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For the most part, we know ocean waves to be calm, serene and even therapeutic, while simultaneously, powerful, destructive and highly unpredictable.



A new study has made an intriguing discovery -- an aspect of ocean waves that we haven't yet fully comprehended.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swell-and-surge-of-ocean-waves">Swell and surge of ocean waves</h2>



According to this research, ocean waves can grow four times steeper under certain conditions than what was earlier believed to be their limit.



So, if you thought ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pfas-forever-chemicals-sent-to-land-ocean-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waves</a> were all about their two-dimensional swaying motion, prepare to be stunned. The truth is, things are rarely as simple as they seem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-deeper-in-ocean-waves">Diving deeper in ocean waves</h2>



Contrary to common belief, waves aren't always two-dimensional. 



The researchers, including Dr. Samuel Draycott from <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Manchester</a> and Dr. Mark McAllister from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, discovered that in the open ocean, waves can travel in various directions and don't always fit into the simplified two-dimensional model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3-d-ocean-waves">3-D ocean waves</h2>



Much to their surprise, the researchers found that three-dimensional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-is-subtly-changing-the-tides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waves</a> can grow twice as steep before they break compared to the conventional two-dimensional waves. 



Even more surprisingly, they continue to grow steeper even after breaking.



The implications of this revelation could reach far and wide. From redesigning offshore structures to revamping weather forecasting models, this discovery will make us rethink our approach to understanding the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-ocean-waves">Redefining ocean waves </h2>



"We show that in these directional conditions, waves can far exceed the commonly assumed upper limit before they break," explained Dr. Draycott. "Unlike unidirectional (2D) waves, multidirectional waves can become twice as large before they break."



In 2018, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07886-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a research project</a> attempted to recreate and study the famous Draupner freak wave for the first time ever at the FloWave Ocean Energy Research Facility at the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a>. 



Building on that work, the team has now developed a new 3D wave measurement technique that allows a closer study of breaking waves.



"The three-dimensionality of waves is often overlooked in the design of offshore wind turbines and other marine structures in general, our findings suggest that this could lead to underestimation of extreme wave heights and potentially designs that are less reliable," noted Dr. McAllister.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-marine-safety">Implications for marine safety</h2>



The understanding of three-dimensional waves is not just an academic concern but has critical ramifications for marine safety. 



Navigational routes and deployment strategies for ships could be seriously impacted by these newly understood wave dynamics.



With the capacity for waves to grow steeper and larger, mariners must be more cautious in their operations, especially under unpredictable oceanic conditions. 



Consequently, this new knowledge encourages the development of advanced predictive models and safety measures to mitigate potential hazards for boats and ships navigating treacherous seas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-and-design-practices">Engineering and design practices</h2>



This insight into ocean wave behavior is poised to transform engineering and design practices across various sectors. 



Engineers must rethink the construction and resilience of offshore structures, including oil platforms and coastal defenses, to accommodate these newer, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ringwoodite-mineral-confirms-vast-ocean-exists-400-miles-under-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex wave dynamics</a>.



The three-dimensional wave model presents a challenge but also an opportunity for innovation in materials science and structural design. 



By tailoring infrastructure to better withstand the amplified forces of these waves, we can protect valuable assets and reduce the risk of catastrophic failures. 



Additionally, this paradigm shift compels educational institutions to adapt their curricula, equipping future engineers with the necessary skills to address these challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summing-up-the-tsunami-of-information">"Summing Up the Tsunami of Information"</h2>



Who knew that the calm, serene ocean waves could offer such a complex picture! 



"Whether we want it or not, water waves are more often three-dimensional than two-dimensional in the&nbsp;real world. In 3D, there are more ways in which waves can break," said Professor Frederic Dias of University College Dublin (<a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=University+College+Dublin&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCD</a>) and <a href="https://ens-paris-saclay.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ENS Paris-Saclay</a>.



With this new light on ocean wave behavior, it's clear that our understanding of the world around us still has room for surprises. So the next time you catch sight of a wave, remember -- there's a lot more than meets the eye.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07886-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Ocean waves can get much bigger and taller than we ever imagined

For the most part, we know ocean waves to be calm, serene and even therapeutic, while simultaneously, powerful, destructive and highly unpredictable. A new study has made an intriguing discovery -- an aspect of ocean waves that we haven't yet fully comprehended. Swell and surge of ocean waves According to this research, ocean waves can grow four times steeper under certain conditions than what was earlier believed to be their limit. So, if you thought ocean waves were all about their two-dimensional swaying motion, prepare to be...

