Marriage or long-term relationships often seem like the societal norm. However, a growing number of people choose to remain single for life. While singlehood offers independence and freedom, it may also pose challenges, especially in later years.&nbsp;



A new study published in the journal Psychological Science takes a deep look at people who have stayed single their whole lives, revealing important differences in both their life satisfaction and personality traits compared to those in relationships.



The study was led by Dr. Julia Stern, a senior researcher at the University of Bremen in Germany.



Her team analyzed data from over 77,000 Europeans aged 50 and above, making it the first research of its kind to examine lifelong singles across different cultures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-life-more-than-just-relationship-status">Single life: More than just relationship status</h2>



The research team didn't just look at who was currently single. They dug deeper, creating different categories: people who never lived with a partner, those who never married, and those who never had any long-term relationship.



This detailed approach revealed something fascinating - people who had never been in a serious relationship showed lower scores in extraversion, openness, and life satisfaction compared to those who were currently single but had previous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-power-are-more-likely-to-cheat-on-their-partners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relationship experience</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-context-matters">Cultural context matters</h2>



Your location as a single person can influence your life satisfaction. The study revealed that in countries with higher marriage rates, especially in southern Europe, single individuals tended to feel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-rejection-teaches-us-valuable-lessons-about-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">less satisfied</a> with their lives.



This suggests that societal expectations around marriage might intensify feelings of isolation or inadequacy for singles in these regions. 



Surprisingly, the level of religiosity in a country didn’t significantly impact the life satisfaction of single people. This indicates that cultural norms about relationships play a more prominent role than religious influences in shaping their well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-and-gender-of-singles">Age and gender of singles</h2>



Here's a silver lining for older singles - the research found that they tend to be happier with their single status compared to middle-aged singles. 



Women who were single also reported higher life satisfaction than single men. 



Dr. Stern suggests that older singles might find more peace with their status once they're past the age where their peers are actively starting families and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/making-a-partner-jealous-hurts-relationships-much-more-often-than-it-helps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">getting married</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personality-differences-in-single-people">Personality differences in single people</h2>



One big question emerges: do certain personality types lead people to stay single, or does being single shape personality? The evidence points to the former. 



"It's more likely you have these selection effects: For example, people who are more extraverted are more likely to enter a relationship," explained Dr. Stern.



However, she emphasizes that these are average effects and don't apply to everyone - you'll find plenty of single extroverts and partnered introverts out there.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-people-report-lower-life-satisfaction">Single people report lower life satisfaction</h2>



The study's findings highlight significant health implications. 



Research has shown that life satisfaction and personality traits like extraversion and conscientiousness strongly influence health outcomes and even mortality. Individuals with higher levels of these traits tend to experience better physical and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-compassion-enhances-relationship-satisfaction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a>.



As people age and their reliance on support networks grows, these connections become even more critical. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-needs-of-older-singles">Addressing the needs of older singles</h2>



Lifelong singles, who often score lower on these traits and life satisfaction, may face heightened health risks. This emphasizes the importance of addressing their specific needs to promote healthier aging and overall well-being.



"When there are differences, they might be especially important in elderly people who face more health issues and financial issues," noted Dr. Stern. "They need more help, and the help is usually the partner."



This research highlights the need for better support systems for single people, especially as they age. Dr. Stern advocates for developing new programs that consider personality differences and help older singles connect with like-minded individuals. 



"If they have people who care for them or look out for them regularly, this might help," said Dr. Stern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-single-people">Supporting single people</h2>



As more people choose to live single lives, society needs to adapt. This research doesn't just highlight differences between singles and partnered individuals - it points to the urgent need for support systems that work for everyone, regardless of relationship status.



The findings call for creative solutions that go beyond the traditional family-centered approach to care and support. 



Whether through community programs, social networks, or healthcare systems, we need to ensure that single individuals have access to the same level of support and care that partnered people often receive through their relationships.



This research from <a href="https://www.uni-bremen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bremen</a> marks an important step toward understanding and addressing the unique challenges faced by lifelong singles. As our society continues to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-love-live-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolve</a>, these insights could help shape more inclusive support systems that serve everyone, regardless of their relationship status.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976241286865" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Science</a>.



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Why do some people stay single their whole lives?

