West Greenland is renowned for its blue lakes that supply drinking water and help sequester atmospheric carbon.&nbsp;



However, following two months of record heat and heavy rainfall in fall 2022, researchers discovered that an estimated 7,500 of these lakes turned brown, began emitting carbon, and suffered a decline in water quality.&nbsp;



This dramatic change, reported in a study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2413855122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (PNAS), underscores how extreme climate events can push <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-produce-less-methane-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic lakes</a> past critical tipping points.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-changes-in-a-short-time">Unprecedented changes in a short time</h2>



Led by Fulbright Distinguished Arctic Scholar Jasmine Saros of the <a href="https://climatechange.umaine.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maine Climate Change Institute</a>, an international team investigated the rapid transformation of these lakes. 



By July 2023, less than a year after the extreme fall weather, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the lakes had undergone widespread alterations - changes that would normally unfold over centuries.



“The magnitude of this and the rate of change were unprecedented,” said Saros, who also serves as a professor of paleolimnology and lake ecology at UMaine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-climate-extremes-affected-greenland-lakes">How climate extremes affected Greenland lakes</h2>



Greenland typically sees snowfall in the fall, but record temperatures turned precipitation into rain. This shift, combined with the heat, caused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-no-longer-permanent-arctic-communities-in-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a> - frozen soil rich in organic carbon and minerals - to thaw. 



As rainwater washed through the thawing ground, it carried an abundance of carbon, iron, magnesium, and other elements into the lakes, turning their waters brown.



The influx of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients fueled bacterial growth, affecting the lakes’ taste, odor, and color. Increased metals in the water raised health concerns as well.



“The increased dissolved organic material can interact with drinking water treatment processes to produce chlorination byproducts called trihalomethanes, which may be carcinogenic,” Saros explained.



Such changes not only impact water quality but also have broader implications for local communities relying on these lakes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-ecosystems-and-the-carbon-cycle">Disrupted ecosystems and the carbon cycle</h2>



As the lakes turned brown, water transparency declined, reducing light penetration and altering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a> dynamics. Reduced light hindered phytoplankton that normally absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, while organisms that break down organic matter increased. 



This shift transformed the lakes from carbon sinks into significant sources of carbon dioxide, with emissions rising by 350%.



“Because the lakes turned so brown, it reduced the light coming into the system, which tends to favor organisms that use organic carbon pathways instead of photosynthesis,” Saros said.



This change in plankton behavior and carbon cycling has major ramifications for the Arctic carbon budget and local biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-atmospheric-rivers">The role of atmospheric rivers</h2>



The researchers pinpointed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-rivers-will-become-more-intense-as-temperatures-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric rivers</a> - long, narrow streams of water vapor - as the likely cause of the extreme weather. These phenomena brought record-breaking heat and rainfall to the region. 



The <a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA) predicts that atmospheric rivers will become much more frequent in Greenland and other parts of the world by the end of the century, potentially leading to more events like those of fall 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-the-lakes-of-greenland-recover">Will the lakes of Greenland recover?</h2>



The abrupt transformation raises pressing questions about recovery: Will the lakes return to their former blue state, or will changes persist?&nbsp;



“It was such an overwhelming climate force that drove all the lakes to respond in the same way. When it comes to recovery, will it be the same across lakes or different?” Saros pondered.



Ongoing monitoring and additional research are crucial. The team’s work relied on long-term observations, including annual water sampling and year-round remote sensors, which allowed them to capture the rapid changes caused by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme climate event</a>.



“Our study demonstrates the power of long-term observation. I’ve been working in this area since 2013, and have worked on many projects here. But in the background, my colleagues and I have been trying to maintain a consistent data set of observations,” Saros said.&nbsp;



“That’s how we were able to capture and quantify the effects of this extreme climate event.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-greenland-lakes">Future research on Greenland lakes</h2>



The study was made possible through extensive collaboration among researchers from UMaine, NOAA, and various international institutions, as well as contributions from numerous PhD students.&nbsp;



This collective effort has provided valuable insights into how extreme weather events can drastically alter lake ecosystems and carbon dynamics.



As atmospheric rivers become more frequent, understanding their impact on Arctic lakes like those in West Greenland is essential.&nbsp;



Further research into how these lakes recover and how similar events affect other regions will help scientists develop strategies to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.



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Thousands of lakes in Greenland have crossed a tipping point

West Greenland is renowned for its blue lakes that supply drinking water and help sequester atmospheric carbon.&nbsp; However, following two months of record heat and heavy rainfall in fall 2022, researchers discovered that an estimated 7,500 of these lakes turned brown, began emitting carbon, and suffered a decline in water quality.&nbsp; This dramatic change, reported in a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), underscores how extreme climate events can push Arctic lakes past critical tipping points. Unprecedented changes in a short...

The Earth’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-sea-level-rise/">coral reefs</a> are under serious threat from a multitude of factors. Almost 75 percent of the planet’s reefs are currently threatened by the impacts of overfishing, habitat destruction, water pollution, and climate change. 