Marine protected reserves, no-take zones, and no-entry zones are specially designated areas where restrictions limit the amount of human activity allowed in the vicinity. 

These rules are meant to protect the marine ecosystem and stop habitat and species loss, and they are vital to conservation efforts, especially along coral reefs. 

Now, a new <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186146">study</a> conducted by researchers from the<a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/"> University of Queensland, Australia</a> has found that protected zones are beneficial to fish populations along the Great Barrier Reef, even in those areas with only fishing. 

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-life-bleaching/">The Great Barrier Reef</a> in Australia is the largest coral reef in the world. It’s home to a diverse array of marine wildlife and its status as a <a href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/154">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> means that much of the reef is protected. 

For the study, the researchers wanted to see if there was a difference in fish populations and biodiversity along the reef where some fishing occurred compared to the protected “no-take” and “no entry” zones. 

The research team counted and measured the biomass of marine species that are commonly fished and found at 31 different areas along the reef. The researchers also analyzed the seabed habitat in these areas. 

The results showed that in the protected areas where no fishing occurred there was greater fish biomass. The biomass in no-take and no entry places tended to be five times greater compared to the areas of the reef where fishing occurred. 

Even if the areas examined were lightly fished, the researchers saw a decrease in fish biomass compared to the protected areas.

However, even lightly exploited areas where some fishing occurs is better for fish populations than places where poaching and heavy fishing occurs. 

The findings illustrate the vital importance of marine conservation efforts, especially along coral reef systems which are host to a wide array of marine wildlife. 

The difference in biomass along the Great Barrier Reef shows how sensitive the reef and marine ecosystems are to fishing operations. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette,</a> <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Report: Great Barrier Reef protected zones benefit all fish

Marine protected reserves, no-take zones, and no-entry zones are specially...

Letting nature take its course might be the best way for restoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-habitat-conversion-biodiversity/">biodiversity</a> in tropical forests, as a new study has found that nature bests human intervention at recovering native tree species.  

Previous research has often asserted that human intervention was needed to recover habitat and tree loss in forests. Active intervention methods like planting trees and limiting deforestation through policy-change were thought to be pivotal ways to recover habitat loss. 

However, new research conducted by Renato Crouzeilles, an expert in the fields of landscape ecology and restoration, shows that natural regeneration in tropical forests is more effective and impactful than active intervention. 

The number of previous studies that focus on efficient forest restoration methods is limited, and the results often contradictory.

Crouzeilles wanted to investigate if an active intervention was, in fact, the best way to recover tropical forests. 

For the study, a team of researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 133 different studies, examining the recovery of biodiversity and forest restoration in different sites that had either used active recovery methods or natural regeneration. 

Surprisingly, natural regeneration was more effective at restoring biodiversity and increasing plant growth compared to those sites that had used active interventions.

The results, published by the <a href="https://www.aaas.org/">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, show that natural regeneration can be a powerful tool in recovering tropical rainforests. However, the researchers also note that some forests may need a combination of both active intervention and natural restoration to fully recover its biodiversity.

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By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Robin L. Chazdon

Let nature take its course: Regeneration restores biodiversity

Letting nature take its course might be the best way...

Researchers from the <a href="https://uwaterloo.ca/">University of Waterloo</a> have discovered the presence of artificial sweeteners in rural water wells, indicating that the groundwater is contaminated by local septic wastewater.

The research team examined <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/buffer-filter-nitrates-groundwater/">groundwater</a> from private wells in the Nottawasaga River Watershed to investigate whether wastewater was being released from septic systems. They tested the water for four artificial sweeteners which are likely to be present in human waste.

The study revealed that at least 30 percent of water samples from 59 wells had detectable levels of one or more of the artificial sweeteners, indicating the presence of human wastewater. 

The team also tested groundwater from the banks of the Nottawasaga River. 32 percent of these samples tested positive for sweeteners, providing further evidence that groundwater entering the Nottawasaga River had been affected by septic wastewater.

Artificial sweeteners are flushed from the human body essentially unchanged, so human wastewater often contains high concentrations of these sugar substitutes. Most wastewater treatment processes cannot entirely remove artificial sweeteners.

