After many decades, physicists are still hot on the trail of a suspect in a detective story that could change our understanding of the universe: dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.



These are not the massive monsters formed from dying stars, but tiny black holes created in the first moments after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-observations-disprove-big-bang-theory-universe-began-tired-light-theory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Big Bang</a> that zoom around the universe, visiting our only solar system every ten years or so. 



And if a new theory from MIT physicists is right, these ancient cosmic wanderers could be the missing link in the mystery of dark matter.



David Kaiser, a professor of physics and history of science at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, alongside his team, believes we might soon find proof of these elusive objects right here in our solar system. 



Their study, published in Physical Review D, suggests that if these primordial black holes do exist, they should zoom through our solar system at least once every decade, potentially causing a slight “wobble” in the orbit of Mars -- a wobble that today’s technology could actually detect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-primordial-black-holes">Dark matter and primordial black holes</h2>



To understand why this theory is so compelling, we need to revisit what we know -- or rather, what we don't know -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">about dark matter</a>. 



Most of the physical universe, around 80 percent, isn’t made up of the visible stuff we can see and touch, like stars, planets, or your kitchen sink. The rest is a mysterious substance known as dark matter. 



This invisible matter doesn’t interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, which makes it notoriously hard to detect. But its gravitational effects are big enough to affect the motion of stars and galaxies.



For decades, scientists have been setting up detectors on Earth to try to capture a glimpse of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-consist-of-particles-that-travel-faster-than-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter particles</a>, assuming it might be made of exotic particles that decay into detectable forms. But after countless experiments, those searches have come up empty.



So, if dark matter isn’t made of mysterious particles, what is it? Enter the primordial black holes -- a theory first proposed in the 1970s but largely dismissed until recent years. 



Unlike the black holes formed from collapsing stars, primordial black holes would have originated from incredibly dense regions of the universe in the first seconds after the Big Bang. 



They could be as small as an atom but with the mass of an asteroid. It's a wild thought, but it might just make sense.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-and-microscopic-black-holes">Mars and microscopic black holes</h2>



Kaiser and his team began to think about what would happen if one of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-reveal-the-origin-of-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microscopic black holes</a> passed through the solar system. Initially, the idea seemed like a joke. 



As Tung Tran, a graduate student at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and the lead author of the study, remembers, “Someone asked me what would happen if a primordial black hole passed through a human body.” 



Tran did the math and found it would push a person about 20 feet away in a second if it passed within a meter. Not very comforting, but also incredibly unlikely.



But what if a primordial black hole flew by something much larger, like a planet? The team ran the numbers for Earth and the Moon but found the effects were too muddy -- there are just too many other factors that could create similar movements.



Mars, however, was a different story. "Given that scientists have been tracking Mars with incredible accuracy, to within about 10 centimeters, we realized that any wobble caused by a black hole would be much easier to detect," Kaiser explained. 



They estimate that if a black hole were to come within a few hundred million miles of Mars, the planet's orbit would shift by about a meter over a few years -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gravitational-waves-dark-matter-big-bang-breakthrough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a tiny movement</a>, but one we could measure with current technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primordial-black-holes-and-mars">Primordial black holes and Mars</h2>



Why does Mars, out of all the planets, offer the best chance of detection? 



Sarah Geller, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Santa Cruz (<a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSC</a>) and one of the study's co-authors, explains, "Primordial black holes don’t live in the solar system. 



They’re zipping through the universe, doing their own thing. And the probability is, they pass through the inner solar system once every 10 years or so." 



The team <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microscopic-primordial-black-holes-may-explain-all-dark-matter-in-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">simulated different scenarios</a> where asteroid-mass black holes zoom through the solar system at speeds around 150 miles per second. Mars showed a consistent response -- a potential “wobble” in its orbit.



"Unlike Earth or the Moon, Mars doesn’t have a lot of interference from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-influence-cosmos-galaxies-extends-much-farther-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other gravitational forces</a>," says Geller. "It’s like a clean slate where we can see the tiny effect of a passing black hole more clearly."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-prove-this-theory">How to prove this theory</h2>



Detecting a wobble in Mars' orbit would be a significant hint, but it wouldn’t immediately confirm the presence of a primordial black hole. 



“There’s still much work needed to distinguish the push from a passing black hole from that of an asteroid or some other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mundane space object</a>,” Kaiser points out. 



Fortunately, scientists have been tracking these space rocks for decades, so they have a pretty good idea of what a normal orbit looks like. Comparing these known paths with the unusual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-might-be-driving-force-behind-black-hole-mergers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trajectories a black hole</a> might take could help narrow things down.



The researchers are considering new collaborations to simulate a larger number of objects, from planets to moons and rocks, over extended periods. 



"We want to inject close encounter scenarios and study their effects with higher precision," says Geller. The more they can refine their simulations, the better they can differentiate between ordinary objects and the extraordinary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-dark-matter-and-the-future-of-cosmology">Mars, dark matter, and the future of cosmology</h2>



So, what does this all mean for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding of the universe</a>? 



If these wobbles can be detected and confirmed, it would provide strong evidence that primordial black holes make up a significant part of dark matter. 



This would not only solve one of the biggest mysteries in physics but also open up new avenues of research into the early moments of the universe itself.



But even if this theory doesn’t pan out, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-linked-to-supermassive-black-holes-in-early-universe-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">search for dark matter continues</a>. "Science is like peeling an onion," says Kaiser. "Each layer we peel back leads to new questions and new possibilities. And sometimes, you find something you never expected."



So, keep an eye on Mars. The Red Planet might just hold the clues to unlock the universe's biggest secrets. 



And as Kaiser and his team are proving, sometimes the answers lie not in what we can see, but in the tiny, invisible forces passing right under our noses -- forces that could help us understand what makes up most of our universe.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.063533">Physical Review D</a>.



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Tiny black holes zipping past Mars could finally confirm that dark matter is real

After many decades, physicists are still hot on the trail of a suspect in a detective story that could change our understanding of the universe: dark matter in the form of primordial black holes. These are not the massive monsters formed from dying stars, but tiny black holes created in the first moments after the Big Bang that zoom around the universe, visiting our only solar system every ten years or so. And if a new theory from MIT physicists is right, these ancient cosmic wanderers could...

The recent discovery of opalized jaw fossils in New South Wales' Lightning Ridge has significantly advanced our understanding of prehistoric monotremes. 



These fossils, dating back to the Cenomanian Age of the Cretaceous Period, between 102 million to 96.6 million years ago, represent a crucial era in Australia's ecological history. This was a time when the continent teemed with a variety of these unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bizarre-egg-laying-mammal-rediscovered-in-the-cyclops-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">egg-laying mammals</a>. Today, only the platypus and echidna remain as the surviving descendants.



The study was led by a team of Australian scientists at the <a href="https://australian.museum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Museum</a> (AM), <a href="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Museums Victoria</a> and <a href="https://www.australianopalcentre.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Opal Centre</a>. The research provides new insights into an epoch where Australia's landscape was dominated by diverse monotreme species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discoveries-from-a-lost-era">Discoveries from a lost era</h2>



Professor Tim Flannery, a key figure in this discovery, reflects on the significance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feredocodon-chowi-fossils-yield-clues-mammal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a>: "Discovering these new fossils is like uncovering a whole new civilization. Australia is known for its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-rarest-marsupial-was-unwittingly-saved-by-prince-philip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsupials</a> today, but these findings hint at a former era dominated by diverse monotremes."



Professor Kris Helgen, Chief Scientist and Director of the Australian Museum Research Institute (AMRI), also played a pivotal role in analyzing the fossils.



Professor Helgen described Opalios splendens, a standout among the newly discovered species. This creature seems to serve as a bridge in evolutionary history, combining features of both the platypus and echidna.



"Opalios splendens sits on a place in the evolutionary tree prior to the common ancestor of today’s monotremes. Its anatomy suggests a blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-dams-are-significant-barriers-to-platypus-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">platypus</a> and echidna traits," explained Professor Helgen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-insights-into-monotremes">Evolutionary insights into monotremes</h2>



The evolutionary journey from "toothy to toothless" is a central theme in the study of these ancient creatures.



"Some of the earlier monotremes retained up to five molars, whereas later species reduced to three. This evolutionary change is evident in our findings at Lightning Ridge," noted Professor Helgen.



