Scientists have uncovered a disturbing twist in how climate change affects our oceans, revealing that tiny changes at the bottom of the food chain can have massive impacts on most fish populations.



The findings of a recent study highlight the intricate workings of the ocean's food web and how it's more vulnerable to warming temperatures than previously thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-ocean-creatures-big-fish-impact">Tiny ocean creatures, big fish impact</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-heatwaves-have-complex-effects-on-phytoplankton-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a> are tiny, plant-like organisms that float around in oceans, seas, and lakes. Even though you can't see them without a microscope, they're incredibly important. 



They use sunlight to make their own food through photosynthesis, just like plants do on land. In the process, they produce a huge amount of the Earth's oxygen -- some estimates say up to half of it. 



These little guys are the starting point of the food chain in aquatic environments, feeding small fish, shrimp, and other marine creatures.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-from-africa-sparked-a-massive-phytoplankton-bloom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a> also play a big role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate our planet's climate. But they're sensitive to changes in their environment, like warming waters.



When climate models predict that warming oceans will reduce phytoplankton levels by 16% to 26% in regions like the North Atlantic, it's a cause for concern.



But here's where it gets alarming: the study found that this seemingly modest drop in phytoplankton could slash the ocean's capacity to support fish by a staggering 38% to 55%. That's more than double the initial decrease in phytoplankton.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phytoplankton-and-the-hidden-amplifier">Phytoplankton and the hidden amplifier</h2>



Dr. Angus Atkinson from the <a href="https://pml.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plymouth Marine Laboratory</a> and Dr. Axel Rossberg of <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University</a> of London led the research team behind this discovery.



They took a straightforward approach by examining real-world data on plankton sizes from oceans, seas, and lakes around the globe. 



By looking at the sizes of plankton, they could determine how efficiently energy moves up the food chain -- from tiny phytoplankton to the fish we rely on.



This amplification effect hinges on a surprising twist: temperature, often blamed for food web disruptions, appears to play a secondary role. 



Instead, the key driver is the overall amount of phytoplankton, which governs how efficiently energy flows from tiny plankton to larger fish.



"Our global analysis sheds light on a hidden vulnerability," explained Dr. Atkinson. "We were surprised to find temperature didn't directly affect food web efficiency. Instead, we see ecosystems <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invisible-forest-of-phytoplankton-thrives-in-a-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adapting to warming</a> by changing plankton size. "



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrients-the-unsung-hero">Nutrients: The unsung hero</h2>



In the open ocean, nutrients come from deeper waters. As the surface warms, it becomes more layered, making it harder for these nutrients to reach the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/spectacular-phytoplankton-bloom-in-the-north-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton at the top</a>.



"Close to shore or in lakes, excess nutrients from land can cause imbalances like harmful algal blooms," notes Dr. Rossberg. 



"But at the vast scales relevant to climate change, it's the lack of nutrients from deeper waters that becomes the major bottleneck."



To clarify, warming oceans, seas, and lakes impact fish indirectly by reducing nutrient supply from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-legacy-decades-old-ddt-found-in-deep-sea-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deeper waters</a>, ultimately shrinking phytoplankton size and hindering energy transfer throughout the food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-impact-for-ocean-fish">Real world impact for ocean fish</h2>



When phytoplankton numbers change, the impact can ripple through the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-twilight-zone-stabilizes-the-marine-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystem</a>, impacting everything from water quality to the abundance of fish.



This isn't just a problem for the fish; it's a problem the planet. Many communities around the world depend on fishing for food and livelihood. 



The study highlights the need to consider climate change impacts when managing fisheries.



"Global averages can mask the true picture," explains Dr. Atkinson. "Some of the most significant projected declines are in areas with concentrated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-stocks-are-collapsing-globally-as-overfishing-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing activities</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



So, what can we do about it? The researchers suggest a multi-pronged approach to ensure sustainable fisheries in the face of climate change. 



"We need a combination of data on plankton size structure and sophisticated computer simulation models to design truly 'climate-smart' ocean protection strategies," concludes Dr. Rossberg. 



