Sunburn is painful skin damage that we've all experienced after spending a bit too much time outdoors without protection from UV rays. Whether it's from a lazy beach day or an exhilarating hike, the aftermath tells a singular tale - crimson skin and a nagging sting.



We've long believed that stepping out into the sun requires ample sunscreen slathering, shade-seeking, and hat-wearing, especially between the peak hours of 12 noon and 3 p.m.



However, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a> and <a href="https://www.ntu.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanyang Technological University</a> (NTU Singapore) have made surprising new strides in our understanding of sunburn.



As it turns out, the DNA damage we've always associated with sunburn might not be the complete story.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-rna-and-sunburn-damage">DNA, RNA, and sunburn damage</h2>



When it comes to sunburn, the prevailing wisdom suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-collect-human-dna-from-water-air-and-basically-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> damage triggers inflammation and subsequent cell death.



However, this recent research suggests that the real offender might be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, not DNA. 



"Sunburn damages the DNA, leading to cell death and inflammation. So the textbooks say," stated assistant professor Anna Constance Vind from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the <a href="https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/en/organisations/institut-for-cellul%C3%A6r-og-molekyl%C3%A6r-medicin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>. 



"But in this study we were surprised to learn that this is a result of damage to the RNA, not the DNA that causes the acute effects of sunburn." 



But what's the difference between DNA and RNA? While they share similarities, the two aren't interchangeable. 



DNA is a more consistent molecule, whereas RNA is more transitory. 



A particular type of RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), carries information from DNA to create proteins - the fundamental building blocks of cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-rna">Importance of RNA</h2>



The importance of mRNA in our body's response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-skin-become-leathery-after-too-much-uv-light-from-sun-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UV radiation</a> can't be understated. 



"DNA damage is serious as the mutations will get passed down to progenies of the cells, RNA damage happens all the time and does not cause permanent mutations," Vind explained. 



"Therefore, we used to believe that the RNA is less important, as long as the DNA is intact. But in fact, damages to the RNA are the first to trigger a response to UV radiation."



Investigating more deeply into the matter was no small task.



The researchers embarked on a study involving both mice and human skin cells to better understand the consequences of UV radiation on the skin. They discovered a consistent response in both species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zak-alpha-the-protector">ZAK-alpha - the protector</h2>



RNA damage activates a response in ribosomes (protein complexes that interpret the mRNA to assemble proteins).



This process is managed by a protein known as ZAK-alpha, which triggers what is referred to as the "ribotoxic stress response."



Think of it like a vigilant watchman, always on the lookout for RNA damage. When it detects any, it won't hesitate to call for backup.



"We found that the first thing the cells respond to after being exposed to UV radiation is damage to the RNA, and that this is what triggers cell death and inflammation of the skin," explained Professor Simon Bekker-Jensen, who was also from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.



In mice exposed to UV radiation we found responses such as inflammation and cell death, but when we removed the ZAK gene, these responses disappeared, which means that ZAK plays a key role in the skin's response to UV-induced damage.



"So you could say that everything depends on this one response, which monitors all protein translations occurring. The cells respond to the RNA damage, realizing that something is wrong, and this is what leads to cell death," Bekker-Jensen elaborated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-sunburn-and-uv-damage">Rethinking sunburn and UV damage</h2>



The study's findings question our long-held beliefs about sunburn and how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skins-secret-strength-shields-against-puncture-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin</a> safeguards itself. It suggests that RNA damage sparks a quicker, more efficient response, which safeguards the skin from additional harm.



"The fact that the DNA does not control the skin's initial response to UV radiation, but that something else does and that it does so more effectively and more quickly, is quite the paradigm shift," reflected Vind.



Knowing how our skin reacts to UV damage at a cellular level could potentially transform prevention and treatment approaches to sunburn and other inflammatory skin conditions.



"Many inflammatory skin diseases are worsened by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-parents-are-not-using-sunscreen-properly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun exposure</a>. Thus, understanding how our skin responds at the cellular level to UV damage opens the door to innovative treatments for certain chronic skin conditions," explained Dr. Franklin Zhong, Nanyang assistant professor at NTU's Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine and a co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-the-textbooks">Rewriting the textbooks</h2>



In closing, it seems now is the time to revise our textbooks and rethink how we perceive the effects of UV radiation on our skin. 



