An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp;



This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-discovery-ancient-mars-earth-like-water-lake-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochemical Perspective Letters</a> that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-mars-watery-past">Tracing Mars’ watery past</h2>



Scientists have long known that the Lafayette Meteorite interacted with liquid water on Mars, but the exact timing of this event was uncertain.&nbsp;



Dr. Marissa Tremblay, an assistant professor at Purdue University’s <a href="https://www.eaps.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</a> (EAPS), led an international research team to determine the age of the water-altered minerals in the meteorite, pinpointing it to 742 million years ago.



“Dating these minerals can therefore tell us when there was liquid water at or near the surface of Mars in the planet's geologic past,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that while liquid water wasn’t abundant on the surface at this time, it likely came from melting subsurface ice, or permafrost, caused by intermittent volcanic activity - a phenomenon still observed on Mars today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-a-moment-in-mars-geological-timeline">Preserving a moment in Mars’ geological timeline</h2>



The study not only identified when water interacted with the meteorite but also established that the dating was unaffected by events after the meteorite left Mars.&nbsp;



“The age could have been affected by the impact that ejected the Lafayette Meteorite from Mars, the heating it experienced during the 11 million years it was floating in space, or the heating when it fell to Earth,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



However, the team confirmed that none of these factors altered the age, validating the timeline of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> interaction.



Study co-author and Purdue EAPS researcher Ryan Ickert applied heavy isotope analysis to further verify that previous data on the meteorite’s water-rock interaction had likely been skewed by other geological processes.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“This meteorite uniquely has evidence that it has reacted with water. The exact date of this was controversial, and our publication dates when water was present,” said Ickert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-journey-of-the-meteorite">Mysterious journey of the meteorite </h2>



The Lafayette Meteorite’s journey to Purdue is something of a mystery. It was found in a university drawer in 1931, though how it got there remains unknown.&nbsp;



In previous research, Tremblay and her team used crop disease markers from organic contaminants found on the meteorite to narrow down when it might have fallen to Earth.



Once the meteorite was ejected from Mars, it endured constant cosmic ray bombardment in space, which produced certain isotopes, offering clues to its time of impact on Earth.&nbsp;



“Many meteoroids are produced by impacts on Mars and other planetary bodies, but only a handful will eventually fall to Earth,” Tremblay said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-time-capsules">Planetary time capsules</h2>



Meteorites like Lafayette serve as planetary time capsules, offering invaluable data on the geological and environmental history of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-meteorites-can-be-traced-to-three-asteroid-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">home worlds</a>. With their dense structure, metallic content, and magnetic properties, meteorites are often distinguishable from Earth rocks.&nbsp;



“We can identify meteorites by studying what minerals are present in them, their mineral relationships, and by checking for a fusion crust formed during entry into Earth’s atmosphere,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



By analyzing these traits and their chemical signatures, scientists can often determine a meteorite’s planetary origin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-history-of-meteorites">Complex history of meteorites</h2>



This research marks a significant milestone for the team, which included scientists from institutions across the globe, such as the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), the University of St. Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Bristol, and London’s <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum</a>.&nbsp;



“Before moving to Purdue, Ryan and I were both based at SUERC, where the argon-argon isotopic analyses of the alteration minerals in Lafayette took place,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



Their partners at SUERC and the Natural History Museum have long contributed to studying Lafayette’s complex history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dating-minerals-in-meteorites">Dating minerals in meteorites</h2>



Dating the water-altered minerals in Lafayette, and others in its class of Martian meteorites called nakhlites, has been a central focus in planetary science, as they uniquely capture moments when liquid water was present on Mars.&nbsp;



Due to complex alterations over time, previous attempts to date these minerals were plagued with uncertainties.&nbsp;



However, the team has now developed a robust dating method that could be applied to other meteorites, enhancing our understanding of when water might have been present on Mars and other planetary bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-planetary-science">The future of planetary science</h2>



Thanks to the Stahura Undergraduate Meteorite Fund, Tremblay and Ickert’s research on the Lafayette Meteorite will continue, with the involvement of undergraduate students in Purdue EAPS.&nbsp;



This opportunity allows students to engage in real-world planetary science, helping to reveal the intricate histories of meteoritic samples.



Tremblay and her team’s work on the Lafayette Meteorite highlights its scientific significance, revealing a complex history that ties it to Mars’ geological past.&nbsp;



Their findings not only deepen our understanding of Mars but also set a precedent for future studies that might unveil even more about the red planet’s climate history, water activity, and potential for supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-mars-rocks-contain-signs-of-life-scientists-call-to-bring-them-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



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Meteorite that struck Mars reveals when the planet had liquid water

An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp; This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of Mars’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal Geochemical Perspective Letters that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity. Tracing Mars’ watery past Scientists have long known that the Lafayette...

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-black-holes-become-supermassive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a> and their role in galaxy formation continue to present fascinating puzzles for scientists.



A significant breakthrough in understanding these celestial giants has been made by an international team of astronomers in collaboration with scientists at the <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a> (NSF NRAO).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-cosmic-mechanism-unveiled">A new cosmic mechanism unveiled</h2>



The experts have identified a previously unknown cosmic mechanism linked to the growth dynamics of supermassive black holes.



This new discovery may be the key to unraveling the age-old mystery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rotating-wind-fuels-growth-of-a-supermassive-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole growth</a> and could potentially present a fresh perspective on our understanding of galaxy formation.



At the forefront of this investigation was the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). 



Using ALMA's high-resolution imaging, the researchers were able to uncover unique gas movement patterns that were suggestive of a spiraling, magnetic wind flowing from the supermassive black hole at the center of an active neighboring galaxy.



This observation led scientists to hypothesize that similar to the magnetic winds assisting in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation of stars</a>, this wind might also play a crucial role in increasing the mass of black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-winds-and-spinning-holes">Magnetic winds and spinning holes </h2>



Joe Pesce, NSF program officer for NRAO, emphasized the significance of the discovery. "Supermassive black holes play an integral, but yet to be fully understood, role in their host galaxy's formation and evolution. Results such as these are helping astrophysicists understand better that connection and the black holes themselves."



Indeed, the insights gained from this research could be instrumental in reshaping our understanding of these cosmic giants and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-shaped-the-universe-before-galaxies-existed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role in shaping galaxies</a>.



The researchers utilized ALMA's imaging capabilities to trace light wavelengths from hydrogen cyanide molecules back to their source at the center of the galaxy ESO320-G030. 



In doing so, they managed to delineate the outflow pattern of the magnetic winds believed to slow the black hole's rate of spin, allowing a more consistent inflow of matter towards the center.



Mark Gorski, an astronomer and lead author of the research findings, made an interesting comparison. 



"It is well-established that stars, in the first stages of their evolution, grow with the help of rotating winds accelerated by magnetic fields, just like the wind in this galaxy," said Gorski.