Professor Flannery further elaborated on this topic by pointing out the modern-day dental characteristics of monotremes. "Echidnas are toothless, and adult platypuses only possess leathery pads instead of teeth, adaptations likely influenced by dietary changes and competition with newcomers like the Australian water rat."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-monumental-gathering-of-species">A monumental gathering of species</h2>



The diversity uncovered at Lightning Ridge is unprecedented. "The site has revealed six different species of monotremes, suggesting it was once the most diverse monotreme habitat known to science. This discovery significantly expands our understanding of their diversity," noted Dr. Matthew McCurry, Curator of Palaeontology at AMRI.



These insights are complemented by the efforts of researchers like Dr. Thomas Rich and Professor Patricia Vickers-Rich, who highlighted the ongoing excitement in paleontological studies as fieldwork continues to unveil new facets of ancient life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rarity-of-opalized-fossils">The rarity of opalized fossils</h2>



The significance of these opalized fossils is not lost on those who discovered them. Elizabeth Smith, associated with the Australian Opal Centre, expressed awe at the rarity and value of these finds. 



"Finding opalized monotreme fossils is exceptionally rare. Each discovery offers a precious glimpse into a world where these ancient, furry egg-layers thrived," said Smith. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monotremes-and-australia-s-geological-saga">Monotremes and Australia's geological saga</h2>



The findings at Lightning Ridge offer more than just a snapshot of ancient life; they provide a portal into the evolutionary lineage of Australia's unique fauna. 



As researchers continue to piece together the complex puzzle of Earth's biological history, each fossil serves as a testament to the dynamic changes that have shaped the natural world. 



This ongoing journey into the past not only enriches our understanding of biological diversity but also highlights the enduring impact of Australia's geological and ecological heritage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monotremes">More about monotremes</h2>



Monotremes are a unique group of mammals that are distinct from other mammals because they lay eggs rather than giving birth to live young. This group includes intriguing species like the platypus and the echidnas, which are found primarily in Australia and New Guinea.&nbsp;



Monotremes are characterized by a mix of reptilian and mammalian features, which makes them especially interesting in studies of evolutionary biology. For example, they maintain a lower body temperature compared to other mammals and possess a cloaca, an organ common to birds and reptiles but unusual in mammals.



Another distinctive trait is their method of feeding their young; monotremes do not have nipples, instead, they secrete milk through specialized glands in their skin, which the young lap up.&nbsp;



The platypus, with its duck-bill and webbed feet, is particularly famous for its unusual appearance and the male's ability to deliver a venomous sting, a rare trait among mammals.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, echidnas are known for their spiny coats and snouty faces, used to feed primarily on ants and termites. These fascinating features highlight the evolutionary diversity and adaptability of mammals.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03115518.2024.2348753" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology</a>.



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Unearthing the lost world of unique mammals in Australia

The recent discovery of opalized jaw fossils in New South...

Woman,Works,At,The,Computer,And,Eating,Fast,Food.,Unhealthy

Have you ever felt down in the dumps after indulging in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-food-diet-triggers-lasting-changes-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greasy diet</a> of burger and fries? Or maybe anxious after a sugar rush from a candy bar? Well, science is starting to back up that feeling of the brain. 



A recent study suggests that what we eat might directly influence our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-diet-positively-influences-the-brains-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain chemistry</a> and structure, potentially contributing to mental health issues like depression and anxiety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-for-a-healthier-brain">Mediterranean diet for a healthier brain</h2>



Imagine this: a sunny seaside villa, a table laden with fresh vegetables, fruits, fish, and olive oil – the essence of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean diet</a>, a way of eating celebrated for its heart-healthy benefits. But recent research suggests it may offer much more than just cardiovascular protection.



Scientists delved into the fascinating link between diet and brain health,&nbsp;comparing the brains of individuals adhering to a Mediterranean-style diet with those consuming a diet laden with sugar,&nbsp;saturated fats,&nbsp;and processed foods.&nbsp;



The findings were remarkable, revealing potential differences in brain structure and chemistry between the two groups. It appears that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-be-a-fountain-of-youth-for-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean diet</a> may hold the key to not only a healthy heart but also a happier, healthier brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unhealthy-diets-unbalance-your-brain">Unhealthy diets unbalance your brain</h2>



Brain scans revealed significant differences. In those with unhealthy diets, researchers found reduced levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brains-turn-intense-stress-into-constant-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GABA</a>, a neurotransmitter crucial for maintaining a calm and balanced brain. 



Insufficient GABA levels have been associated with increased anxiety and heightened susceptibility to mood disorders.



Conversely, these individuals also exhibited elevated levels of glutamate, a neurotransmitter that acts as the brain's accelerator. Excessive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bullied-kids-suffer-chemical-changes-in-their-brains-that-cause-lifelong-harm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glutamate</a> can lead to overstimulation, restlessness, and difficulty concentrating.



Additionally, brain scans revealed a decrease in grey matter volume in the frontal lobe, a region responsible for complex cognitive functions such as decision-making, emotional regulation, and impulse control. 



This reduction in grey matter could impair one's ability to cope with stress effectively, potentially contributing to a higher risk of mental health issues.



"We can eat ourselves well!" exclaims Dr. Piril Hepsomali, one of the study's authors from <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>. 



"Ultimately, we see that people who have an unhealthy diet have imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, as well as reduced volume of grey matter in the frontal part of the brain. This part of the brain is involved in mental health issues such as depression and anxiety."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feelings-from-your-gut">Feelings from your gut</h2>



But how exactly does our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> mess with our minds? Scientists are still piecing together the puzzle, but one clue lies in our gut. 



The trillions of bacteria living in our intestines (the microbiome) play a crucial role in our health, including our mental well-being. 



An unhealthy diet can disrupt this delicate ecosystem, potentially triggering a cascade of changes that affect the brain.



High levels of saturated fat and sugar seem to be particularly problematic. These dietary villains can:



<ul>
<li>Alter gut bacteria:&nbsp;Certain bacteria thrive on sugar and fat, while others that are beneficial for our mental health may dwindle.</li>



<li>Disrupt neurotransmitter production:&nbsp;The gut microbiome plays a role in producing neurotransmitters like GABA. An imbalance in gut bacteria can throw this production off-kilter.</li>



<li>Increase inflammation:&nbsp;A diet high in sugar and fat can trigger inflammation throughout the body, including the brain, which has been linked to mood disorders.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-for-thought">Food for thought</h2>



"I would like to note that GABA and glutamate are intimately involved in appetite and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chronic-stress-causes-the-brain-to-crave-comfort-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food intake</a>, too," adds Dr. Hepsomali. 



"Reduced GABA and/or increased glutamate might also be a driving factor in making unhealthy food choices. So, there may be a circular relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating well</a>, having a healthier brain and better mental wellbeing, and making better food choices to eat well."



This suggests that a poor diet might not only contribute to mental health issues but also make it harder to break free from unhealthy eating patterns. 



However, the good news is that the opposite may also be true. By choosing a healthier diet, we might not only improve our mental well-being but also find it easier to stick to those nutritious choices.



The link between diet and mental health is complex and still under investigation. But this study provides compelling evidence that what we eat can significantly impact our brain and our mood. 



So, the next time you reach for that sugary snack or greasy meal, remember that your brain might be paying the price. By choosing a diet rich in whole foods, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, you might not only be nourishing your body but also nurturing your mind.



This research was carried out by the University of Reading, <a href="https://www.roehampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roehampton University</a>, <a href="https://www.frieslandcampina.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FrieslandCampina</a> (Netherlands), and <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kings College London</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1028415X.2024.2355603" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutritional Neuroscience</a>.



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Unhealthy diet leaves the brain feeling foggy, frazzled and sad

Have you ever felt down in the dumps after indulging...

A medical engineering professor from University of South Florida (<a href="https://www.usf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USF</a>) is using cutting-edge imaging and virtual reality to enhance our understanding of developmental disorders like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddler-screen-time-linked-to-atypical-sensory-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">autism</a> and improve treatments for brain injuries and diseases by creating a detailed brain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">map</a>.



Funded by a $3.3 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, the research focuses on the calyx of Held, the largest nerve terminal in the human brain. This part of the brain processes sound and is often linked to symptoms of disorders like autism, which result in social and cognitive impairments.



“Even though we’re focusing on a specific part of the brain involved in hearing, the information we gather can help us understand serious developmental disorders that happen when the brain doesn’t develop properly early on,” said George Spirou, the lead researcher at the University of South Florida. 