Study first author John Spoelstra is an adjunct professor in Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Waterloo and a researcher with <a href="https://www.ec.gc.ca/?lang=En">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a>.

"Although the four artificial sweeteners we measured are all approved for human consumption by Health Canada, it is the other septic contaminants that might also be present in the water that could pose a health risk," said Spoelstra. "As for groundwater entering rivers and lakes, the effect of artificial sweeteners on most aquatic organisms is unknown."

Septic water can contain bacteria such as E. coli, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, viruses, and high levels of nitrate and ammonium. 

Septic tank systems are commonly used in rural areas where homes are not connected to a city sewer system. The system removes  solids before the sewage is released to a septic drain field where additional treatment takes place.

Spoelstra’s team had previously found the presence of artificial sweeteners in the Grand River as well as in drinking water sourced from the river.

"We were not really surprised by the most recent results given what we've found in past studies," said Spoelstra. "Septic systems are designed to discharge effluent to groundwater as part of the wastewater treatment process. Therefore, contamination of the shallow groundwater is a common problem when it comes to septic systems."

The research is published in the <a href="https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/jeq">Journal of Environmental Quality</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Artificial sweeteners found in groundwater indicate septic leak

Researchers from the University of Waterloo have discovered the presence...

A new study has found that an urban population's influence on greenhouse gas emissions outside of city limits are much more substantial than previously realized. The good news is that by narrowing down the primary source of a city's emissions, including indirect emissions, policy makers will be able to make more informed decisions.

Experts from the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/pik-frontpage">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> determined that purchases made by the urban population beyond the city's territory are roughly equal in size to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earlier-spring-carbon-emissions/">emissions</a> occurring within city limits. The researchers found that housing and transport cause most city emissions, locally and also upstream.

For their research, the experts calculated the first internationally comparable greenhouse gas footprints for Berlin, New York, Mexico City, and Delhi.

"It turns out that the same activities that cause most local emissions of urban households - housing and transport - are also responsible for the majority of upstream emissions elsewhere along the supply chain," said lead-author Peter-Paul Pichler.

One example of outside emissions caused by the housing sector can be found in the cement and steel used to construct city buildings. Producing these materials requires an enormous amount of energy elsewhere. The use of low carbon construction materials could make a huge difference in decreasing a city's indirect CO2 emissions.

With transit, expanding facilities and services could have a big impact on minimizing emissions by reducing local traffic. Additional public transit could also decrease emissions outside of city limits by reducing the number of cars that need to be built somewhere else. Furthermore, cities could use renewable sources of energy such as solar power or wind power to run subways and electric buses. This could have enough influence to actually close down far-away coal-fired power plants.

 "People often think that mayors cannot do much about climate change since their power is restricted to city limits, but their actions can have far-reaching impacts,” explained Pichler.

While the greenhouse gas footprint in the four cities analyzed for the study ranged from 1.9 tons in Delhi to 10.6 tons in New York, the ratios of local to upstream emissions as well as the influence of the housing and transport sectors turned out to be roughly the same. Berlin’s indirect emissions had the farthest reach, with over half of the city's upstream emissions occurring outside of Germany in Russia, China, and across the European Union.

"The power of cities, open interconnected systems of great density, to tackle climate change even in times of uncertainty on the national and international level has been underestimated by both many local decision-makers and most of the international community," said senior author Helga Weisz. "Cities must be encouraged and enabled to focus on their full emission spectrum - local and upstream - as they continue to develop their climate mitigation plans."

The research is published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/srep/">Scientific Reports</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@gmail.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Reducing emissions in cities has a broader effect than expected

A new study has found that an urban population's influence...

The United States is now officially the only country in the world who is not a part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trump-decision-paris-climate-agreement/">Paris climate agreement</a>. Syrian officials announced their decision to join the accord today at the UN Climate Change Conference, COP23, in Bonn, Germany.

The decision was confirmed by M. Wadah Katmawi, Syria's Deputy Minister of Local Administration and Environment. Katmawi stated that Syria would uphold the treaty “in order to achieve the desired global goals and to reflect the principles of justice and shared responsibility, but in accordance with the capabilities of each of the signatories.”

Katmawi added that developed countries who are “the primary contributors to climate change” have a responsibility, financially and otherwise, to help developing countries in their efforts against climate change.

Syria, who was absent from the 2015 meeting due to an ongoing Civil War, reportedly voted to ratify the agreement last month.