"This new knowledge turns things upside down. I think most people associate sunburn with DNA damage; it is established knowledge," Professor Simon Bekker-Jensen concluded. "But now we need to rewrite the textbooks, and it will affect future research on the effects of UV radiation on the skin."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1097276524008840" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Cell</a>.



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Main cause of sunburn is finally identified, and it's time to rewrite the textbooks

Sunburn is painful skin damage that we've all experienced after spending a bit too much time outdoors without protection from UV rays. Whether it's from a lazy beach day or an exhilarating hike, the aftermath tells a singular tale - crimson skin and a nagging sting. We've long believed that stepping out into the sun requires ample sunscreen slathering, shade-seeking, and hat-wearing, especially between the peak hours of 12 noon and 3 p.m. However, researchers at the University of Copenhagen and Nanyang Technological University (NTU Singapore) have...

Too much or too little sleep is harmful to heart health. A new study presented at the annual meeting of the <a href="https://www.escardio.org/">European Society of Cardiology</a> has found that six to eight hours of sleep is the ideal amount of rest for optimal heart health. According to the experts, any more or less sleep can increase the risk of deadly heart disease and stroke.

Emily McGrath is the senior cardiac nurse at the <a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk/">British Heart Foundation</a>. 

“Getting a good night's sleep is important for good health. When it comes to our heart and circulatory health, this large study suggests that there may be a sweet spot between getting too much, and getting too little sleep.”

“This research needn't trigger alarm bells for those of us partial to a sleepless night or a weekend lie-in. However, if you regularly struggle with your sleep, it's an important reminder to speak to your GP.”

“As well as having a negative impact on your quality of life, a lack of sleep could also be contributing to heart health problems further down the line.”

The findings of the study suggest that excessive sleep further elevates the detrimental effects that are associated with sleep deprivation.


Dr. Epameinondas Fountas of the <a href="http://www.onassis.org/en/public-benefit-onassis-cardiac-surgery.php">Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre</a> in Athens, Greece, is one of the study's co-authors.

“Our findings suggest that too much or too little sleep may be bad for the heart,” said Dr. Fountas. “More research is needed to clarify exactly why, but we do know that sleep influences biological processes like glucose metabolism, blood pressure, and inflammations - all of which have an impact on cardiovascular disease.”


The massive investigation was focused on data from over a million participants that were involved in 11 studies.

According to the analysis, a sleep schedule consisting of less than six hours or more than eight hours increased the risk of fatal stroke and coronary artery disease, which is the most common form of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/wood-coal-cooking-cardiovascular/">heart disease</a>.

Over nine years, individuals who regularly got less sleep had an increased risk of 11 percent, while those who overslept increased the risk of heart disease by 33 percent.


“Having the odd short night or lie-in is unlikely to be detrimental to health, but evidence is accumulating that prolonged nightly sleep deprivation or excessive sleeping should be avoided, said Dr. Fountas.

The research was presented at ESC Congress 2018.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Too much or too little sleep is harmful to heart health

Too much or too little sleep is harmful to heart...

Depression, anxiety linked to heightened risk of heart attack. A new study from the <a href="https://www.heart.org/">American Heart Association</a> has found that adults over the age of 45 who suffer from psychological distress such as <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushroom-fda-depression/">depression</a> and anxiety are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

The study was focused on over 220,000 participants in Australia who had not experienced a heart attack or stroke at the beginning of the trial. In addition, the individuals were part of the New South Wales 45 and Up Study that was conducted between 2006 and 2009.

The survey asked the participants questions such as how often they felt tired out for no good reason, how often they felt so sad that nothing could cheer then up, and how often they felt restless or fidgety.

Among women, high psychological distress was found to be associated with a 44-percent increased risk of stroke, while high distress in men was associated with a 30-percent increased risk of heart attack.

The link between psychological distress and increased cardiovascular disease was found to exist regardless of lifestyle behaviors such as smoking, dietary habits, and disease history.

Study senior author Dr. Caroline Jackson is a Chancellor's Fellow at the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a>.

