle.



Apinya Saisamornin is an expert who specializes in tiger prey at the Wildlife Conservation Society and Kasetsart University in Bangkok.



"Tigers can't exist in the wild without a healthy abundance of prey species. Our study showed a doubling in numbers of both sambar (a large, elk-like deer) and banteng, the key prey species for tigers in WEFCOM. Without the recovery of prey, tiger numbers could not have grown as large as they did," noted Saisamornin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-triumph-but-only-the-beginning">A triumph, but only the beginning</h2>



All these numbers stitch together a heartening tapestry of ecosystem-wide recovery. 



"The news out of Thailand of a 250% increase in tiger numbers over 15 years is proof that the tiger can be saved, but it takes long-term commitment on focused interventions," said Dale Miquelle, a senior tiger conservationist at WCS.



"Recovery efforts are important not only for tigers - these same forests protect most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">terrestrial biodiversity</a> of Asia, provide ecosystem services for millions of people, and buffer the impacts of climate change by retaining healthy forested ecosystems."



Let’s take a moment here. Is it victory? Yes, but let’s not rest on our laurels. Miquelle's words are as much a celebration as they are a call to arms.



Yes, we’ve stumbled upon a recipe for success in Thailand’s WEFCOM. Now, it’s time to roll up our sleeves and get ready to cook up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-cougar-day-the-crucial-ecological-role-of-cougars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar stories</a> across the world. 



Because if we've learned anything here, it’s that through collective effort, we can turn around the seemingly insurmountable. So, are you ready to give these magnificent beasts a fighting chance?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424002208?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a>.



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Tiger numbers have jumped by 250% in Thailand

The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) in Thailand has seen a...

As our planet continues to grapple with the effects of climate change, an unlikely pioneer -- an unmanned submersible named 'Ran' -- is shedding new light on the melting Antarctic ice shelves.



With its cutting-edge sonar, Ran has spent 27 days weaving through the underbelly of the Dotson Ice Shelf, covering a staggering 1000 kilometers, and revealing never-before-seen details about these icy expanses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-dotson-ice-shelf-melt">Antarctic Dotson Ice Shelf melt</h2>



The Dotson Ice Shelf in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctica</a> is a significant player in the discussion about future sea levels. 



Far from being flat, passive expanses of ice, these shelves are dynamic, evolving entities. They're thick bodies of glacial ice sustained by land-based glaciers. 



Uniquely, these ice shelves float atop the sea -- and beneath them are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-meteorites-vanish-in-antarctica-due-to-melting-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice shelf cavities</a>.



One such cavity was the focus of Ran's recent mission - a survey that has unlocked new secrets about the structures and melting patterns of these ice shelves. 



The Dotson Ice Shelf, in particular, plays a crucial role in the West Antarctic ice sheet's overall stability and potential future sea level rise due to its size and location.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-lurks-beneath-antarctica-s-ice">What lurks beneath Antarctica's ice</h2>



The glacial exploration yielded expected results: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-natural-process-is-making-antarcticas-ice-melt-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice melted faster</a> where strong underwater currents erode its base. 



But what was surprising was the irregularity of the base itself. 



Instead of the smooth surface expected, the underwater landscape was reminiscent of peaks, valleys, plateaus and formations akin to sand dunes.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/RAN_underwater-submersible_imaging_under-Dotson-ice-shelf_credit-Filip-Stedt-University-Gothenburg_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/RAN_underwater-submersible_imaging_under-Dotson-ice-shelf_credit-Filip-Stedt-University-Gothenburg_1s.webp" alt="Mysterious patterns found under Dotson Antarctic ice shelf by RAN robot submarine. Credit: Filip Stedt/University of Gothenburg" class="wp-image-1940694"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mysterious patterns found under Dotson Antarctic ice shelf by RAN robot submarine. Credit: Filip Stedt/University of Gothenburg</figcaption></figure>



The team believes these features may have been sculpted by flowing water under the influence of Earth’s rotation. 



This unexpected discovery has challenged previous scientific assumptions, sparking new questions about the complex mechanisms of glacier melting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-perspective-on-antarctic-melt">Unique perspective on Antarctic melt</h2>



"By navigating the submersible into the cavity, we were able to get high-resolution maps of the ice underside. It's a bit like seeing the back of the moon for the first time," said lead author Anna Wåhlin, Professor of Oceanography at the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a> in Sweden.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/RAN_underwater-submersible_mapping-beneath-antarctica_credit-Springer-Nature_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/RAN_underwater-submersible_mapping-beneath-antarctica_credit-Springer-Nature_1s.webp" alt="The autonomous underwater vehicle Ran was programmed to perform missions under the ice shelf. An advanced multibeam sonar system was used to map the underside of the ice at a distance of about 50 meters. Credit: Science Advances" class="wp-image-1940657"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The autonomous underwater vehicle Ran was programmed to perform missions under the ice shelf. An advanced multibeam sonar system was used to map the underside of the ice at a distance of about 50 meters. Credit: Science Advances</figcaption></figure>



This exploration was part of the <a href="https://thwaitesglacier.org/projects/tarsan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TARSAN project</a>, a collaborative endeavor studying the atmospheric and oceanic processes influencing the behavior of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thwaites "doomsday glacier"</a> and Dotson Ice Shelves.



While the project expected to gather data, the spectacle they discovered was beyond their wildest dreams.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracks-swirls-and-patterns">Cracks, swirls and patterns</h2>



Upon receiving the first images from beneath the ice shelf, the researchers were thrilled yet baffled. 



The textures and patterns they saw were unexpected, resembling works of art more than naturally occurring formations. 



Intrigued by these findings, the team brainstormed to understand the forces behind them.



As they delved deeper, they found a series of firsts - a glimpse, for the first time, into the processes that melt the underside of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-threat-lurking-in-antarcticas-ice-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice shelves</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-antarctic-ice-shelves">Melting Antarctic ice shelves</h2>



While these ice shelves floating on the sea may not directly affect sea levels when they melt, the repercussions are more indirect. 



As these ice shelves melt, the land-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peru-has-lost-over-half-of-its-glaciers-in-six-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> they feed flow faster and destabilize, leading to a rise in sea levels.



The newly uncovered data will significantly help ice modelers reduce the uncertainties in future sea level predictions.



Despite a wealth of new discoveries, the exploration also revealed numerous processes still left to understand in future expeditions. 



Existing models could not explain the complex patterns discovered. Continued collaborative study, combining remote sensing with oceanographic field data, is needed to understand the changes taking place.



