Parents, take note - your child's inconsistent bedtime routine could be the troublemaker behind their erratic emotions and behavior. And no, it doesn't have to do so much with the quality or duration of their sleep, but more about the regularity of their sleep schedule. 



This is according to the latest research paper published by the Grand team at Penn State College of Health and Human Development and Penn State College of Medicine.



The research shows that children who stick to a regular bedtime, falling asleep and waking up at the same time each day, have better control over their behavior and emotions, particularly during stressful situations or while collaborating with others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-and-behavior-patterns-in-children">Sleep and behavior patterns in children</h2>



The research was led by Adwoa Dadzie, a doctoral student, and her adviser Professor Orfeu Buxton. The team analyzed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-who-watch-screens-in-bed-have-the-most-disrupted-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> and behavior data from 143 six-year-old children.



The information was extracted from the Penn State Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study. 



When these kids were just newborns, their mothers received training in responsive parenting from the <a href="https://www.psu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> researchers. So, this study is longitudinal, which means the experts have been tracking the development of these kids for quite some time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-training-mothers-in-responsive-parenting">Training mothers in responsive parenting</h2>



Responsive parenting, in simple terms, means answering to a child’s emotional and physical needs in a warm, timely, and consistent way. 



Earlier research found that training mothers in responsive parenting during their infant's early years promotes healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sleep-day-2024-the-quest-for-a-well-rested-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep habits</a> and reduces childhood obesity. 



Now, the latest analysis from the same study provides even more compelling proof of the benefits of regular sleep timing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bedtimes-behavior-and-emotions">Bedtimes, behavior, and emotions</h2>



"Children who had consistent bedtimes were generally able to regulate their behavior and emotions," explained Dadzie. "On the contrary, children whose bedtimes and sleep times were erratic showed more impulsivity and less control."



The child's sleep pattern was tracked using a monitor they wore on their wrist for seven days. The device kept a check on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-sleep-habits-may-age-the-brain-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">various sleep aspects</a>. The data was then cross-checked with the child’s reaction to a frustrating task.



The task involved placing a toy the child chose in a transparent, locked box. The child was given a set of keys - none of which could unlock the box. Following this, the researchers kept an eye on how the child reacted and whether they displayed regulated or unregulated behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-bedtimes-and-children-s-emotions">Varying bedtimes and children's emotions</h2>



Observing their behavior while decorating a picture frame with their parents was another important step of the study.



The findings? The more a child’s bedtime varied each night, the worse they regulated their behavior and emotions.



"Parenting matters. When parents create clear routines and respond timely and appropriately to their child’s needs, children show better outcomes in behavior regulation and even weight control," said Professor Buxton.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-control-over-behavior-and-emotions">Control over behavior and emotions</h2>



Between the year 2012 and 2014, the INSIGHT study set up an experiment on preventing childhood obesity. 



The researchers engaged families with newborns and grouped them into two - a control group that was informed about child safety, and an intervention group that was educated on responsive parenting techniques.



Parents in the intervention group were taught how to respond during different infant behavior states like fussiness, alertness, drowsiness, and sleeping.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bedtime-and-regulation-of-emotions">Bedtime and regulation of emotions</h2>



By the time these children turned three, they had lower body mass indices (BMIs) than the kids in the control group! 



The targeted program did not focus solely on weight. It provided training on recognizing hunger and satiety signs in children, allowing the child to decide when they are full, and the establishment of routines and expectations around food, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, and behavior regulation.



When these children turned six and returned to the College of Medicine for evaluation, this current study on bedtime and behavior used data from their visit.



"The results clearly indicated that sleep regularity is crucial for fostering prosocial and age-appropriate behavior in children," said Dadzie.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responsive-parenting-matters">Responsive parenting matters</h2>



Remember, parents: you hold the key to your child's healthy development. Even if you have hectic schedules that don't allow for a consistent bedtime routine, you can still act responsively. 



Set clear standards and bedtime routines, and respond promptly and suitably to your children's needs, helping them regulate their emotions effectively.



