Different,Types,Of,Non-dairy,Milk

Vegans who replace cow's milk with soy, almond, or other plant-based alternatives may face a higher chance of mental issues like depression and anxiety than individuals who drink cow’s milk regularly.



This finding emerged from a recent investigation of lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among hundreds of thousands of adults in the United Kingdom.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-well-being-of-milk-drinkers">Mental well-being of milk drinkers</h2>



Scientists explored how different milk types might be linked to mental and emotional well-being over more than a decade. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-gmo-plants-make-baby-formula-healthy-as-breast-milk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milk</a> is consumed by <a href="https://www.fao.org/dairy-production-products/products/milk-and-milk-products/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">billions of people</a> worldwide, making it a major part of daily diets.&nbsp;After reviewing participants’ intake habits, researchers noted intriguing contrasts in mental health. 



One group that stood out was semi-skimmed milk drinkers. According to data, they had lower rates of both anxiety and depression when compared to those who either consumed full-fat or plant-based alternatives. 



This observation piqued the interest of <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chunyan-Wu-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Chunying Wu</a> from <a href="https://portal.smu.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Medical University</a>, who authored the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-to-non-dairy-beverages">Shifting to non-dairy beverages</h2>



In recent years, many individuals have turned to non-dairy beverages. They cite environmental, health, or ethical concerns in their decision to avoid traditional cow’s milk. 



Yet <a href="https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Trade-General/Trade-Market-reports/Milk-alternatives-popularity-growing-in-the-US-February-2022.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> suggests some of these milk alternatives may not provide the same mental health benefits. One explanation involves nutritional content.&nbsp;



“Milk is a rich source of nutrients such as lactose, lipids, protein, and minerals, which are essential for maintaining human health,” wrote the scientists from Southern Medical University. 



Plant-based options, on the other hand, often differ in protein levels and might include added ingredients that influence mood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calcium-and-serotonin">Calcium and serotonin</h2>



Researchers found that cow’s milk <a href="https://www.adsa.org/About-ADSA/Media/Serotonin-found-to-be-an-important-factor-in-calcium-homeostasis-in-dairy-cows-November-16-2021" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delivers calcium</a> in a form that supports pathways involved in serotonin production. Serotonin, sometimes called the body’s “feel-good” molecule, helps regulate mood and stress responses.&nbsp;



“Serotonin is a chemical that plays a role in the brain with respect to mood and mental health. The most popular group of antidepressant medications promotes the absorption of serotonin,” the authors explained.&nbsp;



As a result, consistent calcium intake can potentially improve these natural coping mechanisms. Some plant-based milks also offer calcium, but the level and bioavailability may vary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saturated-versus-unsaturated-fats">Saturated versus unsaturated fats</h2>



Milk is rich in saturated fats. Semi-skimmed milk reduces the proportion of these fats but still retains valuable fatty acids that might help protect the <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11211382/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>. 



Compared to the full-fat version, semi-skimmed appears to occupy a middle ground of moderate fat content without the potential drawbacks of excess saturated fat.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, plant-based milk alternatives can sometimes include added sugars or other compounds that may have unexpected effects on mental well-being. 



These additives, while often enhancing taste or texture, may inadvertently interfere with the body's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breast-milk-lowers-asthma-risk-in-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural hormone regulation</a>, potentially impacting emotional stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-impact-on-dopamine">Potential impact on dopamine</h2>



In addition to serotonin, <a href="https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/dopamine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dopamine</a> plays a key part in focus and reward-related behavior. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4850606/#:~:text=Recent%20research%20has%20shown%20that,to%20be%20vulnerable%20to%20dysregulation." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Studies</a> have suggested that high levels of certain saturated fats can alter dopamine signaling, which may contribute to mood disorders.&nbsp;



Semi-skimmed milk, with its reduced saturated fat, may avoid some of these mental effects and maintain a healthier balance of essential nutrients. 



Scientists suggest this balance could hold the key to the lower rates of depression and anxiety seen among semi-skimmed milk consumers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-mental-health-benefits-of-milk">Varied mental health benefits of milk</h2>



While findings point to fewer mood challenges for people who choose semi-skimmed over other varieties, each individual’s mental health picture depends on much more than beverage choice. 



Genetics, life stressors, sleep, and socioeconomic circumstances all contribute.&nbsp;



Researchers emphasize that food-related decisions are just one facet of psychological well-being. They recommend that people remain mindful of their overall habits and consult healthcare professionals when making major dietary shifts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-considerations">Practical considerations</h2>



Experts often promote a balanced diet that combines fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and moderate dairy. Semi-skimmed milk could fit neatly into many people’s meal plans.&nbsp;



Individuals who prefer plant-based options may benefit from checking labels for calcium and protein levels, as well as added substances. 



Though no single approach will suit everyone, looking at subtle dietary factors might pay off for those hoping to support a healthy outlook.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-milk-s-mental-benefits">Future research on milk's mental benefits</h2>



Additional research may help clarify whether semi-skimmed milk truly provides extra mental health benefits.



Controlled clinical trials could investigate how this option affects depression or anxiety in different subgroups, such as older adults or those with pre-existing conditions.&nbsp;



Researchers also <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7178197/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">note</a> that genetics can make some people more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/raw-milk-could-carry-deadly-flu-viruses-for-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable</a> to certain dietary impacts. A closer look at these details might inform tailored recommendations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



Many are interested in how small tweaks to daily meals might lift or lower spirits. 



This study urges people to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-raw-milk-health-hazard-pasteurization-important/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pay attention to milk</a> choice, especially if they already feel down or tense. Substituting semi-skimmed for full-fat or plant-based beverages could make a subtle difference for some.&nbsp;



Experts look forward to future work that explores how simple changes in milk type and eating patterns might support better mental well-being. Further investigation of these connections may help people shape diets that support mental balance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1435435/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Nutrition</a>.



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Some types of plant-based milk are linked to mental disorders like depression

Vegans who replace cow's milk with soy, almond, or other plant-based alternatives may face a higher chance of mental issues like depression and anxiety than individuals who drink cow’s milk regularly. This finding emerged from a recent investigation of lifestyle patterns and mental health outcomes among hundreds of thousands of adults in the United Kingdom.&nbsp; Mental well-being of milk drinkers Scientists explored how different milk types might be linked to mental and emotional well-being over more than a decade. Milk is consumed by billions of people worldwide,...

A new study reveals fascinating insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-implant-may-allow-people-to-communicate-through-their-thoughts/">brain activity</a> of soccer fans, shedding light on the neural dynamics of fanaticism. The findings were presented at the annual meeting of the <a href="https://www.rsna.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radiological Society of North America</a> (RSNA).



The research delves into the emotional and behavioral responses of fans during a soccer match, highlighting how different patterns of brain activation are linked to both positive and negative reactions.