"By understanding the hidden amplifiers within the food web, we can better safeguard the future of our oceans and the vital resources they provide."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceans-fish-and-the-global-food-chain">Oceans, fish, and the global food chain</h2>



To sum it all up, these scientists found that even a small drop in phytoplankton levels due to warming oceans can massively reduce fish populations. 



They discovered that it's not just the temperature rise itself causing problems, but the decrease in nutrients reaching these tiny organisms. 



This leads to smaller plankton and less efficient energy transfer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-awakening-arctic-food-webs-are-transforming-from-green-to-brown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">up the food chain</a>, which is bad news for fish and, by extension, us.



This study underscores underscores the interconnectedness of Earth's ecosystem. Tiny changes at the bottom can have huge impacts at the top. 



It's a reminder that we need to pay attention to even the smallest players in the ecosystem if we want to protect the health of our planet. 



By understanding these hidden mechanisms, we can work towards smarter strategies to safeguard our oceans and the communities that rely on them.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-44406-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Earth’s oceans, seas, and lakes are quickly losing their ability to keep fish alive

Scientists have uncovered a disturbing twist in how climate change affects our oceans, revealing that tiny changes at the bottom of the food chain can have massive impacts on most fish populations. The findings of a recent study highlight the intricate workings of the ocean's food web and how it's more vulnerable to warming temperatures than previously thought. Tiny ocean creatures, big fish impact Phytoplankton are tiny, plant-like organisms that float around in oceans, seas, and lakes. Even though you can't see them without a microscope, they're...

Australia ratifies the <a href="http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php">Paris Agreement</a>, a treaty to commit to lower carbon emissions worldwide.

Countries that ratify the Paris Agreement pledge to work toward limiting global warming to less than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit and meet five-year targets for reducing carbon emissions, which are believed by UN researchers to worsen warming.

Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called the Paris Agreement a “watershed” that has inspired the international community to work toward adopting a strategy to reduce carbon emissions.

Answering concerns from Australian lawmakers that the United States could pull out of the agreement, Turnbull said Australia would stand by its commitment to the treaty. Previously, Australia joined the United States in refusing to ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, another U.N. deal on climate change.

Australia has seen rising temperatures and more frequent heat waves and bushfires in recent years, <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/australian-climate-change-extreme-weather/">according to scientists</a> who believe those events can be linked to global warming. The research team worried that extreme weather events may also become more damaging.

Australia ratifies the Agreement while on track to meet its 2020 goals in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, Turnbull said. The country also has the goal of reducing carbon emissions by 2030 to at least 26 percent below their levels in 2005.

Next week, Australian officials will travel to Morocco to join <a href="http://unfccc.int/meetings/marrakech_nov_2016/meeting/9567.php">United Nations climate talks</a> that are already underway. 

Pakistan is the most recent country to ratify the Paris Agreement. Islamabad pledged ratification on November 10 at a ceremony in New York City, becoming the 105th country to commit to the agreement. The country first signed the agreement in April 2016.

The non-binding agreement formed in December 2015 was originally signed by 193 countries, but each of those countries must ratify the agreement as well. The agreement came into effect on November 4, after the necessary number of ratifications was reached on October 5.

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Australia ratifies Paris Agreement, pledges carbon emissions goals

Australia ratifies the Paris Agreement, a treaty to commit to lower...

The Alps are growing at a rate of one to two millimeters every year, and it could be the due to the effects of melting ice – from 18,000 years ago.

During the Last Glacial Maximum, massive glaciers covered much of northern Europe, particularly Scandinavia, along with North America, and put heavy pressure on the Earth’s surface in those regions.

About 18,000 years ago, the melting ice ran off, and the surface of the Earth is still reacting to the sudden loss of pressure, according to scientists. 

The Earth’s surface is made up of several massive tectonic plates that slide under, over and alongside each other. Mountains often form in areas of uplift, where two plates meet and push against each other. Ranges can also form in areas with high volcanic activity.

But in some cases, portions of the Earth’s crust can rise for other reasons. Scientists believe that one of those reasons is “crustal rebound” caused by the sudden removal of glacial pressure. This rebound effect has been seen even in areas of Scandinavia and North America that are not tectonically active, but that were once covered in glacial ice.

