The stereotype that women outtalk men persists across many cultures. Yet, a prominent study in 2007 challenged that notion by finding that men and women each speak around 16,000 words per day, on average.



A new, larger investigation revisits this topic and offers a more nuanced view: women may indeed be more talkative - but only during a specific stage of life.



Study co-lead author Colin Tidwell is a clinical psychology doctoral candidate at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona </a>(U of A).&nbsp;



“There is a strong cross-cultural assumption that women talk a lot more than men,” said Tidwell. “We wanted to see whether or not this assumption holds when empirically tested.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-varies-by-age-and-gender">Talking varies by age and gender</h2>



Analyzing data from nearly 2,200 participants, the researchers found that women aged 25 to 65 speak about 3,000 more words per day than men in the same age bracket.&nbsp;



However, in adolescence (10-17), emerging adulthood (18-24), and older adulthood (65 and up), they observed no notable gender gap in daily word count.



The study also suggests that people overall might be talking less than before, which the researchers suspect could be linked to growing reliance on digital communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-claim-that-women-talk-more">The claim that women talk more</h2>



In 2007, University of Arizona psychologist Matthias Mehl investigated the common claim that women are significantly more talkative than men.&nbsp;



Participants in that study - about 500 men and women - wore a device called the EAR (Electronically Activated Recorder), which periodically recorded brief clips of their everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conversations</a>.



After estimating each participant’s total daily word count, the researchers concluded that no significant gender difference existed - a finding that appeared in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1139940?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D90780648708216300104417575982572668868%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1738666255&amp;adobe_mc=MCMID%3D90780648708216300104417575982572668868%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1738667536" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a> and garnered national headlines.&nbsp;



Nevertheless, critics pointed out that most participants were college-aged and all lived in Austin, Texas, limiting the study’s diversity.



Almost two decades later, Mehl collaborated with Tidwell, Valeria Pfeifer, a postdoctoral researcher at the U of A, and Alexander Danvers, a former U of A postdoctoral fellow, to repeat the experiment on a larger scale.&nbsp;



The new work incorporates 630,000 EAR recordings from 22 separate studies across four countries, covering individuals aged 10 to 94 - a total of 2,197 participants, which is four times the original sample size.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-women-talk-more">Why do women talk more?</h2>



Among all age groups studied, a significant difference between men’s and women’s word counts emerged only in early to middle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifestyle-choices-in-young-adulthood-impact-cognitive-ability-in-midlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adulthood</a> (25-64). During these years, women spoke about 21,845 words per day, while men spoke about 18,570.



The researchers remain unsure exactly why women might talk more during this period, but they propose that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parent-children-relationships-are-key-to-lifelong-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenting</a> responsibilities could be one contributing factor.



“Gender-linked differences in child rearing and family care are one possibility that could account for this difference,” said Mehl, the senior author of the study and a professor in the U of A Department of Psychology.&nbsp;



“If biological factors like hormones were to be the main cause, a sizable gender difference should have also been present among emerging adults. If societal generational changes were to be the driving force, there should have been a gradually increasing gender difference with older participants. Neither, though, was the case.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-trends-across-time">Talking trends across time</h2>



While the data suggest that women do speak more than men during early and middle adulthood, Mehl highlighted that individual differences can overshadow such group patterns.&nbsp;



The least talkative person in the entire study - a man - spoke roughly 100 words a day, while the most talkative participant - also a man - exceeded 120,000 words.



“We humans are so much more different individually than the two genders systematically,” Mehl said.



Another revealing finding was that the average word count across participants has been declining since 2005, slipping from about 16,000 words per day to about 13,000.



“We did a full analysis looking at what year the data were collected and found that, indeed, 300 spoken words on average per year go missing,” noted study co-lead author Pfeifer.



Although the exact cause for this decline is not fully established, researchers suspect that digital technologies - such as texting, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a>, and online chats - could be supplanting spoken conversations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conversation-as-a-health-behavior">Conversation as a health behavior</h2>



Mehl emphasized the need for further inquiry into the effects of talkativeness and social engagement on overall health. He is currently co-developing a device called SocialBit, akin to a Fitbit, that tracks the duration of daily conversations without recording their content. Instead, it relies on an algorithm to detect whether ambient sounds contain speech.