“Our findings could also pave the way for innovative strategies to repair and reconnect damaged neural circuits affected by disease and injuries later in life.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-disorders">Developmental disorders</h2>



Developmental disorders are conditions that affect the development of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-advanced-brain-mapping-yet-reveals-how-we-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> and nervous system, leading to difficulties in learning, communication, and behavior. Examples include autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and cerebral palsy. 



These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, prenatal exposure to harmful substances (like alcohol or drugs), infections during pregnancy, complications during birth, and environmental factors such as exposure to toxins. 



Early intervention and therapy can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life for individuals with developmental disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-resolution-imaging-and-virtual-reality">High-resolution imaging and virtual reality</h2>



At USF’s <a href="https://spiroulabadcl.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Auditory Development and Connectomics Laboratory</a>, high-resolution imaging technology combined with advanced image analysis is being used to create the most accurate developmental timeline for any neural system in the brain. 



Researchers capture the journey of neurons in mice from birth to their establishment of synaptic connections. Mice and human brains share very similar neuron types and connections, according to the NIH.



Using software developed by the research team, virtual reality is being used to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cleaning-the-brain-neurons-flush-out-waste-while-we-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurons</a> and analyze synapses in an immersive experience. This combined level of temporal and spatial resolution in studying developing neural systems is unprecedented.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-neuron-and-synapse-formation">Rapid neuron and synapse formation</h2>



“Between the fourth and fifth gestational months, the number of neurons in the nervous system explodes almost exponentially, forming synapses at a rate of about a million per second. Considering there are almost 100 trillion synapses in an adult <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>, this number is incredible,” Spirou explained. 



“I like to think of it as there are about 100 billion stars in the Milky Way, and there are about that many neurons in the brain.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatments-for-developmental-disorders">Treatments for developmental disorders</h2>



Daniel Heller, a doctoral student at USF, who has worked alongside Spirou for several years, focused his dissertation on this project.



He emphasizes the importance of understanding brain development under normal conditions to develop effective treatments for disorders.



“At the cellular level, the physical manifestations of these disorders are caused by developmental defects in brain connectivity,” Heller said. 



“From a clinical perspective, researching therapeutics for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/household-chemicals-linked-to-neurological-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disorders</a> is difficult without a better understanding of how the brain develops under normal conditions. This often results in treating symptoms rather than aiming for a global cure.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-disorders-and-neural-formation">Developmental disorders and neural formation</h2>



Over the next five years, the research team aims to pinpoint the signals that drive the precise formation of this neural system. Understanding these signals could reveal how other neural circuits form and help reorganize and reconnect neurons in cases of brain injury.



“I am totally fascinated by what’s happening at this stage of development in the brain and how the brain directs its own formation – that to me is enough to get me up in the morning and come in to do our work,” Spirou said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virtual-reality-potential-applications">Virtual reality potential applications</h2>



Virtual reality offers numerous potential applications in mapping developmental disorders. VR can create immersive, high-resolution 3D models of the brain, allowing researchers to visualize and analyze neural pathways and synapse formations with unprecedented detail. 



This technology aids in identifying specific brain regions affected by disorders such as autism and ADHD. VR can also simulate various scenarios to study brain responses, enhancing our understanding of how these disorders manifest. 



Additionally, VR-based interventions can provide targeted therapies and rehabilitation exercises, improving cognitive and motor functions. Overall, VR holds promise for advancing diagnostics, treatment planning, and personalized medicine in developmental disorders.



This research could ultimately transform how we understand and treat developmental brain disorders, potentially leading to earlier and more effective treatments.



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Virtual reality will unlock mysteries of developmental disorders

A medical engineering professor from University of South Florida (USF)...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pollution</a> poses a greater health threat than war, terrorism, malaria, HIV, tuberculosis, drugs, and alcohol combined. This shocking revelation is discussed in a recent series of articles published in the <a href="https://www.jacc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American College of Cardiology</a>.



The experts, led by the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="https://icahn.mssm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</a> focused on global warming, air pollution, wildfire smoke, and lesser-known pollutants like soil, noise, light, and toxic chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bombarded-with-pollutants-nbsp">Bombarded with pollutants&nbsp;</h2>



“Every year around 20 million people worldwide die from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a> with pollutants playing an ever-increasing role,” said Jason Kovacic, Director and CEO of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute.



“Pollutants have reached every corner of the globe and are affecting every one of us. We are witnessing unprecedented wildfires, soaring temperatures, unacceptable road noise and light pollution in our cities and exposure to untested toxic chemicals in our homes.”



“Our bodies are being bombarded with pollutants from every angle and they are taking a toll on our heart health. The evidence suggests that the number of people dying prematurely because of these very different forms of pollution is far higher than currently recognized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-threats-of-pollution-nbsp">Health threats of pollution&nbsp;</h2>



Pollutants such as smoke and toxins, inhaled deeply into the respiratory tract, cause oxidative stress and damage organs, including the heart.&nbsp;



"Air pollution, a harmful mix of solid particles and gases, endangers human health worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that 99% of the world’s population resides in places where air quality standards are not being met," wrote the study authors. 



Noise and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-pollution-disrupts-entire-ecological-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light pollution</a> affect sleep patterns, drive inflammation, and increase blood pressure and weight gain. Extreme heat can cause dehydration, cardiovascular strain, and acute kidney failure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollution-and-heart-disease-nbsp">Pollution and heart disease&nbsp;</h2>



“Whilst many of these biological mechanisms are known, we still have a huge gap in our understanding of the link between pollutants and heart disease,” said Kovacic.



“There are hundreds of thousands of chemicals that haven’t even been tested for their safety or toxicity, let alone their impact on our health. We also need to discover if there are other risk factors that make people more susceptible – such as pre-existing conditions, lifestyle factors or where they live.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposure-to-pollution-nbsp">Exposure to pollution&nbsp;</h2>



According to the scientists, in the future, people should be routinely tested for exposure to more pollutants, just like children are now tested for lead exposure in the USA.



Unfortunately, while the environmental crisis is imminent, and its impact on health is increasingly noticed, the impetus for change seems to be sporadic.&nbsp;



“Urgent action is required as climate change strides forward and pollution infiltrates the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, and the places we live in,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-statistics-from-the-study-nbsp">Key statistics from the study&nbsp;</h2>



<ul>
<li>Outdoor and indoor air pollution account for over seven million premature deaths annually, with more than 50% due to cardiovascular causes like ischemic heart disease and stroke.</li>



<li>A fifth of all cardiovascular deaths are attributed to air pollution.</li>



<li>During <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-heat-waves-in-europe-can-be-predicted-by-melting-sea-ice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat waves</a>, the risk of heat-related cardiovascular mortality may increase by more than 10%. </li>



<li>In the USA, exposure to wildfire smoke has increased by 77% since 2002.</li>



<li>Globally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfire smoke</a> is estimated to cause 339,000 to 675,000 premature deaths per year.</li>



<li>Over 300,000 new synthetic chemicals have been created since 1950, many of which have unknown safety profiles.</li>



<li>In Europe, 113 million people are affected by long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traffic noise</a> levels of at least 55 dB(A).</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-is-needed">Urgent action is needed</h2>



The researchers call for urgent action, such as implementing heart-healthy urban design, such as increasing tree cover and promoting active travel. They also call for ending subsidies to the fossil fuel industry to invest in renewables and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clean-energy-transition-may-boost-job-opportunities-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cleaner energy</a>.



The experts also point out the need for launching public health campaigns about the dangers of air pollution and enhancing medical education to address pollution-related health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-the-health-threats-of-pollution-nbsp">Combating the health threats of pollution&nbsp;</h2>



To combat the health threats of pollution, the study advocates for better monitoring of pollutants, understanding their impacts on cardiovascular disease, and identifying vulnerable communities.&nbsp;



The hope is that by recognizing and addressing these dangers, society can mitigate the severe health impacts of pollution on a global scale.



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Pollution is a greater health threat than we ever imagined

Pollution poses a greater health threat than war, terrorism, malaria,...

Adolescents grappling with internet addiction face significant alterations in their brain function, which could precipitate further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-social-media-use-makes-teens-more-likely-to-start-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addictive behaviors</a> and developmental challenges.



A recent study spearheaded by researchers from <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL</a> has illuminated the profound effects of excessive internet use on young minds, particularly those between the ages of 10 and 19.



This decade-long study, from 2013 to 2023, scrutinized the findings from 12 articles that collectively examined 237 adolescents officially diagnosed with internet addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-internet-addiction-impacts-brain-function">Internet addiction impacts brain function</h2>



Internet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/internet-addiction-where-do-you-fall-on-the-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>, characterized by an uncontrollable urge to engage online despite adverse consequences, can disrupt an individual's psychological well-being and interfere with their social, academic, and professional lives.



Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), researchers observed the brain's functional connectivity - or how different regions interact - both during rest and while performing tasks.



The experts noticed a pattern of both increased and decreased activity in the default mode network, which is active during rest.



More alarmingly, there was a significant reduction in connectivity within the executive control network, which is critical for active thinking and decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-altered-brain-function">Consequences of altered brain function</h2>



These neurological changes can manifest as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-use-linked-to-internet-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addictive behaviors</a> and a decline in various aspects of cognitive and physical abilities, including intellectual capacity, coordination, mental health, and overall development.



"Adolescence is a crucial developmental stage. The brain's susceptibility to internet-related compulsions during this period - like relentless mouse clicking or media consumption - can have dire consequences," noted Max Chang, a lead author and MSc student at the <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/child-health/great-ormond-street-institute-child-health-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health</a>.



Chang highlighted some of the potential behavioral and developmental repercussions for adolescents, such as difficulties in maintaining social relationships, dishonesty about online activities, and disruptions in normal eating and sleeping patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-concern-over-internet-addiction">Global concern over internet addiction</h2>



With the increasing availability of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excessive-smartphone-usage-linked-to-health-issues-in-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smartphones</a> and laptops, internet addiction is a burgeoning issue worldwide.



In the UK alone, individuals spend an average of over 24 hours online each week, with many acknowledging their compulsive use of the internet. 



Additionally, a report by Ofcom indicates that more than 60% of the UK's 50 million <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-platforms-earned-11-billion-last-year-from-kids-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internet users</a> perceive their online habits as having a detrimental effect on their personal lives, often causing tardiness or neglect of responsibilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-internet-addiction-in-adolescents">Combating internet addiction in adolescents</h2>



"While the internet offers undeniable benefits, it becomes problematic when it starts to impinge on our daily routines," noted study senior author Irene Lee.



She recommends that adolescents impose sensible limits on their internet use and become informed about the psychological and social effects of excessive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-posts-are-not-a-good-representation-of-our-true-selves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online engagement</a>.



Chang is optimistic about the implications of their findings for treating and preventing internet addiction. "Our research could help physicians better understand and address internet addiction in adolescents," he said. 



Treatments might target specific brain regions or involve psychotherapy and family therapy to tackle the fundamental symptoms of internet addiction. 



Moreover, educating parents about the signs of digital dependency could serve as a crucial preventive measure, helping them manage their children's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddler-screen-time-linked-to-atypical-sensory-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">screen time</a> and impulsive behaviors more effectively.



The study not only sheds light on the underlying brain changes caused by internet addiction but also underscores the necessity for proactive measures to mitigate its impact on adolescent health and development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-on-mental-and-physical-health">Impacts on mental and physical health </h2>



Internet addiction in teens extends beyond brain function alterations. It can severely impact mental health, leading to increased anxiety, depression, and social isolation. 



Teens may develop poor academic performance due to excessive screen time interfering with study habits and focus. This addiction often disrupts sleep patterns, causing fatigue and difficulty concentrating during the day. 



Physical health can also suffer, with increased risks of obesity and related conditions due to sedentary behavior. Additionally, excessive internet use can hinder the development of essential social skills, making it harder for teens to engage in face-to-face interactions. 



Cyberbullying and exposure to inappropriate content are also significant concerns, potentially leading to emotional distress and a skewed perception of reality. 



Overall, internet addiction can create a cascade of negative effects, impacting a teen's holistic development and well-being, necessitating proactive measures to ensure balanced and healthy internet use.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/mentalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmen.0000022" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Mental Health</a>.



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Internet addiction impairs brain function in teenagers

Adolescents grappling with internet addiction face significant alterations in their...

As the world grappled with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreak of COVID-19</a> and subsequent isolation during lockdowns, a phenomenon less visible yet profoundly impactful began to emerge.



A recent study conducted during an acute phase of the pandemic, involving strict lockdowns and curfews, explored this less-discussed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/financial-losses-during-the-pandemic-took-a-toll-on-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aftermath</a> - how isolation affected our sense of time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-isolation-during-the-covid-19-pandemic">Isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic</h2>



Pandemic isolation refers to the enforced periods when governments worldwide implemented strict lockdowns and curfews to curb the spread of the virus.



These measures required people to stay at home, avoid social gatherings, and limit physical interactions to essential activities only. 



Schools, workplaces, and public venues were closed, leading to a sudden and prolonged separation from usual social activities and support systems. This isolation aimed to reduce infection rates and protect public health but had significant psychological consequences. 



Many experienced loneliness, anxiety, and a distorted sense of time, as daily routines were disrupted and social interactions became virtual or nonexistent. 



Pandemic isolation also encompasses the broader social and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-and-cardiovascular-diseases-are-genetically-linked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> impacts that resulted from this unprecedented period of solitude. It is important to address these effects as part of pandemic response and recovery efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-threads-of-pandemic-isolation">Psychological threads of pandemic isolation</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> delved into the psychological effects of isolation through a survey of over 3,300 participants in France.



The survey asked participants nearly 60 questions to analyze how the enforced solitude influenced their daily lives and mental states.



The results were telling. Participants noted significant difficulties in recalling the sequence of events, frequently losing track of the days of the week.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blurring-of-time-during-covid-19-isolation">Blurring of time during COVID-19 isolation</h2>



Many reported a "blurring of time" during COVID-19 isolation, where past, present, and future seemed to meld into a continuous, indistinct flow.



This temporal disorientation wasn't just about forgetting days; it extended to a broader difficulty in planning for the future. 



The uncertainty of the days ahead left many feeling anxious and less in control - a stark contrast to life pre-pandemic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-temporal-disorientation">Social and temporal disorientation</h2>



The research highlighted a direct correlation between feeling socially disconnected and losing track of time. 



This causal relationship suggests that not only does social isolation impact our interpersonal interactions, but it also significantly disrupts our temporal bearings.



"Feeling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-harms-health-more-than-alcohol-obesity-or-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lonely and isolated</a> from others seems to warp our perception of time, with a sense of feeling lost and confused spanning the past, present, and future," noted Dr. Pablo Fernandez Velasco, the lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-mental-break-in-time-perception">A mental break in time perception </h2>



The issue transcended age and demographics, affecting a broad swath of the population, with young people under 25 feeling the most disoriented.



The study introduces "temporal rupture," which describes a mental break or fault line in our perception of time. This concept highlights how people experienced a clear divide between life before the pandemic and life during it. 



In simple terms, the pandemic created a distinct separation in our minds, making it difficult to connect or reconcile the two periods. The disruption in our sense of time affected how we remembered events, planned for the future, and understood the flow of days and months.



This rift illustrates how the pandemic has reshaped not just physical realities but also our mental timelines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-society">Implications for society</h2>



The findings underscore the need for public authorities to consider the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-helps-reduce-mental-health-impacts-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health impacts</a> of isolation, not only during emergencies like COVID-19 but also in everyday life.



Addressing the issue of loneliness and fostering a sense of community could help mitigate these profound effects on our perception of time and overall mental well-being.



"The larger the experienced rift between pre-pandemic and pandemic times, the more disorientated people felt," noted Dr. Fernandez Velasco.



This statement resonates with personal accounts from the study, which collectively advance our understanding of how isolation can deeply affect human psychology during extraordinary times.



The study's insights are crucial in preparing for future crises, emphasizing the importance of maintaining social bonds even in the face of physical separation.



By understanding the profound effects of isolation on our perception of time, society can better address the emotional and psychological needs that arise during such challenging periods.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjop.12704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Psychology</a>.



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Pandemic isolation blurred our sense of time

As the world grappled with the outbreak of COVID-19 and...

A recent study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14671" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Applied Ecology</a> has found that the removal of hedgerows and field margins covered by wild grass and flowers significantly reduces the diversity and abundance of arthropods in agricultural landscapes. 