"For us, it's not just a new discovery, but also a wake-up call that many previous assumptions about melting of glacier undersides are falling short," elucidates Prof Wåhlin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-antarctic-ice-melt">Future of Antarctic ice melt</h2>



The research expedition planned to repeat the survey in January 2024, eager to document any changes. Unfortunately, the team could only complete one dive before Ran disappeared under the ice.



"Although we got valuable data back, we did not get all we had hoped for," said Prof Wåhlin. 



Despite the setback, the team remains optimistic and hopeful of continuing this crucial research.



In the midst of the climate crisis, every bit of insight matters. As we unravel the mysteries of these icy landscapes, we inch closer to understanding our planet's future. 



This important and disturbing research from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a> and the University of Gothenburg is leading the way, and we anxiously anticipate their next expedition into the unknown.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn9188" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Robotic submarine found mysterious melt patterns under Antarctic ice

As our planet continues to grapple with the effects of...

Ever felt curious about the roles that tiny leaf-eating insects play in forest ecosystems? Recent research might just have some answers for the question. As it turns out, these creatures could be influencing the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-still-fighting-climate-change-against-all-odds/">forests and our climate</a> more than we had ever imagined.



At the forefront of this fascinating study is Bernice Hwang, the paper’s lead author and a former technician at the U.S. Forest Service.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-and-forest-dynamics">Insect and forest dynamics</h2>



"The findings of this study provide an improved understanding of the intricate relationship between&nbsp;herbivorous insects&nbsp;and&nbsp;forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>," Hwang stated.



Hwang, alongside other dedicated researchers, already had a substantial understanding of how large herbivores impacted nutrient cycles in forests.&nbsp;



However, the effects of leaf-eating insects on forest carbon and nutrient cycling remained relatively unknown.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-quest">A global quest</h2>



The initial step taken by the research team involved the establishment of a global network of 74 test plots, all within 40 mature, undisturbed broadleaved forests.&nbsp;



Green leaves and leaf litters in these forests were analyzed for concentrations of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica.&nbsp;



The team also took into account leaf production, insect feeding habits, and other shifts in nutrient levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-role-in-forests">Insects’ role in forests</h2>



Christian Giardina and other researchers discovered that insects play a significant part in releasing and circulating essential nutrients in forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>. This trend was especially prominent in warmer climates, like those experienced in tropical forests.



The findings unveiled a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound link</a>; a warming climate directly impacts how plants and herbivores interact.&nbsp;



The alteration in these relationships could potentially have deep-seated consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling in broadleaved forests on a global scale. This discovery is crucial in a world dealing with the ever-looming threat of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-forests">Protecting our forests</h2>



This study not only broadens our understanding of the hidden intricacies within forest ecosystems but also throws light on areas that might need conservation efforts.&nbsp;



Nels Johnson of the Pacific Southwest Research Station emphasized the importance of this research in ecological studies. "I believe this analysis will be a benchmark to compare against for its field."



Many questions remain unanswered. What specific actions can we take based on these findings? How can this knowledge be applied to protect our forests and therefore, our planet? 



As we step into an uncertain future, the importance of understanding these minute details of our ecosystem has never been more important.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-forest-management">Implications for forest management</h2>



The insights gained from this study have significant implications for forest management practices worldwide. Understanding the role of herbivorous insects in nutrient cycling can help forest managers develop more effective conservation strategies.&nbsp;



For instance, practices that promote biodiversity can enhance the resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change.&nbsp;



By recognizing the interplay between insects and plants, forest managers can make informed decisions about pest management and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restoration efforts</a>, ultimately fostering healthier forests that can better withstand environmental pressures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



This enlightening exploration into the intricate relationship between plants, insects, and their shared ecosystem underscores the profound interconnectedness and delicate balance of nature.&nbsp;



As we emerge armed with this new knowledge, we must reflect on our roles as stewards of these forests. How will we respond to this challenge and what steps will we take to ensure the survival and prosperity of our planet's forests?



Moreover, the integration of such ecological findings into public policy can foster a more sustainable approach to land use and conservational practices.&nbsp;



By actively engaging communities in forest protection initiatives, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for our natural resources, ensuring their longevity for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-forests-and-insects">Future research on forests and insects</h2>



In light of the findings, it becomes imperative to explore several avenues for future research that could deepen our understanding of the interactions within forest ecosystems.



One potential direction is to conduct long-term observational studies that track changes in insect populations and their corresponding effects on nutrient cycling across various climatic zones. 



Additionally, investigating the specific mechanisms through which insects facilitate nutrient availability could provide insights into optimizing forest health and productivity. 



This research could extend to studying the impact of biodiversity loss on insect function within the ecosystem, as well as examining how different forest management practices can enhance or impede these critical processes. 



Ultimately, such inquiries will contribute not only to scientific knowledge but also to crafting actionable strategies for sustainable forest stewardship in an era of rapid environmental change.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50245-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Tiny leaf-eating insects have a huge impact on forests

Ever felt curious about the roles that tiny leaf-eating insects...

The stratosphere and the ground are two areas in the atmosphere influenced by the gas we know as ozone.&nbsp;The stratosphere, which sits high above us, relies on ozone to protect Earth and its humans from the harsh&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultraviolet rays</a>&nbsp;of the sun. At ground level, this colorless gas can cause noticeable health issues.&nbsp;



But there's a zone in between these two, the upper troposphere, where ozone acts as a potent&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a>.



The upper troposphere, a layer of the atmosphere just beneath the stratosphere where most aircraft fly, is where this gas contributes to global warming.&nbsp;



Despite global efforts to curb its sources, the ozone level in this atmospheric layer is showing an upward trend, and the cause appears to be human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ozone-a-human-fingerprint">Ozone: A human fingerprint</h2>



A group of scientists from <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) have confirmed that a large part of the increase in upper tropospheric ozone is, indeed, anthropogenic. 



The study uncovers a clear indication of human influence on the ozone trends in the upper troposphere dating back to 2005.



The team confirmed that there is a "clear and increasing trend in upper tropospheric ozone in the northern midlatitudes due to human beings rather than climate noise."



The researchers plan to delve deeper into the data to uncover exactly what human activities are causing this trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ozone-and-human-activities">Ozone and human activities </h2>



Understanding the causes and influences of ozone is a complex task. The gas is not directly emitted but created through a series of chemical reactions.&nbsp;



These reactions begin with precursors, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-nitrogen-oxide-pollution-could-boost-crop-yields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen oxides</a> and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds are released into the atmosphere by various human activities including vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and aircraft operations.



How long ozone remains in the atmosphere is dependent on many factors, including the type and volume of human activity in a specific area and natural climate variability.&nbsp;



Adding to the complexity is that while the ozone level in the upper troposphere is increasing, it has remained stable or even decreased in lower parts of the atmosphere, largely due to emissions control efforts in North America and Europe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-influence-vs-climate-noise">Human influence vs. climate noise</h2>



The researchers sought to identify the human "fingerprint" in upper tropospheric ozone levels. 