While the Alps were not under glaciers as massive as those to the north, a large ice cap on the range may have had a similar effect, a new study has found. It stretched from the peaks of the range down into the Alpine foreland in what is now southern Germany. And, like the glaciers, it retreated suddenly 18,000 years ago in what was possibly a period of climate change.

This may be the cause of the Alps’ growth, according to researchers from the <a href="http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/home/">Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam</a> in Germany. 

Although the Alps are located in a tectonically active region, crustal rebound could explain as much as 90 percent of the mountains’ growth, the scientists said. Other possible causes of the uplift included sediment unloading, lithospheric slab dynamics, or a combination of factors.

The research team used <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13382">computer modeling</a> to create a virtual replica of the Alps’ ice cap during the Last Glacial Maximum and observe the modelled effects of its retreat. According to their computer models, while a combination of factors affect the Alps’ growth, the main factor is the loss of much of its ice cap during the warming period 18,000 years ago.

—

The study was published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/">Nature Communications</a>.

Melting ice from 18,000 years ago may still cause Alps to grow

The Alps are growing at a rate of one to...

A cheatgrass invasion in the Western United States is mobilizing scientists looking for ways to stop or slow the nuisance.

Over the course of the past 100 years, an aggressive, non-native cheatgrass has been taking over the land in southwest Idaho and terrorizing natural plant life. The cheatgrass invasively spreads its roots that cheat other plants of water and nutrients in the springtime, hence the name. 

Additionally, in summer the cheatgrass dries out becomes a massive fire hazard. The neighboring plants, already weak from lack of nutrients, also become susceptible to the increased likelihood of wildfire. These fires can cause widespread damage for hundreds of square miles.

Scientists have begun experimenting with a a soil bacteria to determine if it can be an effective combatant against the aggressive cheatgrass.

Matt Germino, a research ecologist at the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, noted,"We hope that we can identify the effectiveness of the bacteria on annual grasses and to identify non-target risk effects.”

Soil microbiologist Ann Kennedy of the <a href="http://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture's</a> Agricultural Research Service has been tasked with finding the perfect soil bacteria to fight cheatgrass invasion during the spring, when it poses the greatest threat.

"In the spring they come up great guns, which then doesn't let that plant grow very well in the spring, or even over winter very well," said Kennedy. "You can draw down the seed bank of these annual weeds to where basically they're gone."

If the soil bacteria can stunt the growth of cheatgrass during springtime, the native neighboring plants, such as sagebrush, can develop enough to fight the cheatgrass themselves. 

Animals who rely on the sagebrush as a main food source, such as the sage grouse bird, have been gravely impacted by the cheatgrass issue – the sage grouse bird population has dwindled from 16 million to less than 500,000. In order to avoid an endangered species listing for sage grouse bird, the federal government has been ramping up efforts to protect the species. 

Even if scientists like Germino and Kennedy are able to identify the right soil bacteria combatant to fight cheatgrass, Germino points out there is still a much larger issue at play.

"It's unlikely that any one technology will be the magic bullet," he said. "Cheatgrass has come to dominate our lands. Chances are there are fundamental problems in the health of the land, or how we are treating the land."

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Cheatgrass invasion in western states terrorizes plant life

A cheatgrass invasion in the Western United States is mobilizing...

Climate change impact on life on Earth is already underway, from whole ecosystems to genetic changes among a number of species, according to a new study from the <a href="http://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Florida</a>.

Dr. Brett Scheffers, a conservation ecologist at the university, collaborated with scientists from 10 countries to study whether climate change has had any notable effects. Average global temperatures have risen 1.5 degrees Celsius from pre-industrial levels, according to climate records.

The scientists pinpointed <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6313/aaf7671" target="_blank" rel="noopener">94 ecological processes</a> that provide support to humans across habitats on land, in the ocean, and in freshwater. They found that 82 percent showed changes that could be linked to global warming.

Among the changes noted by the study are plants in temperate zones flowering earlier in the spring and later in the fall, and fish species changing their spawning seasons as well. 

Warmwater fish have expanded into formerly coldwater zones, and fish adapted to cold are in decline. Similar range expansions have been seen in warm-climate mammals and other animals, while cold-climate species are in retreat.

Some animal species have even begun to show physical changes such as larger or smaller body size, the study authors said.