Marriage or long-term relationships often seem like the societal norm. However, a growing number of people choose to remain single for life. While singlehood offers independence and freedom, it may also pose challenges, especially in later years.&nbsp; A new study published in the journal Psychological Science takes a deep look at people who have stayed single their whole lives, revealing important differences in both their life satisfaction and personality traits compared to those in relationships. The study was led by Dr. Julia Stern, a senior researcher at...

Researchers are reporting that the poorest countries will be hit the hardest by larger and more frequent thermal fluctuations triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-driving-climate-change/">climate change</a>.

The goal of the investigation was to predict how weather extremes such as heat waves and cold snaps may shift with the changing climate. The team analyzed 37 different climate models that were used for the last report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

According to the study, temperature variability will increase by up to 15 percent in southern Africa and Amazonia for every degree of global warming. In the Sahel, India, and Southeast Asia, this variability will rise by up to 10 percent.

Ironically, many of the wealthier countries that have contributed the most to climate change are predicted to experience a decrease in temperature variability. The experts referred to this trend as an “unfair pattern” that was revealed during their analysis.

“The countries that have contributed least to climate change, and have the least economic potential to cope with the impacts are facing the largest increases in temperature variability,” said lead author Dr. Sebastian Bathiany of <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm">Wageningen University</a>.

“The countries affected by this dual challenge of poverty and increasing temperature variability already share half of the world's population, and population growth rates are particularly large in these countries,” added co-author Tim Lenton, a professor at the at the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a>. 

“These increases are bad news for tropical societies and ecosystems that are not adapted to fluctuations outside of the typical range.”


The experts also determined that the increased temperature fluctuations in the tropics will primarily coincide with droughts, worsening the strain on food and water supplies in poorer countries.


The study is published in the journal <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/">Science Advances</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Temperature fluctuations to strike the poorest countries the most

Researchers are reporting that the poorest countries will be hit...

A new study from <a href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/">Queen's University Belfast</a> has found that approximately one million less people moved to new homes in the 2000s compared to the 1970s. The new trend is linked to an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cells-resistant-viruses-aging/">aging</a> population, changes in the housing market, and modified behavior patterns.

“There has been a decade-on-decade decrease in people moving home,” said study lead author Dr. Shuttleworth. “Using statistics from the census we measured the proportion of people changing addresses and found that this fell from 55% between 1971 and 1981 and to 45% between 2001 and 2011.”

Dr. Shuttleworth noted that the shift took place before the Great Recession of the late 2000s and early 2010s, so the decrease in migration cannot be fully explained by the economy.

The team spent three years investigating how many people moved to new homes in seven countries. They established that around a third of the internal migration decline in England and Wales could be attributed to changes in the population such as aging, but the remaining two-thirds of the decline correlated with changes in behavior. People are simply moving less than they did in the 1970s.

The study revealed the same trend in many other countries including Australia, Japan, the United States, Germany, and Italy. The only country examined in the study which saw a rise in migration was Sweden.

“The fall in migration has been most significant for moves of under 10 km and it has been experienced by nearly all types of people,” explained Dr. Shuttleworth. “It is not just the elderly who are not moving as much as they did in the 1970s but all age groups, it is not only owner occupiers but also those in social-rented housing and falls are not just concentrated amongst the unemployed but have also been experienced by those in work.”

Dr. Shuttleworth explained some of the dynamics of the changing population in England and Wales that contribute to how many people are moving.

“Some people are more mobile than others, for example, older people tend to change address less than younger people, whereas those with more education tend to move more than those who lack it,” said Dr. Shuttleworth.

“Our analysis also points to extended lives and a delay in people moving from their parent's house to their own home. Workers also are commuting longer distances on a daily or weekly basis instead of moving home, and improved transport and communication technologies mean that there is less need to move."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/15448452">Population, Space and Place</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Far fewer people are moving into new homes compared to the 1970s

A new study from Queen's University Belfast has found that...

The saying goes, ‘You are what you eat,’ so where does that leave those who eat trash, or even just plants?  The truth is that all species are connected to each other and the inanimate earth through the simple act of eating; by eating (broadly defined) we are all part of each other.  Consumption of food is one of the most direct impacts we can have on the world around us and it’s easily, even instinctively understood. To live, we must consume the lives of others. 