To achieve this, they ran a series of simulations using a chemistry climate model to understand the impact of human activities on ozone level - distinct from the effects of climate variability.



The simulations revealed a common signal across all scenarios, which the team identified as a human fingerprint. The researchers then cross-referenced this data with actual satellite observations. 



Despite initial skepticism about the robustness of satellite data, the experts found a clear signal, especially over Asia, where industrial growth and weather conditions have significantly increased ozone and its precursors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-focus-in-search-of-the-culprits">Future focus: In search of the culprits</h2>



The next step for the MIT team is to identify the specific human activities that are causing the upper tropospheric ozone to increase.&nbsp;



The researchers are exploring various possibilities, including emissions from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel</a>&nbsp;combustion in vehicles and power plants, aircraft flying in the upper troposphere, and even the influence of wildfires.



Separating human-caused impacts from natural climate variations is vital to inform strategies addressing climate change and air pollution, the team underscored.&nbsp;



This insightful study moves the scientific community a step closer to identifying the solutions required to mitigate the impacts of a changing climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-rising-ozone-levels">Implications of rising ozone levels</h2>



As we contemplate the implications of increased upper&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-pollution-threatens-the-health-of-plants-and-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropospheric ozone</a>&nbsp;levels, it becomes evident that the ramifications extend beyond environmental concerns to encompass public health and climate policy.&nbsp;



The increase of ozone in this layer is linked to rising atmospheric temperatures and worsening climate change. These changes have cascading impacts across weather patterns, ecosystems, and biodiversity.



Moreover, ozone is a potent respiratory irritant; thus, its rise can lead to heightened instances of respiratory ailments and overall degradation of air quality.&nbsp;



The impacts are particularly pronounced in urban areas already plagued by pollution and can disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly.&nbsp;



It's crucial to have strong strategies to reduce emissions. This includes identifying sources and implementing policies that promote a sustainable balance between human activities and the health of our atmosphere.



Finding new solutions like green technologies and tougher rules on industrial emissions is essential to tackle the growing environmental challenge.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c01289" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Human activities are increasing ozone in the upper troposphere

The stratosphere and the ground are two areas in the...

How fascinating would it be to journey back in time and witness the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of life</a> on Earth, observing the primitive creatures that eventually gave rise to the diverse living world we know today? A recent study has offered the next best thing, using an innovative timeline technique to explore an intriguing era 580-510 million years ago and unravel the story of early animal evolution.



The Ediacaran-Cambrian interval, as this era is known, was marked by a tremendous explosion of biodiversity. 



The simple single and multicellular organisms that previously dominated gave way to more complex life, forming body plans that enabled them to perform novel functions, like feeding and moving across the ocean floor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depths-of-bilaterian-animal-evolution">Depths of bilaterian animal evolution</h2>



In this era, we saw the emergence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-living-creature-on-earth-identified-emerging-700-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bilaterian animals</a>, characterized by their symmetrical body plans. 



If you've ever looked at a mirror, you're intimately familiar with bilateral symmetry - it's a fundamental trait shared by most modern animals, including humans, traced back to these ancient ancestors.



What was the catalyst driving these monumental shifts in life's blueprint? The researchers found strong links between sea levels, marine oxygen changes, and the early animal groups' appearance and diversification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constructing-an-animal-evolution-timeline">Constructing an animal evolution timeline</h2>



Researchers from the University of Edinburgh assembled a comprehensive timeline that embraced multiple data sources.



To construct a complete narrative of this era, the experts used radioactive dating and geochemical information related to the rock layers where Ediacaran-Cambrian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/500-million-year-old-trilobites-fossils-preserved-in-volcanic-ash/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a> were found.



This comprehensive chronology presented new opportunities to scrutinize biodiversity trends in unprecedented detail. 



It further confirmed the link between global sea level changes, periods of oxygen enrichment in shallow marine environments, and early animal groups' appearance and diversification.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pulsating-symphony-of-life-s-diversity">Pulsating symphony of life's diversity</h2>



A pulsating symphony of environmental dynamics led to several significant surges in biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oldest-organisms-ever-discovered-show-dazzling-diversity-and-complexity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>.



The Avalon, White Sea, and Cambrian assemblages, each marked the arrival of new animal groups as much as they signified the decline of others, thus providing fresh insights into the primeval forces that shaped life's early days.



However, the study also highlighted gaps in our understanding. Berths in the fossil record suggest our current comprehension of early animals is heavily influenced by where fossils have been found and examined.



Dr. Fred Bowyer of the University of Edinburgh’s <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/geosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Geosciences</a> emphasized the extraordinary significance of constructing an early animal evolution timeline.



“It’s a daunting task, only made possible through international and interdisciplinary research. An integrated global approach is crucial. It exposes biases in our records, while also revealing patterns in fossil appearances, sea level cycles, and environmental oxygen," he said.



Mariana Yilales Agelvis reflected on the importance of understanding biodiversity drivers.



“It’s a fundamental piece of knowledge in the puzzle of life. I feel privileged to have built upon decades of interdisciplinary global research, and contributed to a better understanding of the sea level's role in early animal evolution,” said Agelvis.



It is an awe-inspiring journey to unravel the enigmatic story of life on earth, and studies like this one offer vital clues, giving us a glimpse into the ancient world that shaped the vibrant tapestry of life we see today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dance-of-adaptation">The dance of adaptation</h2>



Evolution is not merely a linear progression but a complex dance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-species-adaptability-shapes-long-term-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a> where organisms respond to ever-changing environments. 



This dynamic process includes several mechanisms, such as natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow, all of which contribute to the diversity of life we observe today. 



Natural selection, famously expounded by Charles Darwin, posits that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to subsequent generations. 



Meanwhile, genetic drift introduces randomness to the evolutionary process, particularly in small populations, where chance events can significantly impact allele frequencies. 



Understanding these mechanisms illuminates the intricate tapestry of life on Earth, showcasing how adaptability and resilience shape our biological heritage.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado6462" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Unraveling the story of early animal evolution

How fascinating would it be to journey back in time...

Forecasts reveal a foreboding specter: the potential collapse of a pivotal system of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atlantic Ocean currents</a> within the next decade and a half. 



This phenomenon carries the power to drastically redefine our planet's weather and climate patterns, with far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human societies.



This report paints a sobering panorama of a future where the very fabric of life on Earth could be dramatically affected, altering everything from temperature distributions to weather extremes and oceanic ecosystems. 