Dr. Francisco Zamorano Mendieta, who led the study, is a researcher in the Department of Imaging at Clínica Alemana de Santiago, and associate professor at Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



“This study aims to shed light on the behaviors and dynamics associated with extreme rivalry, aggression and social affiliation within and between groups of fanatics,” said Dr. Zamorano.&nbsp;



The investigation was focused on the brain mechanisms of 43 male football fans in Chile, where team loyalty and enthusiasm are particularly strong. The volunteers were devoted supporters of Chile's two major rival soccer teams.&nbsp;



While watching a compilation of 63 soccer goals, the brain activity of the participants was measured using fMRI, a noninvasive imaging technique that detects changes in the brain’s blood flow. The results showed that brain activity changed when the fan’s team succeeded or failed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



“When their team wins, the reward system in the brain is activated,” said Dr. Zamorano. “When they lose, the mentalization network can be activated, taking the fan to an introspective state. This may mitigate some of the pain of the loss."&nbsp;



"We also observed inhibition of the brain hub that connects the limbic system with frontal cortices, hampering the mechanism that regulates cognitive control and increasing the probability to fall into disruptive or violent behavior.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-group-think">Group think</h2>



According to Dr. Zamorano, the findings may shed light on social dynamics in all walks of life.



“People inherently crave social connections, be it through membership in a running club, participation in a book discussion group, or engagement in virtual forums,” he said.&nbsp;



“While these social bonds often form around shared beliefs, values and interests, there can also be an element of persuasive proselytism, or ‘group think,’ which may give rise to unreasoned beliefs and societal discord.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intense-emotional-investment-nbsp">Intense emotional investment&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Zamorano believes that the zealousness found among some sports fans can serve as a compelling example of intense emotional investment, occasional aggressive behavior and impaired rationality.



“Understanding the psychology of group identification and competition can shed light on decision-making processes and social dynamics, leading to a fuller comprehension of how societies operate."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity-nbsp">Unique opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Zamorano pointed out the challenges of researching fanaticism and partisanship, especially in areas like politics, ethnicity, and identity, where controversy often obscures the neurological underpinnings of extreme allegiance.&nbsp;



“Sports fandom, on the other hand, presents a unique opportunity to analyze how intense devotion affects neural activity in a less contentious context, particularly by highlighting the role of negative emotions, the related inhibitory control mechanisms and possible adaptative strategies,” said Dr. Zamorano.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fanaticism-nbsp">Fanaticism&nbsp;</h2>



Fanaticism is a fervent, often uncritical devotion or zeal towards a cause, idea, or group. It's characterized by intense and sometimes irrational enthusiasm, frequently leading to uncompromising and extreme behavior.&nbsp;



This level of devotion can be directed towards various areas, including sports, politics, religion, or cultural phenomena.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-nbsp">Psychology&nbsp;</h3>



The psychology behind fanaticism is complex and involves several aspects of human behavior and social dynamics. Key factors include a strong need for identity and belonging, where individuals align themselves passionately with a group or cause that they see as an extension of their identity.&nbsp;



This alignment often leads to a strong in-group versus out-group mentality, where fanatics may develop a deep loyalty to their group while being hostile or dismissive towards others.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-reinforcement-nbsp">Social reinforcement&nbsp;</h3>



Another aspect is the influence of social reinforcement. In groups of fanatics, certain behaviors and beliefs are often reinforced by peers, leading to a solidification of extreme positions. This can also lead to an echo chamber effect, where only the views of the in-group are heard and valued, further entrenching the fanatic's beliefs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-outcomes-nbsp">Extreme outcomes&nbsp;</h3>



Fanaticism can have a psychological impact on individuals. It can provide a sense of purpose, community, and even euphoria, especially when the group or cause experiences success or gains recognition.&nbsp;



However, it can also lead to negative outcomes, such as alienation from those outside the group, impaired judgment, and in extreme cases, aggression or violence, especially when the group perceives a threat or experiences a setback.



The study of fanaticism, particularly through the lens of neuroscience and psychology, provides valuable insights into how and why these intense beliefs and behaviors form, offering potential pathways for understanding and addressing the more harmful aspects of fanatic behavior.



The research will be presented next week at the annual meeting of the <a href="https://www.rsna.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radiological Society of North America</a>. 



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Sports fan or fanatic? Study reveals the brain activity behind fanaticism

A new study reveals fascinating insights into the brain activity...

Recent advancements and investments from tech giants like Jeff Bezos and Sam Altman have brought the possibility of significantly extending human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-aging-molecule-extends-lifespan-by-improving-cellular-health/">lifespans </a>closer than ever. However, this age-old pursuit of immortality is not without its detractors and ethical considerations.&nbsp;



For instance, Dr. Stephen Cave, a philosopher at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a>, has recently raised concerns about the impact of significantly prolonging human lifespans on the planet’s resources and societal structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reversing-the-aging-process-nbsp">Reversing the aging process&nbsp;</h2>



For centuries, the aspiration for eternal life has captivated humanity, leading to significant investment in anti-aging research.&nbsp;



Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, has invested in <a href="https://altoslabs.com/">Altos Labs</a>, a company focused on cell reprogramming technology to reverse the aging process. This endeavor, alongside other investments in similar fields, points to a potential new era of extended human life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-catastrophic-outcomes-nbsp">Catastrophic outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



However, Dr. Stephen Cave, who co-authored a book titled <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Should-You-Choose-to-Live-Forever-A-Debate/Cave-Fischer/p/book/9780367615406">Should You Choose to Live Forever? </a>with John Martin Fischer, expresses skepticism about the wisdom of such pursuits.&nbsp;



Dr. Cave suggests that attempts to radically lengthen lifespans could overburden Earth’s resources and potentially lead to catastrophic outcomes. His concerns highlight the complex ethical and environmental implications of life-extension technologies.



“If you think the planet is already at its carrying capacity for humans, or has maybe exceeded it – if you look at the destruction of biodiversity and habitat loss and climate change and so on – then obviously this could be absolutely catastrophic,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extending-the-human-lifespan-nbsp">Extending the human lifespan&nbsp;</h2>



Similarly, advancements in anti-aging therapies are also being explored in the scientific community. For example, Harvard scientists have developed an experimental therapy that rejuvenated cells in mice, potentially paving the way for anti-aging treatments in humans.&nbsp;



The therapy could help humans become biologically younger and more resilient against diseases. However, the practical and ethical implications of such research are still a matter of debate too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Thus, while the pursuit of anti-aging and extended lifespans opens up new possibilities for human health and longevity, it also raises significant ethical, environmental, and societal questions. As we advance in this field, it becomes crucial to consider the broader implications of such technologies on our planet and future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anti-aging-research">Anti-aging research</h2>



Anti-aging research encompasses a diverse range of scientific studies aimed at understanding and potentially reversing or slowing the aging process.&nbsp;



This field delves into the biological mechanisms of aging, exploring factors like cellular senescence, where cells lose their ability to divide, and telomere shortening, which is linked to cellular aging.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics">Genetics</h3>