“I'm fascinated by the idea that we know how much we need to sleep, we know how much we need to exercise, and people are wearing Fitbits all the time, but we have no idea how much we're supposed to socialize,” he said.&nbsp;



“The evidence is very strong that socializing is linked to health, at least to the same extent as physical activity and sleep are. It's just another health behavior.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions-nbsp">Future research directions&nbsp;</h2>



Overall, the follow-up study offers a refined perspective on the question of whether women speak more than men. While the gap exists during early and middle adulthood, no significant difference emerges in adolescence, emerging adulthood, or older age.&nbsp;



Beyond that, both genders may be speaking fewer words over time - possibly due to a shift toward digital forms of communication.



As researchers continue to investigate the intersection between conversation, well-being, and modern technology, novel tools like SocialBit may shed light on just how much human dialogue contributes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-activity-may-delay-the-onset-of-dementia-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>, reinforcing the importance of face-to-face interactions in an increasingly digital era.



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Do women really talk more than men? A new look at the debate

The stereotype that women outtalk men persists across many cultures. Yet, a prominent study in 2007 challenged that notion by finding that men and women each speak around 16,000 words per day, on average. A new, larger investigation revisits this topic and offers a more nuanced view: women may indeed be more talkative - but only during a specific stage of life. Study co-lead author Colin Tidwell is a clinical psychology doctoral candidate at the University of Arizona (U of A).&nbsp; “There is a strong cross-cultural assumption...

When choosing between what actions to take, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-blame-lead-pollution/">humans</a> perform a risk analysis. The brain also has a technique to determine how much effort is put into any given action. Researchers from the <a href="http://www.dpz.eu/en/home.html">German Primate Center</a> set out to observe the various aspects of human movement and the amount of effort put into their execution.

A team of scientists led by Dr. Pierre Morel analyzed arm motions to establish what characteristics of the movements produced more effort. 

Participants in the study were asked to choose between arm movements which required varying amounts of amplitude, duration, and power. The individuals exerted more effort when the opposing force was stronger. In fact, effort was found to be directly proportionate to the strength needed to execute the motion. 

Effort was also affected by the limits and capabilities of the muscles utilized. Physical exertion increased when the movements demanded use of weaker muscles - even when little strength was required to complete the movement. 

In addition, the team established that the distance covered by the movements had no correlation with the amount of effort. However, there was a noticeable correspondence between duration and energy exertion, as actions that lasted longer felt more strenuous to the subjects than shorter actions. 

"Our results allow us to estimate action-related costs in decision-making, showing they cannot easily be predicted from energetic expense", explained Morel. "More than that, the results also give weight to the idea that action selection in decision-making and in movement execution have common properties and hence might be based on shared mechanisms." 

Despite the fact that there is more than one way to execute an arm movement, people tend to utilize the same motions when repeatedly pursuing the same target. Further research on this subject may help researchers gain a better understanding of the human decision-making process.

The study, published today in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/">PLOS Biology</a>, was led by Alexander Gail.

"We conclude that previously described optimization principles during movement execution seem to also serve as guiding principles during economically motivated conscious choice before movement execution,” said Gail.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/">PLOS Biology</a>

Scientists explain why body movement feels strenuous

When choosing between what actions to take, humans perform a risk...

The human microbiome is a vast collection of microorganisms that reside inside the body. These microbes are responsible for everything from fighting germs to absorbing nutrients from digested food. An emerging study analyzes the health value of white bread versus wheat bread, and the effect these types of bread have on the microbiome. 

Researchers from <a href="https://www.weizmann.ac.il/">Weizmann Institute</a> enlisted the help of 20 healthy volunteers for the study. The experts initially saw little change in the participants after processing bread, so they developed a formula to see how different individuals reacted to different bread in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beak-shape-determined-diet/">diets</a>.

Many aspects of the participants’ health were monitored before and during the study, including fat and cholesterol levels and glucose levels. Kidney and liver enzymes were also measured, as well as the microbiomes of the individuals.

The researchers established that the average amount of bread consumed by the volunteers accounted for 10% of their calorie intake. The individuals were asked to incorporate 15% more bread into their daily diets. Half of the participants were instructed to eat white bread, and the others were to eat whole wheat bread. After one week, the volunteers took a two-week break from bread, and then their roles were reversed. 