With eight years of research on the INSIGHT project, the proof is all there: When parents are responsive, they raise healthier children.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1064350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Developmental &amp; Behavioral Pediatrics</a>. 



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Irregular bedtimes disrupt the well-being and behavior of children

Parents, take note - your child's inconsistent bedtime routine could be the troublemaker behind their erratic emotions and behavior. And no, it doesn't have to do so much with the quality or duration of their sleep, but more about the regularity of their sleep schedule. This is according to the latest research paper published by the Grand team at Penn State College of Health and Human Development and Penn State College of Medicine. The research shows that children who stick to a regular bedtime, falling asleep and...

Eco-friendly electric bike creates a new option for city commuters. 

Commuters in large cities may soon have a new, eco-friendly transportation option: an electric moped with a fun name: the Motochimp. The bike is only a few feet long but can travel up to 20 miles per hour. The Motochimp is also emission-free and charges in any standard household outlet.

In recent years, traffic congestion in New York, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., and San Francisco continues to get worse and worse. Los Angeles, in particular, has invested in mass transit to ease traffic and air pollution, but many Angelenos don’t seem ready to give up their personal space and commuting autonomy.

The Motochimp electric bike has a range of 40 miles per charge, making it ideal for daily urban commutes where traffic can be so bad that it takes hours to travel mere miles. The Motochimp, designed by Vanda Electrics of Singapore, will launch first in Asia, being officially introduced this week at the Shenzhen International Industrial Design Fair in China. Vanda expects to launch the bike subsequently in Europe and the United States. The Motochimp retails for $1,600.

According to Larissa Tan, CEO of Vanda Electrics, “Motochimp is also all about accessibility . . . . With a range of up to 60 km from a 60-minute charge, and all from a standard plug socket, it won't cost the earth to buy or run.”

The eco-friendly electric bike is powered by a lithium-ion battery and a power plug is stored right under the driver’s seat. The Motochimp comes in fashionable, basic red, blue, and yellow and sports a small kickstand.

Eco-friendly electric bike creates new option for city commuters

Eco-friendly electric bike creates a new option for city commuters....

Rip currents pose a serious danger for surfers and swimmers alike on beaches all over the world.

Thanks to a new study by the Universities of Southampton and Plymouth, we now have new information on the relationship between breaking waves and rip currents that could help save lives.

It turns out that breaking waves actually serve as somewhat of a safety net. The study, published in the Marine Geology journal, found that when a wave breaks across a rip channel, it serves to close the channel and prevent rip currents from jutting out to sea. But without breaking waves, rip currents can form and extend larger distances out into the open water.

The study was lead by Sebastian Pitman, a PhD student in Ocean and Earth Science at the University of Southampton. “For the first time,” Pitman said, “we combined images captured by cameras at the beach to detect wave breaking and GPS drifters to track the rip currents to better understand what drives rip dynamics. We used the images to identify whether the waves were breaking across the end of the rip channel, or not, and worked out what behaviour the GPS drifters in the rip current were exhibiting at those times."

Dr. Ivan Haigh, associate professor and co-author of the study, added, “The combination of video imagery and GPS allowed us to identify that when wave breaking occurred across the rip channel – the rip current was often prevented from flowing far offshore. This would mean that anyone trapped in the current would be kept relatively close to the beach. However, when the waves ceased to break across the channel, we noticed that the rip currents would instead flow far offshore, presenting a much greater hazard to swimmers."

These findings may become especially useful in assessing and predicting exactly how safe water conditions are for swimming and surfing. Currently, The Royal National Lifeboat Institution estimates that rip currents are the cause of 68% of water rescue events in the UK.

Rip currents data can help save lives on world's shorelines

Rip currents pose a serious danger for surfers and swimmers...

Avocado supply is struggling to meet consumer demands.

Avocados have gotten a reputation as a superfood, packaging essential nutrients with a creamy flavor  –  and it’s driving up their price. 