The only other country besides the United States and Syria who did not sign the Paris agreement was Nicaragua, due to concern the legislation was “insufficient" in tackling climate change. But now, Nicaragua has also declared its intention to join the accord.

President Donald Trump publicized his decision in June to withdraw the United States from the deal, which is a pact among nearly 200 countries to address the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Trump said that compliance with the Paris accord could "cost America as much as 2.7 million lost jobs by 2025,” a claim that has been widely criticized. On the other hand, Trump did promise in his exit speech that withdrawing from the climate agreement did not mean that the United States would not continue to contribute to the Green Climate Fund that was set up by the accord.

No matter his good intentions, however, Trump is not yet invited to the climate change conference taking place in Paris in December. The Elysee Palace press told CNN that summit invitations are being sent out first to countries which are "very active and particularly engaged" in climate change. An invitation will then be sent to a person chosen by the United States government to represent the country at the meeting.

In 2016, the United States was the second largest emitter of carbon dioxide worldwide, second only to China. World leaders swiftly condemned Trump’s 2017 decision to leave the Paris treaty, as did many representatives of the United States like New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio.

"President Trump can turn his back on the world, but the world cannot ignore the very real threat of climate change," de Blasio said. "This decision is an immoral assault on the public health, safety and security of everyone on this planet."

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The U.S. now the only country not compliant with Paris agreement

The United States is now officially the only country in...

Geologists have been long drawn to Long Valley, California, to gain insight into the "super-eruption" that occurred in this region 765,000 years ago. A new study from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> reveals that the giant body of molten rock that exploded in Long Valley was much cooler than previously thought in the time leading up to the eruption.

"The older view is that there's a long period with a big tank of molten rock in the crust," said first author Nathan Andersen. "But that idea is falling out of favor. A new view is that magma is stored for a long period in a state that is locked, cool, crystalline, and unable to produce an eruption. That dormant system would need a huge infusion of heat to erupt."

While the rock needs to reach 700 to 850 degrees to erupt, a quick rise of much hotter rock from deep below could also initiate an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indonesian-volcano-eruption-1816/">eruption</a>.

"Basically, the picture has evolved from the 'big tank' view to the 'mush' view, and now we propose that there is an underappreciation of the contribution of the truly cold, solidified rock,” said Andersen.

The researchers performed a detailed analysis of argon isotopes in crystals from the Bishop Tuff, high-volume rock released when the Long Valley Caldera formed. Argon, which is produced by the radioactive decay of potassium, escapes too quickly from hot crystals to accumulate in a body of magma. This means that the crystals should have formed at the same time if the body of magma was uniformly hot before eruption.

Using a high-precision mass spectrometer, the team found that the crystals dated back inconsistently over a time period of 16,000 years. This led the scientists to determine that there was a presence of argon that had formed long before the explosion, demonstrating that there were unexpectedly cool conditions prior to the eruption.

"Nathan found that about half of the crystals began to crystallize a few thousand years before the eruption, indicating cooler conditions," said co-author Brad Singer. "To get the true eruption age, you need to see the dispersion of dates. The youngest crystals show the date of eruption."

As scientists learn more about the pre-eruption process, their ability to forecast volcanoes could improve. Understanding what caused this and other massive eruptions may help scientists predict when and where the explosions may happen next.

"This does not point to prediction in any concrete way," said Singer, "but it does point to the fact that we don't understand what is going on in these systems, in the period of 10 to 1,000 years that precedes a large eruption."

The research is published this week in the <a href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: U.S. Geological Survey

California volcano magma held in cool chamber before eruption

Geologists have been long drawn to Long Valley, California, to...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.utexas.edu/">University of Texas at Austin</a> have discovered that strong winds are causing the largest glacier in East Antarctica to start melting from beneath. The massive ice formation, the Totten glacier, has the potential to elevate sea levels by over 11 feet.

The research team used satellite images and wind stress data to examine the how the water beneath the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-repeated-rapid-retreat-of-the-totten-glacier/">glacier</a> is affected by wind. The study revealed that forceful winds over the Southern Ocean speed up the movement of the glacier. The winds cause warm waters to rise from deep in the sea, which ultimately circulate underneath the enormous ice chunk and melt the glacier from below.