"Our observations show that supermassive black holes and tiny stars can grow by similar processes but on very different scales."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-growth-patterns-of-black-holes">Universal growth patterns of black holes </h2>



The next step for the researchers is to investigate whether this phenomenon is isolated or if it represents a standard growth stage in black holes.



This could potentially provide an explanation for how some supermassive black holes grow to be as massive as billions of stars. 



A deeper understanding of these cosmic life cycles may shed light on the very nature of the universe and the enigmatic supermassive black holes that reside at the heart of most galaxies, including our Milky Way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-evolution-and-star-formation">Galaxy evolution and star formation </h2>



Recent studies suggest that black holes not only influence their immediate surroundings but also play a pivotal role in the broader context of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>. 



As supermassive black holes grow and interact with their host galaxies, they can significantly affect star formation rates and the overall structure of galaxies. 



This interaction often occurs through a process known as "feedback," where the energy output from the black hole can either trigger new star formation or suppress it by dispersing surrounding gas.



For instance, when a supermassive black hole actively consumes material, it releases vast amounts of energy in the form of jets and radiation. 



This energy can heat up the surrounding gas, preventing it from collapsing to form new stars. Conversely, in some cases, the energy may compress the gas and trigger bursts of star formation in specific regions of the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-black-holes">Mysteries of black holes </h2>



Understanding the feedback mechanisms linked to black holes is crucial for astrophysicists as they seek to construct accurate models of galaxy formation and evolution. 



The interplay between black holes and their host galaxies may also shed light on why some galaxies appear to be "quenched" or have lower star formation rates compared to others. 



As researchers continue to unravel these complex relationships, the mysteries of black holes will undoubtedly offer deeper insights into the fundamental processes that shape our universe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/04/aa48821-23/aa48821-23.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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Magnetic winds fuel the growth of black holes

In the world of astrophysics, the complex dynamics of supermassive...

The beauty of dragonflies goes far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-develop-waxy-coating-to-withstand-warmer-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond mere aesthetics</a>. Those resplendent wings flashing in the sunlight may actually be the dragonfly's passport to survival, according to a recent study. 



Kim Medley, a contributing author and director of the <a href="https://tyson.wustl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyson Research Lab</a>, offers key insights into this phenomenon. The experts found that dragonflies with dark wing markings have a lower extinction risk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-dragonfly">Survival of the dragonfly </h2>



Ever notice how some dragonflies seem to sport extra bling? It takes the form of dark, alluring wing markings that set them apart from their brethren. 



These embellishments are not just there for show, they are apparently part of a survival strategy. Medley and her fellow researchers found that these ornamented dragonflies have a significant advantage when it comes to facing human threats and habitat destruction.



"We think ornamentation comes into play when populations become more isolated," Medley said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-shine">Science behind the shine</h2>



Study lead author Michael Moore is a former postdoctoral researcher at the Living Earth Collaborative and currently serves as an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, Denver.



For the investigation, the team examined records of 19 dragonfly species in California, covering a period from 1900 onwards. 



Remarkably, the researchers found that the ornamented species had a much higher survival rate over the long term with eight out of ten increasing their population over that time frame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-tactics-of-dragonflies">Survival tactics of dragonflies</h2>



Further investigation of 311 species across North America revealed that 301 out of these 311 species were at minimal or no risk of extinction. That is good news for conservationists and dragonfly aficionados. Interestingly, the remaining 10 species, which were at risk, all lacked ornamentation.



To better understand the dynamics of dragonfly species, the researchers also analyzed data provided by amateur naturalists who had collectively gathered 90,000 observations.



Comparing the species distribution across different landscapes, they found that a greater proportion of ornamented dragonflies were able to thrive in urban and agricultural areas.



So, why does this ornamentation matter so much? One theory is that the markings make it easier for females to select mates, and for males to spot rivals. This becomes particularly crucial when habitat loss leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-flight-is-powered-by-an-extraordinary-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fragmented populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-color-in-communication">Role of color in communication</h2>



The vivid colors of dragonflies do not merely serve aesthetic purposes; they are integral to the complex communication strategies these insects employ. Vibrant hues can indicate various states, from mating readiness to territorial claims.



For instance, male dragonflies often display brighter colors when vying for the attention of females or defending their territories from rivals. This visual signaling is particularly important in environments where such interactions are key to survival and reproductive success.



Furthermore, studies suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color patterns</a> may evolve differently in response to environmental pressures, illustrating the adaptability and resilience of dragonfly populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-c-onservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



The findings from Medley's research hold significant implications for conservation efforts aimed at maintaining healthy ecosystems. Recognizing the association between ornamentation and survival could guide prioritization in conservation strategies, especially for species at risk. 



Future research may delve deeper into the ecological roles of various morphological traits and their influence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interspecies interactions</a>. 



As urbanization and habitat destruction continue to challenge wildlife, understanding the intricacies of dragonfly adaptation and survival will be crucial in formulating effective conservation policies. 



Encouraging citizen science initiatives, like those gathering observational data, could enhance our understanding and support for these captivating creatures in their natural habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fine-line-between-flashy-and-foolhardy">Fine line between flashy and foolhardy</h2>



However, these ornamental features come with their set of challenges. The eye-catching spots could attract unwanted attention from predators or absorb extra heat on a sweltering summer day. "There's a trade-off," Medley said.



From this fascinating study, we learn that there's more to a dragonfly's beauty than meets the eye. As they flit about, dazzling under the sun, dragonflies are working hard on their survival, bearing their ornaments as badges of resilience.



Let's take a moment to admire these splendid creatures and the lessons they offer us about adapting to an ever-changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.14455" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Dragonflies developed dark wing spots for survival

The beauty of dragonflies goes far beyond mere aesthetics. Those...

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes our breath away – much like the stunning Aurora Australis that paints the Southern Hemisphere sky with dazzling natural light. Now, there's more to the story. Meet the space hurricanes, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swirling spectacles</a> high above Earth that could even cause a little earthly trouble.



Dr. Rebecca Dzombak of the <a href="https://www.agu.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a> has recently reported new details about this phenomenon. 



The mysteries of the universe are often unfathomable to us earthlings, but with each revelation, we're getting a little closer to understanding the cosmos' infinite expanses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-a-space-hurricane">What exactly is a space hurricane?</h2>



In simple terms, a space hurricane is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-issues-severe-geomagnetic-storm-watch-first-time-since-2005/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic phenomenon</a> where plasma interacts with Earth's magnetosphere – the space owned by Earth's magnetic field. 



Imagine gusts of plasma creating massive spiral arms, whirling around a peaceful "eye," but in the sky! They're just like the terrestrial hurricanes that we know - and sometimes fear – but up in the ionosphere, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noaa-strong-geomagnetic-solar-storms-auroras-continue-through-tuesday/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forming auroras</a> shaped like their namesakes.