The potential ramifications extend beyond mere environmental shifts, potentially impacting agriculture, infrastructure, and the global economy in profound and unpredictable ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-atlantic-s-crucial-conveyor-belt">The Atlantic's crucial conveyor belt</h2>



Known as the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), this essential system functions like a colossal oceanic conveyor belt.



It transports warm surface water from the southern hemisphere and the tropics to the chilly expanses of the North Atlantic. The colder, saltier water then plunges to the ocean floor and flows south. 



This cyclical motion not only prevents the Southern Hemisphere from overheating and the Northern Hemisphere from freezing over but also disperses life-nourishing nutrients throughout marine ecosystems.



Research into these vital currents has been intense and ongoing. In recent years, multiple studies have proposed the disturbing theory that the AMOC could be heading towards a catastrophic failure, weakened by rising ocean temperatures and disrupted salinity levels - the chilling aftermath of human-induced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-deja-vu-oceans-may-slow-down-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-timeline-for-collapse">A timeline for collapse</h2>



The prognosis of this recent research stands out as it provides an estimated timeframe for the potential collapse of the AMOC. According to the data, the shutdown could transpire as soon as 2037 and as late as 2064.



The findings further suggest that there is more than a 50% chance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-could-collapse-the-atlantic-circulation-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">currents</a> collapsing before we reach the middle of this century.



The urgency and precision of this prediction are unprecedented, sounding alarms among many within the scientific community and beyond.



The detailed forecast has heightened concerns and spurred intense discussions about the potential global impact, emphasizing the need for immediate action and comprehensive climate strategies to mitigate the impending crisis.



Study co-author René van Westen is an atmospheric and marine researcher.based at the <a href="https://www.uu.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utrecht</a>. 



"This is really worrying," said van Westen. "All the negative side effects of anthropogenic climate change, such as more heat waves, more droughts, and more flooding, will continue. If you add an AMOC collapse on top of that, the climate will become even more distorted."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-world-without-the-amoc">A world without the AMOC</h2>



Picture a world where the AMOC has ceased to function. It would hardly be recognizable as the one we know now. 



In the wake of the collapse, Arctic ice would gradually advance southwards, enveloping the southern coast of England within a century. 



Mean temperatures in Europe and parts of North America, including regions of the United States, would nosedive.



In an ironic twist, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-is-approaching-widespread-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon rainforest</a>'s dry and rainy seasons would be completely inverted. Such a future, as we can all agree, is one we should strive to avoid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-the-tipping-point">Pinpointing the tipping point</h2>



The Utrecht University team utilized cutting-edge models and - for the first time - highlighted an area within South Atlantic Ocean as the prime location to monitor any changes in the circulation.



They analyzed temperatures and ocean salinity in this region, aiming to narrow down when the AMOC might reach its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-new-tipping-point-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>. 



However, melting Greenland ice - which is disrupting the circulation's driving force of salt, is insufficiently considered - which might lead to underestimation of the speed and onset of the collapse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-evolving-understanding-of-the-amoc">An evolving understanding of the AMOC</h2>



Until just a few years ago, the possibility of an AMOC collapse was considered a "low-probability, high-impact risk." But now, it's seen as a highly likely event within this century. 



The swift advances in AMOC research and the rapid evolution of models predicting its collapse underscore the urgency of this growing threat.



Ultimately, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, Earth's lifeblood and climate regulator, is at a perilous crossroads. With over a 50% chance of collapse before 2050, the need for swift, decisive action to mitigate the effects of our changing climate has never been more urgent.



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Atlantic current system may collapse by 2037

Forecasts reveal a foreboding specter: the potential collapse of a...

Binary asteroids hold a wealth of secrets about the cosmos, and studying these celestial wanderers has always fascinated scientists and explorers alike. 



One such daring mission, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/dart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DART</a>), sought to uncover these mysteries by crashing a spacecraft into the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos in 2022. 



This smashingly successful experiment revealed crucial insights into the origins and characteristics of the binary asteroid system, offering a glimpse into the effectiveness of using such techniques to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alter an asteroid's trajectory</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-binary-asteroids">Mysteries of binary asteroids</h2>



In a series of recently unveiled academic discussions, researchers thoroughly examined the details of this binary system, consisting of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-asteroids-named-dinky-and-selam-became-bound-together-forever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dimorphos and its parent asteroid, Didymo</a>s. 



These discussions aim to unravel the complexities of their formation, evolution, and physical properties.&nbsp;



"These findings give us new insights into the ways that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-asteroids-named-dinky-and-selam-became-bound-together-forever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> can change over time. This is just part of the wealth of new knowledge we’ve gained from DART," notes Thomas Statler, the lead scientist for Small Bodies in our Solar System at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> Headquarters in Washington.



Studying asteroids is important not just for understanding the near-Earth objects that are the focus of planetary defense, but also for our ability to read the history of our Solar System from these remnants of planet formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-contrasts-of-didymos-and-dimorphos">Geological contrasts of Didymos and Dimorphos</h2>



A group of researchers from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory</a>&nbsp;(APL) explored the topography of both asteroids.&nbsp;



The smaller Dimorphos with its variant boulder sizes stood in stark contrast to its smooth-surfaced parent, Didymos. The latter, however, became rockier and featured more craters at higher altitudes.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/DART-spacecraft_binary-asteroids_ridge-formation_didymos_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/DART-spacecraft_binary-asteroids_ridge-formation_didymos_1s.webp" alt="The various geological features observed on Didymos helped researchers tell the story of Didymos’ origins. The asteroid’s triangular ridge (first panel from left), and the so-called smooth region, and its likely older, rougher “highland” region (second panel from left) can be explained through a combination of slope processes controlled by elevation (third panel from left). The fourth panel shows the effects of spin-up disruption that Didymos likely underwent to form Dimorphos. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Olivier Barnouin" class="wp-image-1940653" style="width:300px;height:auto"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The various geological features observed on Didymos helped researchers tell the story of Didymos’ origins. The asteroid’s triangular ridge (first panel from left), and the so-called smooth region, and its likely older, rougher “highland” region (second panel from left) can be explained through a combination of slope processes controlled by elevation (third panel from left). The fourth panel shows the effects of spin-up disruption that Didymos likely underwent to form Dimorphos. Credit: Johns Hopkins APL/Olivier Barnouin</figcaption></figure>



Dimorphos' appearance suggests it separated from Didymos during a large mass shedding event.&nbsp;



As researchers pointed out, naturally occurring processes can quicken the rotations of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-would-happen-small-asteroid-hit-earth-nasa-ai-simulation-found-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small asteroids</a>, which may result in these celestial bodies reshaping or even detaching material from their surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ghosts-of-asteroids-past">Ghosts of asteroids past</h2>



The weaker surface characteristics of both Didymos and Dimorphos were further indications of their intriguing histories.&nbsp;



Strong indication suggests that Didymos predates Dimorphos by a considerable margin, with estimations of their ages being 12.5 million years and less than 300,000 years, respectively.&nbsp;



This lower surface strength of Dimorphos likely played a significant role in the DART spacecraft's remarkable effect on its orbit.