The climate change impact points to potential problems for humans, the study authors said. Possible future issues could include inconsistent or lower crop yields, less genetic diversity in crops, new pests that may carry new diseases, and more. 

However, by observing the changes that are already underway in nature, the scientists hope to be able better to predict future changes and help fix any issues that could cause problems for humans if global temperatures continue to rise.

If researchers can observe how wild plants and animals are adapting to the changing climate, they may be able to develop agricultural crops and domestic animals better adapted to the changes as well, the study authors said.

The study was published in the journal <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science</a>.

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Climate change impact blamed for major changes to nature on Earth

Climate change impact on life on Earth is already underway,...

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry is visiting Antarctica to hear reports on global warming from the scientists there – making him the highest-ranking U.S. official to visit the frozen continent.

Kerry is visiting <a href="https://www.usap.gov/videoclipsandmaps/mcmwebcam.cfm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">McMurdo Station</a>, one of the American research bases on the southern continent, as well as the South Pole. Kerry’s goal, according to spokesman John Kirby, is to talk to researchers on the continent about recent findings on climate change before joining international climate talks in Morocco.

McMurdo is the base for several scientific programs studying glacial geology, ocean and atmospheric sciences, ecosystems and more. It is also the headquarters of the Antarctic Writers and Artists program.

The trip is in character for John Kerry, who has made increasing awareness and indoctrination about climate change a focus of his diplomatic work. 

The West Antarctic Peninsula, where McMurdo Station is located, is one of the global areas most affected by climate change. According to <a href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=83672" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA’s Earth Observatory</a>, the damage to the West Antarctic Ice Sheet already may be irreversible. 

New climate models show from NASA the ice sheet, which has existed since the last ice age, <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/science/global-warming-antarctica-ice-sheet-sea-level-rise.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">could disintegrate within decades</a>, raising sea levels by as much as 12 feet.

Kerry flew to the southern continent from New Zealand on Friday, after being delayed a day by bad weather. After landing at the U.S. hub of operations, Pegasus Ice Runway at McMurdo Station, he and his entourage transferred to another plane to travel to the South Pole research station. He planned to return to McMurdo for the night.

During Secretary Kerry’s travels, he took time to contact President-elect Donald Trump and offer his congratulations.

After his trip to Antarctica, Kerry plans to return to New Zealand on Saturday to meet with Prime Minister John Key. He will then travel to the Middle East for meetings, continuing on to Morocco for the <a href="http://unfccc.int/meetings/marrakech_nov_2016/meeting/9567.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> talks.

Kerry’s Antarctic trip has made him the first U.S. Secretary of State to visit all seven continents during service. 

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

John Kerry lands in Antarctica, highest US official yet to visit

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry is visiting Antarctica to...

Donald Trump presidency spells concern for environmentalists – the months before Election Day included pledges to increase oil drilling, fracking and use of coal, as well as “canceling” the Paris Agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

These promises – and Trump’s stated belief that global warming is a “hoax” – point to trouble for some of the environmental policy passed during President Obama’s administration. 

It’s likely the Trump administration will work to limit or even do away with the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power-plants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Clean Power Plan</a>, environmentalists and policy experts predict. The plan sets a national limit on carbon emissions from power plants, in an effort to reduce human contributions to climate change.

However, the plan is currently being challenged in court, and even if it survives, the Trump administration could seek to remove it.

The <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> has pledged to continue supporting the plan, pointing out that in at least two of the states Trump won, Maine and Florida, the majority of voters believe global warming is a major concern. 

Trump’s pledges to save the coal industry may be counteracted by a decline in demand and lack of interested investors. Most investors are looking at solar or wind power instead, due to lower cost and higher interest from consumers, according to the <a href="http://www.sierraclub.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sierra Club</a>. 

Trump has also promised to increased hydraulic fracturing, known as fracking, as well as to open public lands and offshore areas to oil drilling.

A Trump presidency spells risks for protections placed by Obama on Alaska and the Atlantic Coast too, allowing for drilling in those locations, though the president-elect has not made any direct statements on whether or not he would do so.

Along the Atlantic seaboard, the fishing and tourism industries have spoken out against allowing drilling. These industries are already gathering resources to fight any attempts to open their coastal waters.