The twist in this atmospheric tale is what these celestial hurricanes bring from space into our own upper atmosphere - electrons. These "rain" from the sky, potentially causing interference with our satellite communications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-space-hurricanes">Discovery of space hurricanes</h2>



The intriguing discovery of space hurricanes was made only recently. Scientists stumbled across these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-geomagnetic-storm-alert-issued-sun-begins-erupting-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space phenomena</a> while scanning satellite images. 



Initially, these cosmic cyclones were found swirling over the Northern Hemisphere, given that that’s where most of our scientific observation and instrumentation are concentrated. A rough estimate suggests that about 12 space hurricanes strike the Northern Hemisphere each year.



But while the North had its share of revelations, the Southern Hemisphere wasn't far behind. Scientists led by Sheng Lu uncovered how frequently space hurricanes occur in the Southern Hemisphere. 



This groundbreaking research dovetails with previous work, helping us better comprehend when, where, and why these space hurricanes strike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-hurricanes-in-the-southern-hemisphere">Space hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere</h2>



The research team examined satellite imagery from 2005 to 2016. What they found was phenomenal - 259 space hurricane events.



The Southern Hemisphere space hurricanes turned out to be "twins" of their northern counterparts in terms of their looks and behavior, suggesting they’re driven by the same mechanisms.



These celestial hurricanes strike the Southern Hemisphere most often during the summer, probably because of the planet's magnetic tilt and sunlight exposure levels. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-hurricanes">Impact of hurricanes</h2>



But don't worry, you won't have to duck for cover. Similar to the northern storms, these hurricanes mainly occur at latitudes above 80° (over Antarctica), so the chances of casually spotting one are pretty slim.



A startling discovery was the speed at which these events happen. The researchers found the average plasma velocity around space hurricanes to be approximately 1 kilometer per second. 



To put that into perspective, it's equivalent to a head-spinning 3,600 kilometers per hour, or 2,237 miles per hour – about ten times faster than the normal speed of plasma in the polar cap.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-technology-and-communication">Implications for technology and communication</h2>



Understanding space hurricanes not only satiates our curiosity about the cosmos but also carries significant implications for our technological infrastructure. 



As these phenomena can disrupt satellite communications and navigation systems, ongoing research will inform us about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunspot-region-ar3664-blasted-earth-mars-may-2024-still-very-active/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential hazards</a> and help develop strategies to mitigate their effects. 



This knowledge is paramount in an era where our dependence on satellite technology continues to grow. As we unravel the complexities of space storms, we pave the way for advancements that ensure safer and more reliable communication networks for all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



This exploration of space hurricanes sets the groundwork for further studies. The scientists are keen on investigating these hurricanes' 3D characteristics and their impact on our lower atmosphere. Would you believe that they’re even looking at ways to forecast these events?



In the grand scheme of things, the discovery of space hurricanes is just another testament to how little we know about the universe. Every shimmer in the sky or reading on a satellite might be a step towards another phenomenal revelation. 



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JA032753" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>.



Image Credit: NASA



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Space hurricanes are much more common than we thought

Every now and then, a discovery comes along that takes...

The Gulf of Mexico's “dead zone” - an area with dangerously low oxygen levels - currently covers approximately 6,705 square miles. This makes it 12th largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dead zone</a> in the 38 years of recorded measurements. 



This expanse, equivalent to over four million acres, represents significant loss of habitat for marine species. It particularly affects those living on the ocean floor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surveying-the-dead-zone-in-the-gulf-nbsp">Surveying the dead zone in the Gulf&nbsp;</h2>



The annual survey was conducted from July 21–26 by scientists from <a href="https://www.lsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louisiana State University</a> and the <a href="https://lumcon.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium</a> (LUMCON) aboard research vessel Pelican. 



The research provides crucial data for the Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Hypoxia Task Force. This state and federal partnership aims to reduce the five-year average size of the dead zone to fewer than 1,900 square miles by 2035. The current five-year average however, stands at 4,298 square miles - more than double the target.



“It's critical that we measure this region's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hypoxia-is-a-serious-problem-in-rivers-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypoxia</a> as an indicator of ocean health, particularly under a changing climate and potential intensification of storms and increases in precipitation and runoff,” said Nicole LeBoeuf, assistant administrator of NOAA's National Ocean Service.  



According to LeBoeuf, this long-term data set can help decision makers while they adjust their strategies to reduce the dead zone and manage its impacts to coastal resources and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulf-dead-zone-is-larger-than-expected">Gulf dead zone is larger than expected</h2>



In June, NOAA had predicted an above-average dead zone size of 5,827 square miles, based on data from the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> regarding Mississippi River discharge and nutrient runoff. 



The actual size measured fell within the forecast's uncertainty range, confirming the accuracy of the predictive models used and their utility in informing nutrient reduction strategies.



“The area of bottom-water hypoxia was larger than predicted by the Mississippi River discharge and nitrogen load for 2024, but within the range experienced over the nearly four decades that this research cruise has been conducted,” said Nancy Rabalais, a professor at Louisiana State University and LUMCON, and co-chief scientist for the survey. “We continue to be surprised each summer at the variability in size and distribution.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-causes-dead-zones">What causes dead zones?</h2>



Dead zones are mainly caused by excess nutrients - particularly nitrogen and phosphorus - entering the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin.&nbsp;



These nutrients stimulate algal blooms, and upon dying they decompose and consume oxygen in the water. This process creates hypoxic conditions. Such low oxygen levels force marine animals, like fish and shrimp to leave the area, which severely impacts their diets, growth rates, reproduction and habitat use.



In an attempt to overcome these hurdles, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the Gulf Hypoxia Program in June 2022, which aims to accelerate nutrient reduction efforts by Hypoxia Task Force.



“Nutrient pollution impacts water bodies across the country and in the Gulf of Mexico it has resulted in a dead zone, where low to no oxygen does not support fish and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>,” said Bruno Pigott, acting assistant administrator of EPA's Office of Water. 



“EPA is committed to its partnership with state and local governments and Tribes in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin, working together to reduce nutrient pollution and protect the health of the Gulf. In fact, thanks to President Biden's Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, EPA is investing $60 million into this effort.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrient-reduction-strategies-nbsp">Nutrient reduction strategies&nbsp;</h2>



The Hypoxia Task Force states are intensifying their nutrient reduction strategies while also enhancing climate resiliency and ensuring that the benefits of these actions extend to disadvantaged communities.



“The importance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mississippi-river-coastline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mississippi River</a> to the strength and growth of our states' economies and communities cannot be understated,” said Mike Naig, Iowa Secretary of Agriculture.



“By implementing our nutrient reduction strategies, the Hypoxia Task Force states are individually and collectively demonstrating our commitment to protecting and enhancing this working river.”