One significant area of study is the role of genetics in aging. Researchers are examining how certain genes influence longevity and how genetic modifications could potentially extend the human lifespan.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifestyle-factors">Lifestyle factors</h3>



Another focus is on the impact of lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, on aging. Caloric restriction, for instance, has been shown in some studies to extend the lifespan of certain organisms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drugs">Drugs</h3>



There's also considerable interest in the development of drugs that can mimic the effects of caloric restriction without requiring changes to diet. Metformin, a drug used in diabetes treatment, is one example currently being studied for its potential anti-aging effects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regenerative-medicine-nbsp">Regenerative medicine&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, the field is exploring regenerative medicine, including the use of stem cells, to repair or replace aged tissues. Advances in biotechnology have opened new possibilities in this area, aiming to rejuvenate the body at a cellular level.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbiome-nbsp">Microbiome&nbsp;</h3>



The microbiome, the collection of microorganisms living in and on our bodies, is another area of interest. There's increasing evidence that the microbiome changes with age and may influence aging-related processes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-lifespan">Healthier lifespan</h3>



Research in this field is not just about extending lifespan but also about extending healthspan – the period of life spent in good health. The ultimate goal is to reduce the period of morbidity and frailty that often comes with old age, thus improving the quality of life for older individuals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



While anti-aging research holds promise, it's important to note that it's a complex field with many challenges. Much of the research is still in the early stages, and what works in model organisms like mice or yeast doesn't always translate to humans.&nbsp;



Ethical considerations also play a significant role in this research area, particularly when it comes to potential treatments and interventions.



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Extended human lifespans could be 'catastrophic' for our planet

Recent advancements and investments from tech giants like Jeff Bezos...

In a new study led by the <a href="https://www.isglobal.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barcelona Institute for Global Health</a> (ISGlobal), researchers have made a startling revelation about the impact of high temperatures on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hot-nights-could-increase-the-mortality-rate-by-60-percent/">mortality</a> in Europe last year. The study reveals that the number of heat-related deaths in Europe may have exceeded 70,000 during the summer of 2022.



In a previous study, the ISGlobal team had estimated that 62,862 premature deaths in Europe were linked to heat in 2022. This estimate was based on epidemiological models applied to weekly temperature and mortality data across 823 regions in 35 European countries. However, the experts acknowledged that this approach likely underestimated the true impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



In the new study, the researchers aimed to develop a theoretical framework to quantify errors in mortality estimations caused by using aggregated data, such as weekly or monthly temperature and mortality records.&nbsp;



The team compiled daily temperatures and mortality records from 147 regions in 16 European countries, and compared mortality estimates across various levels of data aggregation: daily, weekly, bi-weekly, and monthly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



Compared to the daily model, the models using longer aggregation periods had significantly underestimated the effects of heat and cold on mortality.&nbsp;



For instance, during 1998-2004, the daily model estimated an annual mortality of 290,104 for cold and 39,434 for heat-related deaths, while the weekly model underestimated these figures by 8.56 and 21.56 percent, respectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mortality-burden-nbsp">Mortality burden&nbsp;</h2>



“It is important to note that the differences were very small during periods of extreme cold and heat, such as the summer of 2003, when the underestimation by the weekly data model was only 4.62 percent,” explained Joan Ballester Claramunt, an ISGlobal researcher who leads the European Research Council’s EARLY-ADAPT project.



However, the differences in mortality estimates were still significant enough to warrant a revision of the mortality burden attributed to the 2022 heatwave.



By applying this new methodology, the researchers concluded that their earlier study had underestimated the 2022 heat-related deaths by 10.28 percent, revising the actual figure to 70,066.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



This study highlights the severe impact of extreme temperatures on public health. The results emphasize the importance of improving data collection and analysis methods for more accurate and timely responses to rising temperatures.



“In general, we do not find models based on monthly aggregated data useful for estimating the short-term effects of ambient temperatures,” explained Ballester. “However, models based on weekly data do offer sufficient precision in mortality estimates to be useful in real-time practice in epidemiological surveillance and to inform public policies such as, for example, the activation of emergency plans for reducing the impact of heat waves and cold spells.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-related-deaths">Heat-related deaths</h2>



Heat-related deaths, a critical concern in the context of global climate change, represent a growing challenge for public health systems worldwide. As global temperatures rise, the frequency and intensity of heatwaves are increasing, leading to a significant upsurge in heat-related mortality.&nbsp;



This phenomenon is particularly evident in regions like Europe, where historically milder climates are experiencing unprecedented temperature highs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direct-effects">Direct effects</h3>



Heat-related deaths occur when the body, overwhelmed by excessive heat, is unable to regulate its internal temperature. This can lead to a cascade of health issues, including heatstroke, dehydration, and exacerbation of pre-existing health conditions like cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.&nbsp;



Vulnerable populations, such as older people, children, and those with chronic illnesses, are at a higher risk.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indirect-effects">Indirect effects</h3>



The impact of heat on mortality is not just direct; it also indirectly affects health through worsening air quality, increasing the prevalence of vector-borne diseases, and exacerbating mental health issues.&nbsp;



Urban areas, with their "heat island" effect due to dense infrastructure and limited green spaces, often record higher temperatures and, consequently, higher heat-related health issues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-strategies-nbsp">Public health strategies&nbsp;</h3>



In Europe, the recent increases in heat-related deaths have prompted a reevaluation of public health strategies. Governments and health agencies are now focusing on improving warning systems for heatwaves, establishing public cooling centers, and enhancing public awareness about the dangers of high temperatures.&nbsp;



These efforts are crucial in protecting the most vulnerable populations and mitigating the overall impact of heat on public health.



Furthermore, there's an increasing emphasis on the long-term strategies to combat climate change and its effects. This includes urban planning initiatives to increase green spaces and improve building designs for better natural cooling, as well as broader environmental policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions and slowing global warming.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100779" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Regional Health - Europe</a>.



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More than 70,000 deaths in Europe were heat-related in 2022

In a new study led by the Barcelona Institute for...

3d,Printer,Print,Burger,On,A,White,Background,3d,Rendering

Engineers at <a href="https://www.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> are exploring the potential benefits and challenges of 3D food printing. This emerging technology, involving cooking devices such as 3D printers, lasers, and software-driven processes, could soon revolutionize our kitchens, potentially replacing conventional appliances like ovens and microwaves.



Jonathan Blutinger, a postdoctoral fellow at Columbia's Creative Machines Lab, along with Professor Hod Lipson and Professor Christen Cooper from Pace University Nutrition and Dietetics, have examined the complexities of this technology in a recent article published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41538-023-00182-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">npj Science of Food</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-achievement">Significant achievement</h2>



The researchers investigated the potential of 3D-printed food to enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/proper-nutrition-in-the-first-1000-days-of-life-is-crucial/">nutrition</a>, improve food safety, and offer customizable meal options.



A significant achievement of Blutinger’s team was their development of a 3D-printing system capable of creating multi-layered food items, such as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Food-printing-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex cheesecake</a> composed of seven different ingredients, including peanut butter, Nutella, and strawberry jam. 