Eran Segal is a computational biologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science and one of the study's senior authors.

"The initial finding, and this was very much contrary to our expectation, was that there were no clinically significant differences between the effects of these two types of bread on any of the parameters that we measured," explained Segal. 


However, a meticulous look into the study revealed that the individuals had different glycemic responses to the same bread. About half the people had a better response to the white bread, and the others had a better glycemic response to the whole wheat sourdough. 

Eran Elinav is a researcher in the Department of Immunology at the Weizmann Institute and a senior author of the study.


"The findings for this study are not only fascinating but potentially very important, because they point toward a new paradigm: different people react differently, even to the same foods," said Elinav. "To date, the nutritional values assigned to food have been based on minimal science, and one-size-fits-all diets have failed miserably. These findings could lead to a more rational approach for telling people which foods are a better fit for them, based on their microbiomes."

The study, published today in Cell Metabolism, will lead to further analysis by the research team on the effects of white and wheat bread on the human microbiome. 
--
By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="https://www.weizmann.ac.il/">Weizmann Institute</a>

Image Credit: Korem et al./Cell Metabolism 2017

Is white bread as healthy as wheat? It depends who’s eating it

The human microbiome is a vast collection of microorganisms that...

Climate change is causing extreme weather events that are becoming more frequent, and capable of unprecedented destruction and loss of life. The Paris Climate Agreement brought leaders together to create a plan to reduce carbon emissions on a global scale, and to begin the process of healing the Earth's atmosphere. 

It is difficult to place an exact value on the environmental and economic benefits of curbing carbon emissions. However, scientists across the globe have begun estimating how costly it is to continue pumping carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the current rate. 

A <a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/04/climate-change-will-blow-a-25tn-hole-in-global-financial-assets-study-warns">study</a> conducted in 2016 by the London School of Economics revealed that climate change has the potential to reduce the world's financial assets by 2.5 trillion dollars. The worst case scenarios modeled by the team led to losses as great as 24 trillion dollars, which would devastate the global economy. According to the researchers, this massive depletion of the planet's resources would be a direct result of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wmo-list-deadliest-weather-events/">extreme weather</a> events, loss of income, and other complications of global warming. 

A <a href="https://www.epa.gov/cira/climate-action-benefits-key-findings">report</a> released by the EPA in 2015 provided a breakdown of the potential cost of climate change across 20 regions in America. The study projected the economic impact of global warming through the year 2100, and then estimated how those costs would be cut by controlling greenhouse gas emissions. Most significantly, 57,000 lives could be saved by a lack of air pollution, and up to 12,000 less people would die from extreme hot or cold temperatures. 

The EPA’s evaluation also determined the costs associated with storm surge and rising sea levels may be lessened by 3.1 billion dollars by the year 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. There would be 40%-59% less severe drought, with a savings of as much as 3.1 billion dollars. Up to 11 billion dollars would be preserved with less agricultural damages, and between 6.0 - 7.9 million acres could be spared from forest fires.

A <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/world/europe/extreme-weather-disasters-united-nations-paris.html">report</a> by the United Nations in 2015 revealed that 600,000 people have lost their lives to natural disasters in the last two decades. Storms killed the most people, including a cyclone that hit Myanmar in 2008 and claimed 138,000 lives. 148,000 people died as a result of heat waves, while floods impacted 2.3 billion people. The report, created in preparation for the climate meeting in Paris, said that weather-related disasters doubled compared to the previous decade, at an estimated expense of 1.9 trillion dollars. 

Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, has worked extensively to keep climate change at the forefront of the global agenda. 

“Climate change has happened because of human behavior, therefore it’s only natural it should be us, human beings, to address this issue. It may not be too late if we take decisive actions today,” said Ki-Moon.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Sources: <a href="https://www.google.com/amp/s/amp.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/04/climate-change-will-blow-a-25tn-hole-in-global-financial-assets-study-warns">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="https://www.epa.gov/cira/climate-action-benefits-key-findings">EPA</a>, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/world/europe/extreme-weather-disasters-united-nations-paris.html">New York Times</a>

Earth.com Feature: Calculating the cost of climate change

Climate change is causing extreme weather events that are becoming...

Low doses of THC, the main psychoactive compound in marijuana, can reduce stress, but even slightly higher amounts can increase anxiety, a new study found.