According to a study from the <a href="http://www.csiro.au/">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a> (CSIRO), it is estimated that the food system creates between 19% and 29% of global greenhouse gas emissions as well as 70% of worldwide fresh water consumption.  According to the same source, larger portions of food contribute to a larger carbon footprint. According to a paper in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition">Frontiers in Nutrition</a>, livestock contribute 18% of global greenhouse gas emissions from human caused sources.  Vegetarians have long touted such statistics, pointing to the environmental benefit of their diet.  Vegans often claim an even lower impact than vegetarians who eat eggs and dairy, but a study on from <a href="https://www.nature.com/">Nature</a> found that the environmental impacts between vegetarians and vegans is similar.

The theory behind vegetarianism for the environment is simple.  Most cultivated plants such as corn or hay are grown for animal feed and aren’t very edible for humans.  Cutting out meat takes millions of acres out of production, freeing them up for wild animal habitat. 

Besides less land, plant crops also use less energy to create than animal products.  Animals still eat plants and due to inefficiency in energy transfer, use only some of the plant’s caloric energy to create meat, eggs or dairy.  According to a paper on <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/">iopscience.iop.org</a> by A. Shepon, et al, dairy and eggs are the most energy efficient of animal products at 17%.  Beef production is the least efficient, as only 3% of energy input is recaptured in meat. Chicken is the most efficient meat at 13%.  

Energy use also comes down to greenhouse gas production, and livestock contribute significantly to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farming-changes-greenhouse-gases/">greenhouse gas</a> production, but plants on the other hand do not on their own.  In fact, plants actually reduce carbon in the atmosphere. In a paper in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.elsevier.com/agriculture-ecosystems-and-environment/">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</a>, Isack Mathew, et.al. found that corn is the best crop for carbon sequestration.  

According to <a href="http://theconversation.com/au">The Conversation</a> about 25% of carbon produced by humans is absorbed by plants and about that same amount ends up in the ocean.  In a paper in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ajcn">The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</a>, David &amp; Marcia Pimentel write that, 2 billion people live on a meat based diet while 4 billion live on a plant based diet globally.  In the United States, about 50% of land use is given over to agriculture, while 80% of water use and 17% of fossil fuel use is from agriculture.  Energy used to produce eggs and dairy for use in a vegetarian diet ends up being about half the energy used to produce meat. In the end though, no diet is without energy cost and in our modern world, that energy is often fossil fuels.  

There is one way out of this, at least for a percentage of people.  According to the <a href="https://www.usda.gov/">USDA</a>, food waste in the US is about 30-40% of food supply.  This means that even eating nothing but plants, there is a great deal of waste.  

It’s common knowledge that a lot of useful food ends up in dumpsters across the country.  There are those who eat from the dumpsters, collecting food that would otherwise be wasted.  Many people see collecting food waste from trash as disgusting but I think it’s more palatable when reframed.  It’s good to remember that all food was once part of a life form, valuable in and of itself beyond its usefulness to a human consumer.  

The fact is that agriculture is largely unsustainable and just a small part of a larger unsustainable lifestyle inherit in our civilization at this point.  Freeganism, the act of collecting food from trash, is a response to the unsustainability of our lifestyle. David Emanuel from <a href="https://freegan.info/">freegan.info</a> brought this up in an interview I did with him before for my <a href="http://zachofjungle.com">personal blog</a>:

“What struck me most about their various points of view was the idea that modern, industrial civilization is—by definition—unsustainable and what we perceive as “progress” is an illusion at best and a crime at worst. And they all (authors he was reading), in their own ways, highlighted the fact that all civilizations go through periods of creation, maintenance and decay and ours is no exception. In fact, it was highly likely that The American Way was in a period of decay or collapse.”    

Freeganism offers a chance to use food that’s already been produced, meaning you’re not contributing to any more pollution or energy use than would otherwise occur.  Freeganism even more than vegan or vegetarianism offers a solution, it offers a greater efficiency of consumption, of energy use on a systematic level from the actions of individuals.  It’s like buying clothes from a thrift shop: you’re not contributing directly to child labor or industrial problems, instead you get things at a cheaper price. Freeganism only requires an open mind and a bit of creativity to implement and the world is better for it.

--

By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Contributing Writer

Whatever you eat impacts the environment and climate change

The saying goes, ‘You are what you eat,’ so where...