“While these factors might explain some of the observed increased risk, they do not appear to account for all of it, indicating that other mechanisms are likely to be important,” said Dr. Jackson.

The overall risk of developing heart attack or stroke rose with each level of psychological distress. After over four years, 4,573 heart attacks and 2,421 strokes occurred across the study participants.

“We encourage more proactive screening for symptoms of psychological distress,” concluded Dr. Jackson. “Clinicians should actively screen for cardiovascular risk factors in people with these mental health symptoms.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/journals/4567.jsp">Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Depression, anxiety linked to heightened risk of heart attack

Depression, anxiety linked to heightened risk of heart attack. A...

We often don’t think about the history of cooking beyond how putting meat to flame opened up a new world of flavors and possibilities for preserving and preparing food through the ages.

However, when our early human ancestors started cooking food it may have permanently altered the course of evolution for the human microbiome. 

Humans are covered in bacteria. Colonies of microorganisms have set up camp in our gastrointestinal tract, billions of bacteria live on our skin, and all these microbes make up the collective microbiome. 

Studies have shown that gut bacteria can affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-health-depression/">depression risk</a> or help with weight gain, and researchers are working to understand the important role that the microbiome plays in human health and wellbeing. 

In a new study, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/">University of California, San Francisco</a>, and <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> found that cooked food alters the microbiome of humans and mice. 

“Our lab and others have studied how different kinds of diet -- such as vegetarian versus meat-based diets -- impact the microbiome,” said Peter Turnbaugh, the senior author of the study. “We were surprised to discover that no one had studied the fundamental question of how cooking itself alters the composition of the microbial ecosystems in our guts.”

For the study, the researchers fed different animals a diet of raw meat, cooked meat, raw sweet potatoes, and cooked sweet potatoes. There was little difference between the microbiomes of the animals given raw or cooked meat, but with the sweet potatoes, it was a different story. 

There were changes in the composition and gene activity of the microbiomes of those fed cooked sweet potatoes. 

To confirm these findings, the researchers fed mice raw and cooked sweet potatoes, white potatoes, corn, peas, carrots, and beets, 

Again, the differences in the microbiome linked to a raw diet versus cooked food were considerable. 

A cooked tuber allows whoever eats it to absorb more calories in the small intestine the researchers said. Raw foods, on the other hand, have antimicrobial compounds that can damage bacteria. 

The researchers analyzed the chemical changes that occurred in cooked plants to see if these were responsible for the changes in the microbiomes. 

A small group of human participants was also fed either a diet of raw or cooked food for three days. The researchers analyzed the participants’ stool samples to see if the diets affected the microbiomes of humans in the same way as the mice. 

“It was exciting to see that the impact of cooking we see in rodents is also relevant to humans, although interestingly, the specifics of how the microbiome was affected differed between the two species,” said Turnbaugh. “We’re very interested in doing larger and longer intervention and observational studies in humans to understand the impact of longer-term dietary changes.”

The study was published in the journal Nature Microbiology. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Shutterstock/Alexander Raths

Eating cooked versus raw food affects our gut bacteria

We often don’t think about the history of cooking beyond...

Finnish sauna bathing is an activity characterized by exposure to high environmental temperatures (80°C to 100°C) for a brief period of time, and is done for pleasure, relaxation, and wellness benefits. It’s often said that it can be linked to health benefits as well, but is this true?

A new study published in <a href="https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/">Mayo Clinic Proceedings</a> has found that sauna bathing is linked to a reduced risk of vascular diseases, such as high blood pressure and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakfast-prevent-cardiovascular-disease/">cardiovascular disease</a>. 

It is also associated with reduced risk of neurocognitive diseases, nonvascular conditions – such as pulmonary diseases – mental health disorders, and mortality. Beyond these health benefits, results showed that sauna bathing also helped mitigate conditions such as skin diseases, arthritis, headache, and flu.

This research was led by scientists from the <a href="https://www.jyu.fi/en">University of Jyväskylä</a>, the <a href="https://www.uef.fi/en/etusivu">University of Eastern Finland</a>, and the <a href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a>, and consisted of a comprehensive literature review on the effects of Finnish sauna baths on health outcomes. 

