An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp;



This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manganese-discovery-ancient-mars-earth-like-water-lake-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochemical Perspective Letters</a> that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-mars-watery-past">Tracing Mars’ watery past</h2>



Scientists have long known that the Lafayette Meteorite interacted with liquid water on Mars, but the exact timing of this event was uncertain.&nbsp;



Dr. Marissa Tremblay, an assistant professor at Purdue University’s <a href="https://www.eaps.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences</a> (EAPS), led an international research team to determine the age of the water-altered minerals in the meteorite, pinpointing it to 742 million years ago.



“Dating these minerals can therefore tell us when there was liquid water at or near the surface of Mars in the planet's geologic past,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that while liquid water wasn’t abundant on the surface at this time, it likely came from melting subsurface ice, or permafrost, caused by intermittent volcanic activity - a phenomenon still observed on Mars today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-a-moment-in-mars-geological-timeline">Preserving a moment in Mars’ geological timeline</h2>



The study not only identified when water interacted with the meteorite but also established that the dating was unaffected by events after the meteorite left Mars.&nbsp;



“The age could have been affected by the impact that ejected the Lafayette Meteorite from Mars, the heating it experienced during the 11 million years it was floating in space, or the heating when it fell to Earth,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



However, the team confirmed that none of these factors altered the age, validating the timeline of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> interaction.



Study co-author and Purdue EAPS researcher Ryan Ickert applied heavy isotope analysis to further verify that previous data on the meteorite’s water-rock interaction had likely been skewed by other geological processes.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“This meteorite uniquely has evidence that it has reacted with water. The exact date of this was controversial, and our publication dates when water was present,” said Ickert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-journey-of-the-meteorite">Mysterious journey of the meteorite </h2>



The Lafayette Meteorite’s journey to Purdue is something of a mystery. It was found in a university drawer in 1931, though how it got there remains unknown.&nbsp;



In previous research, Tremblay and her team used crop disease markers from organic contaminants found on the meteorite to narrow down when it might have fallen to Earth.



Once the meteorite was ejected from Mars, it endured constant cosmic ray bombardment in space, which produced certain isotopes, offering clues to its time of impact on Earth.&nbsp;



“Many meteoroids are produced by impacts on Mars and other planetary bodies, but only a handful will eventually fall to Earth,” Tremblay said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-time-capsules">Planetary time capsules</h2>



Meteorites like Lafayette serve as planetary time capsules, offering invaluable data on the geological and environmental history of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-meteorites-can-be-traced-to-three-asteroid-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">home worlds</a>. With their dense structure, metallic content, and magnetic properties, meteorites are often distinguishable from Earth rocks.&nbsp;



“We can identify meteorites by studying what minerals are present in them, their mineral relationships, and by checking for a fusion crust formed during entry into Earth’s atmosphere,” Tremblay explained.&nbsp;



By analyzing these traits and their chemical signatures, scientists can often determine a meteorite’s planetary origin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-history-of-meteorites">Complex history of meteorites</h2>



This research marks a significant milestone for the team, which included scientists from institutions across the globe, such as the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Center (SUERC), the University of St. Andrews, the University of Glasgow, the University of Bristol, and London’s <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum</a>.&nbsp;



“Before moving to Purdue, Ryan and I were both based at SUERC, where the argon-argon isotopic analyses of the alteration minerals in Lafayette took place,” Tremblay said.&nbsp;



Their partners at SUERC and the Natural History Museum have long contributed to studying Lafayette’s complex history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dating-minerals-in-meteorites">Dating minerals in meteorites</h2>



Dating the water-altered minerals in Lafayette, and others in its class of Martian meteorites called nakhlites, has been a central focus in planetary science, as they uniquely capture moments when liquid water was present on Mars.&nbsp;



Due to complex alterations over time, previous attempts to date these minerals were plagued with uncertainties.&nbsp;



However, the team has now developed a robust dating method that could be applied to other meteorites, enhancing our understanding of when water might have been present on Mars and other planetary bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-planetary-science">The future of planetary science</h2>



Thanks to the Stahura Undergraduate Meteorite Fund, Tremblay and Ickert’s research on the Lafayette Meteorite will continue, with the involvement of undergraduate students in Purdue EAPS.&nbsp;



This opportunity allows students to engage in real-world planetary science, helping to reveal the intricate histories of meteoritic samples.



Tremblay and her team’s work on the Lafayette Meteorite highlights its scientific significance, revealing a complex history that ties it to Mars’ geological past.&nbsp;



Their findings not only deepen our understanding of Mars but also set a precedent for future studies that might unveil even more about the red planet’s climate history, water activity, and potential for supporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-mars-rocks-contain-signs-of-life-scientists-call-to-bring-them-back-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



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Meteorite that struck Mars reveals when the planet had liquid water

An asteroid impact on Mars 11 million years ago sent fragments of the red planet hurtling through space. One of these pieces eventually crashed into Earth, making its way to Purdue University and becoming known as the Lafayette Meteorite.&nbsp; This rare find has been instrumental in unlocking secrets of Mars’ watery past, with new research recently published in the journal Geochemical Perspective Letters that provides insight into the timing and nature of Mars’ ancient water activity. Tracing Mars’ watery past Scientists have long known that the Lafayette...

Nxylon has emerged as a potentially revolutionary discovery in materials science, capturing attention with its extraordinary ability to absorb over 99% of visible light.



This super-black material, developed unexpectedly at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, is poised to revolutionize a range of industries, from optical devices to luxury consumer products. 



The serendipitous creation of this material has led to a new frontier in the exploration of ultra-black substances. 



Unlike traditional black paints, which absorb around 97.5% of light, Nxylon's unique structure inherently traps light, making it a marvel of modern technology and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birth-of-a-dark-marvel">Birth of a dark marvel</h2>



During the course of an experiment aimed at making wood more water-repellent using high-energy plasma, Prof. Philip Evans and his Ph.D. student Kenny Cheng stumbled upon something extraordinary. 



They found that when the plasma technique was applied to the cut ends of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-still-have-much-to-learn-about-tree-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wood cells</a>, the surfaces turned exceptionally black. 



Rather than dismissing this discovery, the team channeled their energies into developing super-black materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-journey-to-darkness">Unexpected journey to darkness</h2>



Tests carried out by the Physics and Astronomy department at <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a> confirmed their findings.



The material reflected less than one per cent of visible light, thus absorbing nearly all light that it encountered. An entirely new vista of possibilities unfolded. 



“Ultra-black or super-black material can absorb more than 99 per cent of the light that strikes it – more than what normal black paint, which absorbs about 97.5 per cent of light, can achieve,” Dr. Evans explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-super-black">Potential of super-black</h2>



The applications of such super-black substances are boundless, especially in the field of astronomy, where ultra-black coatings on instruments can suppress stray light, aiding in improved image clarity. 