Naig noted that weather and other factors will always introduce variability in the hypoxic zone measurement from year to year, but the focused conservation implementation work within each state is making a positive impact on our water quality.&nbsp;



“States, along with numerous public and private partners, are best positioned to address their specific geographies and we remain motivated to expand this proven water quality work in rural, suburban and urban landscapes in the years and decades to come.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efforts-to-monitor-and-understand-dead-zones">Efforts to monitor and understand dead zones</h2>



NOAA's work extends beyond the annual hypoxia forecast and survey. The agency supports the development of monitoring technologies to better understand dead zones and studies the effects of hypoxia on fish and fisheries through various programs, including Coastal Hypoxia Research, Ocean Technology Transition, Uncrewed Systems, and Hypoxia Watch.&nbsp;



Additionally, NOAA collaborates with states to create new tools for predicting nutrient runoff and supports the <a href="https://www.northerngulfinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Gulf Institute</a> in delivering technical assistance, observation, and monitoring capabilities.



This year, NOAA scientists are also exploring the use of autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) as an emerging technology to map hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Several ASVs were deployed in coordination with the measurement survey, and their data will be compared with traditional ship-based measurements to assess their efficacy.



The efforts by NOAA and its partners underscore the importance of comprehensive and sustained actions to address the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico, a critical issue affecting marine ecosystems, fisheries, and coastal economies.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Gulf of Mexico’s dead zone is unusually large this year

The Gulf of Mexico's “dead zone” - an area with...

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm of twilight, do you often find yourself stuck in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unwanted chase</a> with mosquitoes? Do they seem to always be attracted to you over others? 



Well, you are not imagining things. You might just be the ideal dinner plate for these pesky insects. <a href="https://www.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>'s Ashley Vargo puts this intriguing phenomenon under the microscope.



Dr. Sonja Swiger, a scientist at Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension Service and professor in the <a href="https://aglifesciences.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M College of Agriculture</a>, confirms that mosquitoes do pick their targets. But what makes you more enticing than others? Let's delve deeper into the science behind this selective "bugging."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-cues-that-matter">Tiny cues that matter</h2>



Contrary to popular belief, mosquitoes don’t select their prey at random. They are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-listen-for-a-specific-buzz-to-find-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very precise</a>, using sensory cues such as exhaled carbon dioxide, body <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a>, and even body odor. 



Swiger, who identifies as a "mosquito magnet" herself, is in agreement with this. She highlights that alterations to these factors can shift the balance of attraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-factor-for-attracting-mosquitoes">Blood type: Factor for attracting mosquitoes</h2>



You know how we have our favorite eateries? Turns out, mosquitoes might have their preferred blood groups. The research suggests a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain affinity</a> in mosquitoes towards type O blood.



However, the difference is primarily significant only between type O and type A. But before you breathe a sigh of relief (or worry if you are type O), Swiger warns us to consider the limitations of such studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-alcohol-scent-of-attraction">Food and alcohol: Scent of attraction</h2>



Sometimes, what we consume also determines whether we become mosquito magnets. Swiger sheds light on how being tipsy may enhance our attractiveness. 



"There is some research to support that changing your diet will make you give off different scents," Swiger said. "So, it may be possible to change your attractiveness to mosquitoes based on what you're eating."



Intoxicated individuals produce more CO2 and sweat, both of which are bug attractors. As for diet, garlic and vitamin B are often touted as mosquito deterrents. On the other hand, high-potassium foods like bananas seem to attract the little monsters.



Why is that? Swiger explains that the consumption of these foods leads to an increase in lactic acid production in the body, an olfactory beacon for mosquitoes. This also impacts our skin microbiota, which in turn affects the scents we give off.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-a-mosquito-magnet">Pregnancy: A mosquito magnet?</h2>



Evidence suggests that pregnant women might be more appealing to mosquitoes, primarily due to their increased carbon dioxide output. 



Swiger explains that women in advanced stages of pregnancy exhale about 21% greater volume than non-pregnant women. Coupled with other physiological changes, such as increased body heat, this makes pregnant women prime targets for a mosquito’s meal.



According to Swiger, mosquitoes can develop regional tastes, an interesting evolutionary adaptation. Urban mosquitoes that bite humans often don't venture far and seem to adapt to the local scents, preferring them over other aromas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-in-attracting-mosquitoes">Genetics in attracting mosquitoes</h2>



An intriguing dimension to the factors influencing mosquito attraction lies in our genetic makeup. Research indicates that genetic variations can influence the scent profile emitted by individuals. 



Swiger notes that specific genetic markers can affect the skin's production of certain chemicals that mosquitoes find captivating. This genetic predisposition can help explain why some people seem to attract more mosquitoes than others. 



Understanding the interplay between genetics and attraction not only sheds light on personal experiences with these insects but also opens avenues for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential interventions</a> to manage mosquito bites effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-of-day-to-attract-mosquitoes">Time of day to attract mosquitoes</h2>



The timing of our outdoor activities can also play a significant role in our likelihood of being bitten. Mosquitoes are most active during specific periods, primarily dawn and dusk. 



Swiger explains that these times create optimal conditions for mosquitoes to feed, as the cooler temperatures and increased humidity often correlate with their peak feeding times. 



Consequently, understanding the daily habits of mosquitoes can empower individuals to better plan their outdoor activities, thereby minimizing unwanted encounters with these unwelcome pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetically-attractive">Genetically attractive?</h2>



Finally, Swiger points out the one thing we can't control: our genes. She suggests that some genetic traits may make people more attractive to mosquitoes, but these remain unclear.



So, the next time you seem to be the only one under mosquito attack, remember, there's some intriguing science behind it. While your genetic makeup might make you irresistibly delicious to mosquitoes, staying covered and using a repellent might help you tip the scales in your favor. 



After all, who says we can't outsmart these bloodsuckers?



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/41/4/796/885285?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Medical Entomology</a>. 



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Why some people are 'mosquito magnets'

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm...

An ancient method of heat storage may hold the key to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a> in clean energy, according to a recent study. 



This ingenious technology, dating back to the Bronze Age, could offer an efficient and cost-effective way to achieve the United Nations' climate goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clean-energy-storage-with-firebricks">Clean energy storage with firebricks</h2>



The technique in question involves the use of specially assembled heat-absorbing bricks known as firebricks.



These bricks are stacked in an insulated container, storing heat generated by solar or wind power at temperatures required for industrial processes. 



The reserved heat can be released when necessary by allowing air to flow through channels in the firebrick stacks.



It’s a simple yet potent solution that permits industries like cement, steel, glass, and paper manufacturers to function on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-water-could-be-a-great-source-of-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> when wind and sunlight aren't available. This technique would allow for a seamless switch to cleaner energy sources.



This concept of thermal energy storage is not entirely new and several companies have already begun commercializing it for industrial heat storage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bronze-age-technology">Bronze Age technology</h2>



The firebricks used are crafted from similar materials that lined the kilns and furnaces in the primitive age. The real innovation lies in the combination and proportion of these materials, optimized to store heat effectively instead of merely insulating.



While traditional batteries store electricity from renewable sources and produce heat on demand, firebricks offer a unique advantage.