They found that the physiological responses that occur as a result of a sauna bath are similar to those produced by moderate- or high-intensity physical activities. The feelings of relaxation and positive effects on mental health associated with sauna sessions may be due to the increased production of circulating levels of hormones such as endorphins.

Ultimately, this study found that sauna bathing has a good safety profile and is even of benefit to patients with stable cardiovascular disease. So if you haven’t tried a Finnish sauna bath yet, what are you waiting for?

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Sauna bathing linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease

Finnish sauna bathing is an activity characterized by exposure to...

Climate change is making droughts hotter and more intense. Even in the face devastating wildfires sweeping through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carr-fire-california/">California</a>, Greece, and even the Arctic Circle, many still refuse to acknowledge the <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/31/california-wildfire-climate-change-carr-fire">impacts of climate change over the years</a>. 

A new study conducted by researchers from the <a href="https://uci.edu/">University of California Irvine</a> shows how heat waves and drought are connected, revealing that dry, hot months in the summer are only getting hotter and drier due to climate change. 

The results, published in the journal Science Advances, show that the increased devastation of wildfires, the long stretches of record-breaking heat waves, and an increase in droughts and weather extremes are not random freak occurrences, but a stark forecast for the future. 

During droughts, soil moisture and plant water stores are quickly used up causing vegetation to die off and watersheds to deplete. 

The researchers found that in recent decades, temperatures during droughts are rising faster than in past years because of changes in atmospheric water vapor which only exacerbates drought conditions. 

“Available soil moisture can remove surface heat through evaporation, but if the land is dry, there is no opportunity to transport it away, which increases the local temperature,” said Felicia Chiang, the lead author of the study. “Atmospheric conditions can influence soil, and we argue that they're shaping the temperatures we experience during droughts.”

The researchers analyzed temperature and precipitation data collected through the 20th century and discovered that areas in the United States prone to droughts warmed four times faster than regions in the southern and northeastern parts of the country.

Warmer temperatures mean more droughts and heat-waves which increases the risk of wildfires. This is a well-documented pattern we have seen around the world in recent years. 

“Heat waves and droughts have significant impacts on their own, but when they occur simultaneously, their negative effects are greatly compounded,” said Amir AghaKouchak, a co-author of the study. “Both phenomena, which are intensifying due to climate warming, are expected to have increasingly harmful consequences for agriculture, infrastructure, and human health.”

The study explains exactly how droughts and climate change are interconnected and that unless more is done to mitigate climate change, we will only see an increase in extreme weather events, heat waves, droughts and with it devastating wildfires. 

“The observed escalation in the number and intensity of wildfires is likely caused by the increase in frequency of hot droughts,” said AghaKouchak. “We need to bolster our resiliency against these threats to protect our population health, food supply and critical infrastructure.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Amir AghaKouchak / UCI

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

Climate change is making droughts hotter and more intense

Climate change is making droughts hotter and more intense. Even...

The largest FDA-approved clinical trial of MDMA has shown promising results for the future use of the drug as a treatment for chronic PTSD. The results were the most pronounced one year after the experiment, when 76 percent of the participants no longer had the symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/service-dogs-veterans-ptsd/">PTSD</a>.

MDMA is a psychoactive drug that increases the activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline in the brain. Commonly known as ecstasy, MDMA is  primarily used as a recreational drug.

The research, which was sponsored by the non-profit <a href="https://maps.org/">Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies</a> (MAPS), was a Phase 2 pilot study that was focused on 28 participants.

Brad Burge is the Director of Strategic Communications at MAPS.

“The only two medications approved for PTSD treatment are antidepressants (SSRIs),” said Burge. “Most patients need to take these drugs every day for many months, years, or sometimes forever in order to see their symptoms reduced.”

“Like any treatment, SSRIs approved for PTSD can have unwanted side effects, and since they are daily medications, many people struggle with them continuously. Other options for PTSD treatment can include various forms of therapy and yoga, which can be helpful for some patients but not all.”

PTSD is a mental health disorder that is triggered by a traumatic event and is characterized by panic and anxiety. The 28 patients involved in the trial were suffering from chronic PTSD that was related to events in the military, sexual assault, and other causes. 