Moreover, they can augment the efficiency of solar cells, and even find their way into the production of art pieces and luxury items such as watches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nxylon-the-night-wood">Nxylon: The night wood</h2>



The dynamic team behind this breakthrough christened their discovery Nxylon - deriving from Nyx, the Greek goddess of the night, and xylon, the Greek term for wood. 



Nxylon retained its extraordinary blackness even when coated with an alloy, like gold, enabling it to be viewed through an electron microscope. 



Unlike other black materials that rely on pigments, Nxylon owes its darkness to its structure, which inherently traps light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nxylon-in-action">Nxylon in action</h2>



Nxylon has the potential to replace expensive, rare black woods like ebony and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rosewood-trees-in-southeast-asia-face-the-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rosewood</a>, and even the black gemstone onyx, in the production of items such as watch faces and jewelry. 



Furthermore, it's lightweight, easy to cut into intricate shapes, and can be made from not just basswood, but also other types of wood such as European lime.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-the-wood-industry">Potential impact on the wood industry</h2>



Dr. Evans and his colleagues aim to establish Nxylon Corporation of Canada, intending to scale up the applications of Nxylon, in association with jewellers, artists, and tech product designers. 



They also envision developing a commercial-scale plasma reactor to manufacture larger samples of super-black wood suitable for non-reflective ceiling and wall tiles. This could breathe new life into the wood industry, inspiring new approaches and applications. 



“Nxylon can be made from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> and renewable materials widely found in North America and Europe, leading to new applications for wood," added Dr. Evans.



"The wood industry in B.C. is often seen as a sunset industry focused on commodity products -- our research demonstrates its great untapped potential.”



In the brilliant spectrum of color and materials science, Nxylon shines, a testament to the power of black, the strength of wood, and the potential of unexpected discoveries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-promise-of-nxylon">Environmental promise of Nxylon</h2>



Beyond its innovative applications, Nxylon also holds promise for environmental sustainability. 



As the world increasingly seeks eco-friendly alternatives in various industries, Nxylon offers a viable solution. 



Since it can be derived from readily available wood sources and produced using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-practices-could-greatly-reduce-species-extinction-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable practices</a>, Nxylon not only minimizes reliance on endangered species like ebony and rosewood but also promotes responsible forestry. 



This aligns with a growing demand for products that are not only high-performing but also environmentally conscious. 



As Nxylon gains traction, it could lead to a shift in material sourcing, encouraging industries to prioritize sustainability without sacrificing quality or aesthetics.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adsu.202400184" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Sustainable Systems</a>.



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New super-black 'wonder wood' called Nyxlon absorbs almost all light

Nxylon has emerged as a potentially revolutionary discovery in materials...

Imagine a brain, the soft tissue inside your head, that is injured and can't heal. This is the harsh reality for millions worldwide dealing with neurological disorders like trauma, stroke, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. The inability to regenerate neurons worsens these conditions.



The devastation results from the permanent loss of neurons. These cells are crucial for our brain and nervous system. 



When neurons are lost, it can lead to serious issues in how our brain functions. Sadly, this loss significantly impacts our abilities and daily life. Now imagine a world where we can regrow these neurons!



This is the promising horizon of research carried out by two teams of scientists led by Magdalena Götz, chair of physiological genomics at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (<a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU</a>), head of the Stem Cell Center Department at Helmholtz Munich.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regenerating-neurons">Regenerating neurons</h2>



At the heart of their research is a sophisticated process called direct neuronal reprogramming, wherein the function of one cell is changed into another.



In essence, within the brain, non-neuronal cells, known as glial cells, are converted into functional neurons.



This process holds great potential for treating neurological disorders, though it presents its own complexities and challenges. 



These factors spark excitement among neuroscientists and researchers in regenerative medicine, who are eager to overcome these hurdles and enhance our understanding and treatment options.



The research, published in the journal Nature Neuroscience, dives into the molecular mechanisms that come into play during the conversion of glial cells into neurons. 



The researchers brought into focus the small chemical modifications that occur in the epigenome during this process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-epigenetic-puzzle">Unlocking the epigenetic puzzle</h2>



The epigenome is the complex biological system that choreographs which genes are active in different cells at different times. 



For the first time, Götz, Bonev and their teams have managed to demonstrate how is this intricate pattern of the epigenome is directed by a single transcription factor.



During this feat of biological engineering, they employed novel epigenome profiling methods and managed to make a breakthrough discovery: the transcriptional regulator YingYang1.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gamechanger-in-regenerating-neurons">A gamechanger in regenerating neurons</h2>



Much like the symbol it's named after, YingYang1 brings balance to the process of converting astrocytes to neurons. 



But how does it do it? Well, it opens up the chromatin for reprogramming and interacts with the transcription factor to drive the transformation of the cell.



This discovery is a leap forward in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zombie-neurons-shed-new-light-on-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cell reprogramming</a> and brings us tantalizingly closer to therapeutic solutions for a number of devastating neurological disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-road-ahead">The road ahead</h2>



The discovery of YingYang1 is a significant breakthrough. It helps us understand how neurons can regenerate. This finding could lead to new treatments for different neurological conditions. Overall, it opens up exciting possibilities for the future of brain health. 



While the findings from Götz and Bonev's teams spark enthusiasm within the scientific community, a number of challenges remain on the path to clinical application. 



Further research is essential to understand the comprehensive effects of manipulating the epigenome and to ensure the safety and efficacy of potential treatments. 



Additionally, establishing methods for targeted delivery of therapies to specific neuronal types will be critical in achieving successful outcomes. 



Nevertheless, the promise of neuronal regeneration through direct reprogramming invites a renewed sense of hope for those affected by neurological disorders, as scientists work tirelessly to translate these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cleaning-the-brain-neurons-flush-out-waste-while-we-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discoveries into viable treatments</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cleaning-the-brain-neurons-flush-out-waste-while-we-sleep/">.</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-promise-for-tomorrow">A promise for tomorrow</h2>



"The protein YingYang1 is crucial for achieving the conversion from astrocytes to neurons," explains Götz. "These findings are important to understand and improve reprogramming of&nbsp;glial cells&nbsp;to neurons, and thus bring us closer to therapeutic solutions."



This breakthrough research reminds us of the power of human curiosity and determination. It highlights that even in the face of daunting complexities, we can decipher intricate mechanisms of life and harness them to improve human health.



While the pathway to an effective and reliable treatment for neuronal loss is long, each discovery like this marks a critical stepping-stone in our journey. The research opens up entirely new possibilities and enlightening insights into ways we might regenerate the neurons necessary for human beings to live healthy, fulfilling lives.



Today, regeneration of neurons might still be confined largely to the world of research, but tomorrow, it could be a reality that transforms millions of lives.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-024-01677-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Neuroscience</a>.



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Scientists find a way to regenerate old neurons

Imagine a brain, the soft tissue inside your head, that...

Who doesn't love the allure of the iconic Egyptian pyramids? Their grandeur and mystery have captivated us for centuries. But, the means through which they were built has remained perplexing, until now.