Very few published studies have examined the effects of THC on stress, said Emma Childs, associate Professor of Psychiatry at the <a href="http://www.uic.edu/">University of Illinois Chicago</a> and corresponding author on the study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/drug-and-alcohol-dependence">Drug and Alcohol Dependence</a>.

Childs and her colleagues recruited 42 volunteers, 18 to 40 years old, who had some experience with marijuana use but were not daily users.

They divided participants randomly into three groups: The low-dose group received a capsule containing 7.5 milligrams of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-slow-memory-loss/">THC</a>; the moderate-dose group received a capsule containing 12.5 milligrams of THC; and a placebo group received a capsule containing none. Neither the participants nor the researchers knew who was in each group.

“The doses used in the study produce effects that are equivalent to only a few puffs of a cannabis cigarette,”  Childs said. “We didn’t want to include a much larger dose, because we wanted to avoid potential adverse effects or cardiovascular effects that can result from higher doses of THC.”

Two hours after taking the capsules, participants were asked to perform psychological tasks such as mock job interviews and talking with lab assistants about their favorite books or movies.

Researchers measured blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol, a key stress hormone, at intervals.


The participants who received 7.5 milligrams of THC reported less stress after the psychosocial test than those given a placebo, and their stress levels dissipated faster after the test.

Participants who received 12.5 milligrams of THC before the two tasks reported greater negative mood before and throughout the task, and were more likely to rate the psychosocial task as “challenging” and “threatening” beforehand.

“Our findings provide some support for the common claim that cannabis is used to reduce stress and relieve tension and anxiety,” Childs said. “At the same time, our finding that participants in the higher THC group reported small but significant increases in anxiety and negative mood throughout the test supports the idea that THC can also produce the opposite effect.”

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="http://www.uic.edu/">University of Illinois Chicago</a>

Marijuana: low doses relieve stress, high doses cause anxiety

Low doses of THC, the main psychoactive compound in marijuana,...

Everyone knows distracted driving is dangerous. Now, researchers say they’re beginning to figure out why.

Every day, eight people are killed in the United States in a crash related to distracted driving, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. Another 1,161 are injured, data from the agency states.

Cellphones are the most obvious modern culprit. According to the <a href="http://www.nsc.org/">National Safety Council</a>, 1.6 million crashes per year are directly linked to cellphone use while driving.

But even a simple conversation can be a dangerous distraction for a driver, according to a new study by researchers from the <a href="https://uiowa.edu/">University of Iowa</a>. 

Researchers from the college’s Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences set out to determine just how distracting a conversation can be. Using computer equipment to monitor eye movement, they asked volunteers a series of true-or-false questions. A computer monitor simulated a roadway.

By tracking eye movements, they learned that “drivers” focusing on their questions took about twice as long to focus on new objects on the screen. 

"What this study suggests is the reason you should be cautious (when holding a conversation while driving) is it slows your attention down, and we're just not aware of it because it happens so fast," said Dr. Shaun Vecera, the study’s lead author.

The researchers used three groups of subjects for their study. The “active listeners” were asked to listen and respond to questions. “Passive listeners” were asked to listen, but not try to formulate a response. The last group did not receive any questions.

The active listeners took longer to disengage their attention from an object they were looking at and turn that attention onto a new object, the researchers found. They also found no difference between simple and complex questions. The findings suggest that the brain must be focused on a question to answer it, no matter how simple, the researchers said.

For now, that means ignoring your cellphone while driving. 

"There's no evidence that I know of that says you can eliminate the mental distraction of cell phone use with practice or conditioning," Vecera said in a press release. "But that is an open question that should be studied."

The study was published in <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/13423">Psychonomic Bulletin and Review</a>.

—

By Kyla Cathey, Earth.com staff writer

Researchers: distracted driving begins within the mind

Everyone knows distracted driving is dangerous. Now, researchers say they’re...

A good night’s sleep can perk up your sex life, and an active sex life can lead to good sleep, according to a new study.

According to the study, women over the age of 50 who get less than seven hours of sleep per night are less likely to be sexually active than younger, better rested women. The researchers found that a full night of good sleep can raise a person’s chances of having sex the following day by 14 percent.