The participants were randomly assigned to three groups which all received 13.5 hours of normal psychotherapy in addition to three days of drug-assisted therapy. The patients were given either a full active dose of MDMA measuring 100 or 125 milligrams, or a low dose of 40 milligrams as a control.

“MDMA-assisted psychotherapy uses MDMA to improve the effectiveness of psychotherapy,” said Burge. “The treatment involves only two or three administrations of MDMA in conjunction with psychotherapy in a controlled therapeutic setting, as part of a 12-week course of psychotherapy. In this program, MDMA is not the treatment by itself, but must be administered together with psychotherapy.”

The study revealed that, one month after the second experimental drug session, 42.9 percent of participants who had received an active dose of MDMA no longer met the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD, compared with 33.3 percent in the control group. One year after the trial, 76 percent of the participants no longer had PTSD.

“Our study demonstrated that different therapy teams were able to get similarly robust results, further strengthening the case for MDMA-assisted psychotherapy as a promising option for the treatment of PTSD,” said study lead author Marcela Ot’alora.

“Plus, the results of the study indicate that this treatment has the potential to greatly improve the lives of people suffering from PTSD, regardless of the source of their trauma. After treatment, a great majority of our participants have reported feeling more connected to themselves and to others, more joy, more compassion, and with new skills for facing life’s challenges.”

The study is published in <a href="http://journals.sagepub.com/loi/jop">The Journal of Psychopharmacology</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

MDMA therapy found to eliminate symptoms of chronic PTSD

The largest FDA-approved clinical trial of MDMA has shown promising...

Warming temperatures linked to rise in Lyme disease. Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness commonly found in North America, but it may soon become even more common. 

According to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/humancases.html">Centers for Disease Control</a>, approximately 30,000 people are diagnosed with Lyme disease each year, a sharp increase from the 10,000 cases reported in 1991. 

Over the past few years, Lyme disease has been on the rise, and research shows that <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/humans-driving-climate-change/">climate change</a> may be responsible. The increase in temperature and humidity creates perfect conditions for tricks to thrive in some parts of the country, and more ticks equal more carriers of Lyme disease. 

Researchers from <a href="https://www.cmu.edu/">Carnegie Mellon University </a>conducted a study examining the connection between Lyme disease and changes in climate in the 15 states where Lyme disease cases are concentrated in the US. 

The results, published in the Canadian Journal of Infectious Disease and Medical Microbiology, show that rising temperatures could increase the number of Lyme disease cases by more than 20 percent by the mid-century 

“A sizable increase in the incidence of cases of Lyme disease in the United States due to climate change is imminent,” said Edson Severnini, a co-author of the study. “Our findings should alert clinicians, public health professionals, and policymakers, as well as the general public.”

The researchers focused on the states that have the highest incidence of Lyme disease to see how climate changes would impact ticks and their ability to spread disease in those regions. 

Epidemiologic data collected from 568 counties as well as meteorological data from the <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> were analyzed for the study. 

The <a href="https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/">US National Climate Assessment</a> predicts that temperatures will rise by two degrees Celsius by 2065 and the researchers discovered that this would increase Lyme disease cases. 

If temperatures rise as projected, there will 8.6 more cases of Lyme disease per 100,000 people each year.  

“Tick-borne diseases are an important public health concern, and the incidence of these infections is increasing in the United States and worldwide,” said Igor Dumic, the leader of the study. “Lyme disease is a classic example of the link between environmental factors and the occurrence and spread of disease.”
--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Warming temperatures linked to rise in Lyme disease

Warming temperatures linked to rise in Lyme disease. Lyme disease...

A new study from the <a href="https://illinois.edu/">University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</a> has found that young children can tell the difference between a leader and a <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/bullying-race-sexual-orientation/">bully</a> before they are two years old. The research demonstrated that 21-month-old infants were able to distinguish between respect-based power and fear-based power.

The experts analyzed the eye-gazing behavior of infants, which is a standard method of measuring expectations in children that are too young to explain what they are thinking. This approach, which is known as the “violation-of-expectation” method, is based on the understanding that infants stare longer at events that go against their expectations.