Xavier Landreau from <a href="https://www.cea.fr/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CEA</a> Paleotechnic Institute, France, and his stellar team have recently published a fascinating study to solve this mystery. 



The spotlight? Pyramid of Djoser, the hero of all the Egyptian pyramids. The team has come up with a unique theory suggesting water-powered engineering may have played a significant role in its construction. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydraulic-lift-for-building-pyramids">Hydraulic lift for building pyramids</h2>



In essence, the study suggests that Djoser, also known as the Step Pyramid, was possibly built with the aid of a hydraulic lift system. 



Yes, a hydraulic lift system – in 2680 BCE! The team believes that water was guided to flow into two shafts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/egypts-pyramids-were-built-along-a-buried-branch-of-the-nile-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">within the pyramid itself</a>. 



This water, in turn, could have been used to elevate a float that carried the monumental building stones.



The Djoser Pyramid was constructed during the reign of the Third Dynasty pharaoh Djoser and has always been a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists. 



The hydraulic lift theory now adds a compelling new perspective to this ongoing discourse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gisr-el-mudir-dam">Gisr el-Mudir dam</h2>



Landreau and his team suggest that the mysterious Gisr el-Mudir enclosure near the pyramid may have functioned as a "check dam" to capture water and sediment. 



This brings us to another unique part of the theory - a likely water treatment facility. This presumed facility, made up of several compartments dug into the ground outside of the pyramid, would allow sediment to settle as water passed through each subsequent compartment.



So, how does this relate to the pyramid? Well, once treated, the water could possibly flow into the pyramid-shafts. 



Here comes the fascinating part. The force of the rising water could be used to help transport the building stones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pyramid-building">Understanding pyramid building</h2>



The novel hydraulic lift theory not only sheds light on the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser but also invites a reevaluation of the broader context of ancient Egyptian engineering practices. 



By positing that such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sophisticated technologies</a> may have existed thousands of years ago, this research challenges preconceived notions about the capabilities of ancient civilisations. 



Furthermore, it encourages scholars to explore other monuments and structures through a similar lens, potentially uncovering further hidden secrets of engineering ingenuity. 



As we delve deeper into the methods employed by the ancient Egyptians, we enrich our understanding of their society, reflecting not just their technological prowess, but also their deep connection to the natural resources that surrounded them. 



This study, therefore, is not merely about a single pyramid; it represents a gateway to understanding the dynamic interplay between environment, technology, and culture in ancient times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-still-in-the-making">Mystery still in the making</h2>



However, we need to remember that the journey of discovery is far from over. There are still many questions to answer, like how exactly the water flowed through the shafts, or how much water was even available at that time. 



Furthermore, the authors of this study also point out that traditional building methods like ramps were probably used alongside this unique hydraulic lift system. Additional investigations and research are necessary to paint a complete picture.



But there is no denying the excitement surrounding this new understanding. 



“A collaborative effort between the newly established research institute, Paleotechnic, and several national laboratories (INRAE, <a href="https://www.univ-orleans.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Orléans</a>) has led to the discovery of a dam, a water treatment facility, and a hydraulic elevator, which would have enabled the construction of the Step Pyramid of Saqqara," the authors added.



"This work opens a new research line for the scientific community: the use of hydraulic power to build the pyramids of Egypt."



The takeaway here is that the past doesn't always have to remain a mystery. With the right tools and a determined mindset, we can uncover long-hidden truths. 



In the end, while the pyramids continue to stand tall, echoing tales from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-homo-sapiens-stone-tools-preserved-volcanic-ash-grotta-di-castelcivita/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">annals of time</a>, our quest for knowledge remains as fervent as ever. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0306690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Mystery of how ancient Egyptians built the pyramids may be solved

Who doesn't love the allure of the iconic Egyptian pyramids?...

Comet Olbers has captured the imagination of astronomers and enthusiasts alike with its unexpected journey through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devil-comet-is-hurtling-towards-earth-but-poses-no-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space</a>. 



In the vast expanse of the cosmos, where science and mystery often intertwine, the peculiar pathway of this icy wanderer has sparked a wave of fascination. 



Recently, the stargazing community was thrilled by the sight of Comet Olbers zigzagging across the summer sky - a phenomenon that was captured by photographer Dan Bartlett.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-snowball-s-twisted-tale">Galactic snowball's twisted tale</h2>



Unassuming in name, this less-than-famous icy wanderer put on a fascinating show this summer as it continuously changed form.



"This is the first time we've been able to witness this creature's behavior with modern day technology. And what a creature this comet has been," said Bartlett, an astrophotographer based in east-central California.



Though the comet's tangled tail may seem strange, it is actually a well-understood phenomenon amidst the comet community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-icy-giants">Understanding the icy giants</h2>



Comets, often referred to as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comet-nishimura-may-approach-earth-so-closely-that-it-will-be-visible-to-the-naked-eye/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowballs of space</a>, are vast conglomerates of ice, dust, and rock. They hail from the outer recesses of the solar system and carry remnants from the early days of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary formation</a>, around 4.6 billion years ago, according to NASA.



As these icy bodies draw nearer to the sun, they begin to disintegrate, skipping from solid to gas without entering a liquid phase. This process spawns their signature tails- trails of debris sprawling millions of miles.



While these celestial bodies were once regarded as harbingers of doom, the tide of understanding has since turned. Comets are now seen as time capsules, preserving clues about the ancient solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comet-olbers-and-its-ever-changing-tail">Comet Olbers and its ever-changing tail</h2>



Besides their tails of dust, comets also drag plasma, often painted with a bluish hue, across the sky. The charged particles within this trail are very susceptible to changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar activity</a>.



Researchers at the Planetary Science Institute liken the solar wind to a constantly flowing river. "The ion tail is basically caught up in that river," explained researcher Henry Hsieh.



"You see a straight tail most of the time, but then every so often, you'll have this bit of a hiccup in the sun - these coronal mass ejection events - where it'll just kind of send a particularly large or denser bunch of material outward."



When the comet encounters these massive solar explosions (coronal mass ejections), it causes a disruption in the "nice flowing river." Imagine a rock coming loose in a river, momentarily increasing the flow rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-activity-and-comet-behavior">Solar activity and comet behavior</h2>



With the sun being in the peak of its 11-year solar cycle, its magnetic field can be quite chaotic. 



As the comet traverses these tumultuous changes within the inner solar system, the tail continuously tries to realign. This results in zigzags and bends observed in the comet's tail.



"There are even occasions when the comet passes through a region where the magnetic field completely changes direction (called a sector boundary), and the plasma tail will 'disconnect' from the comet, to be followed by the formation of a new tail over the next few days," noted <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>'s astronomers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-comet-olbers">The future of Comet Olbers </h2>



Olbers, officially known as 13P/Olbers, is named after its first observer, German astronomer Heinrich Olbers, who spotted it back in 1815. It was last sighted from Earth in 1956 but has recently reappeared, displaying its twisted tail for all to see.



Having made its closest approach to the sun on June 30, Olbers is now on a return journey to the Oort Cloud at the outer edge of the solar system. 