“Totten has been called the sleeping giant because it’s huge and has been seen as insensitive to changes in its environment,” said lead author Chad Greene. “But we’ve shown that if Totten is asleep, it’s certainly not in a coma – we’re seeing signs of responsiveness, and it might just take the wind blowing to wake it up.”

The Totten glacier, which is south of Western Australia, is a floating ice shelf that is 90 miles by 22 miles in area. The entire region that could potentially flow into the sea, however, is over 200,000 square miles in size.In some areas, the ice is almost 2.5 miles thick.

While the wind strength in this region varies from year to year, climate change is expected to intensify the winds over the Southern Ocean. These winds will increasingly displace the ocean's surface water and allow warmer water to rise. In other words, climate change will continue to accelerate the melting of the gigantic Totten.

“Ice sheet sensitivity to wind forcing has been hypothesized for a long time, but it takes decades of observation to show unequivocal cause and effect,” said study co-author Donald Blankenship. “Now we’re at the point where we can explicitly show the links between what happens in the atmosphere, what happens in the ocean, and what happens to the Antarctic Ice Sheet.”

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Antarctic glacier melting from below, could cause sea level rise

Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have discovered...

2017 will be among the three hottest years in modern recorded history. Although 2016 has <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2016-hottest-year-record/">secured its place</a> as having the warmest temperatures on record since 1880, 2017 is not too far behind, according to the <a href="https://www.wmo.int/">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO).

Global temperatures in 2017 have been at least 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit higher than pre-industrial levels. While the heat of both 2015 and 2016 were directly influenced by El Nino, 2017 will be the hottest year without any contribution from the El Nino weather pattern.

Record-breaking weather events such as flooding, heatwaves, and hurricanes have happened alongside the warmer temperatures, and experts from the WMO say that much of this extreme weather is a sign of human-caused climate change.

The 2017 heat has been particularly extreme in regions of southern Europe such as Italy and North Africa, as well as in South America, eastern Australia and southwest Asia. East Africa and Italy were hit with scorching heatwaves and drought, and deadly wildfires raged in Portugal and the United States.

Arctic sea ice hit record lows during the first quarter of 2017. Ice cover in Antarctica also hit an unprecedented low, with ice shrinking more than it has in 38 years of tracking.

Ocean temperatures have been among the warmest on record as well, fueling up a brutal hurricane season in the Atlantic. Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria devastated regions of Texas and Florida. Areas in the Caribbean, such as Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, were devastated by multiple storms. Hurricane Ophelia, which struck the coast of Ireland, became the easternmost major hurricane ever observed in the North Atlantic basin.

"Climate change makes these very bad storms worse," said Sean Sublette, a meteorologist with <a href="http://www.climatecentral.org/">Climate Central</a>. "It's not the proximate cause of the storm, but it makes these bad storms worse. And in the case of a really bad storm, climate change can make it totally disastrous or catastrophic."

Petteri Taalas, Secretary-general of the World Meteorological Organization, says that the record temperatures and “extraordinary weather" of 2017 are part of a warming trend that will continue into the long term.

“Many of these events - and detailed scientific studies will determine exactly how many - bear the tell-tale sign of climate change caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities,” said Taalas. 

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

2017 is breaking heat records for the third straight year

2017 will be among the three hottest years in modern...

The impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-driving-climate-change/">climate change</a> are being felt in increasing severity across the globe. But there is often debate regarding whether certain conditions or events are actually caused by a warming climate, or are simply coincidental.

A gardener, for example, might notice that their flowers are blooming earlier and earlier each spring, but can such observations be counted as scientific evidence?

But now, a new study from <a href="https://www.usu.edu/">Utah State University,</a> led by Dr. Will Pearse, has provided a statistical tool that measures the value of observational data in proving the impact of climate change on plants.

Pearse was motivated to use observations as a way to prove the impacts of the climate change from comments his mother made about her flower garden. 

“My mum reports her snowdrops are blooming earlier each spring in her English garden, said Pearse. “Are her observations, like those of thousands of citizen scientists across the world, indicating unpredictability in temperature, precipitation, and other weather patterns?” 

Using observations from “citizen scientists” dating back hundreds of years, Pearse discovered that plant phenology, or how plants are influenced by the changing seasons, has been altered by climate change. 

For the study, Pearse and his colleagues created a statistical estimator that measured phenological change using hundreds of observations and writings as data. Even Henry David Thoreau's writings about plants during his time proved useful in the study. 