Researchers from the UK, Netherlands, and China conducted a six-year study on 20 rice fields in China, examining how these landscape changes impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rice-farming-environmental-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rice</a> pests and their natural enemies, as well as rice yield.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-field-margins-nbsp">Natural field margins&nbsp;</h2>



Traditional Chinese smallholder fields are irregularly shaped and separated by areas of hedgerows, wild grass, and flowers. These features make using large-scale machinery difficult, resulting in low agricultural operation efficiency.&nbsp;



Consequently, many traditional farmlands in China are being consolidated to improve efficiency. However, these grassy margins and flowering vegetation provide crucial habitats for natural enemies of rice pests, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-turn-to-cannibalism-when-food-sources-are-limited/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a> and ground beetles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frequent-removal-of-field-margins-nbsp">Frequent removal of field margins&nbsp;</h2>



“Hedgerows and field margins are frequently removed during the land consolidation procedure to create larger, rectangular fields and install concrete irrigation channels to facilitate the use of larger machinery. Our study suggests that removing these habitats negatively affects arthropod communities,” said senior author Yi Zou, an expert in landscape ecology and biodiversity conservation at the <a href="https://www.xjtlu.edu.cn/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University</a> (XJTLU).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-diversity-in-traditional-farmland">Greater diversity in traditional farmland</h2>



The researchers collected 141,587 individual arthropods from 80 taxonomic families, discovering that traditional farmland supported significantly higher abundance and diversity of rice pests' natural enemies compared to consolidated land.&nbsp;



Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the number of rice pests or rice yield between traditional and consolidated fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-consolidation-and-rice-arthropods-nbsp">Land consolidation and rice arthropods&nbsp;</h2>



“Land consolidation removes the natural vegetation of traditional farmlands that can provide nesting habitats and food sources for the natural enemies of rice pests. But there is a lot we still don't know, such as how land consolidation affects different groups of rice arthropods. Long-term monitoring and detailed assessment of land consolidation is still needed,” Zou explained.



The research group also experimented with insecticide application on half of each field, finding that it decreased the diversity and abundance of pests and natural enemies in both field types. However, fields not sprayed with insecticide experienced a 10.8% decrease in rice yield.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-field-margins-to-increase-farmland-biodiversity-nbsp">Using field margins to increase farmland biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



The study supports agri-environmental measures (AEM) like using flowering plants in field margins to increase <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmland-biodiversity-pest-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmland biodiversity</a> and mitigate the negative impacts of land consolidation. While widely implemented in Europe, AEMs are rarely used in China.



“Our agricultural biodiversity monitoring in this study serves as a critical tool for assessing the impacts of land consolidation and the effectiveness of AEM on biodiversity. These measurements are needed before proposing land management recommendations for an appropriate AEM,” Zou said.&nbsp;



“As a result of our findings, we recommend the implementation of AEM or re-establishing field margin vegetation during the consolidation process to mitigate the potential negative effects on rice arthropod biodiversity.”



“This study is noteworthy because of the quality of its data and the breadth of influential factors we were able to investigate. It has been really interesting to disentangle the effects of farmland consolidation, of pesticide application, and of seminatural habitat beyond the farm,” added co-author Jenny Hodgson, a conservation biologist at the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



Dr. Shanxing Gong, the study's lead author and a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://english.pku.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Peking University</a>, acknowledges that biodiversity is not the only concern for farmers. 



“The trade-off between biodiversity improvements with labor efficiency, yield, and pest control is a balance that has to be finely tuned to ensure maximum profitability, and these factors will always need to be considered,” said Dr. Gong.



“While we did not observe a direct correlation between the increase in the number of rice pests and the reduction of their natural enemies due to land consolidation, further investigation into the effectiveness of natural enemies in biological pest control is necessary before implementing AEM strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-long-term-impacts-of-land-consolidation-nbsp">Understanding the long-term impacts of land consolidation&nbsp;</h2>



Furthermore, the researchers found no decrease in rice yield in traditional fields compared to consolidated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-yield-farming-could-preserve-wildlife-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmland</a>. 



“The impact of AEMs on yield depends on many factors, including agricultural management intensity, soil fertility, and pesticide application, that all need to be taken into account when assessing their suitability for land management,” added Dr. Gong.



This study highlights the need for continued research and monitoring to understand better the long-term impacts of land consolidation and the potential benefits of agri-environmental measures in maintaining arthropod biodiversity and sustainable agricultural practices.



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Removal of field margins reduces farmland biodiversity

A recent study published in the Journal of Applied Ecology...

3d,Rendering,Artificial,Intelligence,Ai,Research,Of,Robot,And,Cyborg

A frontier where computer science meets the mysteries of the human brain, neuromorphic computing represents an exciting crossover between technology and biology.



Designed to mimic the way humans process information, this technology holds the promise to stir a revolution everywhere, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-consciousness-and-you-what-happens-when-machines-become-sentient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> to robotics. But what exactly is neuromorphic computing and why is it now taking center stage?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-neuromorphic-computing">Origins of neuromorphic computing</h2>



The concept of neuromorphic computing was first coined in the 1980s by scientist <a href="http://www.carvermead.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carver Mead</a>, who proposed creating electronic systems inspired by the neural structure of the human brain. 



Mead, a professor at the <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>, based this idea on the premise that the brain is, in essence, an extremely efficient and versatile information processor. 



Since then, neuromorphic computing has evolved considerably, leveraging advances in neuroscience, engineering, and especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-robots-be-programmed-to-have-human-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hardware-and-software-comprise-the-two-pillars">Hardware and software comprise the two pillars</h2>



Neuromorphic computing relies on two fundamental technological pillars: hardware and software. On the hardware side, specific neuromorphic chips are being developed, such as Intel's famous <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Loihi chip</a>



Now in its second generation, Loihi is designed to mimic the structure and functioning of biological neural networks. 



These chips use a radically different architecture from traditional processors, allowing for more efficient and adaptive processing.



In terms of software, algorithms and computational models are being developed that seek to replicate aspects of learning and brain processing, such as artificial neural networks and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-to-decode-the-legacy-of-the-roman-empire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a>. 



These models are inspired by the structure of the brain and its learning and adaptation mechanisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-machine-learning-and-neural-networks">Impact on machine learning and neural networks</h2>



Neuromorphic computing has the potential to significantly benefit machine learning in several ways.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficient-data-processing-and-power-consumption">Efficient data processing and power consumption</h3>



Neuromorphic chips are designed to process data in a way that mimics the human brain, which is highly efficient at tasks such as pattern recognition, learning, and adaptation. 



This can lead to faster and more efficient machine learning algorithms, particularly for tasks that involve large amounts of complex data.



Neuromorphic systems consume significantly less power compared to traditional computing systems. This is because they process information in a highly parallel and distributed manner, similar to the human brain. 



Lower power consumption means that machine learning applications can be deployed on a wider range of devices, including mobile and edge devices.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-learning-and-scalability">Real-time learning and scalability</h3>



Neuromorphic systems can enable real-time learning, where the machine learning model can continuously adapt and improve based on new data. This is particularly useful for applications that require the model to learn and adapt in real-world environments, such as autonomous vehicles or robots.



Neuromorphic computing can enable the development of highly scalable machine learning models. This is because neuromorphic systems can be designed to scale up or down depending on the complexity of the task, without significant increases in power consumption or latency.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biologically-inspired-learning">Biologically inspired learning</h3>



Neuromorphic systems are designed to be more robust and fault-tolerant compared to traditional computing systems. 



This is because they can continue to function even if some of the individual components fail, similar to how the human brain can continue to function even if some neurons die. This can lead to more reliable and robust machine learning applications.



Neuromorphic computing is inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks. This means that machine learning algorithms developed for neuromorphic systems can incorporate biologically inspired learning mechanisms, such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). 



This can lead to more efficient and effective learning, particularly for tasks that require unsupervised or semi-supervised learning.



<ol></ol>



Overall, neuromorphic computing has the potential to significantly enhance the capabilities of machine learning, enabling faster, more efficient, and more robust learning systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-hurdles-of-neuromorphic-computing">Challenges and hurdles of neuromorphic computing</h2>



Despite its promise, neuromorphic computing faces several significant challenges. A major one is the inherent complexity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>. 



Replicating even a fraction of its functionality is a monumental task that requires a deep understanding of its internal mechanisms, many of which are not yet fully understood.



Integrating these systems into practical applications is also challenging. While neuromorphic chips and algorithms show great potential, their incorporation into existing technologies and their scalability remain major hurdles.



As predicted by <a href="https://www.fundacionbankinter.org/en/programs/ftf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future Trends Forum</a> expert Daniel Granados, "the future of computing will be hybrid and different technologies will coexist and communicate with each other. 



According to Granados, today's silicon computing and von Neumann architecture will be complemented by neuromorphic computing, photonic computing, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>.