The oddly distorted tail may reflect the object's reaction to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canyon-of-fire-solar-eruption-extended-more-than-60000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun's intense activity</a>. However, it's also possible that something inherently unusual about Olbers is at play.



The astrophotographers and astronomers studying the comet will know more in the coming months as they complete their analyses.



"All comets are kind of like different beasts. They're all special, and that's what makes them fun to study," noted Hsieh.



Each comet, including Olbers, continues to offer new insights into the cosmos, keeping astronomers on their toes and the rest of us gazing up in wonderment.



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Shape-shifting comet has been zigzagging through space

Comet Olbers has captured the imagination of astronomers and enthusiasts...

An intense game of genetic chess is taking place beneath our very eyes, in the soil where our beloved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-threatening-pathogens-discovered-in-pennsylvania/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato crops</a> grow. This evolutionary battle between the humble potato plant and its mortal foe, Phytophthora infestans - the pathogen responsible for the devastating Irish potato famine in the 1840s - has puzzled scientists for years.



Now, research conducted at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> is shedding new light on this "arms race" with an innovative study using fragments of historic potato leaves to examine both the plant's resistance genes and the attacking pathogen's effector genes simultaneously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-down-walls-a-revolutionary-approach">Breaking down walls: A revolutionary approach</h2>



The experts utilized small, 80 base-pair chunks of DNA, akin to magnets, to isolate similar pieces within the complex "soup" of DNA found on historic leaf samples.



Previously, researchers would focus on either the host (the potato) or the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-produced-by-potato-pathogen-offers-new-hope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen</a>, but this dual enrichment strategy has opened a new front in understanding this host-pathogen relationship.



"It's a first for looking at both potato and pathogen changes at the same time," noted Jean Ristaino, William Neal Reynolds Distinguished Professor of Plant Pathology at North Carolina State University.



This radical method of investigation has only become possible recently, as the necessary genomics weren't sequenced until around 15 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pathogen-evades-potato-defenses">Pathogen evades potato defenses</h2>



Findings from the study indicate that the pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, is surprisingly skillful at dodging the potato's defenses against late blight disease. 



For instance, the FAM-1 strain of the pathogen was capable of overcoming the plant's R1 resistance gene before it was even introduced into potato strains by plant breeders.



Such discovery suggests that the pathogen could have resisted the R1 gene even if it had been deployed much earlier, potentially owing to exposure to the wild potato variant harboring that resistance gene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-battlefield-for-pathogens-and-potatoes">Battlefield for pathogens and potatoes</h2>



The study sheds light on how the pathogen’s effector genes have largely remained steady over time, with selective mutations enhancing its infectious capabilty. 



This was particularly noticeable post-1937, when structured potato <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sugarcane-genome-finally-mapped-new-crop-breeding-era/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding programs</a> began in the United States and elsewhere, in an effort to boost disease resistance.



Additionally, the researchers found that the pathogen managed to add a set of chromosomes to its arsenal between 1845 and 1954, the period during which the plant samples for the study were collected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-future-studies">The promise of future studies</h2>



This research is immensely valuable, as it provides breeders with critical information about how the pathogen has transformed over time. 



This knowledge could potentially be utilized to implement more stable resistance genes or to combine multiple resistance genes from different wild hosts.



"We now know what effectors have changed over time," Ristaino stated. "Breeders may be able to use resistance genes that are more stable or pyramid multiple resistance genes from different wild hosts." 



And so, the game of genetic chess continues with new strategies and renewed hope of winning the game against the pathogen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-potatoes">The importance of potatoes</h2>



Potatoes are not just a beloved comfort food; they are a vital staple crop that nourishes millions around the world. 



Originating from the Andean region of South America, potatoes have transcended borders and cultures, becoming an essential part of diets in various countries. 



Their versatility allows them to be prepared in countless ways, from mashed potatoes to fries, making them a culinary favorite across the globe.



Moreover, potatoes are packed with nutrients, including vitamins C and B6, potassium, and dietary fiber, making them a healthy choice for many. 



As the global population continues to grow, ensuring the resilience of potato crops against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-bacteria-can-help-farmers-control-crop-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a> like late blight is crucial for food security. 



The NC State research not only aids in understanding the complex interactions between potatoes and their pathogens but also plays a vital role in developing sustainable agricultural practices.



By improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-breeding-more-resilient-potatoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potato resilience</a>, we can help secure a reliable food source for future generations and support the livelihoods of millions of farmers who depend on this crop. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50749-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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How a pathogen outsmarted the potato

An intense game of genetic chess is taking place beneath...

DNA holds the fundamental blueprint for life, encoding essential information for the development and functioning of organisms. Deciphering how this information is stored and organized has been a monumental scientific challenge. 



A new tool, GROVER, developed by researchers at the <a href="https://tu-dresden.de/cmcb/biotec" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biotechnology Center</a> (BIOTEC) of Dresden University of Technology, offers an unprecedented approach to understanding the complex language of DNA. 



This large language model, trained on human DNA sequences promises to revolutionize genomics and personalized medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-dna">Mysteries of DNA</h2>



Since the discovery of the double helix structure, scientists have sought to unravel the mysteries encoded in DNA. Seventy years later, it is evident that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a>'s information is intricate and multilayered, with only 1-2% consisting of genes that code for proteins. 



“DNA has many functions beyond coding for proteins. Some sequences regulate genes, others serve structural purposes, and most sequences serve multiple functions at once,” said senior author Anna Poetsch, a research group leader at BIOTEC.&nbsp;



“Currently, we don’t understand the meaning of most of the DNA. When it comes to understanding the non-coding regions of the DNA, it seems that we have only started to scratch the surface. This is where AI and large language models can help.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-as-a-language">DNA as a language</h2>



Drawing inspiration from the success of large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-reading-technology-transforms-thoughts-into-text/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language models</a> like GPT in natural language processing, Poetsch and her team approached DNA as a form of language. 



“DNA is the code of life. Why not treat it like a language?” she asked. The team trained GROVER (short for Genome Rules Obtained via Extracted Representations) on a reference human genome, enabling the model to decode and extract biological meaning from DNA sequences.



“GROVER learned the rules of DNA. In terms of language, we are talking about grammar, syntax, and semantics. For DNA, this means learning the rules governing the sequences, the order of the nucleotides and sequences, and the meaning of the sequences,” said lead author Melissa Sanabria, a scientist at BIOTEC.&nbsp;



“Like GPT models learning human languages, GROVER has basically learned how to ‘speak’ DNA.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-information-on-biological-function-nbsp">Information on biological function&nbsp;</h2>



GROVER can not only predict subsequent DNA sequences but also extract contextual information, such as identifying gene promoters or protein binding sites, and even understanding epigenetic processes - regulatory mechanisms that act on top of the DNA sequence.