This breakthrough challenges the previous limitations of 3D food printing, which was restricted to uncooked ingredients and often resulted in unappealing dishes.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="eIQAfhHgQg-3187253-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-customizing-nutrition-nbsp">Customizing nutrition&nbsp;</h2>



One of the most striking aspects of this technology is its potential to customize nutrition. As Professor Cooper noted, while 3D-printed food is still processed, it offers an opportunity for more precise nutrient control, which can be especially beneficial for individuals with specific dietary needs.&nbsp;



This aspect of personalization is particularly relevant in the context of plant-based meat alternatives, where texture and flavor are critical.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-nbsp">Health implications&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers also emphasized the health implications of 3D food printing. “We have an enormous problem with the low-nutrient value of processed foods,” said Cooper.&nbsp;



“3D food printing will still turn out processed foods, but perhaps the silver lining will be, for some people, better control and tailoring of nutrition--personalized nutrition. It may also be useful in making food more appealing to those with swallowing disorders by mimicking the shapes of real foods with the pureed texture foods that these patients--millions in the U.S. alone--require.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-food-experiences-nbsp">Unique food experiences&nbsp;</h2>



Another promising avenue is the use of laser cooking with 3D food printing, allowing for precise flavors and textures.&nbsp;



This can create unique food experiences and cater to specific dietary restrictions, making meal planning more convenient for various groups, including athletes and individuals in nursing homes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-remain-nbsp">Challenges remain&nbsp;</h2>



However, challenges remain in commercializing 3D food printing. “Because 3D food printing is still a nascent technology, it needs an ecosystem of supporting industries such as food cartridge manufacturers, downloadable recipe files, and an environment in which to create and share these recipes," said Blutinger.



Furthermore, the experts noted that printed food will likely require novel ingredient compositions due to the unique assembly process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-safety">Food safety</h2>



The technology could also improve food safety, which is especially relevant in the post-COVID-19 era. "With more emphasis on food safety following the COVID-19 pandemic, food prepared with less human handling could lower the risk of foodborne illness and disease transmission. This seems like a win-win concept for all of us," said Blutinger.



While 3D-printed food technology holds immense promise for transforming how we cook and consume food, it also presents a range of challenges that need to be addressed. The Columbia team is paving the way for further research and development in this exciting field.



Image Credit: Jonathan Blutinger/Columbia Engineering



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Sci-fi comes to life: 3D food printing could revolutionize our kitchens

Engineers at Columbia University are exploring the potential benefits and...

A study conducted by <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a> psychologists has provided significant insights into how emotions, especially those elicited by music, play a crucial role in forming memories. 



The study reveals that emotional responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-prevent-brain-aging-and-cognitive-decline/">music</a> can transform neutral experiences into memorable events, offering potential therapeutic applications for individuals with PTSD and depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



For the investigation, the experts manipulated the emotions of volunteers through music while they performed simple tasks on a computer. This manipulation led to the creation of distinct, durable memories.&nbsp;



The research team, including lead author Mason McClay and corresponding author David Clewett, found that emotional changes induced by music created clear boundaries between different experiences, enhancing memory recall.



“Changes in emotion evoked by music created boundaries between episodes that made it easier for people to remember what they had seen and when they had seen it,” said McClay. “We think this finding has great therapeutic promise for helping people with PTSD and depression.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memory-formation-nbsp">Memory formation&nbsp;</h2>



The process of memory formation is complex, involving both the integration of memories into individualized episodes and their subsequent expansion and separation. This balance is critical for understanding and finding meaning in experiences and retaining information.&nbsp;



“It’s like putting items into boxes for long-term storage,” said Clewett. “When we need to retrieve a piece of information, we open the box that holds it. What this research shows is that emotions seem to be an effective box for doing this sort of organization and for making memories more accessible.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-responses-nbsp">Emotional responses&nbsp;</h2>



An interesting aspect of the study is the use of custom-composed music to evoke specific emotions like joy, anxiety, sadness, or calmness.&nbsp;



Participants were tasked with creating narratives for neutral images while tracking their emotional responses. The study revealed that emotional changes, whether of high, low, or medium intensity, impacted how participants remembered the timing and order of these images.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



The research also highlights the significance of the direction of emotional change. Positive shifts in emotion were found to enhance memory integration, while negative shifts tended to separate and expand memories.&nbsp;



Moreover, the researchers noted that participants had better long-term memory for moments when their emotions changed, particularly during intense positive experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-based-therapy">Music-based therapy</h2>



Matthew Sachs from Columbia University emphasized the potential of music as an intervention technique.&nbsp;



"Most music-based therapies for disorders rely on the fact that listening to music&nbsp; can help patients relax or feel enjoyment, which reduces negative emotional symptoms," said Sachs.



"The benefits of music-listening in these cases are therefore secondary and indirect. Here, we are suggesting a possible mechanism by which emotionally dynamic music might be able to directly treat the memory issues that characterize such disorders.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Clewett said these findings could help people reintegrate the memories that have caused post-traumatic stress disorder.



“If traumatic memories are not stored away properly, their contents will come spilling out when the closet door opens, often without warning. This is why ordinary events, such as fireworks, can trigger flashbacks of traumatic experiences, such as surviving a bombing or gunfire,” said Clewett.



“We think we can deploy positive emotions, possibly using music, to help people with PTSD put that original memory in a box and reintegrate it, so that negative emotions don’t spill over into everyday life.”



The research was supported by the National Science Foundation, UCLA and Columbia University.



The findings are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42241-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Emotions inspired by music shape our most enduring memories

A study conducted by UCLA psychologists has provided significant insights...

In a new study from <a href="https://www.colostate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado State University</a>, researchers have uncovered the pervasive and inequitable impact of urban noise pollution, revealing a disturbing link to historical practices of racial discrimination.&nbsp;



The study represents a significant advancement in our understanding of how systemic injustices, particularly redlining, continue to shape our urban ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-racial-discrimination">Racial discrimination</h2>



Redlining, a discriminatory practice initiated in 1933 by the Home Owners' Loan Corporation, involved grading neighborhoods based on race and wealth.&nbsp;



Wealthier and predominantly white neighborhoods received favorable grades, while diverse, lower-income communities were encircled in red, marking them as undesirable for investment. Though outlawed in 1968, the repercussions of this practice are still evident today, particularly in the distribution and intensity of urban noise pollution.



Sara Bombaci is an assistant professor at CSU's Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology and the lead author of the study. She emphasized the importance of considering these systemic injustices when examining ecological and evolutionary impacts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-noise-levels">Heightened noise levels</h2>



The study revealed that neighborhoods which were historically redlined experience significantly higher levels of noise pollution today. Specifically, grade D neighborhoods endure maximum noise levels 17% higher than their grade A counterparts. 



For humans, prolonged exposure to high levels of noise can lead to a range of health issues. These include hearing impairment, stress-related illnesses, sleep disturbances, cardiovascular problems, and a diminished quality of life. Children, older adults, and those with pre-existing health conditions are particularly vulnerable to these effects.