DNA analysis by an international research team has revealed new details about the founding population of the Americas. After early Native Americans first migrated to the New World from Siberia over 20,000 years ago, their population exploded from just around 250 individuals to tens of millions in the millenia that followed.

Study co-author Michael Crawford is an anthropological geneticist at the <a href="https://www.ku.edu/">University of Kansas</a>.

“It is difficult to go back in time to follow the populations, but we can characterize contemporary genetic diversity and estimate the mutation rates that have occurred in different regions,” said Crawford.

The research was focused on DNA spanning 15,000 years. The samples represented individuals of different tribes along the path of migration, including China, Siberia, and Central and South America. 

The team used isolation-with-migration computer simulation models to estimate the number of founding Native Americans, and ultimately narrowed this down to 250 individuals.

As the population grew, the indigenous people split off to form new communities, spreading out from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/13000-year-old-footprints/">Canada</a> to Argentina in the 15,000 years after they arrived in the Americas.

“Going from a few hundred founders to around 40 million inhabitants of the Americas, who eventually live under different environmental conditions to which they adapt, is pretty exciting stuff,” said Crawford. “It's about understanding how evolution operates in terms of genetic diversity.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.scielo.br/gmb">Genetics and Molecular Biology</a>,

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

First Native American population began with just 250 people

DNA analysis by an international research team has revealed new...

In the wide world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boozing-beetles-alcohol/">alcohol</a>, brewers and distillers can make alcoholic beverages using everything from potatoes to grapes – so why not wood? Researchers at Japan’s <a href="https://www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp/en/">Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute</a> report that lumber-based beverages might soon be the newest member of the alcohol family. Apparently, these beverages have woody qualities that make them similar to alcohol aged in wood barrels.

To make this woody drink, the researchers pulverized wood into a creamy paste, then added yeast and an enzyme to begin the fermentation process. They are able to use different woods – such as cedar, birch, and cherry – and avoid using heat in order to preserve the flavor of each specific food. Using four kilograms of cedar wood gave them almost four liters of liquid, with an alcohol content of about 15 percent.

A similar process of wood fermentation is currently used to produce biofuel, but the final product is flavorless and contains toxins – so it’s not exactly drinkable. “But our method can make it drinkable, and with a wood flavor, because it does not require high heat or sulphuric acid to decompose the wood,” says researcher Kengo Magara.

The Forestry and Forest Products Research in Japan – a government institute – plans on commercializing the venture with a partner in the private sector and have the wood alcohol on shelves within three years. 

“We thought it would be interesting to think that alcohol could be made from something around here like trees,” Magara says. “It’s a dream-inspired project.”

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lumber liquor: Scientists unveil alcohol that’s made from trees

In the wide world of alcohol, brewers and distillers can...

Ecstasy is best known for being a “party drug,” used to create an intense feeling of euphoria that can last for hours. It also reduces fear and gives the user an overwhelming sense of love and acceptance of themselves and others. Now, scientists may have found another use for the drug – outside of its usual dance parties and raves.

Dr. Allison Feduccia of the <a href="http://www.maps.org/">Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies</a> (MAPS) Public Benefit Corporation in Santa Cruz, California led a study of veterans and emergency service personnel diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Through treating this condition with varying doses of MDMA (the more scientific term for ecstasy), the study found that ecstasy could effectively treat or even cure the disorder, as it reduced depression and improved sleep quality.

This illegal drug has been an emerging treatment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-outdoors-mental-health/">PTSD</a> in recent years, with the US Food and Drug administration already calling the drug a “breakthrough therapy,” putting it on the fast track for review and potential approval. Currently, approved treatments such as counseling and legal prescribed drugs have been shown to be ineffective.

About eight percent of the population suffers from PTSD, with one-in-six military personnel and veterans and as much as a third of emergency service workers affected by the condition. The disorder can appear as insomnia or hyper-alertness, with those who suffer from it being six times more likely to commit suicide and have marital problems.

For her study, Feduccia randomly selected 26 volunteers, including 22 veterans, three firefighters, and one police officer – all who had suffered from PTSD for at least six months. Out of these participants, groups were randomly selected to receive 30, 75, or 125mg doses of MDMA during counselling sessions. 