“It is fascinating that by training GROVER with only the DNA sequence, without any annotations of functions, we are actually able to extract information on biological function. To us, it shows that the function, including some of the epigenetic information, is also encoded in the sequence,” said Sanabria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-dictionary-for-dna-language-nbsp">A dictionary for DNA language&nbsp;</h2>



To enable GROVER to interpret DNA, the team had to create a “DNA dictionary.” Unlike human languages, DNA has no predefined words; it consists of four letters (A, T, G, and C) that form sequences with various biological functions.&nbsp;



The researchers employed a technique from compression <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-personality-algorithm-will-improve-work-and-home-placement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">algorithms</a> to identify common combinations of these letters. 



“We analyzed the whole genome and looked for combinations of letters that occur most often. We started with two letters and went over the DNA, again and again, to build it up to the most common multi-letter combinations,” said Sanabria.



“In this way, in about 600 cycles, we have fragmented the DNA into ‘words’ that let GROVER perform the best when it comes to predicting the next sequence.”



The creation of this DNA dictionary was a crucial step that set GROVER apart from previous attempts to model DNA language. This innovative approach allows the model to uncover the deeper layers of genetic information, providing insights into human biology, disease predispositions, and treatment responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-meaning-hidden-in-dna">Biological meaning hidden in DNA</h2>



GROVER's potential impact on genomics and personalized medicine is immense. By decoding the rules of DNA as one would a language, researchers can gain a more profound understanding of the biological meaning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-dna-secrets-revealed-by-genomic-time-machine-and-transposable-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hidden</a> within our genetic code. 



“We believe that understanding the rules of DNA through a language model is going to help us uncover the depths of biological meaning hidden in the DNA, advancing both genomics and personalized medicine,” Poetsch said.



As GROVER continues to analyze and interpret genetic data, it holds the promise of unlocking the mysteries of our genome, paving the way for new discoveries and advancements in medical science.&nbsp;



This tool not only enhances our understanding of the human genome but also sets the stage for a new era in genomics, where AI-driven insights can lead to more personalized and effective treatments for a wide range of conditions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-024-00872-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Machine Intelligence</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Cracking the code of life: AI translates the secret language of DNA

DNA holds the fundamental blueprint for life, encoding essential information...

Doctors are increasingly recommending that fruits and vegetables become a central component in the treatment of patients with hypertension.&nbsp;



A diet rich in these foods has been shown to lower blood pressure, reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, and improve<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-pollutants-kidney-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> kidney health</a>, largely due to their base-producing effects. 



A recent study published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.06.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Journal of Medicine</a> highlights these benefits, based on findings from a five-year interventional randomized control trial.



Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments for hypertension, related conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated cardiovascular mortality are on the rise. Notably, heart disease remains the leading cause of death among patients with chronic kidney disease.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-healthy-fruits-and-vegetables">Heart-healthy fruits and vegetables </h2>



The <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/education/dash-eating-plan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) diet, known for its high content of fruits and vegetables, is recommended as the first-line treatment for primary hypertension. 



However, this diet is often under-prescribed and, even when recommended, not fully implemented, despite substantial supportive evidence from epidemiological studies.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-fruits-and-vegetables-improves-overall-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diets</a> rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower blood pressure, reduced risk and progression of CKD, and lower cardiovascular disease risk and mortality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-acid-and-health">Dietary acid and health</h2>



The study, led by Dr. Donald E. Wesson of the Department of Internal Medicine at <a href="https://dellmed.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dell Medical School</a>, University of Texas at Austin, explored the effects of an acid-producing versus a base-producing diet on kidney health. 



“As a nephrologist, my acid-base laboratory studies ways by which the kidney removes acid from the blood and puts it into the urine,” said Dr. Wesson.



“Our animal studies showed years ago that mechanisms used by kidneys to remove acid from the blood can cause kidney injury if the animals were chronically exposed to an acid-producing diet.”&nbsp;



Dr. Wesson said that studies in human patients showed similar findings: an acid-producing diet (one high in animal products) was kidney-harmful, and one that is base-producing (one high in fruits and vegetables) is kidney-healthy.&nbsp;



“Other investigators showed that a diet high in fruits and vegetables is heart-healthy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



To test the hypothesis that fruits and vegetables reduce dietary acid and thereby benefit kidney and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-environments-and-sidewalks-improve-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>, the study focused on participants with hypertension but without diabetes, who also had high levels of urine albumin excretion (macroalbuminuria). 



These participants were at high risk for worsening kidney disease and developing cardiovascular diseases.&nbsp;



The researchers divided 153 participants into three groups: participants adding 2-4 cups of base-producing fruits and vegetables to their daily intake; participants prescribed NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate, common baking soda) tablets; and participants receiving standard medical care from primary care clinicians.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-benefits-of-fruits-and-vegetables-nbsp">Heart benefits of fruits and vegetables&nbsp;</h2>



The results of the analysis revealed that both the fruit and vegetable group and the NaHCO3 group experienced improvements in kidney health. However, only the group consuming fruits and vegetables showed a reduction in blood pressure and improvements in cardiovascular disease risk indicators.&nbsp;



“Importantly, fruits and vegetables achieved the latter two benefits with lower doses of medication used to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular disease risk,” noted Maninder Kahlon, a co-investigator from the Department of Population Health at Dell Medical School.



“This means that one can get the kidney health benefits with either fruits and vegetables or NaHCO3, but we get the blood pressure reduction and reduced cardiovascular disease risk with fruits and vegetables, but not with NaHCO3.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-the-need-for-medication-nbsp">Reducing the need for medication&nbsp;</h2>



The findings support the recommendation that fruits and vegetables should be the foundational treatment for patients with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-increases-the-risk-of-hypertension/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypertension</a>. This approach achieves multiple health benefits - kidney protection, blood pressure reduction, and lower cardiovascular risk - with potentially lower medication doses. 



The research team emphasizes that current clinical practice often prioritizes pharmacological treatment, with dietary changes being secondary. However, this study suggests the opposite: dietary interventions should be the first step in managing hypertension, with medications added as needed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-fruits-and-vegetables-more-accessible">Making fruits and vegetables more accessible </h2>



“Dietary interventions for chronic disease management are often not recommended and even less often executed because of the many challenges to get patients to implement them. Nevertheless, they are effective, and in this instance, kidney and cardiovascular protective,” said Dr. Wesson.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“We must increase our efforts to incorporate them into patient management and more broadly, make healthy diets more accessible to populations at increased risk for kidney and cardiovascular disease.”



The study also advises that patients with hypertension should ask their clinicians to measure their urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) to assess for underlying kidney disease and potential increased cardiovascular risk.&nbsp;



This proactive measure can help tailor treatment plans to better manage hypertension and its associated risks.



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How fruits and vegetables improve heart health

Doctors are increasingly recommending that fruits and vegetables become a...

Sometimes, you might hear a colleague or a friend grumble, "It hurts to think!" Likely, you'd casually dismiss this as exaggerated hyperbole. But what if, they aren't blowing things out of proportion? What if the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">act of thinking</a> and putting mental effort really does make us uncomfortable?