Noise pollution also disturbs wildlife, affecting communication, reproduction, and survival strategies. For instance, birds may alter their song frequencies to compete with urban noise, which can impact mating calls and territory defense. Other animals might avoid noisy areas altogether, leading to habitat fragmentation and reduced biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-noise-distribution">Urban noise distribution</h2>



The research team analyzed urban noise distribution across historical racial divisions in 83 U.S. cities, alongside a comprehensive review of hundreds of studies on the impacts of noise on wildlife.&nbsp;



The study is the first of its kind to explicitly link noise pollution with redlining, offering a clear example of how environmental issues intersect with social injustices.&nbsp;



The findings are alarming: Not only are communities in redlined areas suffering from higher levels of noise, but this noise is also above the levels known to cause significant health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-problem-nbsp">Addressing the problem&nbsp;</h2>



Addressing this injustice is not simply a matter of reducing noise levels. Bombaci argues for a holistic approach to urban planning that integrates noise mitigation into the development of green spaces and parks.



Cities like Denver are working toward equitable planning to improve access to parks and green space in underserved communities. Bombaci said noise should be considered in those plans.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"If we're adding green space without mitigating impacts of noise, we might not be fully recognizing the benefits of these green spaces,” she said.&nbsp;



According to Bombaci, wildlife might not bounce back in urban green space if noise pollution remains a problem, but noise mitigation can help. Conservation funding and urban planning can benefit both people and wildlife.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-noise-pollution">Urban noise pollution</h2>



Urban noise pollution is an increasingly recognized environmental concern, characterized by unwanted or harmful outdoor sound created by human activities, including traffic, construction, industrial, and recreational noises.&nbsp;



This type of pollution is prevalent in urban environments, where the density of population and development leads to a greater concentration of noise sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources">Sources</h3>



The sources of urban noise are varied. Traffic noise is a significant contributor, especially near roads and highways. Industrial activities, such as manufacturing and construction, also play a role, often contributing not just to the volume of noise but also to its persistent nature.&nbsp;



Recreational noise from public events, music venues, and nightlife can further exacerbate the situation, particularly in densely populated urban centers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-strategies-nbsp">Mitigation strategies&nbsp;</h3>



Addressing urban noise pollution requires a multifaceted approach. Urban planning and design play crucial roles, including the creation of noise barriers, strategic placement of green spaces, and zoning regulations that separate residential areas from major noise sources.&nbsp;



The adoption of quieter technologies in transportation and industry, along with enforcing strict noise control regulations, is essential. Public awareness and education about the impacts of noise pollution may also help to mitigate this issue.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02257-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Inequitable impacts of urban noise pollution harm people and wildlife

In a new study from Colorado State University, researchers have...

Drinking,Wine,Alone.,Sad,Mature,Woman,Being,Alone,At,Home

Red wine, a popular choice for festive occasions like Thanksgiving, is known for its rich flavor and potential health benefits. However, it also brings an unpleasant experience for some – the dreaded "red wine headache." 



A recent study by scientists at the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>, delves into the reasons behind this phenomenon, particularly in individuals who do not experience headaches from other alcoholic drinks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quercetin-and-red-wine-headaches">Quercetin and red wine headaches</h2>



The research focuses on a specific flavanol found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscadine-wine-improves-elasticity-in-aging-skin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red wine</a> -- quercetin. Commonly present in various fruits and vegetables, quercetin is a celebrated antioxidant, even available as a dietary supplement. 



However, its interaction with alcohol in the bloodstream can cause issues. Wine chemist Andrew Waterhouse is a professor emeritus at UC Davis’s Department of Viticulture and Enology. He explains, “When it gets in your bloodstream, your body converts it to a different form called quercetin glucuronide. In that form, it blocks the metabolism of alcohol.”



The study's lead author is Apramita Devi, a postdoctoral researcher at UC Davis. Devi points out that this interference leads to the accumulation of acetaldehyde, a well-known toxin. 



“Acetaldehyde is a well-known toxin, irritant and inflammatory substance,” said Devi. “Researchers know that high levels of acetaldehyde can cause facial flushing, headache and nausea.”



These symptoms are similar to the effects experienced by individuals taking disulfiram, a medication prescribed to deter alcohol consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-and-red-wine-headaches">Genetics and red wine headaches</h2>



Co-author Morris Levin, a neurology professor and director of the <a href="https://www.ucsfhealth.org/clinics/headache-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Headache Center</a> at the University of California, San Francisco, suggests a link between these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-wine-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red wine</a> headaches and genetic factors. Approximately 40% of the East Asian population possesses an enzyme less effective at breaking down acetaldehyde, increasing their vulnerability to these symptoms.



“We postulate that when susceptible people <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wine-drinking-in-the-americas-traced-back-to-the-15th-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consume wine</a> with even modest amounts of quercetin, they develop headaches, particularly if they have a preexisting migraine or another primary headache condition,” said Levin. “We think we are finally on the right track toward explaining this millennia-old mystery.&nbsp; The next step is to test it scientifically on people who develop these headaches, so stay tuned.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wine-production-and-grape-cultivation">Wine production and grape cultivation</h2>



Waterhouse notes that quercetin levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/foods-rich-in-flavanols-can-help-burn-excess-fat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red wine</a> can vary significantly, influenced by factors like grape exposure to sunlight and wine production methods. For example, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-wine-grapes-have-unexpected-gut-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grapes</a> grown with exposed clusters, as in Napa Valley cabernets, tend to have higher quercetin levels.



“Quercetin is produced by the grapes in response to sunlight,” Waterhouse said. “If you grow grapes with the clusters exposed, such as they do in the Napa Valley for their cabernets, you get much higher levels of quercetin. In some cases, it can be four to five times higher.”



A small human clinical trial, funded by the <a href="https://www.winespectator.com/tags/wine-spectator-scholarship-foundation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wine Spectator Scholarship Foundation</a> and led by UCSF, is in the pipeline. This trial aims to test the red wine headache theory on people, comparing wines with high and low quercetin levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanswered-questions">Unanswered questions</h2>



Despite these findings, several questions remain. The exact reason why some individuals are more prone to red wine headaches than others is still unclear. Researchers are uncertain whether it's the individual's enzymes being more susceptible to quercetin's effects or a higher sensitivity to acetaldehyde buildup.



In summary, this study marks a significant step in unraveling the mystery behind red wine headaches. As Waterhouse concludes, “If our hypothesis pans out, then we will have the tools to start addressing these important questions.” 



The research not only sheds light on a long-standing enigma but also paves the way for more personalized approaches to enjoying red wine without the fear of headaches.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46203-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Why red wine gives some people a headache

Red wine, a popular choice for festive occasions like Thanksgiving,...