One month after the second session took place, over half of the 125mg group no longer had PTSD, and almost all of the 75mg group were shown to no longer be suffering from PTSD as well. For the 30mg group, slightly less than 30 percent of the participants no longer showed signs of the condition. On average, the two higher dose groups experienced up to five times greater reductions in symptom severity – including decreases in depression and improvements in sleep. After one year, about 57 percent of the two high dose groups were still clear of PTSD.

“In this environment, our study suggests that MDMA might help augment the psychotherapeutic experiences and may have a role to play in the future treatment of PTSD,” says Feduccia. “However, we would certainly not recommend that individuals try these drugs for the treatment of psychiatric disorders without the support from trained psychotherapists.”

The findings of this study add to two previous studies by MAPS, both of which showed encouraging results as well. While further studies are needed – as well as larger sample sizes – these studies show that there could be a light at the end of the tunnel for those that suffer from this terrible disorder. 

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Ecstasy shows promising results as a potential treatment for PTSD

Ecstasy is best known for being a “party drug,” used...

Eating more fruit and cutting out fast food could help improve fertility in women and reduce the time it takes to get pregnant, according to a new study. 

Fertility studies don’t often examine the impact that diet has on conception beyond those who are in the process of fertility treatments, and the results show that eating fast food multiple times a week reduces the chances of conceiving within a year. 

The study was conducted by research midwives in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and Ireland and led by the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/">University of Adelaide, Australia</a>. The research was published in the journal Human Reproduction. 

For the study, 5598 women were asked about their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-healthier-aging/">diet</a> and how long it took to conceive during their first prenatal or antenatal visit after 14 to 16 weeks of pregnancy. The midwives asked how much fruit, leafy vegetables, fish and fast food each woman consumed the month before getting pregnant. 

The women were part of the multi-center Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) study from 2004 and 2011 and the majority of the participants had not received any fertility treatments before conception. 

“Most of the women did not have a history of infertility. We adjusted the relationships with pre-pregnancy diet to take account of several factors known to increase the risk of infertility, including elevated body mass index [BMI] and maternal age, smoking, and alcohol intake,” said Jessica Grieger, the study’s first author. “As diet is a modifiable factor, our findings underscore the importance of considering preconception diet to support timely conception for women planning pregnancy.”

Fruit and fast food had a major impact on the study’s results and women who ate fruit less than one to three times a month took half a month longer to conceive. 

For those women who frequently ate fast food, the researchers found that it took almost a month longer to conceive compared to those who rarely ate fast food. 

The researchers also found that not eating fruit increased the risk of infertility from 8 percent to 12 percent, and eating fast food four or more times a week increased infertility risk from 8 percent to 16 percent. 

“These findings show that eating a good quality diet that includes fruit and minimizing fast food consumption improves fertility and reduces the time it takes to get pregnant,” said Claire Roberts, the leader of the research. 

There are some limitations to the study as any research that relies on data from recalled information isn’t wholly reliable and there might have been other influencing factors that the researchers didn’t consider. 

However, even with the uncertain variables in the study, the researchers are confident in the results. 

“We recommend that women who want to become pregnant should align their dietary intakes towards national dietary recommendations for pregnancy,” said Grieger. “Our data show that frequent consumption of fast foods delays time to pregnancy.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette,</a> <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Eating more fruit and less fast food can speed up conception

Eating more fruit and cutting out fast food could help...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-lakes-freshwater/">Lakes</a> in the Northern Hemisphere could soon emit substantial levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-methane-bubbles/">methane</a>, a greenhouse gas that’s more potent than CO2, and further drive global warming. 

A new study on methane emissions from lakes found that tree debris like pine needles suppress methane, while debris from plants in wetlands could double methane emissions in lakes over the next 50 years. 

The research was led by Andrew Tanentzap from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge's </a>Department of Plant Sciences and published in the journal Nature Communications.

The results are especially worrying because the world's forests are shrinking but wetland plants that create methane emissions are thriving. 

It’s yet another feedback loop where climate change creates optimal conditions for releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere which drives up temperatures in a vicious cycle, according to the researchers. 

“We believe we have discovered a new mechanism that has the potential to cause increasingly more greenhouse gases to be produced by freshwater lakes,” said Tanentzap. “The warming climates that promote the growth of aquatic plants have the potential to trigger a damaging feedback loop in natural ecosystems.”