A recent study published by the <a href="https://www.apa.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Psychological Association</a> reveals this intriguing possibility. According to the research, mental exertion is surprisingly linked to unpleasant feelings across a slew of situations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-one-likes-mental-effort">No one likes mental effort</h2>



At the heart of this research is Dr. Erik Bijleveld of <a href="https://www.ru.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radboud University</a>. A seasoned researcher, Dr. Bijleveld led the study with a clear and vital question: Do people enjoy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-maps-help-the-brain-remember-places-and-paths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking hard</a>? He found that, in general, people aren't fans of mental effort.



"Managers often encourage employees, and teachers often encourage students, to exert mental effort. On the surface, this seems to work well: Employees and students do often opt for mentally challenging activities," noted Dr. Bijleveld. "But our results suggest that people typically dislike mental effort."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-across-communities">Mental effort across communities</h2>



This study wasn't a mere observational venture. The researchers carried out a meta-analysis of an impressive 170 studies published between 2019 and 2020, involving over 4,670 participants. Each of these studies was examined to determine how people generally perceive mental effort.



Participants from different walks of life – healthcare employees, military personnel, college students, and even amateur athletes – participated in these studies spanning 29 countries. 



The studies involved a wide array of cognitive tasks. From learning a new technology to navigating an unfamiliar environment and practicing golf swings – the gamut of tasks was broad.



One commonality across all these varied studies? Participants consistently reported increased unpleasant feelings such as stress, annoyance, and irritation when they exerted greater mental effort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thinking-is-unpleasant">Thinking is unpleasant</h2>



What sticks out from the research is crystal clear: the greater the mental effort, the greater the unpleasantness experienced by people. No matter the task or the population, this remained consistently true across the board.



However, Dr. Bijleveld underscores an intriguing disparity. The nexus between mental effort and unpleasant feelings was notably less vivid in studies conducted in Asian countries compared to those in Europe or North America.



This can be attributed to the learning history of individuals; students in Asian countries typically dedicate more time to schoolwork, learning to endure higher mental exertion levels early in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-and-learning-environments">Mental effort and learning environments</h2>



Understanding the relationship between mental effort and unpleasant feelings offers a new lens through which educators and managers can evaluate their approaches. 



If students and employees are generally averse to intensive cognitive tasks, it calls for a reevaluation of how we structure learning and work environments. 



Instead of promoting sheer effort, educators might benefit from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-wishful-thinking-impacts-our-decisions-in-times-of-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">integrating strategies</a> that frame challenges as exciting opportunities for growth, thereby mitigating negative feelings associated with thinking hard. 



Furthermore, creating a supportive atmosphere that celebrates small wins and fosters collaboration can empower learners and workers to engage with difficult tasks more openly. 



Recognizing that the discomfort of mental effort is a shared experience may not only enhance motivation but also encourage resilience, ultimately leading to more productive outcomes in both academic and professional spheres.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-millions-play-chess">Why do millions play chess?</h2>



Despite the discord between mental effort and enjoyment, there’s a caveat: people still voluntarily opt for mentally challenging activities. The million-dollar question, "Why do millions of people play chess?" asks Dr. Bijleveld.



The answer lies in the intriguing balance of costs and benefits. When the gratification resultant from an activity outweighs the mental exertion involved, people opt for it. Take the chess example; the joy that stems from an immersive, engaging game could certainly outweigh the mental strain it involves.



However, Dr. Bijleveld warns against misinterpretations. People choosing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mentally</a> rigorous activities doesn't necessarily translate to them enjoying the mental effort. It is perhaps a matter of choosing an activity despite its mental strain, rather than because of it.



In conclusion, the research highlights an essential conundrum: we're often nudged to engage our brains, to think harder, to challenge our minds. 



Yet, such exertion might not be as pleasant as we'd like to believe. As we navigate through an increasingly cognitive-driven world, it's vital to remember this interesting dichotomy. 



Perhaps we might also spare a sympathetic nod the next time someone says, "It hurts to think!"



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Bulletin</a>.



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Sometimes it really does hurt to think

Sometimes, you might hear a colleague or a friend grumble,...

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and spontaneous abortions in horses during the first two months of pregnancy are caused by triploidy, a condition involving an extra set of chromosomes.&nbsp;



This finding is significant because horses share many chromosomal and pregnancy-related similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for studying reproductive issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-cause-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Primary cause of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



Mandi de Mestre, a professor of equine medicine at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, noted the rarity of reported triploidy in mammals other than humans during early pregnancy. “Over that embryonic period (up to eight weeks from conception), triploidy had rarely been reported in mammals outside of women,” she said. 



“The study tells us that over the first six weeks of gestation, this will likely be the primary cause of pregnancy loss following natural conception.”&nbsp;



De Mestre is the corresponding author of the study titled “Naturally Occurring Horse Model of Miscarriage Reveals Temporal Relationship Between Chromosomal Aberration Type and Point of Lethality,” set to be published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405636121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</a>s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-model-for-human-miscarriages-nbsp">Horses as a model for human miscarriages&nbsp;</h2>



Human miscarriages, occurring in 10-20% of pregnancies, are often linked to chromosomal errors. However, finding a suitable animal model that mirrors the human condition has been challenging.&nbsp;



This study not only sheds light on the causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-may-speed-up-aging-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a> loss in horses but also highlights their potential as a model for understanding human miscarriage.



“We were able to study the impact of chromosome errors across the entire pregnancy in the horse,” de Mestre said. “We found that triploidy is only associated with losses in early pregnancy.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-loss-in-horses">Pregnancy loss in horses</h2>



The research involved examining 256 fetus and placenta samples collected over ten years from veterinarians treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a> with failed pregnancies. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence of various chromosomal abnormalities associated with pregnancy loss.



The findings showed that chromosomal errors were present in 57.9% of pregnancy losses up to day 55 of gestation, 57.2% of losses between days 56 and 110, and only 1.4% of losses from day 111 to the end of pregnancy.&nbsp;



The study also revealed that aneuploidy, involving the loss or gain of a whole chromosome, was primarily associated with miscarriages in the first 10 weeks, while partial chromosome deletions or duplications were linked to miscarriages occurring after 110 days.&nbsp;



These results closely parallel findings from large studies on human pregnancies, reinforcing the relevance of horses as a model for human chromosomal errors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-miscarriage-in-humans-nbsp">Early miscarriage in humans&nbsp;</h2>



Horses are particularly suitable for studying human pregnancies due to their similar gestation periods - 11 months in horses compared to nine months in humans - and the comparable rate of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embryo development</a>. 



Additionally, horse chromosomes contain genetic content similar to that of human chromosomes, making them relevant for research on chromosomal anomalies.



Determining the causes of early miscarriage in humans has been challenging due to the loss of most fetuses during this period at home, which leaves scientists without necessary material and data for study.&nbsp;



This research provides crucial insights into the frequency of chromosomal errors during the equivalent of the first six weeks of human gestation.