A new study suggests that an increase in visceral abdominal fat in middle age could be linked to the onset of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-link-between-sex-hormones-and-alzheimers-disease/">Alzheimer’s disease</a>. This fat, which surrounds internal organs in the belly, has been associated with brain changes that occur up to 15 years before Alzheimer’s disease’s earliest memory loss symptoms.



According to the Alzheimer’s Association, over six million Americans are currently living with Alzheimer’s, and this number is expected to rise to nearly 13 million by 2050. The disease disproportionately affects women, with one in five women and one in ten men likely to develop it in their lifetime.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-alzheimer-s-risks-nbsp">Early Alzheimer’s risks&nbsp;</h2>



Researchers aimed to identify early Alzheimer’s risks by assessing the association between brain MRI volumes, amyloid and tau uptake on positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and factors like body mass index (BMI), obesity, insulin resistance, and abdominal fat in a cognitively normal midlife population. Amyloid and tau are proteins believed to disrupt communication between brain cells.



“No prior study has linked a specific type of fat to the actual Alzheimer’s disease protein in cognitively normal people,” said study author Mahsa Dolatshahi, M.D., M.P.H., a post-doctoral research fellow at the <a href="https://www.mir.wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology</a> (MIR) at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. 



“Similar studies have not investigated the differential role of visceral and subcutaneous fat, especially in terms of Alzheimer’s amyloid pathology, as early as midlife.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



For the cross-sectional study, researchers analyzed data from 54 cognitively healthy participants, aged 40 to 60 years, with an average BMI of 32. They underwent various tests, including glucose and insulin measurements, glucose tolerance tests, and abdominal MRI to measure the volume of subcutaneous and visceral fat.&nbsp;



Brain MRI measured cortical thickness in regions affected by Alzheimer’s, and PET scans examined disease pathology in 32 participants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



The study found that a higher visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio was associated with increased amyloid PET tracer uptake in the precuneus cortex, a region affected early by Alzheimer’s.&nbsp;



This relationship was more pronounced in men than in women. Researchers also found that higher visceral fat measurements relate to an increased burden of inflammation in the brain.



“Inflammatory secretions of visceral fat - as opposed to potentially protective effects of subcutaneous fat - may lead to inflammation in the brain, one of the main mechanisms contributing to Alzheimer’s disease,” explained Dr. Dolatshahi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Senior author Dr. Cyrus A. Raji is an associate professor of Radiology and Neurology, and director of neuromagnetic resonance imaging at the Mallinckrodt Institute. Dr. Raji noted the implications of these findings for early diagnosis and intervention.



“This study highlights a key mechanism by which hidden fat can increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease,” he said. “It shows that such brain changes occur as early as age 50, on average - up to 15 years before the earliest memory loss symptoms of Alzheimer’s occur.”



Dr. Raji suggested that targeting visceral abdominal fat could be a potential method to modify the risk of future brain inflammation and dementia.



“By moving beyond body mass index in better characterizing the anatomical distribution of body fat on MRI, we now have a uniquely better understanding of why this factor may increase risk for Alzheimer’s disease,” he concluded.



The study will be presented next week at the <a href="https://www.rsna.org/annual-meeting">annual meeting</a> of the <a href="https://www.rsna.org/">Radiological Society of North America</a> (RSNA).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visceral-abdominal-fat-nbsp">Visceral abdominal fat&nbsp;</h2>



Visceral abdominal fat, often referred to as visceral fat, is a type of body fat that's stored within the abdominal cavity. It's located near several vital organs, including the liver, stomach, and intestines, which makes its presence more concerning than subcutaneous fat, the fat that's found under the skin.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-concerns">Primary concerns</h3>



One of the primary reasons visceral fat is a health concern is due to its active nature. Unlike subcutaneous fat, visceral fat functions almost like an organ itself, releasing hormones and substances that can affect your body negatively. These secretions can lead to inflammation and can negatively impact insulin sensitivity, potentially leading to insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes.



Moreover, high levels of abdominal fat are associated with a greater risk of serious health issues, such as heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. It's also linked to a higher risk of metabolic disorders and conditions like sleep apnea.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-exercise-nbsp">Diet and exercise&nbsp;</h3>



Interestingly, visceral fat is also more responsive to diet and exercise than subcutaneous fat. This means that lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity and a healthier diet, can be quite effective in reducing visceral fat levels.&nbsp;



People often see improvements in their visceral fat levels and related health risks with weight loss, particularly when it's achieved through a combination of diet and exercise.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-visceral-fat-nbsp">Controlling visceral fat&nbsp;</h3>



It's important to note that while body mass index (BMI) is a common measure of body fat, it doesn't differentiate between types of fat. Therefore, someone with a normal BMI could still have a high level of abdominal fat, making it important to focus on overall health and lifestyle rather than just weight or BMI numbers.&nbsp;



Regular exercise, a balanced diet, adequate sleep, and stress management are key factors in controlling visceral fat levels.



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Hidden abdominal fat linked to Alzheimer’s disease

A new study suggests that an increase in visceral abdominal...

Using a cutting-edge, minimally invasive technique, researchers are on the brink of a breakthrough in treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-covid-is-not-a-single-condition-but-a-spectrum-of-evolving-symptoms/">long COVID</a> patients who have lost their sense of smell. This promising development will be presented at the upcoming annual meeting of the <a href="https://www.rsna.org/annual-meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radiological Society of North America</a> (RSNA).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-covid-parosmia">Post-COVID parosmia</h2>



Parosmia, a condition that disrupts the normal functioning of smell, has emerged as a prevalent symptom among COVID-19 sufferers. Recent studies reveal that up to 60 percent of COVID-19 patients experience this condition.&nbsp;



While many recover their olfactory senses over time, a subset of long COVID patients continues to struggle with these symptoms for an extended period, impacting their appetite and overall quality of life.



“Post-COVID parosmia is common and increasingly recognized,” said lead author Adam C. Zoga, M.D., M.B.A., a professor of Musculoskeletal Radiology at <a href="https://www.jeffersonhealth.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jefferson Health</a> in Philadelphia. “Patients can develop a distaste for foods and drinks they used to enjoy.”



In addition to a distorted sense of smell, some affected individuals may experience phantosmia, where they perceive smells that are not present in their environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellate-ganglion-block-nbsp">Stellate ganglion block&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers focused on the effectiveness of CT-guided stellate ganglion block as a potential remedy for persistent post-COVID parosmia. The stellate ganglia, part of the autonomic nervous system, are nerve clusters located on each side of the neck, playing a role in sending signals to various parts of the upper body.



In their approach, the team employed a stellate ganglion block, a procedure involving the injection of anesthetic directly into the ganglion to activate the regional autonomic nervous system. This quick, minimally invasive technique requires no sedation or pain relief.&nbsp;



Previously, stellate ganglion block has been applied in treating diverse conditions like cluster headaches, phantom limb pain, Raynaud’s and Meniere’s syndromes, angina, and cardiac arrhythmia.