The pear-shaped fruit won over chefs like Nigella Lawson, whose avocado on toast recipe caused sales of the fruit to skyrocket in the UK. Americans are eating nearly twice as many avocados as they were a decade ago.

But the avocado supply chain is struggling to handle surging demand. 

Hikes in prices due to recent poor harvests and industrialization in Michoacan, Mexico, have led farmers there to go on strike, demanding a higher price for their crop from the packers that sell it in the U.S. and see most of the profits. The farmers have stalled and physically blocked shipments during the strike.

Mexico supplies approximately 49 percent of avocados to the U.S., and Peru and Chile, which also grow the fruit, cannot keep up with U.S. demand alone. The U.S. relies on Mexico to supply avocados during the winter months, when California’s growing season is over. Years of drought have led to a poor harvest in California, as well. 

California and Mexico are not the only places with shortfalls this year. New Zealand also had a poor harvest, which has spurred a rise in agricultural crime. About 40 large avocado thefts were reported in the first half of 2016, prompting some supermarkets in Australia to remove their avocado displays from the stores overnight.

In the UK, avocado prices are rising on fears that new demand from China and drought in South Africa will limit the number of avocados the country can import. 

News of rising demand – and prices – comes on the heels of reports of <a href="http://www.newsweek.com/global-avocado-demand-causes-deforestation-mexico-489459" target="_blank">illegal deforestation in Michoacan</a> to make room for more avocado farms. The destruction has already had an impact on local wildlife, including monarch butterflies. 

California farmers use about 80 percent of the state’s water and ship most of their crops out of the state, which is in the midst of a five-year drought. It takes 4.1 gallons of water to produce <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/us/your-contribution-to-the-california-drought.html" target="_blank">one slice of avocado</a>.

Avocado supply is struggling to meet consumer demands

Avocado supply is struggling to meet consumer demands. Avocados have...

As renewable energy prices drop, Africa may embrace a cleaner energy future.

This February a $660-million (USD) solar energy facility opened at the mouth of the Sahara desert; Morocco has promised to generate 42% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020; and many African nations are moving quickly to increase their solar and wind capacity. Experts hope the continent can bypass the destructive practices that have plagued the United States, Europe and China and accelerate into a cleanly sustainable energy future.

Kofi Annan, former secretary-general of the United Nations, said, “African nations do not have to lock into developing high-carbon old technologies; we can expand our power generation and achieve universal access to energy by leapfrogging into new technologies that are transforming energy systems across the world.”

As demand for electricity increases, so do the environmental concerns caused by coal, oil and natural gas. However, as African nations are committing efforts to cleaner energy production, our fears may be misplaced.

More than a third of Africa’s nations get the bulk of their power from hydroelectric plants, but recent droughts have made supplies unreliable. Fossil fuel prices are volatile and have been thwarted by regulations. It seems like a no-brainer for African nations to move towards a more renewable energy recourse as there is much more untapped potential for solar and wind power on the continent than was previously thought.

There is huge interest in green power on the continent, with much research, planning, and investment going into the technology, while governments and development agencies are priming areas to attract private firms.

But there are challenges, too: planners need more data on the best locations for renewable-energy projects, and developers are worried about putting money into countries with a history of corruption and government problems, with each nation needing tens of billions (USD) to build their green infrastructure.

Renewable energy may fuel Africa's clean power future

As renewable energy prices drop, Africa may embrace a cleaner...

UK diesel vehicles may face a new tax. Diesel car drivers in the UK may soon face fees when driving in large city centers after a ruling from the High Court in London found the government was failing to meet European emission standards. 

The Supreme Court called for immediate action to cap nitrogen dioxide emissions, estimated to cause over 50,000 premature deaths per year. Justice Garnham declared that the current plan in place doesn’t do enough to limit diesel vehicles from entering major city centers.

In 1999, the EU first introduced legislation limiting NO2 emissions. But Justice Garnham accused these measures of “adopting too optimistic a model for future emissions.”