Horses, often highly valued and receiving extensive care, provide a wealth of data through routine pregnancy tracking, unlike other animal models such as mice.&nbsp;



Mice, with a gestation period of about three weeks and a low rate of natural pregnancy loss, are not comparable to human pregnancies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-causes-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Genetic causes of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



The study's findings have practical implications for equine health, particularly in the clinical management of pregnancies. For instance, if a significant chromosomal error is detected, clinicians might reconsider using hormones to prolong the pregnancy, a common practice in managing pregnant mares.&nbsp;



The research also paves the way for developing new diagnostic tests for chromosomal abnormalities in horse fetuses and further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind these abnormalities.



“This research has provided a foundation for understanding the genetic causes of pregnancy loss in horses, often referred to as pregnancy loss of unknown cause,” said Shebl Salem, a postdoctoral researcher in de Mestre’s Equine Pregnancy Lab and co-first author of the study.



The study not only enhances the understanding of equine pregnancy but also offers valuable insights into human reproductive health, highlighting the potential for horses to serve as a key model in studying pregnancy loss due to chromosomal abnormalities.



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Horse miscarriages offer insights into human pregnancy loss

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and...

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of Eifel, a region synonymous with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activities</a>. Nestled within the sediment of the Kyll River are diminutive blue wonders - sapphires. But there's more to these 0.9 mm diameter gemstones than their sheer beauty. 



They are indeed the missing pieces of a captivating geological conundrum - how could they take shape amidst such tumultuous, fiery conditions, a scenario far detached from our perception of tranquil gemstone genesis?



Stepping in to solve the mystery are the seasoned researchers from <a href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heidelberg University</a>. The scientific sleuths have been delving deep into the phenomenon of these blue marvels that formed among the fiery crucible of volcanic activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demystifying-eifel-sapphires">Demystifying Eifel sapphires</h2>



Let's take a sidebar here. What are sapphires? These treasured stones are essentially 'contaminated' aluminum oxide or corundum. 



The term "contamination" alludes to a few impurities that present sapphires with their iconic blue shade. Intriguingly, most sapphires are discovered in regions boasting silicon-poor volcanic rocks.



Are these gemstones, found on Earth's surface, a tell-tale sign of having originated deep within the crust, ushered to the surface by the ascending magma?



Dr. Axel Schmitt, a researcher at <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a>, Australia, and an honorary professor at Heidelberg University, Germany, is grappling with this very question.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eifel-scenario-sapphire-central">Eifel scenario: Sapphire central</h2>



Our sapphire narrative unravels in Eifel, a volcanic hotspot tucked in Europe's heart. For about 700,000 years, magma from Earth's mantle has been inching its way up through the crust in this region, bringing forth an intriguing enigma. 



The puzzling link between the silicon-deficient, sodium and potassium-abundant magma found here and the prevalence of sapphires has left geologists in a quandary. The Heidelberg team scrutinized 223 sapphires from the Eifel region.



"Like gold, sapphire is very weathering-resistant compared to other minerals. Over protracted time periods, the grains are washed out of the rock and deposited in rivers. Because of their high density, they are easy to separate from lighter sediment components using a gold pan," explained Sebastian Schmidt, who conducted the research as part of his master's degree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-eifel-s-sapphires">Origin of Eifel's sapphires</h2>



To trace the roots of these sapphires, the investigators determined their age by deploying the uranium-lead method on mineral inclusions found within the sapphires themselves. This approach can also uncover the composition of oxygen isotopes in the sapphires.



The findings were remarkable. Sapphires in Eifel took shape simultaneously with the region's volcanism. 



Some gemstones bore the isotopic signature of mantle melts that had been tainted with the heat and partially liquefied crustal rock, at a depth of approximately 5-7 kilometers, while others seemed to have crystallized when subterranean melts permeated the adjacent rock, catalyzing their crystallization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-the-crucial-catalyst">Water: The crucial catalyst </h2>



Water plays an instrumental role in the exceptional process of sapphire formation in volcanic settings. Magma ascending through Earth's crust commonly encounters water-rich zones, propelling a phenomenon known as metasomatism. 



During this occurrence, element-laden fluids intermingle with the surrounding rock, spurring the migration of aluminum and other vital components necessary for sapphire crystallization. 



This interplay not only precipitates the growth of sapphires but also enhances their unique chemical composition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



The unearthing of sapphires in Eifel doesn't just shed light on gem genesis, but it also enriches our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-tremors-can-now-be-detected-to-forecast-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehension of volcanic activities</a>. 



By examining these precious stones and the conditions under which they originated, geologists can gain insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sun-affects-magma-formation-deep-within-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamics of magma</a> movement and the interactions between variant geological materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-the-puzzle">Piecing together the puzzle</h2>



"In the Eifel, both magmatic and metamorphic processes, in which temperature changed the original rock, played a role in the crystallization of sapphire," noted Schmidt.



So, as it emerges, sapphires aren't just a pretty sight; they are a testament to Earth's might, a gateway to understanding our planet's inner mechanics. 



Hence, the next time you lay eyes on a sapphire, remember to honor this blue marvel for its remarkable voyage from the scorching depths of Earth's crust right up to the sun-soaked surface.



Moreover, the interdisciplinary collaboration between geologists and gemologists is pivotal in unraveling the complex narrative encapsulated within these gemstones. 



Such synergy not only illuminates the geological history of the Eifel but also propels future research in gem formation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-magma-traced-to-melting-in-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a>. The implications extend far beyond sapphires, inviting a broader exploration of earth science.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-024-02136-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology</a>.



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How blue sapphires form amidst fiery volcanic activity

There's an astounding sight to behold in the west of...

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed houses, damaged wood, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest control</a> might be the first things that pop into your mind. 



Many associate these creatures with the necessity of spending money on costly repairs. However, there's much more to these tiny critters than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-white-ants">The mystery of white ants</h2>



Ironically, despite the name "white ant," these creatures are not ants at all. They're actually specialized, social cockroaches known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-are-natures-architects-building-well-ventilated-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a>. 



Living in extensive colonies that can house well over a million individuals, these insects have incredibly complex social lives and construct amazingly elaborate habitats.



Mathematical equations have even been developed by researchers to understand their complicated behaviors, such as how they dig and forage. 



Termites' abilities to build intricate nests are so astounding that they've been hailed as "one of the architectural wonders of the living world." 



These can be found everywhere, from trees and soil to power poles and towering mounds two meters high. Some of these awe-inspiring constructs are believed to be over <a href="https://apnews.com/article/oldest-termite-mounds-africa-climate-eb9b49dbbbb770c739398cef894a99a8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">30,000 years old</a> and still inhabited today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-white-ants-in-nature">The role of white ants in nature</h2>



Among the approximately 300 Australian species of white ants, only a few are recognized as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockroaches-became-global-pests-cleverly-hitching-rides-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>. In tropical forests, they are major invertebrate decomposers.