Fracking has been in the news recently after two major earthquakes connected to the practice <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/cushing-earthquake-no-pipeline-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hit Oklahoma</a> in recent months. The quakes have led to the shutdown of dozens of wastewater injection wells, where the toxic water produced by the fracking process are injected deep into the Earth. <a href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/induced/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Induced earthquakes</a> can occur when wastewater injection puts pressure on faults, causing them to shift.

Environmentalists are also worried about what a Trump presidency spells for the study of climate change, whose study he has claimed is a hoax. <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">NASA</a> has played a major role in the study of global warming, and some Republicans have called to end the agency’s involvement in that study.

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Trump presidency spells concern for environmental protections

Donald Trump presidency spells concern for environmentalists – the months...

New sustainable street lights in Las Vegas are being planned in order to reduce the city’s electric bill and help the environment – and they’re powered by footsteps. 

The new technology involves installing pads in the sidewalk that absorb the kinetic energy created by people walking over them. The energy is stored until nightfall, then used to power the lights overnight.

The street lamps also include solar panels to contribute energy to the system, which stores the power in batteries for light overnight.

Not only do the lamps work with no electricity cost, they also provide WiFi hotspots and cellphone charging stations.

The lights are the creation of <a href="http://www.engoplanet.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">EnGoPlanet</a>, a New York-based startup. The company created the lamps after judging wasteful the more than 300 million legacy street lamps around the world costing $40 billion to run and producing 100 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. Carbon dioxide is a <a href="http://climate.nasa.gov/causes/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">greenhouse gas</a> and the main contributor to atmospheric carbon thought to be linked to climate change.

The company also saw that the poles of street lights could be modified so that rather than simply taking up space and holding the lighting element up, they could provide access to electricity and the internet at no additional cost.

The city of Las Vegas is the first to adopt the new technology but will be joined by St. Louis, Missouri, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the country of Oman. 

EnGoPlanet has also kicked off an <a href="https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/let-s-lightup-africa-power-of-footsteps-the-sun-solar-technology#/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indiegogo campaign</a> to install the street lamps in 10 African villages that have no access to electricity, free of charge. The ability to charge mobile phones will make it much cheaper and easier for residents of the village to keep in contact with their friends and family, according to EnGoPlanet.

EnGoPlanet also provides other clean-energy products such as a solar benches that include lighting, WiFi hotspots, and charging stations. 

---

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Sustainable street lights in Las Vegas to be powered by pedestrians

New sustainable street lights in Las Vegas are being planned...

Californians upheld their two-year-old plastic bag ban on Tuesday, encouraging environmentalists in their fight against pollution in the state. 

<a href="http://www.cawrecycles.org/landing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Californians Against Waste</a>, the group that led the campaign in the state legislature to ban plastic shopping bags two years ago, called it a “significant environmental victory.” The group estimates 25 million single-use plastic bags are thrown away in California every day, adding to the state’s pollution.

The group gathered environmental groups, grocers, and others to form a coalition to uphold the ban at the ballot box, encouraging voters to approve Proposition 67.

The <a href="http://plasticsindustry.org/apba/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Progressive Bag Alliance</a> (APBA), which represents the plastics industry and pushed to have the initiative on the ballot in the hopes that the ban would be repealed, claimed the plastic bag ban would not reduce waste in a meaningful way, but instead threaten American manufacturing jobs.

Media Matters <a href="http://mediamatters.org/research/2014/10/08/californias-plastic-bag-ban-myths-and-facts/201064" target="_blank" rel="noopener">disputes those claims</a>, stating that plastic bag bans significantly reduce both environmental waste and energy use. They also found that banning plastic bags reduces bag litter significantly, citing the results of bans in San Jose, California and the Republic of Ireland. 

Plastic bag litter is the sixth largest source of pollution on coasts, according to data collected during the <a href="http://www.oceanconservancy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ocean Conservancy</a>’s International Coastal Cleanup each year. Plastic bags can trap sea creatures and be mistaken for jellyfish by others, such as <a href="http://onemoregeneration.org/2011/03/13/killer-plastic-bags-choke-rare-leatherback-sea-turtle/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sea turtles</a>, which try to eat the bags and can choke and die.