In December 2015, five new low-emission zones were announced, paving the way for new penalties for any diesel vehicle driving through them. But the UK Automobile Assocation and RAC Limited campaigners argue that a blanket penalty would be unfair for families who bought diesel vehicles in an attempt to be more environmentally friendly.

The previous administration introduced a “Dash For Diesel” program that more than tripled the number of UK diesel vehicles. The program issued tax incentives for those buying diesel vehicles, which were thought to be more environmentally friendly because they emitted less carbon dioxide. But scientists have since found that diesel vehicles emit more nitrogen oxide particles that are very damaging to human health. 

Simon Peevers, spokesman for the RAC, argued against new diesel fees: “This ruling will set alarm bells ringing for millions of motorists and business who are reliant on their diesel vehicles.” But something clearly must be done, as ClientEarth found that 37 out of 43 zones across the UK “remain in breach of legal limits.”

Sadiq Kahn, mayor of London, has said “this must now act as a real wake-up call to Government to finally get to grips with the national health emergency that is causing 9400 deaths every year just in London alone.”

But motoring broadcaster Quentin Willson counters that “punishing millions of diesel drivers for the mistakes in past government policy is neither fair nor honest.”

The new fees for diesel vehicles still need to be approved before being set into law. Regardless of whether or not this particular legislation is the answer, Dr. Penny Woods of the British Lung Foundation put it simply: “It’s a public health crisis.”

UK diesel vehicles face new tax in large city centers

UK diesel vehicles may face a new tax. Diesel car...

Canned clean air, the once-novelty product, sees an uptake in highly polluted areas.

Australians enjoy deep breaths of clean, pure air in the pristine Yarra Valley wine country or along beautiful Bondi Beach. The fresh air in Canada’s Rocky Mountains and Britain’s countryside are favorites among those countries’ populations.

The people living in Beijing, China? Their air’s not so clean – and they’re willing to buy air that is. It sounds like a joke, but the bottled air business has been going strong in parts of China since at least 2013. That’s when the Daily Mail, a British news outlet, first reported that recycling magnate Chen Guangbiao was selling small canned clean air from less polluted parts of the country to residents in the north.

The cans of air were a joke, he said, and his goal was to draw attention to pollution in northeastern China, especially Beijing.

Sales of bottled air have skyrocketed in the past year, however, as desperate residents in Beijing and the surrounding area deal with unprecedented air pollution.

Beijing’s smog comes both from the industrial factories and plants located in the area that burn coal for power, and the coal heating systems still used in most Chinese homes. Air pollution in the region is at its worst during the winter months; the city issued its first-ever “red alert” in December 2015, shutting down schools in reaction to the smog covering Beijing so thickly it looked like heavy fog.

This year, officials in the region have already declared “hazardous” pollution three times, warning it could get even worse. Air purifier sales are also on the rise.

Vitality Air, which bottles air in the Rocky Mountains of Canada, started out to sell a novelty product to tourists. But in December 2015, demand in China prompted them to enter the market there.

At least one bottler, Green and Clean of Australia, plans to expand to other polluted cities in India, Malaysia and elsewhere beginning next year.

Prices range from 80 cents for Chen Guangbiao’s cans of air, to $97 or more for luxury brand Aethaer’s British and Welsh countryside air.

Canned clean air, once a joke, sees uptake in polluted areas

Canned clean air, the once-novelty product, sees an uptake in...

U.S. gas consumption has hit a record high, according to a new governmental report.

There’s good news and bad news on gasoline consumption.

Here’s the bad news: U.S. consumption of gasoline has hit a record high. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) published a report this week saying the amount of gasoline and total miles traveled during the summer set a new record. Total gas consumption in June hit 9.7 million barrels a day, besting the previous record of 9.6 million barrels set in July 2007.

“U.S. gasoline consumption during summer 2016 – June through August – increased by 169,000 bpd, or 1.8 percent, relative to the same period in 2015,” the EIA reported.

That may not be so great for the environment, but there is a silver lining. Miles traveled set a new record for June, up 3% from 2015. This figure is attributed to a more efficient fuel economy, with drivers traveling more miles on less fuel. 