Currently, work is being done on three key fronts:



<ol start="1">
<li>Scalability: Current neuromorphic computers are relatively small and are not capable of performing complex tasks on a large scale.</li>



<li>Efficiency: Neuromorphic computers are not yet as efficient as traditional computers.</li>



<li>Robustness: Neuromorphic computers are susceptible to failure, as their components are more sensitive to disturbances than the components of traditional computers.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advances-and-applications">Advances and applications</h2>



Despite the challenges, scientists are already seeing significant advances in the field. Neuromorphic chips, for example, are finding applications in areas such as robotics, where they enable greater autonomy and learning capabilities. 



In the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>, these chips offer new forms of data processing, facilitating tasks such as pattern recognition and real-time decision making.



In particular, Intel has used Loihi to experiment with autonomous learning systems, such as traffic pattern optimization and advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robot-trained-to-read-braille-with-remarkable-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic control</a>. 



IBM has used its neuromorphic chip <a href="https://research.ibm.com/publications/truenorth-design-and-tool-flow-of-a-65-mw-1-million-neuron-programmable-neurosynaptic-chip" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TrueNorth</a> in applications such as pattern detection in health data and real-time sensor data processing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-impact-of-neuromorphic-computing">Future impact of neuromorphic computing</h2>



Looking forward, neuromorphic computing is emerging as a key element in the next generation of intelligent technologies. 



Its development is expected to improve the efficiency and capability of today's machines, and to open the door to new forms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brainoware-computer-is-one-step-closer-to-merging-man-and-machine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-machine interaction</a>, and even to create systems capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psifi-wearable-ai-device-interprets-emotions-people-nearby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning and adapting</a> in a similar way to humans.



The potential impact of neuromorphic computing is immense. In industry, it could lead to greater automation and smarter systems, from manufacturing to services. 



Neuromorphic computing, for example, enables robots to process <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory information</a> more efficiently, improving their ability to navigate and interact with complex environments. This could be used for industrial inspection and exploration tasks in environments inaccessible to humans.



Furthermore, neuromorphic systems are significantly improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ai-system-detects-animals-on-roads-to-prevent-accidents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computer vision</a> capabilities, enabling machines to process and understand images and videos more efficiently. 



This has applications in security, where they are used for real-time detection and analysis of activities. In society, it could transform the way we interact with technology, making interfaces more intuitive and personalized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dawn-of-a-new-computing-era">Dawn of a new computing era</h2>



As we stand on the cusp of this technological revolution, it's clear that neuromorphic computing is set to reshape our world. 



By bridging the gap between biology and technology, it promises to unleash a new era of intelligent systems that can learn, adapt, and interact in ways that were once the sole domain of the human brain.



While challenges remain, the rapid progress in the field is undeniable. As research continues and these technologies mature, we can expect to see increasingly sophisticated applications emerge, transforming industries and shaping the future of computing.



In the words of Carver Mead, the pioneer of neuromorphic computing, "We are at the dawn of a new era, where the boundaries between technology and biology are blurring, and the possibilities are limitless."



This article was adapted from a report by <a href="https://www.fundacionbankinter.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Bankinter Innovation Foundation</a>.



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Merging AI with the human brain is creating unimaginable technologies

A frontier where computer science meets the mysteries of the...

Space exploration is on the brink of a new era, and NASA's Gateway space station is at the forefront of this exciting frontier. As the first permanent piece of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-aims-to-build-a-train-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar infrastructure</a>, Gateway promises to revolutionize our understanding of the lunar environment and pave the way for future crewed missions to Mars.



<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/gateway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">According to NASA</a>, Gateway is a next-generation space station that will orbit the Moon, enabling a wide range of research activities and serving as a vital staging point for deep space exploration. 



<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/kathy-lueders-associate-administrator-for-space-operations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Kathy Lueders</a>, NASA's Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, emphasizes the importance of Gateway. 



"Gateway is a crucial component of NASA's Artemis missions, which aim to return humans to the lunar surface in preparation for the first crewed missions to Mars," she explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hub-for-scientific-discovery">Hub for scientific discovery</h2>



Gateway will feature habitation and research facilities, crew and payload airlocks, and docking ports for visiting spacecraft, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-spacecraft-captures-stunning-photo-of-earth-and-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a>, lunar landers, and logistics resupply craft. 



This unique infrastructure will enable longer stays on and around the Moon, significantly expanding research and exploration opportunities beyond what was envisioned or achievable during the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/the-apollo-program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Apollo missions</a>.



Dr. Lueders explains that Gateway will accomplish several key objectives crucial to NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis campaign</a>:



<ul>
<li>Enable a sustained presence around the Moon</li>



<li>Support human crewed missions to deep space and the lunar surface</li>



<li>Facilitate scientific research and discovery in a deep space environment</li>



<li>Enable, demonstrate, and validate technologies critical for lunar missions, with applications for Mars and other deep space destinations</li>



<li>Cultivate industry and international partnerships to lead an unprecedented global coalition to the Moon</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gateway-space-station-s-location">Gateway space station's location</h2>



NASA will locate Gateway in a polar orbit around the Moon. This highly elliptical Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (<a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/people/kathleen.howell.1/Publications/Conferences/2018_AAS_WhiDavBurMcCPowMcGHow.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NRHO</a>) will bring Gateway within about 1,000 miles (1,500 km) of the Moon at its closest approach and about 43,500 miles (70,000 km) at its farthest.



Gateway's unique polar orbit will provide Artemis astronauts and their spacecraft access to the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a>, including the critical lunar South Pole region, which the Artemis missions focus on. 



It will also ensure uninterrupted communications between the Moon and Earth, provide unique scientific opportunities within the deep space environment, and its high stability will enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs. 



Gateway will complete one full orbit around the Moon approximately every 6.5 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-module-at-a-time">One module at a time</h2>



Gateway will be an incrementally built and deployed spacecraft, similar to the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Space Station</a> (ISS). 



However, assembling Gateway in lunar orbit will involve just four rocket launches and will take approximately six years, in contrast to the ISS's 42 assembly flights over about 13 years. 



This streamlined assembly process for Gateway is made possible by its smaller size and advancements in technology.



The first two modules of Gateway -- the Power and Propulsion Element (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/gateway/a-powerhouse-in-deep-space-gateways-power-and-propulsion-element/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PPE</a>) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-northrop-grumman-finalize-moon-outpost-living-quarters-contract/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HALO</a>) -- are already taking shape on the ground, with hardware fabrication actively underway in facilities worldwide. 



These components will be integrated and launched together on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket no earlier than 2025. 



Following launch, they will spend about a year traveling to lunar orbit, during which time Gateway will begin its scientific investigations, enabled by autonomous systems and remote operations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-human-spaceflight">New era of human spaceflight</h2>



The addition of the Lunar International Habitation module (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Gateway_Lunar_I-Hab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar I-Hab</a>) to Gateway, expected no earlier than 2028 as part of the Artemis IV mission, will mark a significant milestone in human spaceflight. 



During this mission, a crewed Orion spacecraft will transport the Lunar I-Hab to Gateway and dock it with HALO, marking the first time astronauts enter the space station.



"Astronauts aboard Gateway will conduct scientific research, prepare for lunar surface missions, and perform maintenance tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the station," says Dr. Lueders. 



"Gateway will have a minimum 15-year lifespan, with the potential for extension well beyond that initial timeframe."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gateway-space-station-compared-to-the-iss">Gateway space station compared to the ISS</h2>



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/gateway-lunar-space-station_artist_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway shares some similarities with the ISS</a>, there are notable differences between the two space stations. Gateway will be approximately 1/5 the size of the ISS by volume and 1/6 by mass. 



When fully assembled, Gateway will weigh around 63 metric tons (63,000 kilograms) and measure 141 feet tall (43 meters), 62 feet wide (19 meters), and 67 feet long (20 meters), with a habitable volume of about 125 cubic meters.



Unlike the ISS, which orbits at a distance of approximately 250 miles from Earth in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-low-earth-orbit-leo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-Earth orbit</a>, Gateway will be located much farther away, in lunar orbit, about 1000 times farther from Earth than the ISS. This means that Gateway will not be visible from Earth like the ISS.



Another key difference between the two stations is their focus. While the ISS has been a cornerstone of space research in low-Earth orbit for over two decades, Gateway expands this legacy into the deep space environment. 



Gateway will operate in orbit around the Moon, where radiation is a greater concern due to the lack of Earth's protective magnetosphere. Additionally, while the ISS is permanently inhabited, Gateway will not be. 