77 percent of methane emissions in lakes are from microbes that eat organic matter from plants near the water. Matter from the plants gets buried in sediment where it becomes the perfect food source for microbes. 

Tanentzap and his fellow researchers wanted to see if different plants impacted the amount of methane emitted from lakes and tested three different types of plant debris. 

Leaves from deciduous trees, coniferous pine needles, and cat-tails were added to lake sediment and left for 150 days. The researchers then measured the methane produced by each type of plant debris. 

The sediment with the cattails produced over 400 times the amount of methane that the coniferous sediment emitted, and almost 2,800 times the methane the deciduous sediment produced. 

The researchers also added microbes to the three sediment debris samples in order to see how methane-producing microbes would impact the methane emitted. 

With microbes in the mix, the cattail sample produced twice the amount the methane as compared to the other two debris. 

The researchers used a species distribution model to see how climate change would impact the methane-producing plant species near lakes in central and eastern Canada, an area rich with forests and lakes. 

The results show that in that region, the number of lakes with cattails could double in the next fifty years and increase methane emissions from lakes by 73 percent. 

“Accurately predicting methane emissions is vital to the scientific calculations used to try and understand the pace of climate change and the effects of a warmer world,” said Tanentzap. “We still have limited understanding of the fluctuations in methane production from plants and freshwater lakes.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>,<a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Andrew Tanentzap

Methane emissions from lakes could double over the next 50 years

Lakes in the Northern Hemisphere could soon emit substantial levels...

In the first large-scale study of its kind, experts have linked sauna bathing to a significantly lower risk of stroke. Study participants who used a sauna four to seven times a week were found to be 61 percent less likely to have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoking-stroke-risk/">stroke</a> compared to participants who used a sauna once a week.

The investigation, which was led by the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a>, was focused on 1,628 men and women aged 53 to 74 years living in the eastern part of Finland. The individuals had taken part in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) study at the <a href="https://www.uef.fi/en/etusivu">University of Eastern Finland</a>.


The participants were divided into three groups based on how frequently they took traditional Finnish sauna baths. The study revealed that the risk of stroke was lowered with a higher frequency of sauna usage.

Individuals who took a sauna bath two to three times per week had a 14 percent less chance of a stroke compared to those who took one sauna bath per week. For those who took four to seven sauna baths per week, stroke risk was reduced by 61 percent.

The researchers accounted for conventional stroke risk factors and found the effect was the same. 

Lead author Dr. Setor Kunutsor is an expert at the University of Bristol's Musculoskeletal Research Unit.

“The findings are very significant and highlight the multiple health benefits of taking frequent sauna baths,” said Dr. Kunutsor.


Previous evaluations based on data from the KIHD study demonstrated a correlation between the frequency of sauna bathing and a reduced risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.


The study authors pointed out that the relationship between sauna usage and reduced stroke occurrence may be attributed to other health benefits of sauna bathing such as reduction in blood pressure, stimulation of immune system, a positive impact on the autonomic nervous system, and an improved cardiovascular function.

The study is published in the journal in <a href="http://www.neurology.org/">Neurology</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Spending time in the sauna can substantially lower risk of stroke

In the first large-scale study of its kind, experts have...

Data from the <a href="https://www.healthyagingpoll.org/">National Poll on Healthy Aging</a> has revealed that 40 percent of people between the ages of 65 and 80 are sexually active, disproving common assumptions about the intimate lives of seniors. 

Around 75 percent of people in this age group have a romantic partner, and more than half of the individuals involved in a relationship are having <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-less-regret-sex/">sex</a>.

Furthermore, nearly two-thirds of older adults reported being interested in sex, while more than half reported sex as being important to their quality of life.

The results of the poll, which was conducted by the <a href="http://ihpi.umich.edu/">University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation</a>, also showed that 73 percent of over 1,000 seniors who were surveyed said that they are satisfied with their current sex life.

The respondents also reported on whether they have sought out help or advice about sexual health or sexual problems.

Overall, 18 percent of men and 3 percent of women said they have taken medications or supplements to improve sexual function in the past two years. However, only 17 percent of older adults said they have discussed their sexual health with a doctor in the past two years. 