Study lead author Mark Z. Jacobson is a professor of civil and environmental engineering in the <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability</a> and School of Engineering.



"The difference between firebrick storage and battery storage is that the firebricks store heat rather than electricity and are one-tenth the cost of batteries. The materials are simple too, basically just the components of dirt," noted Jacobson.



Most industrial processes require high-temperature heat. For instance, cement production requires temperatures of at least 1,300 degrees Celsius, while glass, iron, and steelmaking need 1,000 degrees Celsius or higher.



Around 17% of all global carbon dioxide emissions could be traced back to the burning of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a> for producing heat for these industrial processes. 



Therefore, generating industrial heat from renewable sources could significantly reduce these emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-energy-storage">Optimizing energy storage </h2>



Focusing on storing energy in the form that is closest to its end use can minimize conversion inefficiencies. 



The concept is as straightforward as storing hot water for hot showers and ice for cold drinks. In this case, the study suggested: "If you need heat for industry, store it in firebricks."



The researchers explored the impact of using firebricks to store most of the industrial heat in a futuristic scenario where every country has shifted to renewable energy sources like wind, geothermal, hydropower, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tech-melts-steel-concrete-1800-degrees-heat-solar-power-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar</a>. 



The research revealed that firebricks could expedite this transition at a lower cost, creating benefits for health, climate, jobs, and energy security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cleaner-future-with-clean-energy">A cleaner future with clean energy</h2>



In addition to benefiting the environment, accelerating the transition to clean energy also positively impacts human health.



Previous studies have revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution from burning fossil fuels</a> causes millions of premature deaths each year. 



"Every bit of combustion fuels we replace with electricity reduces that air pollution," said Jacobson, indicating the urgent need to find cost-effective ways to hasten this transition.



Enlivened by a desire to discover effective, rapid solutions, Jacobson turned his attention to firebricks. He believes that a cost-saving approach would be embraced more readily and hence, expedite the world's transition to cleaner renewables.



The potential impact of this Bronze Age technology is vast, promising substantial benefits at low costs, from reducing air-pollution mortality to facilitating a smoother shift to clean energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-innovations-with-ancient-techniques">Modern innovations with ancient techniques</h2>



As we explore the potential of firebricks, it's essential to leverage modern technology to enhance these ancient techniques. Innovations like advanced composites and nano-coatings can improve heat storage efficiency.



Integrating smart technologies, such as IoT sensors and AI algorithms, can optimize thermal energy systems. 



For example, smart sensors can monitor temperatures in real-time, ensuring efficient heat storage and release. This data-driven approach enables manufacturers to align production with renewable energy availability.



Educating industry stakeholders and demonstrating the benefits of firebrick technology through workshops and pilot programs can encourage adoption, bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern solutions for a cleaner, sustainable future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/3/7/pgae274/7710221" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.



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Bronze Age technology is a modern solution for clean energy

An ancient method of heat storage may hold the key...

Methane is a major contributor to the global climate crisis, yet its emissions have often been underestimated. Responsible for nearly half of the observed global warming, this potent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> demands immediate attention.



In response to the urgent call for action, similar to the Global Methane Pledge, a team of researchers from <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a> has presented a three-step strategy to curb emissions.



This plan is supported by an innovative tool designed to optimize reduction efforts and help mitigate the accelerating effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-the-unsung-villain">Methane: The unsung villain</h2>



Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> typically steals the spotlight in climate change discussions, methane has quietly contributed to approximately half of the observed global warming, despite being less frequently discussed. 



Unfortunately, methane emissions continue to rise at worrying speeds, exacerbating the urgency of the climate crisis. 



While the world has predominantly focused on reducing carbon dioxide, it's time to broaden our efforts and turn our attention to these other potent contributors, which have been underestimated in their impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>.



Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that includes both carbon dioxide and methane mitigation strategies to effectively combat climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-step-action-plan">Three-step action plan</h2>



The Duke team has highlighted three critical strategies to address methane emissions. These findings are backed by extensive research involving satellite remote sensing data, reported emissions, and the interaction of abatement options with market forces.



The first step revolves around reducing methane emissions. The increasing emissions, driven by fossil fuel production and rising emissions from wetlands, need to be curtailed immediately.



In addition, there is an urgent need for international coordination to address both methane and carbon dioxide emissions. Cutting carbon dioxide alone will not halt global warming soon enough, and solely reducing methane merely postpones the inevitable.



Furthermore, it is vital to incentivize and enforce methane abatement. A coordinated, effective approach will yield significant results in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abandoned-farmland-can-be-used-for-climate-change-mitigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change mitigation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-vs-benefit-of-methane-mitigation">Cost vs. benefit of methane mitigation</h2>



The proposed measures promise to be enormously beneficial, both economically and environmentally. 



For each ton of methane emitted in 2020, the estimated damages were between US $470-1,700. However, factoring in the impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> and human health, the actual cost could escalate up to $7,000 per ton.



The positive impact of mitigation efforts significantly outweighs the costs involved. Many options for reducing emissions yield net economic gains, even before considering the environmental benefits.



Moreover, since methane does not linger in the atmosphere for the long-term, reductions in emissions take effect more swiftly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equipping-ourselves-for-the-job">Equipping ourselves for the job</h2>



Fighting methane emissions might require different approaches depending on a country's industries and the measures previously implemented.



That's why the authors of this landmark study have created an online tool to identify the most effective measures for reducing emissions in various countries.



For large fossil fuel producers, the most effective measures may be regulating production, incentivizing methane capture, or charging companies for emissions. For others, focusing on emissions from landfills could offer the most significant rewards. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individuals-can-reduce-methane-emissions">Individuals can reduce methane emissions </h2>



Lifestyle changes can also make a significant impact on methane emissions, and individuals can contribute in numerous ways. Reducing the consumption of beef and dairy, composting organic waste, and considering the environment in our voting decisions can help curb methane emissions.



As the world battles the growing climate crisis, it's more vital than ever to adopt a multi-faceted approach. 



Despite uncertainties and challenges, the need to reduce methane emissions remains critical to lessen the accelerating climate damages suffered worldwide. 



As concerned citizens, it's our collective responsibility to act on this, ensuring a safer, healthier future for our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-in-methane-reduction">Innovation in methane reduction</h2>



Innovation is essential in combating methane emissions, with new technologies and practices improving detection, capture, and reduction. 



Satellites and drones enhance real-time monitoring of leaks, allowing for swift responses. In agriculture, innovative practices like improved feed efficiency and anaerobic digesters reduce methane from livestock and rice production while boosting farm productivity.



Public-private partnerships can accelerate the development of scalable methane reduction technologies. Engaging the public through awareness campaigns fosters collective action and sustainability. 



Innovation, collaboration, and community engagement are crucial in a comprehensive strategy to combat climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2024.1349770/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Science</a>.



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Rapid reductions in methane emissions are possible

Methane is a major contributor to the global climate crisis,...