Instead, Gateway will focus on pushing the boundaries of solar electric propulsion, robotics, and autonomous operations, enabling it to conduct science investigations and support missions even when crew are not present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-to-mars-and-gateway-space-station">Road to Mars and Gateway space station</h2>



NASA has selected <a href="https://www.spacex.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SpaceX</a> as the initial U.S. commercial provider for Gateway's logistics services. SpaceX will deliver critical pressurized and unpressurized cargo, science experiments, and supplies to Gateway, with one logistics services delivery anticipated for each crewed Artemis mission to Gateway.



This partnership, along with the international collaborations and industry involvement in the development and operation of Gateway, underscores the global effort to advance space exploration and scientific discovery.



Beyond its role in lunar exploration, Gateway is part of a broader strategy for sustained and permanent lunar exploration, playing a vital role in NASA's preparations for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-nuclear-powered-spacecraft-shorten-the-trip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">missions to Mars</a>. 



The knowledge and experience gained from operating Gateway will prove invaluable for these endeavors, as NASA continues to push the boundaries of human spaceflight and exploration.



As Dr. Lueders concludes, "Gateway represents a new era in space exploration, one that will not only deepen our understanding of the Moon and its potential but also serve as a stepping stone to even greater adventures beyond, to Mars and the depths of our solar system."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artemis-program-and-the-gateway-space-station">Artemis program and the Gateway space station</h2>



As mentioned previously, NASA launched the Artemis program to return humans to the Moon and establish a sustainable presence on the lunar surface by 2028. 



The program takes its name from Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology, symbolizing the agency's goal to land the first woman and the next man on the Moon.



The Artemis program serves as a crucial stepping stone for future crewed missions to Mars. NASA will use the knowledge and experience gained from exploring the Moon to prepare for the challenges of sending humans to the Red Planet.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-to-live-and-work-in-deep-space">Learning to live and work in deep space</h3>



Through the Artemis program, NASA will develop and test new technologies, such as advanced spacesuits, lunar rovers, and habitats, which will be essential for deep space exploration and long-duration missions to Mars.



By establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, NASA will learn how to live and work in deep space for extended periods. This experience will be invaluable when planning and executing crewed missions to Mars, which will require astronauts to spend months or even years in space.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-cooperation">International cooperation</h3>



The Artemis program seeks to build and strengthen international partnerships in space exploration. NASA will collaborate with space agencies from around the world, as well as commercial partners, to achieve its ambitious goals and foster a shared vision for lunar exploration.



In October 2020, NASA and seven partner countries signed the Artemis Accords, a set of principles that will guide cooperation among nations participating in the Artemis program. The Accords cover topics such as peaceful exploration, transparency, interoperability, and the protection of heritage sites on the Moon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-gateway-to-the-future">NASA's Gateway to the future</h2>



In summary, as NASA forges ahead with the development and assembly of the Gateway space station, the agency is laying the foundation for a sustainable presence on and around the Moon while setting the stage for future crewed missions to Mars and beyond. 



Through its innovative design, cutting-edge technologies, and collaborative partnerships, Gateway space station will serve as a testament to human ingenuity and the unwavering spirit of exploration. 



As we stand on the brink of this new era in space exploration, Gateway will undoubtedly inspire a new generation of scientists, engineers, and adventurers to push the boundaries of what is possible and continue our journey into the depths of the cosmos.



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NASA's new "Gateway space station" will soon orbit the moon

Space exploration is on the brink of a new era,...

Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) has revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-have-exceptional-learning-capacities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs' learning success</a> improves significantly when they are rewarded with food, praise, and petting. 



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60166-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Scientific Reports</a>, this study delves into the relationship between emotions, learning, and sleep in dogs. The findings indicate that incorporating social reinforcement such as praise and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-a-dog-even-when-its-not-your-own-can-boost-your-health-for-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">petting</a> can enhance dogs' performance in learning tasks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotionally-charged-learning-in-dogs">Emotionally charged learning in dogs</h2>



Earlier research had established that emotionally charged events are better remembered, but these studies were primarily conducted in controlled laboratory settings.&nbsp;



This new research aimed to explore this phenomenon in real-life scenarios involving family dogs learning from their owners or dog trainers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-family-dogs-learn">Studying how family dogs learn</h2>



“It is natural and ordinary for family dogs to learn in emotionally charged social situations, either from their owners or from dog trainers. However, our knowledge of this phenomenon so far is mainly based on studies in humans and laboratory rodents (rats, mice),” said study lead author Viviene Reicher, an ethologist at ELTE.



“Our aim was to study the phenomenon in dogs, as it is not only exciting to research the species as a model animal, but also in its own right.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-styles-of-training-nbsp">Different styles of training&nbsp;</h2>



The scientists developed a novel methodology wherein dog trainers taught new command words for familiar tricks in the presence of the dogs' owners.&nbsp;



For instance, trainers used the English command “High five” instead of the Hungarian “Pacsi.” Each dog underwent two types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-training-is-more-effective-when-nice-voice-tone-is-used/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">training</a> sessions: a “permissive” style with praise and petting in addition to treats, and a “controlling” style with only treats and scolding for unwanted behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-dogs-learning-success-nbsp">Measuring the dogs’ learning success&nbsp;</h2>



After the training sessions, the dogs' learning success was tested before and after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-have-sleep-apnea-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> in a sleep lab, with EEG scans analyzing brain function related to memory consolidation. 



The study found that the controlling style of training induced greater stress in the dogs, leading them to seek proximity to their owners and sleep more after training. This aligns with previous research indicating that sleep plays a crucial role in processing emotions.



Interestingly, the study revealed that learning success was more pronounced the first time regardless of training style, likely due to the well-documented phenomenon that information learned first is easier to remember.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-social-reinforcement-nbsp">The importance of social reinforcement&nbsp;</h2>



However, the most exciting result was observed when dogs initially exposed to controlling training were later trained in a permissive style. The combination of positive surprise and sleep significantly improved their learning success.



Dr. Márta Gácsi, senior research fellow, highlighted the importance of social reinforcement in dogs' well-being and learning. The lack of social reinforcement or the presence of scolding can cause stress, particularly when dogs are being taught by a trainer, which should be considered when selecting teaching methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tangible-rewards-and-emotional-support-nbsp">Tangible rewards and emotional support&nbsp;</h2>



This study not only provides a deeper understanding of dog learning but also offers insights into human learning processes. It underscores the importance of rewarding dogs with both food and social reinforcement, further supporting the view that these practices positively impact dogs' well-being and learning success.&nbsp;



The findings are valuable for dog owners and trainers, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to training that includes both tangible rewards and emotional support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-capacity-of-dogs-nbsp">Learning capacity of dogs&nbsp;</h2>



Dogs have an amazing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capacity to learn</a> through various intriguing methods. One interesting aspect is their ability to understand human gestures and vocal tones almost as naturally as they understand the body language of other dogs. This ability makes them exceptional companions and highly trainable.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-associative-learning">Associative learning</h3>



Dogs also learn through associative learning, where they connect a specific stimulus with a particular outcome. For instance, they quickly learn that the sound of a leash can lead to a walk, or that the rustle of a treat bag means a snack is coming.&nbsp;



This form of learning is why dogs can respond to cues like dinner bells or doorbells with such enthusiasm or anticipation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-nbsp">Social learning&nbsp;</h3>



Dogs are also capable of social learning. They can observe and imitate the behaviors of other dogs and even humans, learning complex actions without direct training.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-breed">Dog breed</h3>



Dogs' learning abilities are influenced by their breed as well. Some breeds, like Border Collies, are renowned for their problem-solving skills and quick learning, making them excellent at tasks that require intelligence and agility. In contrast, breeds like Greyhounds might excel in tasks that involve speed and visual cues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-emotions">Human emotions</h3>



Moreover, dogs can read human emotions quite well, which affects how they learn from us. They are more likely to learn in a positive, supportive atmosphere where they feel safe.&nbsp;



Stress, fear, or anxiety can hinder their learning processes, demonstrating how sensitive they are to our emotional states.



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Dogs learn better with praise and petting

Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at Eötvös...

When NASA's Lucy spacecraft whizzed past the asteroid known as "Dinky" in November 2023, it wasn't just a routine flyby. Researchers found that the asteroid was not traversing the cosmos alone; <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-selam-dinkinesh-moonlet-baby-very-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a moon</a>, whimsically named "Selam," was orbiting Dinky.