“Sexual health among older adults doesn't get much attention but is linked closely to quality of life, health and well-being,” explained co-associate poll director Dr. Erica Solway. “It's important for older adults and the clinicians who care for them to talk about these issues and about how age-related changes in physical health, relationships, lifestyles and responsibilities such as caregiving, affect them.”


Dr. Alison Bryant, senior vice president of research for AARP, said that this survey confirms that the interest in sexual intimacy does not stop at any certain age.

“Although most older adults say that they would talk with their doctor about sexual concerns, health care providers should routinely be asking all of their older patients about their sexual health and not assume that bringing up the issue will offend or embarrass them,” said Dr. Bryant.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The majority of seniors over 65 are still interested in sex

Data from the National Poll on Healthy Aging has revealed...

Migraine headaches are a painful neurological disorder that affects millions of people around the world. While the percentage of people who have this disorder varies across populations, it is known to be highest in individuals of European decent – and scientists may have just figured out the reason why.

A study published in <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/">PLOS Genetics</a> reports that a common genetic variant responsible for migraines may have proliferated because it helped early humans adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-skull-shape-oxygen/">cold weather</a>. Researcher Felix Key of the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/index.html">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a> and his colleagues looked at the gene TRPM8, which codes for the only known receptor that allows a person to detect and respond to cool and cold temperatures. They found that a genetic variant upstream from the gene, which may regulate it, became more common in populations living at higher latitudes in the last 25,000 years.

Within the last 50,000 years, some human populations moved from the warm climates of Africa to the colder climates in Asia, Europe, and other areas of the world. “This colonization could have been accompanied by genetic adaptations that helped early humans respond to cold temperatures,” says Aida Andres, who supervised the study.

Only 5 percent of people with Nigerian ancestry carry this genetic variant, while 88 percent of people with Finnish ancestry carry the variant. The percentage of people within a population carrying this variant increases at higher latitudes and with colder climate. In previous research, scientists had identified this variant as being strongly linked to migraine headaches.

The authors of this current study believe that adaptation to cold temperatures in early human populations may have contributed to the variation in migraine prevalence that exists within human populations today. So if you’re one of the unlucky individuals that suffers from migraines, you may be able to blame your distant ancestors for surviving the cold.

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By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Migraines linked to gene that helped early humans adapt to cold

Migraine headaches are a painful neurological disorder that affects millions...

A bill has been passed by state lawmakers in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flooding-hawaii-climate-change/">Hawaii</a> to protect coastal waters from the pollution caused by toxic sunscreens. If the legislation is signed by the state's governor, the sale and distribution of sunscreens containing oxybenzone and octinoxate will be prohibited beginning in January of 2021.

Democratic State Senator Mike Gabbard proposed the ban, stating that oxybenzone and octinoxate are harming Hawaii's marine environment and ecosystems.

The bill reads: “Oxybenzone and octinoxate cause mortality in developing coral; increase coral bleaching that indicates extreme stress, even at temperatures below 87.8 degrees Fahrenheit; and cause genetic damage to coral and other marine organisms.  These chemicals have also been shown to degrade corals' resiliency and ability to adjust to climate change factors and inhibit recruitment of new corals.”

Oxybenzone and octinoxate are active ingredients in some of the most popular brands of sunscreen, including Coppertone, Hawaiian Tropic, and Banana Boat. According to the magazine <a href="https://www.outsideonline.com/">Outside</a>, scientists have estimated that 412 pounds of sunscreen are washed into Oahu’s Hanauma Bay every day.

The official document says that “the contamination is constantly refreshed and renewed every day by swimmers and beachgoers.” The chemicals are also making their way into the ocean from wastewater because these chemicals are not removed by the state’s water treatment system.

Oxybenzone and octinoxate are endocrine disruptors that can trigger feminization in male fish, and have been linked to reproductive diseases in many marine species. 

“The chemicals also induce deformities in the embryonic development of fish, sea urchins, coral, and shrimp and induce neurological behavioral changes in fish that threaten the continuity of fish populations,” the bill states.

Critics of the proposed legislation, which was passed by the Senate unanimously, say that it will discourage people from wearing any sunscreen at all. If passed, the law will be the first of its kind anywhere in the world.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Hawaii on the verge of banning sunscreens that kill coral

A bill has been passed by state lawmakers in Hawaii...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...