Gasoline production is just shy of an all-time record, keeping prices low. According to the Automobile Association of America, the average national price of gas is currently $2.21 per gallon, on par with this time last year. The all-time record average national price was set in July 2008 when gasoline hit $4.11 per gallon.

U.S. gas consumption hits record high, says gov't report

U.S. gas consumption has hit a record high, according to...

Wind farm benefits &amp; hazards were analyzed by recent report out by The Scientific Alliance at the UK’s Adam Smith Institute.

Since their inception and throughout their implementation, wind farms have courted controversy. Supporters praise wind turbines as a useful source of clean energy, while critics find them to be an inefficient eyesore.

On the bright side, wind power can provide a domestic source of clean energy. Unlike power plants that rely on fossil fuels, wind energy doesn’t pollute the environment and provides the world with a more self-sufficient energy source.

Wind turbines are especially effective in rural areas, where farmers can continue to work their land after installing wind turbines to generate additional income from their existing property. But while wind energy is the lowest-priced renewable energy technology available, even its most enthusiastic supporters concede it’s still tough to compete with conventional energy sources on a cost level.

The recent report from The Scientific Alliance blasted wind energy as overhyped and inefficient, arguing wind turbines do in fact pollute communities – with noise. Depending on the volume of turbines in one particular area, the whipping noise can be a nuisance to neighbors.

The report also argues a single turbine can kill over 100 birds per year. Moreover, critics suggest that wind turbines generate energy at the wrong times, being active during warm weather when energy is less needed, and lying dormant in the winter when demand is higher. 

The latter argument is shaky at best, especially depending on geographical location. While the issue of wind farm benefits continues to be politicized, it’s clear that imperfect wind turbines do offer a low-cost, clean energy source.

Wind farm benefits & hazards analyzed by researchers

Wind farm benefits &amp; hazards were analyzed by recent report...

U.S. fuel economy reached a new record high, says the EPA.

Automakers can be proud of themselves this week as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency released the news that nearly every car manufacturer had produced more efficient vehicles in 2015.

Average mileage per gallon across all vehicles went up to 24.8 mpg, from 24.3 mpg in 2014.

Part of this success comes from the use of lighter materials such as aluminum, the EPA said. This led to 2015 models that averaged about 25 pounds lighter than their 2014 counterparts.

Improvements in engine and transmission technologies are also improving U.S. fuel economy, the EPA said.

The improvements are important for a number of reasons. The main one, of course, is that as vehicles become more fuel efficient, they reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are thought to be linked to climate change and other environmental issues.

According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, about 24 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. come from personal cars and trucks.  

Fuel efficiency also reduces dependence on oil, leading to lower costs for drivers. And using less oil lowers the risks of drilling and transporting oil – which could prevent major environmental disasters like some we’ve seen in the past.

The Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 has caused long-lasting negative effects on the environment. Barataria Bay in Louisiana was a key nesting site for a number of birds; those sites were mostly lost. Dolphins living in the Gulf have shown illness linked to oil poisoning.

The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill had similar aftereffects. More than 25 years later, some species are only just beginning to reach pre-spill numbers.

According to the EPA, Mazda has the best average fuel economy among its models at 29.6 mpg. Fiat Chrysler's average, 20.8, is the lowest. General Motors and Toyota, which produce the largest number of pickup trucks, backslid in their average fuel efficiency from 2014 to 2015, the EPA said.

U.S. fuel economy reaches record high, says EPA

U.S. fuel economy reached a new record high, says the...

Human nutrition's carbon footprint was analyzed by scientists at Australia’s Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. 

What really makes fresh food “sustainable”? To determine this, the researchers decided to calculate the amount of each food we eat needed to create a kilogram of new greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The results were not especially surprising – the scientists found plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables and nuts, tended to have much smaller carbon footprints than meat, eggs and dairy products. Cattle and sheep have the highest carbon footprint, with chickens, fish and pigs slightly lower.