According to study author Professor Renee Baillargeon, previous studies have revealed that infants can recognize power differences between two or more characters.

“For example, infants will stare longer at scenarios where larger characters defer to smaller ones,” said Professor Baillargeon. “They also take note when a character who normally wins a confrontation with another suddenly loses. But little was known about infants' ability to distinguish between different bases of power.”

To investigate, Professor Baillargeon developed a series of animations which showed cartoon characters interacting with an individual who was portrayed as either a bully, a leader, or a likeable person with no evident power. She measured the eye-gazing behavior of infants as they watched the cartoons.

“In one experiment, the infants watched a scenario in which a character was portrayed either as a leader or a bully gave an order (“Time for bed!”) to three protagonists, who initially obeyed,” said Professor Baillargeon. “The character then left the scene and the protagonists either continued to obey or disobeyed.”

The trial revealed that infants detected a violation when the protagonists disobeyed the leader, but not when they disobeyed the bully. This was also found to be the case in a second trial that repeated the same scenario, but this time the leader and the bully had the same appearance. 

A third trial tested whether the infants were responding to the likeability of the characters instead of their status as leaders or bullies.

“In general, when the leader left the scene, the infants expected the protagonists to continue to obey the leader,” said Professor Baillargeon. “However, when the bully left, the infants had no particular expectation: The protagonists might continue to obey out of fear, or they might disobey because the bully was gone. The infants expected obedience only when the bully remained in the scene and could harm them again if they disobeyed.”

“Finally, when the likeable character left, the infants expected the protagonists to disobey, most likely because the character held no power over them.”

The research confirms earlier studies showing that infants can detect differences in power between individuals and expect those differences to endure over time, explained Professor Baillargeon.

“Our results also provide evidence that infants in the second year of life can already distinguish between leaders and bullies. Infants understand that with leaders, you have to obey them even when they are not around; with bullies, though, you have to obey them only when they are around.”

The study is published in the <a href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.google.com/earth/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Infants can identify a bully by age two, study finds

A new study from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign...

Sometimes <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/majority-seniors-interested-sex/">older people</a> struggle with keeping up with a conversation because they can be easily distracted or wander off on a tangent. 

New research has found that the reason older people are more prone to distraction is that they have more knowledge to share but are not always able to filter out what is most relevant at that moment.

Instead, you may find yourself in conversation with someone who ends of wandering far off topic or sharing unnecessary information.

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a> conducted a study that found older people are not able to efficiently select the right information to share in conversation because there is an overflow of knowledge. 

The results of the study were published in the journal eLife and could help reduce the risk of social isolation and depression among the elderly by improving our understanding of how aging affects cognition and communication. 

For the study, the researchers analyzed speech samples from 60 participants ages 18 to over 80. 

The participants were asked to speak about a given subject for one minute and the researchers later measured each participant’s coherence and ability to share the most relevant information. 

The researchers also tested the thinking skills of the participants through different challenges that assessed vocabulary, knowledge, and ability to focus, according to <a href="https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6206341/Old-people-wander-topic-conversations-theyre-easily-distracted.html">the Daily Mail</a> which reported on the new study. 

Overall, the researchers discovered that people over 60 years of age were not as capable as 18 to 30-year-olds in sharing information.

According to the study results, older people have access to more information but are not efficient when it comes to selecting the most pertinent information for a given conversation. Instead, older people are more prone to wandering off topic or rambling. 

“Having larger stores of knowledge to select from increases the challenge of staying on topic for older people,” Paul Hoffman, the lead author of the study, told the Daily Mail. “At the same time, they may experience age-related declines in the ability to suppress unnecessary information.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Why older people are more easily distracted in conversation

Sometimes older people struggle with keeping up with a conversation...

The process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory is called consolidation, and a new study has found that breathing through the nose may help enhance this transfer. 

Consolidation describes the stabilization of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-stimulation-revive-memory/">memory</a> which allows it to become stored for the long-term. It’s a lengthy and complicated process and involves many different systems in the brain. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://ki.se/start">Karolinska Institutet</a> in Sweden, expanding on previous consolidation research involving both humans and animals, conducted a study to examine the impacts of respiration on memory. 

The study was published in the journal jNeurosci. 