But the surprises didn’t stop there. Further data revealed that Selam itself was no ordinary moon but a contact binary -- essentially, two tiny moons that had merged into one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-asteroid-dinky-and-its-moons">Complexities of asteroid Dinky and its moons</h2>



This revelation, detailed by the Lucy team in a recent study, has intrigued astronomers and challenged our existing theories on the formation of celestial bodies. 



The team, including <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>'s Professor Jessica Sunshine, suggests that the internal structure and dynamics of these tiny moons could reshape our understanding of how terrestrial bodies come into existence.



Jessica Sunshine highlighted the complexity uncovered by the spacecraft’s observations. "We’ve seen Dinkinesh’s rotation speed and analyzed Selam’s orbit pattern more closely," she noted. "This helps us hypothesize about their composition and brings us closer to understanding the creation of terrestrial bodies."



The story of how Selam came to be is as dramatic as it is fascinating. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/asteroid-Dinkinesh_Selam-satellite_montage_SWRI_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy's images showed</a> that about a quarter of Dinky asteroid had broken off, likely due to its fast spinning motion, which might have been influenced by the uneven reflection of sunlight.



This ejection of rocky debris likely helped form Selam. Meanwhile, other fragments fell back onto Dinky, forming visible ridges on the asteroid’s surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-planetary-science">Broader implications for planetary science</h2>



The study’s lead scientist, Hal Levison from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southwest Research Institute</a>, emphasized the broader significance of these findings.



Understanding the interaction between colliding celestial objects, like asteroids, is crucial for understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-of-water-vapor-may-be-involved-in-planet-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>, including Earth, were formed.



"Whether these objects break apart or coalesce during collisions tells us much about their internal strength and structure," Levison explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparison-with-other-celestial-bodies">Comparison with other celestial bodies</h2>



The dual moons of Dinkinesh also invite comparisons with similar systems, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-will-crash-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Didymos</a> binary system, which is located much closer to Earth.



Despite their distance from each other, these systems may have undergone similar processes. 



"I’m personally very excited to compare the two systems," said Sunshine, who also worked on NASA’s DART mission that successfully altered the trajectory of Didymos' moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dimorphos</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lucy-s-continuing-journey-through-space">Lucy's continuing journey through space</h2>



Dinkinesh and Selam are just the beginning of Lucy's cosmic itinerary. The spacecraft is slated to explore a total of 11 asteroids over its 12-year mission. 



After its initial observations, Lucy will utilize a gravity assist from Earth to propel it deeper into space, where it will continue its observations, including a planned encounter with the asteroid Donaldjohanson in 2025, and later, the Trojan asteroids in 2027.



"The goal is to peel back the layers of how planets are formed. By studying these smaller celestial bodies, we gather crucial data on the material interactions that might mirror those that formed larger planetary bodies like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-about-earths-formation-raises-probability-of-finding-life-on-other-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>," Sunshine concluded.



The journey of Lucy not only enriches our understanding of the universe but also continues to pose intriguing questions about the very processes that may have shaped our own planet. 



The findings from Dinkinesh and Selam serve as a testament to the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of space exploration, providing us with insights that could one day answer some of the most fundamental questions about our place in the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-on-dinky-and-asteroid-moon-systems">More on Dinky and asteroid-moon systems</h2>



Asteroid-moon systems, like Dinky and Selam, are of great interest to astronomers as they offer crucial insights into the mechanics of celestial interactions. 



These systems are often formed through complex processes such as collisions, gravitational captures, and material ejections.



Studying these systems helps scientists understand the dynamics of binary systems and the evolution of the solar system.



Future research can focus on the detailed dynamics of these systems, exploring how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons influence</a> the rotational and orbital characteristics of their parent asteroids. 



Advanced missions could utilize high-resolution imaging, spectroscopic analysis, and even landers to study the surface composition and internal structure of both the asteroids and their moons.



Asteroid-moon systems also provide a natural laboratory for studying the effects of the Yarkovsky and YORP (Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack) effects, which influence the spin and orbit of small bodies. 



Understanding these processes is critical for predicting the long-term behavior of near-Earth objects, potentially improving our ability to mitigate asteroid impact threats.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07378-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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How asteroids named 'Dinky' and 'Selam' became bound together forever

When NASA's Lucy spacecraft whizzed past the asteroid known as...

A rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a>, nicknamed “Phoenix,” has defied expectations by developing a puffy atmosphere despite being bombarded by intense radiation from its nearby host star. This discovery challenges existing theories about how planets evolve and perish in extreme environments.&nbsp;



The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad4149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astronomical Journal</a>, was led by Sam Grunblatt, a <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> astrophysicist.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-neptune-planets">Hot Neptune planets</h2>



“This planet isn’t evolving the way we thought it would, it appears to have a much bigger, less dense atmosphere than we expected for these systems,” he said.



Phoenix, officially named TIC365102760 b, belongs to the rare “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neptune-like-exoplanets-atmospheres-interesting-earth-size-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hot Neptunes</a>” category, sharing characteristics with Neptune but being much closer to its star and significantly hotter. The planet, which is 6.2 times larger than Earth, orbits its star every 4.2 days, at a distance six times closer than Mercury is to the Sun.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defying-all-expectations">Defying all expectations</h2>



Despite its age and high temperatures, Phoenix has managed to retain a low-density atmosphere, which has perplexed scientists. They estimate that Phoenix is 60 times less dense than the densest known hot Neptune and predict it will only survive another 100 million years before spiraling into its host star.



“It’s the smallest planet we’ve ever found around one of these red giants,” Grunblatt said. “We don’t know why it still has an atmosphere when other ‘hot Neptunes’ that are much smaller and much denser seem to be losing their atmospheres in much less extreme environments.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-the-exoplanet-s-puffy-atmosphere">Detecting the exoplanet's puffy atmosphere </h2>



Grunblatt and his team used a new method to analyze data from NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tess/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a>, filtering out unwanted light and combining the data with additional measurements from the <a href="https://www.keckobservatory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">W.M. Keck Observatory</a> in Hawaii. This approach allowed them to detect the planet’s puffy atmosphere and gain insights into its unusual characteristics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-planetary-atmospheres-nbsp">Evolution of planetary atmospheres&nbsp;</h2>



The discovery of Phoenix could improve our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-a-water-rich-planet-with-a-steamy-atmosphere-named-gj-9827d/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary atmospheres</a>, including Earth’s, might evolve. Scientists predict that the Sun will eventually expand into a red giant star, potentially engulfing Earth and other inner planets.&nbsp;



“We don’t understand the late-stage evolution of planetary systems very well,” Grunblatt said. “This is telling us that maybe Earth’s atmosphere won’t evolve exactly how we thought it would.”



Puffy planets are rare, with scientists estimating that only about 1% of stars host them. These planets are composed of gasses, ice, or other lighter materials, making them less dense than any planet in our solar system.&nbsp;



The smaller size of exoplanets like Phoenix makes them harder to detect, but Grunblatt’s team is actively searching for more. They have already identified a dozen potential candidates using their new technique.&nbsp;



“We still have a long way to go in understanding how planetary atmospheres evolve over time,” Grunblatt concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-planets-with-puffy-atmospheres">Rare planets with puffy atmospheres</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/puffy-exoplanets-have-the-density-of-a-marshmallow-but-how-is-it-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Puffy planets</a>, often referred to as "inflated gas giants," are a type of exoplanet notable for their extremely low densities relative to their sizes.&nbsp;



These planets are generally larger than expected for their mass, akin to having the volume of Jupiter but a significantly lesser mass, which makes them less dense and hence "puffy." This characteristic can sometimes result in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-planet-is-as-light-as-cotton-candy-but-bigger-than-jupiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> having radii much larger than standard gas giants under similar conditions.



The puffiness of these planets is primarily attributed to their proximity to their host stars. They orbit very close to their stars, and the intense stellar radiation they receive can heat their atmospheres to extremely high temperatures.&nbsp;



This heat adds energy to the planet's atmosphere, causing it to expand and bloat. In essence, the thermal energy overcomes the gravitational pull of the planet to an extent, leading to a larger radius than would typically be expected for a planet of similar mass.



Another factor contributing to the puffiness could be tidal heating, where gravitational interaction between the planet and its star (or other planets) generates additional internal heat, further causing the atmosphere to expand.



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‘Weird’ exoplanet has puffy atmosphere despite intense radiation

A rare exoplanet, nicknamed “Phoenix,” has defied expectations by developing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...