The familiar scent that fills the air after rain falls on dry soil is created by geosmin, a microbial compound with a distinctive earthy to musty odor. This intriguing and seemingly magical smell can have a striking impact on the quality of our food and water.



A game-changing discovery now offers unprecedented insights into this fascinating compound.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-fragrance-of-the-earth">Decoding the fragrance of the earth</h2>



For the first time in history, scientists have identified and characterized the human odorant receptor for geosmin. The team was led by Dietmar Krautwurst from the Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Munich</a>, 



The findings provide a deepened understanding of the complex mechanisms by which we perceive this familiar and evocative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-scents-linked-to-improved-health-and-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scent</a>.



Geosmin is not merely a sensory phenomenon; it plays a significant role in our environment. It is produced by microorganisms in the soil and found in various plants, such as cactus flowers and red beets.



The odorous compound triggers a range of reactions in different creatures and serves as a chemical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smell-of-wet-soil-signals-danger-to-bacteria-eating-worms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signaling substance</a>. For instance, its smell warns fruit flies of spoiled food, and it draws camels to water-rich areas.



"This shows that geosmin acts as a chemical signaling substance in the animal kingdom and certainly also in humans," explained study first author from the Leibniz Institute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-scent-s-impact-on-food-quality">The scent's impact on food quality</h2>



While geosmin's aroma enhances the sensory appeal of some foods like red beets, its presence in others can be problematic. 



Stephanie Frank, a food chemist at the Leibniz Institute, underscores its adverse influence on the sensory quality and acceptance of several foods, including fish, beans, cocoa, water, wine, and grape juice. 



Astonishingly, humans can detect its odor in water at low concentrations, roughly equivalent to a teaspoon of geosmin in 200 Olympic swimming pools' worth of water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-odorant-receptor-for-geosmin">The odorant receptor for geosmin</h2>



Despite geosmin's known existence since 1965 and its significance in food production, the particular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-story-behind-our-sense-of-smell-is-coming-into-focus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">odorant receptor</a> used by humans to perceive this compound remained a mystery - until now.



A team of researchers led by Dietmar Krautwurst embarked on a bidirectional receptor screening and successfully identified and characterized the corresponding receptor.



Surprisingly, out of the 616 human olfactory receptor variants they tested, only one - the OR11A1 receptor - responded to geosmin at physiologically relevant concentrations.



Furthermore, the experts explored whether this receptor responds to other significant food odorants.



Out of 177 substances tested, only the earthy-smelling 2-ethylfenchol (also of microbial origin), could significantly activate the receptor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-towards-enhancing-quality-control">The path towards enhancing quality control</h2>



Dietmar Krautwurst suggests that their recent findings, which emphasize the biological relevance of geosmin, could pave the way for the development of innovative detection systems.



These systems could be employed to monitor food quality throughout production and storage or control freshwater reservoirs' water quality. 



The research represents a significant stride towards understanding this integral aspect of our sensory world, revealing geosmin's essential role in both our environment and in our perception of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geosmin-bridging-nature-and-human-experience">Geosmin: Bridging nature and human experience</h2>



The fascinating interplay between geosmin and human perception extends beyond sensory enjoyment; it highlights a profound connection between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a> and society. 



As an inevitable product of microbial activity in soil, geosmin serves as a tangible reminder of ecological balance and the intricate web of interactions that underpin our environment. 



This connection offers more than just a sensory experience; it provokes thought about sustainable agricultural practices and the importance of maintaining soil health. 



As researchers continue to delve into the complexities of geosmin, they uncover insights that may lead to advancements in both environmental conservation and enhanced food quality. 



By fostering a greater appreciation for this natural compound, we are encouraged to contemplate our role in preserving the environmental systems that produce it, inspiring a stewardship mentality towards our planet’s resources. 



Ultimately, the journey to understanding geosmin is not merely an academic endeavor but a shared narrative about our relationship with the Earth, which affects our health, our food, and our future.



The study is published in the <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01515" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a>.



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How the human nose perceives the scent that lingers after rain

The familiar scent that fills the air after rain falls...

Great,White,Shark,,Carcharodon,Carcharias,,Gansbaai,,South,Africa,,Atlantic,Ocean

Birds may flock together, but it turns out great white sharks don't do the same. A group of international scientists have delved into a world-first genome analysis of global great white shark populations. 



Their findings expose a surprising truth: great white sharks separated into three <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newborn-great-white-shark-spotted-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinct population</a> groups up to 200,000 years ago and have stuck pretty much with their own kind since.



Meet the great white's three clans: a southern Pacific Ocean group (also known lovingly as the Indo-Pacific crowd), a northern Pacific Ocean population, and a group that toothily patrol the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-white-shark-lineage">Great white shark lineage</h2>



Dr. Catherine Jones, leading this shark crusade from the <a href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Aberdeen</a>, teamed up with researchers from around the world, including collaborators from the <a href="https://ghriresearch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guy Harvey Research Institute</a>, the <a href="http://www.medsharks.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MedSharks project</a>, and <a href="https://www.oceans-research.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oceans Research Institute</a>. 



They discovered that these three geographic lineages stick to their lanes and seldom date outside their group.



"At the end of the Penultimate Ice Age -- between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago -- white shark populations appear to have divided into three discrete lineages which seldom interbreed," explains Dr. Jones.



"This separation can still be observed today as modern major ocean currents seem to act as boundaries of the areas occupied by each group."



This tribal behavior among our finned friends isn't just an intriguing aquatic soap opera; it ruffles the waters of conservation efforts. 



Since each lineage relies on a smaller number of the species, they are at greater risk of extinction than we previously thought. Furthermore, any potential 'shortfalls' in one group are unlikely to be made up by the other two.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-conundrum">Conservation conundrum</h2>



Why is this such a big deal, you ask? Well, if the Mediterranean's distinct group checks out, they're not just an extinct group of sharks. That’s a unique genetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> forever lost in the deep blue.



"Although not widely appreciated, man's future is increasingly bound up with that of white sharks," added Professor Les Noble, of Aquatic Biosciences at <a href="https://www.nord.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nord University</a>.



As top predators, these sharks play a crucial role in maintaining the diversity and health of local marine ecosystems. Over the past 50 years, we have witnessed white shark abundance almost halved, and they are now recognized as critically endangered in Europe.



This issue becomes even more tangled when considering the potential changes in strength and direction of major ocean currents predicted for the next 50 years.



"The lack of interbreeding suggests offspring from cross-lineage matings may not be viable. Should recent forecasts of changes in major ocean currents be accurate, breakdown of these geographic boundaries between lineages may allow more unproductive matings, further endangering white shark populations and the diversity, health, and productivity of ocean ecosystems," Galice Hoarau, Professor of Molecular Ecology at Nord University notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserving-great-white-shark">Conserving Great white shark</h2>



How can we navigate these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-great-white-sharks-prefer-shallow-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">troubled waters</a>? With innovative conservation strategies, according to our shark-loving scientists. 