“Women and healthcare providers need to recognize the link between menopause symptoms and inadequate sleep and their effects on sexual satisfaction,” said Dr. JoAnn Pinkerton, executive director of the <a href="http://www.menopause.org/">North American Menopause Society</a>, which conducted the study. 

Researchers studied data from more than 93,000 women aged 50 to 79, all of whom were enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. They found that nearly half of women who got less than 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night reported being unsatisfied with their sex lives. About 48 percent had not had sex with a partner in the past year, NAMS said in a press release.

The amount of satisfying sex women had dropped the less sleep they got, according to the researchers. Those who suffered from sleep disorders like insomnia also showed lower rates of satisfying sexual activity.

“There are effective treatment options to help with sleep disruption and sexual satisfaction, including hormone therapy, which this study confirmed to be effective at menopause for symptomatic women,” Pinkerton said.

The study adds to previous research, which showed that men and women of all ages who suffer from sleep disorders tend to have less active sex lives. Other studies have also shown that rates of sexual dysfunction are higher in both men and women with sleep apnea.

—

By <a href="mailto:kcathey@earth.com">Kyla Cathey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Credit: <a href="http://www.menopause.org/">North American Menopause Society</a>

Good sleep leads to better sex, study finds

A good night’s sleep can perk up your sex life,...

Engaging with children while reading books to them gives their brain a cognitive "boost," a new study found.

The study, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging, reinforces the value of "dialogic reading," where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/voluntary-sharing-children-happy/">child</a> is encouraged to actively participate.

"The takeaway for parents in this study is that they should engage more when reading with their child, ask questions, have them turn the page, and interact with each other," said John Hutton, a pediatrician at <a href="https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/">Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center</a> and lead author of the study. "In turn, this could fuel brain activation--or ’turbocharge’ the development of literacy skills, particularly comprehension, in preschool aged children."

The study used functional MRI scans of 22 girls, age 4, to explore the relationship between engagement and verbal interactivity during a mother-child reading observation and neural activation and connectivity during a story listening task. 

Children exhibiting greater interest in the narrative showed increased activation in right-sided cerebellar areas of the brain. This is the area thought to support cognitive skill acquisition and refinement via connection to language, association and executive function areas, the study said.

"Our findings underscore the importance of interventions explicitly addressing both parent and child reading engagement, including awareness and reduction of distractions such as cellphones, which were the most common preventable barrier that we observed," said Hutton.

Long-term studies are needed beginning in infancy to better understand mother-child factors contributing to healthy brain development and literacy skills since this study does not establish causation, the medical center said.

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/">PLOS One</a>

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/">Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center</a>

Engaging with children while reading ‘turbocharges’ literacy

Engaging with children while reading books to them gives their...

Aldehydes are organic chemical compounds that are produced in small amounts in our bodies. ConsiderIng aldehydes are also commonly found in our environment, the health risks that are associated with these compounds are alarming. New research suggests that aldehydes found in shampoo and liquor cause cancer by preventing our bodies from repairing DNA damage. 

<a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> Professor Ashok Venkitaraman is the lead author of the study.

“We knew aldehydes were not nice and have been linked to cancer, but we did not know they damage proteins in the cells important for preventing the DNA damage which causes cancer,” said Venkitaraman.

Aldehydes are found in shampoo products we use to wash our hair and in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crayfish-alcohol-effects/">liquor</a> that we drink. They are also present in the air from car exhaust and in building materials.  

“We don’t know how much of these chemicals we are breathing in or how long they last in the air after being produced, but aldehydes are found all over the place,” explained Venkitaraman.

Scientists used genetically-engineered human cells to establish how aldehydes could cause cancer. The study, published in the journal Cell, revealed that aldehydes obstruct healthy cells and prevent their defense mechanisms from repairing DNA when they divide. 

By reducing the amount of BRCA2 protein in cells, aldehydes weaken the cells. BRCA2 protein is needed to repair damage to DNA, and if the damage is not repaired it can progress into cancer. 

The study indicates that aldehydes put people at a higher risk of developing breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancer. Formaldehyde, an odorless gas used in the embalming process, is linked to nose and throat cancer. 

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a>

Chemicals found in shampoo and liquor may cause cancer

Aldehydes are organic chemical compounds that are produced in small...

For years, we have believed that it takes hot water to remove harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sponge-bacteria-toxic-compounds/">bacteria</a> from our hands. This has led to strict regulations in the restaurant and food industry that drive up utility costs. However, an emerging study finds there is no need to burn the germs off your hands because cold water is just as effective.