Paper bags and reusable bags will still be available for a fee though Californians rejected Proposition 65, which would have put fees collected by grocers into environmental programs.

The APBA claimed this would put the fees into grocers’ pockets; however, grocers already <a href="http://www.latimes.com/opinion/editorials/la-ed-plastic-bag-propositions-20160908-snap-story.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">pay out of pocket</a> to purchase grocery bags, which they previously gave shoppers for free.

<a href="http://cal-access.sos.ca.gov/Campaign/Committees/Detail.aspx?id=1372902&amp;session=2015&amp;view=received" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Four plastic bag manufacturers</a> from outside California paid and campaigned to have both propositions included on the ballot.

Plastic bag ban in California enters third year as West ditches plastic

Californians upheld their two-year-old plastic bag ban on Tuesday, encouraging...

Dead fish in Oregon rivers are a great source for wildlife biologists’ newest tool to monitor bear populations: bear spit.

According to <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165259" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a new study</a> published in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PLOS ONE</a>, using saliva samples found on half-eaten fish is an even better way to monitor the bears than the feces and hair upon which the biologists previously relied.

Non-invasive DNA testing is a tool frequently used by wildlife biologists, often in the form of testing hairs snared on trees, bushes and other features, or testing of discovered scat (fecal matter). This so-called environmental DNA, or eDNA, can be expensive (in the case of hair) or not particularly effective (scat).

But when salmon populations are up, the bears that hunt them don’t generally eat the whole fish, said Dr. Rachel Wheat, the study’s lead author, who recently received her doctorate from the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>. They often prefer to eat the brains and throw away the rest, she said.

Wheat and other scientists wondered if they could collect DNA from bear spit left in the braincases of the fish carcasses. Turns out they could, and the method is a more effective, easier and less expensive tool for monitoring brown bear DNA.

eDNA sampling allows researchers to distinguish between individual brown bears, offering valuable estimates of how many bears are hunting in a particular area, allowing them to track the population and spot any major changes.

The scientists hope this method of tracking wildlife populations can spread to other bears and even other animal species, suggesting wildlife biologists consider using saliva on food remains or bait as a cheap, effective way to monitor animal populations.

Tracking animal populations is vital when it comes to spotting any potential illnesses, problems in their habitats, or other conservation threats.

Bear spit provides scientists a rich new source of data

Dead fish in Oregon rivers are a great source for...

An electricity coalition of power giants is working towards lowering carbon emissions. 

Agents from nine countries are reaching out to international organizations and development finance institutions to work towards lower carbon emissions to zero. 

The <a href="http://www.globalelectricity.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership</a> (GSEP) offered to help development finance firms identify which new technology investments can help developing countries reach the emissions standards put forth in the Paris Agreement on schedule.

The GSEP’s member firms have been promoting low-emission technology similar to the standards adopted by the Paris Agreement and spending time implementing new technology in their own countries, according to the <a href="http://www.globalelectricity.org/en/index.jsp?p=298" target="_blank" rel="noopener">open letter</a>.

The 10 member countries of the GSEP provide about a third of the world’s electricity; 60 percent of that is without any direct carbon emissions, the letter said.

The electricity coalition also offered a number of recommendations for a “low-carbon future”: establishing clear long-term policies to address energy issues and related legal, regulatory, economic and environmental matters; approaching energy production systematically, including supply chains and aftereffects; creating public-private energy partnerships; and investing in new and innovative research and development of low-carbon and no-carbon technology. 

These recommendations are increasingly important as more than 2 billion people seek new or reliable access to electricity, the GSEP opined.

Because coal is relatively low-priced and abundant, many poor or developing countries <a href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/coal-renaissance-poor-developing-countries-hampering-emissions-targets-1509572" target="_blank" rel="noopener">turn to coal to generate electricity</a>. Coal produces more carbon emissions than any other fossil fuel, and its use contributes to air pollution and global warming. However, many developing nations don’t have access to low-emission energy sources or the financial means to develop them. 

The Global Sustainable Electricity Partnership, which formed in 1992, seeks to join forces with development finance institutions and other organizations working to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement. The partnership has helped to develop low-emission energy projects in several developing countries in the past two decades. 

The letter encourages any interested companies to contact the GSEP. 