White ants are pivotal organisms that work closely with other microorganisms to cycle nutrients back into the environment. By doing so, they support the survival of both plants and animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-white-ants">Diversity of white ants</h2>



With more than 2,000 termite species worldwide and multiple feeding/nesting groups, white ants' appearances vary dramatically. 



Even within the same species, depending on their roles as king, queen, worker, soldier, or alate, they can look strikingly different. White ants usually have soft, pale-colored bodies with straight antennae and broad waist.



Not all white ants can fly. Only the sexually mature termites, known as alates, are capable of flight. Their mission is to fly out of the nest to establish a new one where they'll become the reigning kings or queens.



This occurrence, referred to as "social swarming," typically happens on warm and humid spring or summer evenings. After the swarm, the alates lose their wings and start burrowing to become the newly appointed termite royalty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-signs-of-termite-invasion">Warning signs of termite invasion</h2>



The presence of alates around a home or property is a clear signal that a mature nest is close and expanding. It's even advised to have annual termite inspections by a registered pest control company. 



Visible wood and structural damage, hollow-sounding wood, and termite droppings can indicate an invasion. 



White ants might also construct small mud tunnels and patches on both interior and exterior house walls for protection and airflow mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-termite-control">Effective termite control</h2>



The methods to control termites differ based on the type of termite present. Determining the kind of termite, locating their nests, and selecting the appropriate eradication method is a complex process. 



It's recommended to consult with a registered pest control company, and not just solely rely on preventive measures like using termite-resistant wood or adding chemical and physical barriers in the soil around buildings.



White ants, despite their notoriety as pests, play an essential role in the natural world. Their vital ecosystem services underscore their significance, yet their potential for destruction necessitates vigilant management and control. 



Fully understanding the nature of termites is crucial to both preserving natural ecosystems and protecting human infrastructure and investments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-white-ants">Fascinating facts about white ants</h2>



While white ants may often be viewed through the lens of destruction, they possess some truly fascinating traits that are worth exploring. 



For instance, termites have been around for over 250 million years, making them one of the oldest social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> on the planet. Their resilience and adaptability have allowed them to thrive in diverse environments, from rainforests to arid deserts.



One interesting aspect of termite behavior is their communication methods. Termites use pheromones, vibrations, and even touch to convey messages within the colony. This complex system enables them to coordinate tasks such as foraging, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest building</a>, and defense against threats.



Additionally, some species of termites are known to exhibit a unique form of mutualism with certain fungi. They cultivate these fungi in specialized chambers within their nests, providing a sustainable food source for the colony. This relationship not only benefits the termites but also contributes to nutrient cycling within their environment.



Understanding these fascinating characteristics can shift our perspective on white ants from mere pests to remarkable organisms that contribute significantly to the balance of nature. By appreciating their role in ecosystems, we can better navigate the challenges they present in our homes and communities.



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White ants have dual roles as builders and decomposers

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed...

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on Friday when efforts to initiate an international moratorium on the practice did not advance. 



This outcome marks a crucial point in the ongoing debate over deep sea mining, which could yield essential minerals for the green transition but poses considerable environmental risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-sea-mining-debate">Deep sea mining debate</h2>



Until now, proponents of deep sea mining have managed to prevent the <a href="https://www.isa.org.jm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Seabed Authority</a> (ISA) from discussing the issue. 



However, a recent debate did take place, although a draft calling for a “dialogue” towards “the development of a general policy for the protection and preservation of the marine environment” failed to move forward after a week of discussions in Kingston, Jamaica.



Delegations from several countries, including China, Saudi Arabia, and the African group of member states, argued that the draft lacked clarity and that the full assembly of 168 members was not the appropriate forum to make decisions on protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-forms-dust-clouds-that-devastate-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



Instead, these countries suggested that the ISA's Council, comprised of 36 states, should make such decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discussions-have-been-delayed">Discussions have been delayed</h2>



Facing consistent opposition, Chile withdrew the draft measure as the assembly's annual session, which makes decisions by consensus, drew to a close.&nbsp;



“We are somewhat disappointed,” said Chilean representative Salvador Vega Telias. Although he believed he had majority support, he decided to delay the discussions until July 2025, a proposal that was also not approved.



Deep sea mining in international waters involves extracting minerals like nickel, cobalt, and copper from the ocean floor. These minerals are crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> technology. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-deep-sea-environment-nbsp">Protecting the deep sea environment&nbsp;</h2>



Under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the ISA is responsible for both protecting the seabed in areas beyond national jurisdictions and overseeing exploration or exploitation of resources in those zones. So far, deep sea mining has not progressed beyond the experimental and exploratory stage.



The ISA's Council, which currently only grants exploration contracts, has been working on commercial exploitation rules for over a decade, aiming to adopt a mining code in 2025.&nbsp;



Non-governmental organizations and scientists warn that deep sea mining could damage habitats and harm species that are not well understood but are potentially crucial to the food chain. They also highlight the risks of disrupting the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon emissions and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-marine-noise-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a> that could disturb species like whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploratory-contracts-have-been-secured">Exploratory contracts have been secured</h2>



Despite these concerns, many countries have secured exploratory contracts and conducted tests. Nauru, a small Pacific island nation, has pushed the ISA to allow exploitation applications even without a mining code.&nbsp;



Canada's <a href="https://metals.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Metals Company</a> (TMC) and its subsidiary Nauru Ocean Resources Inc (NORI) are preparing to submit an application to start commercial mining operations in the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone (CCZ) in the Pacific.



Nauru President David Adeang emphasized the necessity of responsible deep sea mineral development for the survival of Nauru and other small island developing states in a rapidly changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-demand-to-prohibit-deep-sea-mining-nbsp">Public demand to prohibit deep sea mining&nbsp;</h2>



Over 30 countries, including France, Canada, Chile, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, have called for a moratorium on deep sea mining. A recent study showed that the mineral-rich nodules targeted by mining companies produce oxygen, marking the first instance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/it-took-200-million-years-for-earth-to-get-its-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a> production by non-living sources without sunlight.



“Public demand and political support for stopping deep sea mining from harming the oceans has never been stronger,” said Louisa Casson, a campaigner with <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org/global/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenpeace</a>. 



“With the threat of a company applying to mine the oceans hanging over us all, it's clear that we need far greater urgency from governments at the ISA to turn these words into action.”



In this context, NGOs welcomed the election of Brazil's Leticia Carvalho to replace Michael Lodge of Britain as the ISA's secretary general in January 2025. Lodge had faced criticism for his pro-business stances and allegations of fund misuse by the ISA's leadership, which the ISA Secretariat has denied.



“This is a new chapter,” the<a href="https://deep-sea-conservation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Deep Sea Conservation Coalition</a> said. “Reforming the ISA to protect and manage the deep sea for the benefit of humankind is crucial.”



The recent developments highlight the intense global debate over deep sea mining and the urgent need for effective governance to balance economic interests with environmental protection.



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Deep sea mining debate intensifies as opponents face a setback

Opponents of deep sea mining faced a significant setback on...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...