Researchers enlisted the help of 21 volunteers for the study. Over a six-month period of time, the participants were exposed to harmless bacteria. They washed their hands for ten seconds at different temperatures with various amounts of soap. The study revealed that the same amount of germs were removed regardless of the temperature of the water or the amount of soap used.

In the United States, many antibacterial soaps were banned last year after companies failed to prove they were safe to use in the long term. The FDA took action against 19 chemicals that were contained in many hand and bar soaps. 

Dr Janet Woodcock is the director of the FDA's center for evaluation and research. 

“Consumers may think antibacterial washes are more effective at preventing the spread of germs, but we have no scientific evidence that they are any better than plain soap and water,” explained Dr. Woodcock. “In fact, some data suggests that antibacterial ingredients may do more harm than good over the long term.”

Donald Schaffner is a professor of Food Science at <a href="http://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a> and an author of the hand-washing study. He suggests the findings of this study can go a long way in saving money and conserving energy. 

“This study may have significant implications towards water energy, since using cold water saves more energy than warm or hot water,” said Schaffner.

The findings of this study, published in the Journal of Food Protection, indicate that food industry policies should address the length of time employees wash hands rather than the temperature of the water that is used. 

“I think this study indicates that there should be a policy change,” concluded Schaffner. “We are wasting energy to heat water to a level that is not necessary.”

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="http://www.rutgers.edu/">Rutgers University</a>

Washing hands in cold water is just as effective as hot water

For years, we have believed that it takes hot water...

Updated June 2

----

Today, President Trump announced that the United States will withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement. The pact, which is an unprecedented global strategy to fight climate change, has been signed by nearly every other country in the world. The decision comes as a major blow to environmentalists, and frankly, anyone who cares about the planet.

"We're getting out. But we will start to negotiate and we'll see if we can make a deal that's fair," Trump said in a speech from the White House Rose Garden. "And if we can, that's great. And if we can't, that's fine."

"The Paris climate accord is simply the latest example of Washington entering into an agreement that disadvantages the United States, to the exclusive benefit of other countries, leaving American workers, who I love, and taxpayers to absorb the cost in terms of lost jobs, lower wages, shuttered factories and vastly diminished economic production."

According to the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/">Washington Post</a>, “the decision followed an intense struggle within the administration over the fate of the agreement, with Ivanka Trump, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and business leaders urging the president to remain in the accord.” 

Over the course of his presidential campaign, Trump vowed over and over to exit the deal within the first 100 days of his presidency. While he didn’t quite hit his self-imposed deadline, he did manage to make major changes to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Newly-appointed EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt, former Attorney General of Oklahoma, has a history of challenging environmental regulations in favor of big oil and gas companies. 

Together, President Trump and Pruitt have undermined former President Obama’s 2013 Climate Action Plan, criticized the Paris Agreement, and rejected scientific facts about climate change. Trump has expressed the opinion that the terms of the Paris deal forces America to make sacrifices that will hurt the economy with no tangible benefits.

Leaders recently left the G7 Summit in Italy with no confidence that President Trump supports global efforts to fight climate change. In a public statement made after the summit, <a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-g7-summit-latest-climate-change-consensus-paris-agreement-angela-merkel-a7759231.html">G7 leaders stated</a>, “The United States of America is in the process of reviewing its policies on climate change and on the Paris Agreement and thus is not in a position to join the consensus on these topics.”

Corporate America has urged Trump to keep the United States in the Paris Accord. 25 big businesses including Apple, Facebook, and Google signed a letter to Trump expressing that the terms of the agreement are best for America's self-interest, both environmentally and economically. Other industry giants such as Exxon and General Electric also made efforts to convince the President to keep our commitment to the deal. 

“Energy needs are a function of population and living standards,” <a href="https://www.google.com/amp/amp.timeinc.net/fortune/2017/06/01/apple-google-facebook-trump-stay-paris-accord/%3Fsource%3Ddam">Exxon CEO Darren Woods</a> stated in Dallas Wednesday. “When it comes to policy, the goal should be to reduce emissions at the lowest cost to society,” said Woods.