“The images and data that DART collected at the Didymos system provided a unique opportunity for a close-up geological look of a near-Earth asteroid binary system,” stated Olivier Barnouin, one of the lead researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-binary-asteroids">Characteristics of binary asteroids</h2>



The quest for knowledge continued, with researchers from the National Institute for Astrophysics (<a href="http://www.inaf.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INAF</a>) leading a paper comparing various physical features and distribution patterns on both asteroids. 



The team pointed out that Dimorphos' characteristics suggest it formed in stages, likely from its parent asteroid Didymos' material.&nbsp;



Similarly, Alice Lucchetti and her team from INAF discovered that thermal fatigue could rapidly deteriorate boulders on Dimorphos' surface, altering its physical features faster than previously assumed.



Further research led by students from ISAE-SUPAERO determined Didymos' bearing capacity to be significantly lower than that of dry sand on Earth or lunar soil.&nbsp;



Another group from the same institute highlighted similarities between Dimorphos' surface boulders and those found on other rubble pile asteroids, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/close-encounter-giant-asteroid-slipped-by-earth-last-week-evading-detection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-asteroid-missions">Future asteroid missions</h2>



The latest studies give us an engaging look into the origins of the Didymos system, revealing the fascinating processes that have shaped these celestial bodies over time.



By uncovering the formation and evolution of the Didymos system, researchers have significantly advanced our understanding of how such&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-selam-dinkinesh-moonlet-baby-very-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary asteroid systems</a>&nbsp;develop and interact within our solar system.&nbsp;



As we look forward to exciting future explorations, like <a href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA's Hera mission</a> returning to the DART collision site in 2026, we're laying the groundwork for amazing discoveries.



This research is crucial for understanding near-Earth objects and improving our planetary defense strategies.



The institutions that managed and provided support to the success of the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-rocks-nasa-dart-asteroid-deflection-mission-may-impact-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DART mission</a>&nbsp;include NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Glenn Research Center, and Langley Research Center.&nbsp;



All working together, they have unveiled a new dawn in the exploration of the cosmos.



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New DART spacecraft images reveal more about near-Earth binary asteroids

Binary asteroids hold a wealth of secrets about the cosmos,...

Have you ever found yourself halted in the supermarket aisle, a dozen juice options staring back at you, your hand hovering between the gleaming glass bottle and the humble carton pack? That choice seems simple, yet it carries a crucial question: which packaging is more sustainable?



The choices seem endless: there's aluminum made from recycled material, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tetra-pak-will-help-restore-brazils-endangered-atlantic-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegradable carton</a>, 100% recyclable glass, or even biodegradable plastic. Each option comes with its own set of promises and perceived benefits. 



Like most consumers, you might instinctively reach for the glass bottle, assuming it's the most sustainable choice.



However, it's time we unravel the surprising truth and examine the real environmental impact of these packaging options.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-illusion-of-glass-as-sustainable-packaging">The illusion of glass as sustainable packaging</h2>



"Glass was the most sought-after and the most highly esteemed packaging type," said the authors of a recent study from the <a href="https://www.umass.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>. This, however, is a common misconception, noted the researchers.



Contrary to popular belief, glass stands among the least sustainable options when we take into account the entire packaging life cycle.



When consumers were asked to rank packaging choices based on their perception of sustainability, the list read - glass, carton, aluminum, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a>. The truth, as it turns out, is quite different.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-sustainability-cartons-lead-the-way">Redefining sustainability: Cartons lead the way</h2>



The sustainability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-develop-smart-food-packaging-show-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food packaging</a> is variable and depends on several factors, including the type of product and packaging and the container’s size and weight.



For a single-serve orange juice, the most sustainable choice would be a carton, followed by plastic, cans, and then finally - glass. This revelation was as astounding to the scientists as it is to most consumers.



“I was shocked to read the lifecycle assessment from the experts that it takes so much energy to produce glass and recycle it – much more than what it takes to make or recycle plastic,” said Nomzamo Dlamini, lead author of the paper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-sustainable-packaging-education">Need for sustainable packaging education</h2>



The researchers set out to investigate the motivations behind consumers’ packaging choices, while also considering factors like price, lifestyle, and other attitudes.



This understanding can aid industry experts in identifying what consumers prefer and believe, and hence educate them on making more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-labeling-promotes-sustainable-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable choices</a>.



To capture real-life scenarios in the research, a questionnaire was designed using a method called conjoint analysis. The team presented various options and assessed the trade-offs made by consumers.



According to Dlamini, the ultimate goal was "to understand at the end of the day, what matters to people."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-vs-price-ultimate-trade-off">Sustainability vs price: Ultimate trade-off</h2>



Contrary to expectations, even though many consumers expressed an intention to purchase sustainable packaging, the top motivating factor turned out to be price – mostly the lowest price – followed by packaging type, product claim, and packaging claim. 



Thus, for the 847 consumers surveyed, the ideal orange juice option turned out to be priced at $1.10 per 12 fluid ounces. The juice was packaged in glass, locally produced, and labeled as 100% <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infinitely-recyclable-plastics-may-soon-become-a-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recyclable</a>.



The message here for the food industry is clear. Consumers are motivated to choose sustainable packaging, provided the price is right. 



"Sustainable packaging options should be clearly labeled as such, effective (e.g. not defective or just as durable as conventional packaging), and affordable to increase consumers’ motivation and adoption of sustainable packaging for food and beverages," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-sustainability-takeaway">Final sustainability takeaway</h2>



While packaging choices play a significant role in environmental outcomes, the study underscores that the most impactful and practical way consumers can contribute to sustainability efforts is by reducing or avoiding food waste. 



This simple yet powerful action can greatly diminish the overall carbon footprint associated with food production and consumption. 



Beyond choosing eco-friendly packaging, unnecessary waste can be prevented through mindful portion sizes, proper storage, and thoughtful purchasing.



As we collectively strive towards a more sustainable future, it's crucial to remember that small, everyday actions like minimizing food waste can lead to substantial environmental benefits.



This holistic approach to sustainability not only preserves resources but also fosters a culture of conscious consumption.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/14/6202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainability</a>.



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What's the most sustainable packaging? The answer will surprise you

Have you ever found yourself halted in the supermarket aisle,...