“Parosmia has previously been reported as a rare disorder occurring after brain trauma, brain surgery, stroke, viral syndromes, and with some head and neck tumors,” Zoga explained. The team was initially uncertain about the procedure’s efficacy for parosmia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



In the study, 54 patients with at least six months of persistent post-COVID parosmia, unresponsive to conventional treatments, were referred for the procedure. Using CT guidance, the researchers accurately positioned a spinal needle at the neck base for the injection. They included a corticosteroid dose with the anesthetic, hypothesizing that COVID-19 might trigger nerve inflammation.



“The initial patient had a tremendously positive outcome, almost immediately, with continued improvement to the point of symptom resolution at four weeks,” Zoga said. The trial witnessed significant outcomes, including near-total resolution of phantosmia in some patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



Among the 37 patients (65 percent) followed up, 22 (59 percent) reported symptom improvement within a week post-injection. Of these, 18 (82 percent) experienced substantial ongoing improvement a month after the procedure. At three months, these 22 patients noted an average 49 percent symptom improvement.



A second injection was administered to 26 patients on the opposite neck side after a six-week gap. While ineffective for those unresponsive to the first injection, 86 percent of those who had initial improvement reported further progress post-second injection. No complications or adverse events were reported.



“Other treatments have failed to date. This injection is working,” Zoga concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-long-covid">More about long COVID</h2>



Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), refers to a range of symptoms that continue for weeks or even months after the acute phase of a COVID-19 infection has resolved.



This phenomenon has been observed in a subset of individuals who have contracted the COVID-19 virus, caused by SARS-CoV-2.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



Long COVID can affect nearly any organ system. Symptoms include fatigue, brain fog or cognitive impairment, shortness of breath, chest pain, joint or muscle pain, depression or anxiety, fever, loss of taste or smell, and more. These symptoms may fluctuate or relapse over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unknown-cause">Unknown cause</h3>



While the exact cause of long COVID was not yet known, it’s thought to be a combination of factors. These include direct damage caused by the virus, a prolonged inflammatory response, an autoimmune response, or persistent presence of low-level virus.



The probability of developing long COVID does not necessarily correlate with the severity of the initial infection. Even individuals with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 can experience these prolonged symptoms.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-concern">Public health concern</h3>



Long COVID has been increasingly recognized as a significant public health concern. For some individuals, this condition can significantly impact the quality of life and ability to perform daily activities or work.



There is ongoing research into long COVID, including its causes, risk factors, and potential treatments. Care for patients involves managing symptoms and supportive treatments.



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Simple treatment restores sense of smell in long COVID patients

Using a cutting-edge, minimally invasive technique, researchers are on the...

Researchers at <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> and Arizona State University have made a significant breakthrough in increasing adoption rates for shelter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-behavioral-journey-of-recently-adopted-shelter-dogs/">dogs</a>. Supported by a $1.7 million grant from Maddie’s Fund, the study reveals that short-term fostering programs greatly enhance the chances of shelter dog adoption.



Time spent out of the kennel and in a foster caregiver’s home can reduce physiological measures of stress in shelter dogs. The research team, led by Erica Feuerbacher and Lisa Gunter, explored the impact of brief outings and overnight fostering on adoption outcomes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



The results showed that brief outings increased the likelihood of adoption by five times, while temporary fostering boosted the chances of adoption by more than 14 times.&nbsp;



According to the researchers, these programs were more successful when a greater proportion of community members were providing outings and stays to the shelters’ dogs as well as when these programs were carried out by shelters with more resources.



“Our data show that these programs can help the dogs not only have an improved experience in the shelter, but also dramatically increase their likelihood of adoption, and for the shelters that get their communities involved in brief outings and temporary fostering stays, better performing programs,” said Gunter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Over the course of four years, 85 shelter partners helped the research team carry out studies on brief outings, temporary stays, foster caregiving during the pandemic, weeklong fostering, and safety net fostering for pets whose owners were experiencing hardship.



The team analyzed data from 51 animal shelters across the United States, involving 1,955 dogs in fostering interventions and 25,946 control dogs.&nbsp;



The data revealed that four percent of people involved in foster outings adopted the dog, and this number jumped to about 12 percent for overnight stays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement-nbsp">Community engagement&nbsp;</h2>



Significantly, the majority of adopters were not the foster caregivers, indicating the broader community engagement fostered by these programs.



“We saw that the majority of people adopting the dogs weren’t the caregivers that were taking the dogs on outings or letting them stay in their homes. These dogs were being seen in the community, meeting new people, and caregivers were sharing their stories,” Gunter said. “This increased exposure likely helped the dogs find their adopters.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-benefits">Dual benefits</h2>



Feuerbacher noted the dual benefits of fostering programs: reducing stress and increasing adoption rates.&nbsp;



"It’s a really exciting finding. Our prior work showed how beneficial sleepovers were for reducing dogs’ stress,” said Feuerbacher. “It’s wonderful to know that it also helps them get adopted.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-welfare">Dog welfare</h2>



The research also suggests that these programs are especially beneficial for dogs that require more assistance in finding homes. Clive Wynne, who led the project at Arizona State University, highlighted the ease of implementation for shelters and the significant impact on dog welfare and adoption rates.



“It’s great news that even short-term fostering has positive impacts on shelter dogs’ welfare and helps them get adopted because there are so many dogs in shelters in the United States and even the best shelters are not good places for dogs to be living,” said Wynne.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The findings emphasize the need for resources and education for shelters to effectively implement fostering programs.&nbsp;



“These kinds of fostering programs can save the lives of dogs in shelters,” said Gunter. “Currently, shelters are struggling with dog adoptions, and we have evidence that these programs support placement into homes, which in turn can help shelters help more dogs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shelter-dogs">Shelter dogs&nbsp;</h2>



Shelter dogs come from a variety of backgrounds, each with a unique story. Many are strays or lost pets, discovered wandering or brought in by concerned citizens.&nbsp;



Others are surrendered by their owners due to personal or financial hardships, lifestyle changes, or health issues. In some cases, these dogs are rescued from situations of neglect or abuse, requiring special care and rehabilitation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-behavior-nbsp">Health and behavior&nbsp;</h3>



When it comes to their health and behavior, shelter dogs often face several challenges. Many arrive with medical problems, ranging from minor concerns like fleas and ticks to more serious health conditions.&nbsp;



Behavioral challenges are also common, as past traumas or a lack of socialization can lead to a range of issues. Shelters work diligently to address these problems, often providing medical treatment and behavioral training to prepare dogs for adoption.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



Shelters are home to dogs of all ages, from playful puppies to serene seniors, each with its own specific needs and charms. The life in a shelter can be stressful for dogs due to the unfamiliar environment, the presence of many other animals, and the lack of consistent human companionship.&nbsp;



Despite these challenges, shelter staff and volunteers work tirelessly to provide care, love, and attention, helping these dogs become ready for their forever homes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-nbsp">Public awareness&nbsp;</h3>



The role of shelters is not just to house these animals but to rehabilitate and rehome them. This includes conducting assessments to understand each dog's personality and needs, ensuring a good match with potential adopters.&nbsp;



Public awareness and adoption campaigns are critical in finding these dogs new homes, as is community support through volunteering, donations, and fostering programs.