According to the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/">Washington Post</a>, Woods wrote Trump a letter dated May 9th in what has been called “a last-ditch personal plea” to keep our end of the deal. Woods said this is critical in order for the United States to remain “at the negotiating table to ensure a level playing field” on energy sources.

While awaiting today's much-anticipated decision, European Union leaders teamed up with China and vowed to move forward with their commitment to the Paris Agreement. The position of these countries to follow through with the terms of the deal were drafted in a joint statement that will be released Friday, regardless of the President's decision. 

Trump’s decision to retract America's willingness to participate in this historical effort to curb climate change will not be easily forgotten by the other great powers of the world.  Americans will now be faced with the uncertainty of when and how climate change will be dealt with here in the United States.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Source: <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/">Washington Post</a>

Trump withdraws U.S. from Paris Climate Agreement

Updated June 2 ---- Today, President Trump announced that the...

Researchers have discovered an enzyme in mice brains that could allow doctors to one day erase memories in humans that cause post-traumatic stress disorder.

Scientists at <a href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/">University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine</a> discovered in mice brains a key metabolic enzyme that works directly within the nucleus of neurons to turn genes on or off when new memories are being established.

“This enzyme, called acetyl-CoA synthetase 2, or ACSS2, ‘fuels' a whole machinery of gene expression ‘on site’ in the nucleus of nerve cells to turn on key memory genes after learning,” said senior author Shelley L. Berger  “We found both direct gene-association of ACSS2 and a role for it in neurons to regulate learning and memory – two completely unanticipated novel discoveries.”

In humans, the researchers hope the findings will lead to a way to prevent the “laying-down” of traumatic memories -- or perhaps even erase them by blocking ACSS2 in the hippocampus, a brain region that processes long-term memory.

It could also lead to new treatments for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-low-income-anxiety/">anxiety</a> and depression, the authors said.

“We suspect that ACSS2 might play a role in memory impairment in neurodegenerative disorders,” said first author Philipp Mews, a former graduate student in Berger’s lab.

Working with mice, the researchers found that blocking ACSS2 expression impaired long-term memory of where objects were placed in a study chamber.

These mice did not investigate a moved object on the second day, while control group mice did.

“This is because, without ACSS2, the mice had no molecular path to engage memory genes to lock in where the objects were placed,” Mews said.

This decrease in ACSS2 in specific brain regions impairs the read-out of key genes that function to form new memories or to update old ones, the researchers added.

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/">Nature</a>.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="http://www.med.upenn.edu/">Perelman School of Medicine</a>

The enzyme that could allow people to erase bad memories

Researchers have discovered an enzyme in mice brains that could...

The outer covering of rice grain has high nutritional value and is a rich source of proteins, fats, minerals and micronutrients such as B vitamins, according to a new study.

Rice bran, which is removed from whole grain rice during processing and used as animal feed, could have major benefits for human health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-range-eggs-nutrition-ethical/">nutrition</a>, the <a href="http://www.colorado.edu/">University of Colorado</a> study said.

"A single serving of rice bran delivers more than half of a person's daily requirements of important vitamins such as thiamine, niacin and vitamin B6,” said University of Colorado professor Elizabeth Ryan, the study’s corresponding author. 

The researchers used an approach called food metabolomics to identify and measure the abundance of many different molecules present in rice bran.

"We investigated the amino acids, vitamins, cofactors and secondary metabolites that can be found in rice bran, as we suspected that they contribute to its medicinal and nutritional benefits,” Ryan said. “We were surprised to find that cofactors, vitamins and amino acids make up almost 50 percent of the total small molecule content."

In a literature search, the authors found that some of the compounds they identified in rice bran had been shown in previous studies to have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-hypertensive properties.

Rice bran also has a protein content of 12-15 percent that deserves attention as it could help tackle nutrition shortages that are a major global health concern, the study said.

"Rice is an essential staple food for more than half of the world's population,” Ryan said. ”It is grown in more than 100 countries.”

Rice bran as a food ingredient could deliver more than 400 individual compounds when consumed.

“It is likely that many of them function in a teamwork manner to deliver health benefits,” Ryan added.

--

By: <a href="mailto:dbeasley@earth.com">David Beasley, </a><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Source: <a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/">BioMed Central</a>

The part of rice we don’t eat is actually incredibly nutritious

The outer covering of rice grain has high nutritional value...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...