The researchers also examined a continuous record from preserved plant specimens dating back more than 200 years in the past. 

"Using this estimator, and providing three case studies, we demonstrate a method to resolve an ongoing debate about the relative timings of the onset and cessation of flowering that allows us to reliably place modern observations within the context of a vast wealth of historical data,” said Pearse. 

The results of the statistical estimator show that increased greenhouse gas emissions are in fact changing the phenology of plants. 

Pearse’s work also makes a powerful case for the “casual observer,” or citizen scientist, and how those observations can be useful in scientific studies.

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Even casual observation of plants reveals climate change impact

The impacts of climate change are being felt in increasing...

Environmental issues such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-chinas-solar-energy/">air pollution</a> and climate change are becoming increasingly serious public health risks. A new analysis has found that air pollution is responsible for 10.7 million cases of chronic kidney disease (CKD) each year due to the inhalation of fine particulate matter.

Benjamin Bowe of the <a href="https://www.stlouis.va.gov/services/Clinical_Epidemiology_Center.asp">Clinical Epidemiology Center </a>collaborated with other experts to estimate the burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to air pollution. Epidemiologic measurements showed that the global burden varies greatly by geography, with higher values seen in Central America and South Asia.

"Air pollution might at least partially explain the rise in incidence of CKD of unknown origin in many geographies around the world, and the rise in Mesoamerican nephropathy in Mexico and Central America," said Bowe.

While studies have linked exposure to fine particulate matter with cardiovascular disease and stroke for some time, the association between air pollution and chronic kidney disease is a fairly recent development which was previously described by Bowe and his team.

A <a href="http://m.jasn.asnjournals.org/content/early/2017/09/21/ASN.2017030253.full">study</a> from NASA and the Environmental Protection Agency found that exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution levels considered to be “safe" still increases the risk of chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which kidney function is gradually lost over the course of several years. While there is no cure, treatment is aimed at slowing the process of the disease. Chronic kidney disease often goes undetected and undiagnosed because symptoms are not very noticeable until the disease has advanced.

The research by Bowe’s team will be presented at the <a href="https://www.asn-online.org/">American Society of Nephrology</a> (ASN) Kidney Week 2017 in New Orleans.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Air pollution causes 10 million cases of kidney disease per year

Environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change are...

Infants stolen from their mothers. Apes drugged and beaten until they learn tricks that will entertain tourists. These are scenes from the illegal ape trade, and journalists from the New York Times have been working with those who track smugglers to shed new light on the crime.

Wildlife smuggling has become an extremely profitable black market trade, and not just when it comes to apes. Countries throughout the world have struggled to crack down on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-missing-poached/">elephant poaching</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pangolin-worlds-trafficked-mammal/">pangolin trafficking</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conservation-efforts-species-2016/">tiger hunting</a>, as well as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concerns-reptiles-amphibians-pets/">exotic pet practices</a> that are harmful to both the animals and public health.

Wildlife smuggling and poaching have skyrocketed in recent years, according to the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/">World Wildlife Fund</a>. 

“Today, it is the fifth most profitable illicit trade in the world, estimated at up to $10 billion annually,” the WWF wrote.

The trade in apes like chimpanzees and orangutans makes up part of this industry, and the ape trade is proving to be much larger than anyone expected. When a <a href="https://www.cites.org/">CITES</a>-operated database launched earlier this year, researchers discovered a widespread problem. 

A single ape trade network that went undetected for over a decade had trafficked more than 1,800 of the creatures, the <a href="http://www.un-grasp.org/">Great Ape Survival Partnership</a> reported. More than 90 percent of the busts recorded in 23 countries had never been entered in international smuggling databases.

Animal smugglers are competing with the likes of drug cartels and weapons dealers, but unlike dealing in drugs and guns, wildlife smuggling is low-risk, according to the WWF.

It’s a comparison journalist Jeffrey Gettleman heard as well.

“The way they do business makes the Mafia look like amateurs,” ape trafficking sleuth Daniel Stiles told the <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/africa/ape-trafficking-bonobos-orangutans.html?partner=IFTTT">New York Times</a> writer in his exposé about the trade.

Gettleman shadowed Stiles as he used <a href="https://www.instagram.com/?hl=en">Instagram</a> and other social media to track down potential poachers selling live ape infants. Some of the apes are sold as pets; most end up in circuses or zoos that train the animals – often using brutal methods – to perform tricks in an attempt to drum up business, Stiles said.