Since all plants absorb at least some greenhouse gases and animals – especially cows and sheep – produce them, this is common sense. Even with the fossil fuels needed to harvest and transport plant-based foods, human nutrition's carbon footprint overall would be smaller.

The scientists took it a step farther, however, and calculated exactly how many onions, grains, nuts and pounds of beef or mutton equal the addition of a kilogram of greenhouse gases released into the environment.

They studied the environmental impact of 168 types of produce, staples and livestock, and conducted a case study on a family-owned store in Australia. They used their results to create a table that listed the median impact of each food, along with other data such as the minimum and maximum results and the range of deviation.

According to their table, for example, about 50 medium-sized onions – 12.7 pounds, or 5.8 kilograms – is roughly equal to one new kilogram of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere.

The scientists’ goal was to help people make more informed decisions about the food they choose, they said, as well as to help restaurants that work to offer “sustainable” menus to ensure that they really are making environmentally sound choices.

The table was published along with an article outlining their research and calculations in the Journal of Cleaner Production.

Human nutrition's carbon footprint analyzed by resultant greenhouse gas

Human nutrition's carbon footprint was analyzed by scientists at Australia’s...

Social networking helps scientists: researchers turn to Instagram and Flickr to boost their landscape data banks.

When you go hiking in the mountains, travel overseas, or visit a pristine beach, your photos may be more than just a memory of a great time. According to one expert, they're becoming valuable research data.

Researchers are turning to Instagram, Flickr, and other social media sites to identify which destinations tourists feel are most important, according to Dr. Jordan Smith, director of the Institute of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism at Utah State University. Smith is also an assistant professor the university's Department of Environment and Society.

Dr. Smith – along with Boris van Zanten, Koen Tieskens and Peter Verburg of Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, as well as Derek van Berkel and Ross Meentenmeyer of North Carolina State University – took to the social media websites to identify and map the locations shown in the photos that were being shared.

This helped them find what they have dubbed "hot spots" – outdoor spaces that tourists most want to visit. That data can be used to help prioritize landscape management and determine funding, Smith stated.

The team's findings were published in the early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences online on Oct. 31, 2016.

Social networking helps scientists boost landscape data

Social networking helps scientists: researchers turn to Instagram and Flickr...

Genetically engineered potatoes have been approved by U.S. Dept of Agriculture.

On Friday, the U.S. Department of Agriculture approved two types of genetically engineered potatoes designed to resist the disease that caused the Irish potato famine. The two varieties included J.R. Simplot Co.’s Ranger Russet and second generation of Innate potatoes.

On an aesthetic level, the potatoes will have less exterior bruising and extended storage capacity. Less bruising will result in a predicted 15% decrease in waste, as the bruised potatoes don’t sell as easily. 

But there is also an added health benefit to the new potatoes: when potatoes are cooked at high temperatures, it creates a chemical that’s a potential carcinogen. The genetically engineered potatoes, however, will release release much less of it.

Late blight is the official name of the disease that caused the infamous Irish potato famine, a pathogen that still remains a problem to this day. The genetically engineered potatoes will be resistant to late blight thanks to an Argentinian potato variety that naturally produces a defense. 

Another added benefit is that the new potatoes will be able to be kept in cold storage for a longer duration. This, in turn, could be good news for the potato chip industry and save money on trucking costs.

Last year, J.R. Simplot Co. began selling the first generation of genetically engineered potatoes. While they sold over 40 million pounds in 35 different states, many consumers are still adamantly resistant to genetically modified foods. McDonald’s has refused to use genetically modified potatoes for french fries.

Simplot has been fighting the stigma with a marketing campaign featuring Olympic gold medalist and Boise resident Kristin Armstrong. The long-term effects of GM plants on human health and the environment are unknown.

Next, the potatoes will be reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. J.R. Simplot Co. plans to have them on the market by next spring.

New genetically engineered potatoes approved by USDA

Genetically engineered potatoes have been approved by U.S. Dept of...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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