There's always been an air of thrill and risk associated with the stock market, as investors navigate its unpredictable highs and lows in pursuit of financial gains. 



However, the implications of this volatility may extend far beyond just financial considerations, potentially leading to severe psychological and physical health impacts, according to a recent study by a team of Chinese researchers.



The health concerns associated with stock market volatility are particularly alarming, including increased risks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exhaustion-increases-the-risk-of-a-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart attacks</a>, strokes, and suicide among investors.



What's more concerning is that the connection between market turbulence and health issues is not merely speculative. 



The data is supported by a massive body of research covering over 12 million deaths in China, underscoring the profound and far-reaching consequences of stock market fluctuations on public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-currency-of-stress">The currency of stress</h2>



The research, titled "Stock Volatility Increases the Mortality Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Suicide: A Case-Crossover Study of 12 Million Deaths," could be viewed as a wake-up call to investors, policymakers, and the healthcare community. 



The findings imply that it isn't just a drop in returns that spells disaster. Surprisingly, even an upward swing in stock market returns can lead to adverse health outcomes such as heart attacks.



A one percent decrease in daily returns was associated with a 0.74–1.04 percent increase in mortality risks of major adverse cardiovascular events and a 1.77 percent increase in suicide risk.



On the other hand, a one percent rise in daily returns and intra-daily stock oscillations was coupled with risk increments of 0.57–0.85 percent and 0.67–0.77 percent, respectively.



This signifies that managing the stress of stock market volatility should be as important as managing the investment portfolio itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stock-markets-and-public-health">Stock markets and public health</h2>



Investments and stock markets play a pivotal role in economic growth, acting as incubators for capital raising and wealth creation, and providing opportunities for individuals and institutions to build <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-comes-easier-when-money-is-not-a-priority/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">financial security</a>.



Nonetheless, the inherent inconsistencies and unpredictable nature of these markets can lead to severe psychological implications for investors, manifesting as anxiety, stress, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-a-history-of-depression-tend-to-process-more-negative-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>. 



If these mental health challenges are not addressed, the resulting stress could escalate into a broader public health issue, potentially affecting an even larger demographic beyond just those directly involved in market activities.



It is critical to approach this issue from a solution-oriented perspective, understanding that the fight against this hidden crisis goes beyond the investors themselves. It is a battle against social inequality, ageism, and the inherent unpredictability of the markets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-risks-of-stock-market-volatility">Mental health risks of stock market volatility </h2>



In the light of these findings, the researchers recommend targeted health education and mental health support, particularly during periods of market instability.



They also advocate for increased government-led and public awareness campaigns to diminish the cardiovascular and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/financial-losses-during-the-pandemic-took-a-toll-on-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> risks linked to stock market volatility.



As the global economy increasingly leans on the stock market, understanding and addressing the psychosocial impact of its volatility becomes crucial. 



The findings from this study provide a blueprint for devising effective interventions and support systems, capable of safeguarding not just the financial wealth but also the health of investors, and the broader population.



It's clear that the volatility of the stock market does more than just rattle the nerves of investors - it can genuinely impact their health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-literacy-and-health-outcomes">Financial literacy and health outcomes</h2>



A pivotal element in mitigating the adverse effects of stock market volatility on health is the enhancement of financial literacy among investors. 



Understanding market dynamics not only empowers individuals to make informed decisions but also reduces the anxiety associated with investment fluctuations. 



Research indicates that individuals equipped with a solid grasp of financial concepts tend to experience lower levels of stress, particularly during tumultuous market phases. 



By fostering a culture of financial education, we can cultivate resilience in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryptocurrency-investors-linked-to-dark-personality-traits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investors</a>, enabling them to adopt a long-term perspective that prioritizes emotional well-being alongside financial gains. 



Educational initiatives could be integrated into community programs, workplaces, and educational institutions, ensuring broad access to vital knowledge that can transform perceptions of market volatility from a source of dread to an opportunity for strategic growth. 



Ultimately, bolstering financial literacy acts as a protective shield, fostering not only healthier financial practices but also enhancing overall mental health outcomes in the face of economic uncertainties.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2095809924002790" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Engineering</a>.



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Stock market volatility increases risk of heart attacks and suicide

There's always been an air of thrill and risk associated...

DNA might not seem like a common link between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-neanderthal-dna-got-diluted-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a> and the microorganisms responsible for your morning toast, but recent research reveals a surprising connection. Humans and baker's yeast share more similarities than we initially thought, particularly in the crucial process of DNA replication.



These fascinating insights, documented in esteemed scientific journals, not only highlight the importance of fundamental biological processes but also help unravel the complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a> linked to errors in DNA replication. 



This research even opens up new avenues for understanding and potentially treating these conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-and-yeast-duplication-duo">Humans and yeast: Duplication duo</h2>



Remarkably, this surprising connection is rooted in a molecular complex known as CTF18-RFC in humans and Ctf18-RFC in yeast. 



This complex plays an essential role in ensuring that DNA replication proceeds as planned, by securing a "clamp" onto the DNA strand. The metaphorical clamp ensures that the replication process doesn't falter or stray off course.



The discovery of this molecular complex is yet another testament to the collaborative efforts of distinguished scientists from the renowned <a href="https://www.vai.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Van Andel Institute</a> and <a href="https://www.rockefeller.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Rockefeller University</a>. 



Their mission? To shed light on the meticulous mechanisms critical in the preservation and transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells to another.



"The accurate copying of DNA is fundamental to the propagation of life," noted study co-author Huilin Li.



The scientists' findings are a significant step towards better understanding DNA replication-related health conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-dna-dilemma-in-disease">Decoding the DNA dilemma in disease</h2>



Unplanned changes or errors in the replication process can have ruinous consequences, triggering a multitude of severe diseases, including cancers and rare disorders. 



The replication process is a delicately balanced biological dance that, when disrupted, can lead to uncontrolled and faulty replication - changing the course of life as we know it.



One might wonder how such a complex process takes place. It all begins with the unzipping of DNA's ladder-like structure, creating two strands known as the leading and lagging strands. A molecular construction team then busies itself with completing the two strands, effectively doubling the DNA helix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-dna-of-humans-and-yeast">Connecting DNA of humans and yeast</h2>



Much of this painstaking work involves enzymes called polymerases that are indispensable in assembling the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-building-block-of-life-called-tna-created-in-the-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks of DNA</a>.



However, they aren't adept at staying on the DNA strand. That's where our molecular complex comes into play, acting as a guide for the polymerases, allowing them to begin the replication process.



By using state-of-the-art cryo-electron microscopes, the research teams were able to uncover previously unseen facets of these leading strand clamp loaders’ structures. 