Stiles isn’t just a self-styled detective. He was the lead author of a 2013 report published by the United Nations about the ape trade.

Speaking to Stiles and other experts, Gettleman learned that the infants are much easier to smuggle than the strong adults, and poachers often wipe out entire family groups of chimps, gorillas, gibbons or orangutans to steal the infants. 

Thanks to corruption among officials and loose regulations at certain ports, a pipeline has developed to sneak infant apes out of central Africa and southeast Asia and into the hands of collectors, the New York Times reported. 

The apes are often drugged or beaten and forced to learn how to play drums, smoke cigarettes, fight each other, or perform other tricks to entertain tourists. One was kept as a hotel mascot – until he escaped and was shot by police.

Most of the apes rescued from these lives require rehabilitation before they can be reintroduced to the wild.

Often the infant apes are sold for thousands of dollars – or as much as $250,000, in the case of gorillas – to their final owner. But the people who catch the babies often earn very little for them. One poacher told Gettleman he was paid about $10 per infant bonobo he caught alive. 

“In Boende, a small town up another tributary of the Congo River, three hunters were recently caught with bonobo carcasses and sentenced to several years in a stifling colonial-era prison. The men said they were simply trying to feed their families by selling bonobo meat,” Gettleman wrote.

Gettleman followed along with Stiles as he worked with Thai police and arranged to meet with a suspected ape smuggler in Bangkok. In the end, two baby orangutans were rescued – but the smuggler escaped. 

“But for every successful bust, wildlife specialists say, five to 10 other animals slip through. And for every smuggled ape, several more may have been killed in the process,” Gettleman wrote.

—

By <a href="mailto:kcathey@earth.com">Kyla Cathey</a>, <a href="http://www.earth.com">Earth.com</a> staff writer

Journalist sheds light on horrors of illegal ape trade

Infants stolen from their mothers. Apes drugged and beaten until...

On Friday the Trump administration released a disturbing new scientific <a href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov/">report</a> affirming that humans are in fact driving climate change. 
"It's extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century," said the National Climate Assessment. 
According to the report, sea levels could rise by as much as 8 feet by the year 2100, and global temperatures have risen by 1.8 degrees since 1900.
"For the warming over the last century, there is no convincing alternative explanation supported by the extent of the observational evidence,” the report added.
According to the research, the global sea level has risen by 7 to 8 inches since 1900, and almost half of that has occurred since 1993. In addition, the rate of daily tidal flooding is increasing in more than 25 different U.S. coastal cities. Heatwaves and forest fires have also become more and more common and will continue to increase in frequency.

For the first time in 3 million years, global atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has passed 400 parts per million. According to the report, the only solution is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide.

In addition, earlier spring has caused reduce snowpack, which has already begun to affect U.S. water sources.

The release of the National Climate Assessment is mandated by law and stands in severe contrast to the policies of the Trump Administration. As we reported, the administration has already repealed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pruitt-clean-power-plan/">Clean Power Plan</a> and withdrawn from the Paris Climate Agreement. While campaigning for president, Donald Trump repeatedly claimed that climate change was a myth.

The <a href="https://science2017.globalchange.gov">Climate Science Special Report</a> is the first volume of a federally mandated climate assessment, which is constructed every four years. Hundreds of the country's top scientists analyzed data from over 1,500 scientific studies to prepare the report.

The report ends with a haunting warning: "Climate models are more likely to underestimate than to overestimate the amount of long-term future change." 

Former Vice President Al Gore reacted on Twitter, adding, "if the Administration won't listen and if the federal govt. won’t act, states, cities, businesses, investors, and citizens will."

The report, which was approved by the White House Office of Science and Technology, does not make any recommendations for policy change. It does include for the first time, however, a list of “surprise” climate-related changes that may occur such as worldwide shifts in major climate patterns and simultaneous extreme weather events that could have catastrophic effects on a global scale.

--

By <a href="mailto:rarnold@earth.com">Rory Arnold</a> and <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="http://earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writers

Government report: Humans are driving climate change

On Friday the Trump administration released a disturbing new scientific...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

[sendtonews key="6SdlLLbt0t-1988946-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NTU...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Aerial,Photo,Of,River,In,Amazon,Rainforest,Jungle,In,Peru

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

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