A better understanding of the distribution and health of these distinct groups is the raft we need to float these efforts. But to keep these magnificent creatures from spiraling into the depths of extinction, we'll need to take swift action.



"It has long been considered that sharks lost from one area would be compensated for with the movement and matings of sharks from other locations. Our findings suggest this is clearly unlikely," warns Dr. Jones. 



Couple this with the pressures of bycatch fishing, depleting food reserves, pollution, and poaching, and it's clear we're swimming against the tide here.



But if we can fight off these threats, we just might keep these kings and queens of the ocean around for future generations to admire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next?</h2>



The research conducted by these esteemed institutions not only sheds light on the unique behavior of great white sharks, but also highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-behaviors-are-shaped-by-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apex predators</a>. 



With their crucial role in maintaining marine ecosystems and their critical endangerment status, it is clear that immediate action must be taken to preserve these magnificent creatures.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00860-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Great white sharks separated into three distinct groups that don't intermingle

Birds may flock together, but it turns out great white...

Our world is becoming increasingly familiar with the term artificial intelligence (AI), a technology that has been steadily infiltrating various aspects of our lives. In fact, AI is almost impossible to ignore as it transforms different sectors, including finance, entertainment, and especially medicine, where it is making significant strides.



Now, AI is taking another step forward, thanks to research conducted by experts from the <a href="https://global.toho-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Toho University School of Medicine</a> in Tokyo, Japan.



The researchers have developed an advanced AI model that could revolutionize the diagnosis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bulls-are-helping-solve-the-mysteries-of-male-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male infertility</a>, making the process not only more accessible but also less invasive and potentially more accurate.



This innovation marks a promising leap forward in reproductive health, offering new hope to many who face challenges in this area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-infertility-issue">The infertility issue</h2>



The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about half of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertility</a> cases can be attributed to the male partner, highlighting the significant role men play in reproductive challenges. 



Traditionally, semen analysis has been the standard diagnostic tool for assessing male fertility. However, this procedure isn't readily available at all medical facilities, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources.



Moreover, it's a high-threshold procedure that can be invasive and uncomfortable, potentially deterring some men from seeking help and undergoing testing. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ai-breakthrough">The AI breakthrough</h2>



Enter Professor Hideyuki Kobayashi and his innovative team from the Department of Urology at Toho University.



They have made a groundbreaking advancement by developing an AI model capable of predicting male infertility risk using only a simple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-blood-test-can-now-predict-risk-of-heart-attack-within-six-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood test</a>. That's right - no semen analysis required.



This remarkable achievement not only simplifies the diagnostic process but also makes it more comfortable and accessible for men, potentially encouraging more individuals to seek evaluation and treatment. 



The new model marks a significant step forward in the field of reproductive medicine, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional diagnostic methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-the-tech">The science behind the tech</h2>



The AI model is based on data from 3,662 patients and has an accuracy rate of approximately 74 percent.



In particular, the model was able to predict non-obstructive azoospermia, the most severe form of infertility, with 100 percent accuracy. 



The team used clinical data from these men, who had undergone tests from 2011 to 2020. The AI model analyzed the hormone levels of LH, FSH, PRL, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/men-with-low-testosterone-have-a-higher-risk-of-mortality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">testosterone</a>, and E2, replacing the semen analysis' traditional parameters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-validating-the-ai-model">Validating the AI model</h2>



The model didn't just stay in the lab; it underwent rigorous validation to ensure its practical application. The team further tested this technology using clinical data from 2021 and 2022, achieving accuracy rates of 58 and 68 percent, respectively.



Impressively, the model's prediction of non-obstructive azoospermia, the most severe form of male infertility, remained 100 percent accurate throughout these trials.



This consistent accuracy highlights the model's potential reliability and effectiveness in real-world clinical settings, offering a promising tool for early and accurate diagnosis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-male-fertility-testing">The future of male fertility testing</h2>



The AI model is intended to act as a primary screening tool before semen analysis. While it's not a replacement for the traditional method, it presents a more accessible option, especially in facilities not specializing in infertility treatment.



"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-ai-algorithm-can-predict-a-persons-attitude-towards-vaccines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI prediction model</a> used in this study was particularly accurate in predicting non-obstructive azoospermia, which is a severe form of azoospermia," said Professor Kobayashi.



"When the prediction model detects abnormal values, since patients may possibly have non-obstructive azoospermia, this should be a trigger for them to undergo detailed testing at a specialist infertility clinic and receive appropriate treatment."



Through their partnership with CreaTact Inc., the team hopes to develop an original commercial AI prediction model that could be used in clinics and health checkup centers, making infertility testing more accessible and less daunting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-era-of-diagnosis">A new era of diagnosis</h2>



This innovative AI model brings hope for many potential patients. It promises a future where male infertility screening is easily accessible, less intrusive, and more accurate. 



Such advancements not only underscore AI's potential in healthcare but also bring us one step closer to a world where infertility, a quiet struggle for many, can be addressed with empathy, precision, and ease.



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Male infertility screening will be drastically improved with AI

Our world is becoming increasingly familiar with the term artificial...

We've all learned that animals first began their Earthly journey around 635 million years ago. It's a number well-ensconced in our collective scientific understanding. But new research suggests that the timeline of complex life may need a serious rethink.



A recent study led by an international team of scientists from <a href="https://www.cardiff.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cardiff University</a> points to a completely different story. They contend that complex life on Earth began a whopping 1.5 billion years earlier than what was previously believed.



This is not merely a correction of a few million years; it's a massive leap into the past that fundamentally alters our understanding of life's evolutionary timeline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-ancient-complex-life">Discovering ancient complex life</h2>



The nerve center of this discovery is the Franceville Basin near Gabon, located on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa. It was here that the scientists found evidence of a prehistoric ecosystem housing the very first experiments in complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-may-have-played-key-role-origin-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological evolution</a>.



Such findings were presented in the study, titled "Hydrothermal seawater eutrophication triggered local macrobiological experimentation in the 2100 Ma Paleoproterozoic Francevillian sub-basin."



Dr. Ernest Chi Fru, the paper's lead author at Cardiff University's School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, played a vital role in this exploration. He explained that the discovery is based on the availability of phosphorus in the environment, a factor recognized as crucial for the evolution of life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-the-missing-links">Finding the missing links</h2>



Until now, our understanding was that an increase in marine phosphorus and seawater oxygen concentrations was linked to an episode of biological evolution around 635 million years ago. However, Dr. Chi Fru's findings bring a much earlier episode into focus, dating back 2.1 billion years.



"We already know that increases in marine phosphorus and seawater oxygen concentrations are linked to an episode of biological evolution around 635 million years ago. Our study adds another, much earlier episode into the record, 2.1 billion years ago," Chi Fru stated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-big-picture">The big picture</h2>



This discovery doesn't just add another episode to the evolutionary timeline. It brings to light a series of processes that could have potentially triggered the evolution of large-sized fossils of macroorganisms much earlier than we anticipated.