One such feature is a “hook” that disengages the leading strand polymerase from the new DNA strand, marking a crucial difference between the leading strand clamp loader and the other clamp loader involved in the process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yeast-and-human-connection-an-evolutionary-link">Yeast and human connection: An evolutionary link</h2>



One noteworthy aspect of the study is the identification of shared features between the yeast and human leading strand clamp loaders. 



This similarity points to an evolutionary link, highlighting the importance of yeast as a simple yet powerful model for genetic study. 



By exploring these commonalities, the research provides deeper insights into the universal nature of life's fundamental processes. 



In the grand scheme of existence, it appears that baker's yeast and humans share more similarities than previously thought, connected through the intricate process of DNA replication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-dna-in-cellular-function">Role of DNA in cellular function</h2>



DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, serves as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-dna-secrets-revealed-by-genomic-time-machine-and-transposable-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blueprint of life</a>, encoding the vast array of instructions required for the development, function, and reproduction of all living entities. 



Within the architecture of DNA lies a sequence of nucleotides, composed of four fundamental bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. 



This specific arrangement determines not only the traits of an organism but also molds the functionality of its cells. 



In the context of the relationship between humans and baker's yeast, the fidelity of DNA replication is paramount. Errors in this process can lead to aberrations in cellular function, affecting everything from energy production to cellular repair mechanisms.



As we continue to explore the parallels between these seemingly disparate life forms, it becomes increasingly clear that the study of DNA in yeast may yield profound insights into genetic disorders in humans, offering a glimmer of hope for innovative therapeutic strategies.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk5901" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Humans and baker's yeast have much more in common than you would believe

DNA might not seem like a common link between humans...

The moon's elusive atmosphere, a tantalizing enigma, has puzzled astronomers and amateur stargazers for decades. Even though it lacks breathable air, the moon boasts a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thin film of atoms</a> skittering across its craggy surface. 



Known in scientific circles as an "exosphere," this tenuous atmosphere has become a hotbed of intrigue since it was first recognized in the 1980s.



A recent study led by Nicole Nie, an assistant professor in MIT's <a href="https://eaps.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</a>, has revealed unique insights into the Moon's atmosphere. Alongside her team from the University of Chicago and NASA <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, Nie braved the lunar enigma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteorite-impacts-moon-s-atmosphere">Meteorite impacts moon's atmosphere</h2>



Nie's team used an ingenious method to draw a cogent conclusion about the moon's exosphere. They established that this elusive atmosphere owes its existence chiefly to a process called "impact vaporization." 



This cosmic spectacle unfolds when meteorite impacts on the moon's surface turn certain atoms into gas, thus creating and sustaining the exosphere over billions of years.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-moon-soil-lunar-regolith-space-debris-into-building-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar soil samples</a> from NASA’s Apollo missions - an invaluable testament to the moon's turbulent history marked by incessant meteorite bombardments over its 4.5-billion-year existence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ladee-the-lunar-sentry">LADEE: The lunar sentry</h2>



To understand the birth and sustenance of the moon's exosphere, NASA dispatched the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) in 2013. 



Armed with a mission to scrutinize the moon's atmosphere, LADEE's findings sparked more questions than answers. For instance, the spacecraft found an interesting pattern: the moon's exosphere tended to ebb and flow depending on its position in orbit around Earth.&nbsp;



This observation led NASA scientists to believe that not only meteorite impacts but also solar wind - the constant stream of charged particles from the sun - may play a role in shaping the moon's atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scrutiny-of-lunar-soil">Scrutiny of lunar soil</h2>



Nie's team turned their attention back to lunar soil, a treasure trove of clues about the moon's past. 



The scientists identified two vital, easily vaporizable elements from the Apollo soil samples - potassium and rubidium. Expecting isotopic variations in these elements to pinpoint the primary process behind the moon's atmospheric creation, the team geared up for an extended analysis.



Their rigorous examination involved pulverizing the soil into dust, dissolving it in acids, and finally, running it through a mass spectrometer. The outcome? A revelation - impact vaporization was the primary force driving the moon's atmospheric creation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moon-s-elusive-atmosphere">Moon's elusive atmosphere</h2>



“With impact vaporization, most of the atoms would stay in the lunar atmosphere, whereas with ion sputtering, a lot of atoms would be ejected into space,” explained Nie. 



“From our study, we now can quantify the role of both processes, to say that the relative contribution of impact vaporization versus ion sputtering is about 70:30 or larger.”&nbsp;



The results suggest that meteorite impacts have shaped 70 percent or more of the moon’s atmosphere, with solar winds accounting for the residual 30 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



“The discovery of such a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-moon-is-drifting-away-and-earth-will-never-be-the-same-without-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subtle effect</a> is remarkable, thanks to the innovative idea of combining potassium and rubidium isotope measurements along with careful, quantitative modeling,” said Justin Hu, a postdoc who studies lunar soils at Cambridge University, who was not involved in the study. 



“This discovery goes beyond understanding the&nbsp;moon’s history, as such processes could occur and might be more significant on other moons and asteroids, which are the focus of many planned return missions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-universe-in-a-new-way">Viewing the universe in a new way</h2>



Nie and her team's groundbreaking work cracks open a new avenue of astronomy. “Without these Apollo samples, we would not be able to get precise data and measure quantitatively to understand things in more detail,” said Nie. 



“It’s important for us to bring samples back from the moon and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary bodies</a>, so we can draw clearer pictures of the solar system’s formation and evolution.”



The moon's atmosphere, long ensnared in mystery, now steps into the light, thanks to the relentless pursuit of knowledge by Nie and her team. As we navigate the cosmic ocean, what other mysteries lurk in the shadows, waiting for us to shine a light on them?



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adm7074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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How did the moon get its atmosphere, and where did it go?

The moon's elusive atmosphere, a tantalizing enigma, has puzzled astronomers...

For the next two weeks, skywatchers are in for a remarkable celestial event. This weekend, continuing through mid-August 2024, we will be treated with not one, but two annual meteor showers lighting up the night sky simultaneously.



The Delta Aquarids and the Alpha Capricornids will reach their peak, offering a mesmerizing display of shooting stars. Double the meteors, double the fun!



This rare occurrence will give stargazers a unique opportunity. They will witness an impressive number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteors-may-transfer-life-from-earth-to-other-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteors</a> streaking across the sky. It will make the night memorable.



To enjoy the event, make sure to find a dark spot away from city lights. This will help you fully appreciate the natural spectacle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteor-shower-mysteries">Meteor shower mysteries</h2>



The stellar event will predominantly occupy the southern sky. It will be a spectacular sight for those in the Southern Hemisphere. People in the southern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere can also enjoy it.