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By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Electricity coalition pushes to lower carbon emissions in nine countries

An electricity coalition of power giants is working towards lowering carbon...

Cosmetic microbeads are more harmful to the environment than many had thought.

Microbeads, once a hot new ingredient in cosmetics, may soon be banned from use in consumer products. A recent study by a team of scientists led by Professor Alison Anderson at <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">University of Plymouth</a> focused on public opinion on microbeads, the teensy plastic balls in many face washes and cosmetics. 

The team has estimated that between 4,600 and 94,500 microbeads could be released from an exfoliating wash in a single use. Once discarded, the beads are highly likely to drain into waste water, pass through sewage treatment, and then flow right into aquatic ecosystems. 

The study, published in Marine Pollution Bulletin, found that certain people were aware of the hazard but that there was widespread surprise about the high number of cosmetic microbeads released into the environment per use, calling it “unnecessary,” “unnatural,” and “fake.”

"Participants in the study reacted with shock and disbelief when they were shown the quantity of microbeads in the sample products,” said Anderson. “If microbead content was labelled more clearly we would expect to see a positive response from consumers and also broad support for a ban.”

This past August, the UK House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee published a report asking the government to ban microbeads due to their potential to damage the environment.

The study revealed that while self-identified environmentalists were generally aware of the issue, average students were not. Both groups, however, were surprised by the number of microbeads and the scale of the potential environmental impact. The results suggest that the public could get behind a proposed ban, given increased education and awareness surrounding the issue.

According to Professor Richard Thompson, head of the University’s International Marine Research Unit, "Microbeads might be a small percentage in the overall picture, but recent reports regarding their use have represented a positive step towards resolving the much wider problem of marine debris. They are an avoidable source of microplastic to the environment and legislation would be a welcome step. This study demonstrates there would be public support for such a measure, and that future policies should be developed in close consultation with natural and social scientists to ensure they achieve the desired result."

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By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Cosmetic microbeads could be banned due to environmental risks

Cosmetic microbeads are more harmful to the environment than many...

The dinosaur fossil of a "mud dragon" discovered at a construction site in southern China is offering new clues about bird-like dinosaurs: they were evolving just before an asteroid struck the Earth 66 million years ago, causing a mass extinction.

The dinosaur fossil is of a previously unknown species of oviraptorosaur, a type of feathered dinosaur with two legs, wings and a beak. Scientists have named it Tongtianlong limosus: “muddy dragon on the road to heaven” or “mud dragon” for short.

The <a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep35780" target="_blank" rel="noopener">discovery of T. limosus</a>, along with several other discoveries of new species of oviraptorosaurs in recent decades, shows that the feathered dinosaurs were rapidly evolving into new and separate species just before the asteroid wiped out most life on Earth. 

The oviraptors could have been among the last dinosaurs to have a growing, diversifying population before the mass extinction of the giant reptiles, said researchers from the <a href="http://www.ed.ac.uk/">University of Edinburgh</a>, <a href="http://en.cags.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences</a> and Dongyang Museum, who conducted the study. The mud dragon is one of six new oviraptor species found in the Ganzhou area in recent years.

The findings are giving scientists some insight into how oviraptors and other dinosaurs lived ahead of the extinction event: the reptiles appear to have been flourishing in the region, the researchers said. The discovery of new oviraptor species in Asia and North America also add to scientists’ understanding of the family of dinosaurs that show some similarities to modern birds.

The researchers estimate that the mud dragon lived between 66 and 72 million years ago. The fossil is remarkably well preserved; the oviraptor was preserved lying on its stomach, wings and neck stretched out and head raised. Scientists believe this may have been the position the dinosaur died in.

By comparing the skull of T. limosus to other oviraptors that once lived in the area, scientists believe the evolution of so many different oviraptorosaur species may have resulted from environmental changes and varying diets.

—

The study was published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.

Mud dragon: dinosaur fossil offers a glimpse into the reptiles' final days

The dinosaur fossil of a "mud dragon" discovered at a...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

[sendtonews key="6SdlLLbt0t-1988946-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NTU...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

[sendtonews key="gRpsplpwpe-2251464-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Aerial,Photo,Of,River,In,Amazon,Rainforest,Jungle,In,Peru

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

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