Shelter dogs often come with a story of resilience and hope. With the right support and strategies, they can find loving homes and enrich the lives of their adopters. By adopting a shelter dog, people not only save a life but often find a loyal and grateful companion.



The research is published in the journal Animals.



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Fostering programs greatly enhance shelter dog adoptions

Researchers at Virginia Tech and Arizona State University have made...

Researchers have identified significant changes in children's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-implant-may-allow-people-to-communicate-through-their-thoughts/">brain</a> structure and function associated with screen time. The experts report that time spent watching television or playing computer games in childhood has measurable and long-term effects on the brain.&nbsp;



The study is based on an extensive analysis of 33 neuroimaging studies spanning 23 years and involving over 30,000 children under 12. This comprehensive review highlights both the positive and negative impacts of digital technology on young minds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-brain-function">Impact on brain function</h2>



The analysis pinpointed changes in the following brain regions due to screen time:



The analysis pinpointed changes in the following brain regions due to screen time:



<ul>
<li>Pre-frontal cortex: Involved in executive functions like working memory and flexible response to situations.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Parietal lobe: Processes sensory information such as touch and temperature.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Temporal lobe: Key for memory, hearing, and language.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Occipital lobe: Crucial for visual information interpretation.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-results-nbsp">Mixed results&nbsp;</h2>



While some negative impacts, such as decreased attention, executive control, and cognitive processes, were noted, there were also positive influences.&nbsp;



"About 23 studies reported the impact of digital experiences on the function of children’s brains. Among them, six studies reported positive effects, 15 studies demonstrated negative ones, and two reported mixed results," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



Certain studies pointed to improved focus and learning abilities, particularly in the frontal lobe. Video gaming, in particular, was shown to potentially enhance cognitive skills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-function-and-structure">Brain function and structure</h2>



Meanwhile, other studies revealed the negative impact of digital experience on children’s brain function, including functional connectivity.



"About nine studies reported the impact of digital experiences on the structure of young children’s brains. Two studies reported no impact, five demonstrated negative ones, and two reported mixed results," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-screen-time-nbsp">Screen time&nbsp;</h2>



“It should be recognized by both educators and caregivers that children's cognitive development may be influenced by their digital experiences,” said study co-author Professor Hui Li from the <a href="https://www.eduhk.hk/zht/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Education University of Hong Kong</a>.&nbsp;



“Limiting their screen time is an effective but confronting way, and more innovative, friendly, and practical strategies could be developed and implemented.



“Those in policymaking positions should supply suitable guidance, involvement and backing for children's digital use.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-conclusion">Study conclusion</h2>



"In summary, this scoping review has achieved three major conclusions," wrote the researchers. "First, digital experience does have positive and negative impacts on children’s brains, structurally and functionally."



"Second, digital experience could cause structural and functional changes in children’s frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, brain connectivity, and brain networks. And the most vulnerable area is the prefrontal cortex and its associated executive function."&nbsp;



"Third, digital experience has positive and negative impacts on children’s brain structure longitudinally."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



Despite the insightful findings, the researchers acknowledge limitations due to the evolving nature of the field and technology.&nbsp;



They recommend future studies, especially longitudinal research, to understand better the long-term impact of digital media on brain functions and development.



This research underscores the profound influence of digital technology on children's brains. It calls for a balanced approach, recognizing both the potential benefits and risks.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



“This investigation contains significant implications for practical improvement and policymaking. Foremost, it should be recognized by both educators and caregivers that children’s cognitive development may be influenced by their digital experiences. As such, they should supply suitable guidance, involvement, and backing for children’s digital use," said study lead author Dr. Dandan Wu of the Education University of Hong Kong.



“It is imperative for policymakers to develop and execute policies grounded in empirical evidence to safeguard and enhance brain development in children as they navigate the digital era."



“This could involve offering resources and incentives for the creation and examination of digital interventions aimed at bolstering brain growth in children.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2023.2278117" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early Education and Development</a>.



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How screen time changes the brain structure of children

Researchers have identified significant changes in children's brain structure and...

Air filtration systems, considered crucial in reducing the spread of viral infections indoors, may not be as effective as previously thought, according to a study from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a>.



Air filtration systems gained significant attention during the COVID-19 pandemic as a potential tool to reduce the spread of the virus indoors. They are also used to manage allergies, asthma, and other respiratory conditions by removing allergens and pollutants from indoor air.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The research was focused on technologies such as air filtration, germicidal lights, and ionizers. Based on the results, these systems fall short of expectations. The study was led by Professor Paul Hunter and Dr. Julii Brainard from UEA’s Norwich Medical School.&nbsp;



The team set out to investigate the real-world effectiveness of air treatment technologies by analyzing 32 studies conducted in practical settings like schools and care homes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weighing-the-costs-and-benefits-nbsp">Weighing the costs and benefits&nbsp;</h2>



“Air cleaners are designed to filter pollutants or contaminants out of the air that passes through them," said Professor Hunter.&nbsp;



“When the Covid pandemic hit, many large companies and governments - including the NHS, the British military, and New York City and regional German governments - investigated installing this type of technology in a bid to reduce airborne virus particles in buildings and small spaces."



“But air treatment technologies can be expensive. So it’s reasonable to weigh up the benefits against costs, and to understand the current capabilities of such technologies.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-evidence-nbsp">Lack of evidence&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the initial optimism, the study concludes that there is minimal evidence supporting the effectiveness of these technologies in safeguarding individuals from airborne respiratory or gastrointestinal infections.&nbsp;



Dr. Brainard pointed out that while some air treatment strategies, especially germicidal lights and HEPA filtration, can reduce environmental and surface contamination, they fall short in preventing or reducing illnesses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-protection">Little protection</h2>



“The kinds of technologies that we considered included filtration, germicidal lights, ionizers and any other way of safely removing viruses or deactivating them in breathable air," said Dr. Brainard. “In short, we found no strong evidence that air treatment technologies are likely to protect people in real world settings."&nbsp;



"There is a lot of existing evidence that environmental and surface contamination can be reduced by several air treatment strategies, especially germicidal lights and high efficiency particulate air filtration (HEPA).&nbsp; But the combined evidence was that these technologies don’t stop or reduce illness."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



“There was some weak evidence that the air treatment methods reduced likelihood of infection, but this evidence seems biased and imbalanced."



“We strongly suspect that there were some relevant studies with very minor or no effect but these were never published."



Dr. Brainard said the findings are disappointing, but it is vital that public health decision makers have a full picture. “Hopefully those studies that have been done during Covid will be published soon and we can make a more informed judgement about what the value of air treatment may have been during the pandemic.”



The study is published in the journal Preventive Medicine.



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Air filtration systems don't keep you from getting sick

Air filtration systems, considered crucial in reducing the spread of...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...