It might be a tad tricky to differentiate which shooting star belongs to which constellation, though. These meteors will radiate out from different celestial figures, such as Orion, Perseus, and Gemini, creating a fascinating and enchanting mix of lights in the sky. 



Each shooting star streaks across the night sky. It adds its own unique brilliance to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-sightings-nasa-skywatching-guide-for-may-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic display</a>. Observers watch in awe of the universe's grandeur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-meteors">Understanding meteors</h2>



First, let's clarify some terminology. Meteors, meteoroids, and meteorites are often used interchangeably. However, even though each word refers to the same thing, they signify different stages of the space rock's journey.



Meteoroids are small rocks made of metals zooming through space at incredible speed. When they enter Earth's atmosphere, they usually travel between 25,000 and 160,000 miles per hour (40,000 to 260,000 kilometers per hour). When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, we then call them meteors. Their high speed causes the friction that makes them glow and produce the bright streaks across the skies that we know as "shooting stars."



Finally, if a piece of these space rocks makes it all the way to Earth's surface, we then call it a meteorite.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-meteor-showers-form">How meteor showers form</h3>



Meteors and meteorites come from our solar system, usually beginning their journey in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.



Some also come from comets. As comets get close to the sun, they lose material, which can cause meteor showers when Earth crosses their path.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-and-sizes">Types and sizes</h3>



Meteors and meteorites differ in both size and composition.



<ul>
<li>Stony Meteorites: Mostly made of silicate minerals </li>



<li>Iron Meteorites: Mainly composed of iron and nickel </li>



<li>Stony-Iron Meteorites: A mix of both silicate and iron</li>
</ul>



In terms of size, meteoroids can range from tiny dust particles to massive boulders. Most meteors visible from Earth are relatively small, usually weighing less than a few pounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-stars-of-the-show">Meet the stars of the show</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delta-aquarids">Delta Aquarids</h3>



The Delta Aquarids meteor shower is a captivating annual event that lights up the night sky, especially for those in the Southern Hemisphere.



This shower gets its name because its radiant point — the spot in the sky where the meteors appear to originate — is near the star&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Aquarii" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Delta Aquarii</a>&nbsp;in the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Aquarius</a>.



The Delta Aquarids are believed to be remnants of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96P/Machholz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet 96P Machholz</a>, which orbits the Sun approximately every five years. As this comet travels close to the Sun, it sheds particles that spread out along its orbit.



When Earth passes through this debris trail, the particles enter our atmosphere, causing the meteor shower. These particles, often just the size of a grain of sand, burn up due to friction with the atmosphere, creating the bright streaks we see as meteors.



One of the unique features of the Delta Aquarids is their long-lasting peak. Unlike other meteor showers that might peak for just one night, the Delta Aquarids have a broad peak period, typically from late July to early August.



During this time, stargazers can see up to 20 meteors per hour under ideal viewing conditions. The meteors are known for their faint, long trails, which can be especially beautiful against a dark, moonless sky.



The Delta Aquarids are part of a larger family of meteor showers associated with the same comet. This shower’s meteors travel at an average speed of around 25 miles per second (40 kilometers per second), which is relatively slow compared to other meteor showers. This slower speed allows the meteors to create longer-lasting trails.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alpha-capricornids">Alpha Capricornids</h3>



The Alpha Capricornids meteor shower is an intriguing celestial event that offers a stunning display of bright meteors. Originating from the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricornus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Capricornus</a>, this shower typically peaks around late July.



The Alpha Capricornids are believed to be associated with the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169P/NEAT" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet 169P/NEAT</a>. As this comet orbits the Sun, it leaves behind a trail of debris. When Earth passes through this debris, the particles enter our atmosphere, causing the meteors we see.



Unlike many meteor showers, the Alpha Capricornids are known for producing bright, slow-moving fireballs. These fireballs can be exceptionally brilliant and can stand out even in light-polluted areas.



One of the most striking features of the Alpha Capricornids is the relatively low number of meteors per hour, usually around five, but the quality makes up for the quantity.



The meteors tend to be larger and slower, providing a more prolonged and impressive display. The fireballs produced can sometimes be so bright that they cast shadows and are visible for several seconds.



The Alpha Capricornids are unique because they don’t produce as many meteors as some other showers, but the ones they do produce are often very bright and impressive.



These meteors travel at a slower speed of around 15 miles per second (25 kilometers per second), allowing for longer-lasting fireballs that are easier to observe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-night-keeps-getting-better">Night keeps getting better</h2>



There's more in store. Sharing the celestial stage on the same night is the Alpha Capricornids shower.



Nestled beside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eta-aquarids-see-up-to-50-shooting-stars-per-hour-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquarius</a> is Capricornus, the constellation from where the Capricornids meteor shower originates. 



This captivating shower adds an extra 5 shooting stars per hour to the celestial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-large-asteroids-will-pass-near-earth-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">display</a>, so there's something new to see every two minutes.



The rhythmic spectacle, with its bright streaks of light blazing across the night sky, might even captivate a young child's attention and spark their interest in astronomy. 



It's a magical experience that offers a perfect opportunity for stargazing enthusiasts and families alike to come together and marvel at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devil-comet-is-visible-in-the-northern-hemisphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wonders of the universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-watching-meteor-showers">Tips for watching meteor showers</h2>



To ensure you make the most out of this extraordinary double meteor shower, preparation is key. 



Firstly, find a location away from the glaring lights of urban areas; rural regions or dark sky parks are ideal. 



Give your eyes ample time to adjust to the darkness – about 20 to 30 minutes should suffice – as this will significantly enhance your ability to see fainter meteors.



Equip yourself with a reclining chair or a blanket to comfortably lie back and take in the entire sky without straining. 



Binoculars are not necessary for meteor showers; in fact, they might limit your view. 



A red flashlight can be helpful for checking any star maps without ruining your night vision, and don't forget some light snacks and a warm beverage to keep you cozy during the wait. 



Following these simple steps can transform your stargazing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-skywatching-what-to-look-for-in-april-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experience</a> from good to unforgettable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-and-where-to-watch">When and where to watch</h2>



Timing is crucial when it comes to observing meteor showers in their full glory. The peak of meteor activity usually occurs in the pre-dawn hours when the sky is darkest and viewing conditions are optimal. 



Consult astronomical calendars for precise shower dates, and try to plan a stargazing session during the new moon phase to minimize light interference from the moon. 



High-altitude locations free from atmospheric pollution provide the best vantage points.



Armed with this knowledge, you can anticipate a truly awe-inspiring encounter with the cosmos, ensuring you don’t miss nature's spectacular light show.



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Two meteor showers have combined to light up the night skies for a few more days

For the next two weeks, skywatchers are in for a...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...