For the study, adult participants were split into two groups. One group was only able to breathe their mouth and the other through their nose during a one-hour memory consolidation period after being exposed to various odors. 

The researchers found that the participants who were only able to breathe through their nose had better odor recognition compared to the mouth-breathers.

Brain activity was not measured during the study, but the researchers say that nose breathing may help improve communication between the sensory and memory networks as memories are strengthened and stabilized for long-term conversion. 

The study sheds insight into the different mechanisms responsible for consolidation. 

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By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>,<a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Breathing through your nose improves long-term memory conversion

The process of converting short-term memory into long-term memory is...

According to the results of a new trial, school district employees who practiced the Transcendental Meditation technique for four months showed significant improvements in emotional intelligence and perceived stress.

Study lead author Laurent Valosek is the executive director of the <a href="http://cwae.org/">Center for Wellness and Achievement in Education</a>.

“Workers, especially in our school districts, are under a growing amount of stress and asked every day to find solutions to increasingly complex problems,” said Valosek.

“This study demonstrates the benefits of meditation in the workplace. And with a growing body of research on the value of emotional intelligence and the harmful effects of psychological stress, organizations are looking to give their employees tools for reducing stress and developing EQ competencies like centeredness, self-awareness, and empathy.”

Psychological stress has a negative effect on organizational commitment, work engagement, and productivity. This condition is also a major contributor to poor mental and physical health. 

Emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions in oneself as well as others, and to use that perception to build healthy relationships. 

Despite the fact that stress threatens the well-being and commitment of employees, emotional intelligence has become a major focus in the workplace due to its positive association with mental and physical health.

Transcendental Meditation is used to boost emotional intelligence and lower perceived stress. The study was focused on 96 school administrators and staff at the San Francisco Unified School District.

The researchers found that, during a four-month period, the individuals practicing the meditation technique had enhanced emotional intelligence and lower perceived stress levels compared to participants who were not practicing <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/meditation-breathing-brain-health/">meditation</a>.

A growing collection of evidence has shown that emotional intelligence can be used as a predictor of important employee dynamics such as stress management, job performance, leadership, emotional labor, trust, and work-family conflict.

The study results have implications for employers who are interested in improving the overall performance of their employees.

The study is published in <a href="http://www.thepermanentejournal.org/issues.html">The Permanente Journal</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Transcendental meditation improves mental health, productivity

According to the results of a new trial, school district...

Microplastics are no longer just a problem for marine wildlife or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-insects-eaten-microplastics/">freshwater insects</a>, as a new study has found that humans are ingesting microplastics all over the world. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.meduniwien.ac.at/web/en/">Medical University of Vienna</a> and the <a href="http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/">Environment Agency Austria </a>conducted the research to see how widespread microplastic contamination is along the human food chain. 

“This is the first study of its kind and confirms what we have long suspected, that plastics ultimately reach the human gut,” said Philipp Schwabl. “Of particular concern is what this means to us, and especially patients with gastrointestinal diseases.” 

The results, published in The UEG Journal, show that microplastics end up in fecal matter and the researchers found up to nine different types of plastic in every single stool sample tested from people across several countries. 

Microplastics present a major hazard for local ecosystems and the ocean, but this new study raises concerns about gut health in humans as microplastics could limit immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. 

Eight participants from Finland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, the UK, and Austria were asked to keep a food diary for a week leading up to a stool sample.

All of the diaries showed exposure to plastics either by eating food wrapped in plastic or drinking from a plastic water bottle. 

The researchers then tested stool samples from the participants for ten types of plastics following a new analytical procedure. 

There were up to nine different plastics, sized between 50 and 500 micrometers found in the stool samples and the most common plastics were polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 

Each stool sample had an average of 20 microplastic particles per ten grams of stool. 

“While the highest plastic concentrations in animal studies have been found in the gut, the smallest microplastic particles are capable of entering the bloodstream, lymphatic system and may even reach the liver,” said Schwabl. “Now that we have first evidence for microplastics inside humans, we need further research to understand what this means for human health."

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By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Humans across the world regularly ingest microplastics, study shows

Microplastics are no longer just a problem for marine wildlife...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...