These large-sized fossils, whose validity has been widely debated in the scientific community, are the earliest of their kind in the geologic record.



The Cardiff-led team's geochemical analysis of the marine sedimentary rocks deposited 2.1 billion years ago offers new insights into this much-disputed collection of unusually large-sized fossils in the Francevillian basin.



Dr. Chi Fru further clarified that the underwater volcanoes, which appeared after the collision of the Congo and São Francisco cratons, might have created a nutrient-rich shallow marine inland sea. 



This environment could have supported abundant cyanobacterial photosynthesis over an extended period of time, leading to the oxygenation of local seawater and the generation of a large food resource.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-complex-life">Evolution of complex life</h2>



According to the researchers, their study hints towards a two-step evolution of complex life on Earth. The first followed the initial rise in atmospheric oxygen content 2.1 billion years ago, and the second followed a second rise in atmospheric oxygen levels some 1.5 billion years later.



While the first attempt didn't seem to take off on a global scale, the second attempt could be responsible for the animal biodiversity we see on Earth today.



The team is now focused on delving deeper into the environmental conditions that led to the emergence of these enigmatic fossils.



What does this mean for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgotten-chemical-reactions-offer-clues-to-lifes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding of life on Earth</a>? Well, only time (and much more research) will tell. But for now, we can marvel at the fact that our planet was experimenting with complex life forms far earlier than we ever imagined!



This research has important implications, encouraging us to reconsider our understanding of complex life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>. It suggests that the development of multicellularity might have occurred due to different environmental pressures than we thought.



It also questions the notion that complex life developed only once, encouraging more study of ancient ecosystems and their roles in Earth's biodiversity. As this field grows, connecting ancient and modern life could reveal insights into the resilience and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptability of life</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926824001669?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Precambrian Research</a>.



Image Credit: Professor Abderrazzak El Albani of the University of Poitiers, France



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Complex life emerged 1.5 billion years earlier than we thought

We've all learned that animals first began their Earthly journey...

In an intriguing development that enhances our understanding of Mercury, researchers from China and Belgium have unveiled a remarkable secret residing deep within the planet. Their study indicates that Mercury's core-mantle boundary (CMB) may possess a diamond layer that extends up to 18 kilometers (11 miles) thick.



What might the existence of this diamond layer reveal about Mercury's geological history and the processes that shape our solar system?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-the-enigmatic-inner-planet">Mercury: The enigmatic inner planet</h2>



This mind-boggling research was spearheaded by Dr. Yanhao Lin from the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (<a href="http://www.hpstar.ac.cn/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HPSTAR</a>) in Beijing.



Mercury, the smallest and innermost planet in our solar system, continues to intrigue scientists with its distinct characteristics and extreme conditions.



Its dark, cratered surface and dense metallic core have been the focus of extensive research, particularly through NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/messenger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MESSENGER spacecraft</a>, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015.



This mission uncovered remarkable insights into the planet's composition and history. Among the most thought-provoking discoveries was the presence of significant amounts of graphite, a form of carbon, on Mercury’s surface.



This finding hints at a carbon-rich past that may provide valuable clues about the planet's formation and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-rich-past">Carbon-rich past</h2>



Previous missions had suggested that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-life-on-mercury-possibly-in-the-planets-craters-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury's surface graphite</a> came from an ancient layer that floated up from a molten surface layer or magma ocean.



As Mercury cooled, this carbon formed a graphite crust. However, Dr. Lin and his team challenged the assumption that graphite was the only carbon-bearing phase during Mercury's magma ocean crystallization.



Dr. Lin explained, "Many years ago, I noticed that Mercury's extremely high carbon content might have significant implications. It made me realize that something special probably happened within its interior."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-s-diamond-interior">Mercury’s diamond interior</h2>



To investigate, the researchers recreated the conditions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-mercury-is-still-shrinking-and-now-has-more-wrinkles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury's interior</a> using high-pressure and temperature experiments combined with thermodynamic modeling. 



They used synthetic silicate to mimic Mercury's mantle composition, achieving pressure levels up to 7 Giga Pascals (GPa), about seven times the pressure found at the deepest parts of the Mariana Trench.



"We use the large-volume press to mimic the high-temperature and high-pressure conditions of Mercury's core-mantle boundary and combine it with the geophysical models and thermodynamic calculations," said Dr. Lin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diamonds-under-mercury-s-interior-pressure">Diamonds under Mercury's interior pressure</h2>



Under these extreme conditions, the team studied how minerals in Mercury's interior melt and reach equilibrium phases, focusing on graphite and diamond. 



They also analyzed the chemical composition of their experimental samples. The results were surprising.



By integrating experimental data with geophysical simulations, the researchers estimated Mercury's CMB pressure at around 5.575 GPa. At roughly 11% sulfur content, they observed a significant 358 Kelvin temperature change in Mercury's magma ocean. 



This led them to propose that while graphite was the dominant carbon phase during the magma ocean crystallization, the crystallization of the core might have led to the formation of a diamond layer at the CMB.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfur-and-mercury-s-magnetic-field">Sulfur and Mercury's magnetic field</h2>



"Sulfur lowers the liquidus of Mercury's magma ocean. If the diamond forms in the magma ocean, it can sink to the bottom and be deposited at the CMB. On the other hand, sulfur also helps the formation of an iron sulfide layer at the CMB, which is related to carbon content during planetary differentiation," explained Dr. Lin.



Planetary differentiation refers to how a planet's interior becomes structured, with heavier minerals sinking to the core and lighter minerals rising to the crust.



One of the most intriguing implications of these findings is for Mercury's magnetic field, which is surprisingly strong for such a small planet.



"Carbon from the molten core becomes oversaturated as it cools, forming diamond and floating to the CMB. Diamond's high thermal conductivity helps transfer heat effectively from the core to the mantle, causing temperature stratification and convection change in Mercury's liquid outer core, and thus affecting the generation of its magnetic field," said Dr. Lin.



In simpler terms, the heat transfer from the core to the mantle influences temperature gradients and convection in Mercury's liquid outer core, impacting its magnetic field generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-diamonds-and-future-exploration">Mercury, diamonds, and future exploration</h2>



Dr. Lin also pointed out the broader implications of this study for our understanding of other terrestrial planets.



"It also could be relevant to the understanding of other terrestrial planets, especially those with similar sizes and compositions. The processes that led to the formation of a diamond layer on Mercury might also have occurred on other planets, potentially leaving similar signatures," he concluded.



This discovery about Mercury's diamond layer enriches our knowledge and ignites curiosity about the hidden wonders of our solar system. 



So, what does this mean for us? Mercury, often overshadowed by larger planets, holds secrets that challenge our understanding of planetary formation and behavior.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49305-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Mercury has a layer of diamonds 11-miles thick under the surface

In an intriguing development that enhances our understanding of Mercury,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...