These reefs provide us with an estimated several hundred billion dollars per year of goods and services, not counting the many benefits they provide that you can’t put a price on – whether that be natural beauty or their role as a buffer during tropical storms. But despite all of these concerns, very little is known about the threats that deep reefs face, the species they shelter, or the refuge they are believed to provide. 

However, a new study led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.calacademy.org/">California Academy of Science</a> suggests that these deep reefs are in dire need of protection. The researchers explored Pacific and western Atlantic reefs in order to test the widely-held hypothesis that climate-stressed species from shallow reefs are taking refuse at depths of 100-500 feet below the surface (known as mesophotic depths). 

The results of the study showed that deep and shallow reefs are actually entirely different ecosystems with their own species, and deep reefs are just as threatened by storms, pollution, and climate impacts as shallow reefs. This research – published in the journal <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a> – signifies a significant shift in thinking for scientists, conservation managers, and the public at large.

“We have hope for coral reefs around the world,” says Dr. Luiz Rocha, Academy Ichthyology Curator and <a href="https://www.calacademy.org/major-initiatives/hope-for-reefs">Hope for Reefs</a> initiative co-leader. “Rather than take that hope away, these findings show us the critical importance of protecting twilight zone reefs in places we don’t normally look. We can’t ignore the deep while we throw our collective might behind protecting and restoring shallow coral reefs. Reefs – in the light and in the dark – need our urgent attention.”

The researchers conducted counts of reef species, determining which species appear at certain depths. Through this data and analysis of peer-reviewed literature, the study reports evidence that contradicts two major assumptions of the “refuge hypothesis.” One assumption has been that there is significant species overlap in deep and shallow reefs – the researchers found this was not the case. The other assumption was that deep reefs are protected from local and global threats. This new study has found that to be far from the truth.

Results of the study describe unique communities with many endemic species within these deep reefs. Even species that live in both shallow and deep reefs – which are typically top predators – do most of their feeding in the light of the shallow reefs and are not likely to seek refuge in the deep. There is a clear disconnect between shallow and deep reef ecosystems.

When several members of the research team chased Hurricane Matthew’s path through the Bahamas in 2016, they found that the storm had a major impact on the mesophotic depths. These storms can affect even the deepest reef ecosystems, choking live corals and harming marine life with sand, silt, and natural debris. Even trash was often seen at these depths.

“Deep reefs feel it all,” says Rocha. “Besides storm impacts, we saw the familiar signs of heavy fishing, sedimentation, coral bleaching, and invasive species in deep reefs. If real refuges for shallow reefs exist, we think they’re mostly far away from humans. Climate impacts can still reach them, but we’re really seeing the undersea consequences of human population expansion and increased demand for food and natural resources. Reef troubles don't stop at 100 feet deep.”

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: <a href="http://www.calacademy.org/">California Academy of Sciences</a>

Deep water coral reefs need protection from climate change

The Earth’s coral reefs are under serious threat from a...

The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/iceberg-larsen-c-antarctica/">Larsen C</a> and George VI are not the names of noble wooden ships or kings of old, rather, they are the identifiers of two Antarctic ice shelves that are currently at risk of collapsing. The Larsen C was in the news last summer due to its break-away from a trillion-ton iceberg, and its collapse would contribute roughly a few millimeters to sea-level rise. But the break-up of the smaller George VI Ice Shelf would actually have a much larger impact, according to new research published in the <a href="https://www.egu.eu/">European Geosciences Union</a> journal <a href="https://www.the-cryosphere.net/recent_papers.html">The Cryosphere</a>.

Because both of these large ice platforms are holding back inland glaciers, their collapse would mean that the ice carried by these glaciers could flow faster into the sea, contributing to sea-level rise. Using computer models to simulate the interactions between the Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet and ice shelves, the researchers have found that collapse of the Larsen C would result in inland ice contributing about 4 mm to sea level, while collapse of the George VI could potentially lead to 22 mm in global sea level rise due to glacial response.

“These numbers, while not enormous in themselves, are only one part of a larger sea-level budget including loss from other glaciers around the world and from the Greenland, East and West Antarctic ice sheets,” says study-author Nicholas Barrand, a glaciologist at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/index.aspx">University of Birmingham</a> in the UK. 

“Taken together with these other sources, the impacts could be significant to island nations and coastal populations. The Antarctic Peninsula may be seen as a bellwether for changes in the much larger East and West Antarctic ice sheets as climate warming extends south.”

In 2002, warming on the Antarctic Peninsula led to the collapse of the Larsen B – an ice shelf just north of Larsen C. After being stable for the last 10,000 years, this entire ice shelf broke up in a period of time just over two weeks. 

“Larsen C is the most northerly remaining large ice shelf, therefore subject to the warmest temperatures, and the likeliest candidate for future collapse,” says lead-author Clemens Schannwell, who conducted the work while at the University of Birmingham and the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey</a>. “George VI is further west and south, in a slightly cooler climate, but is still vulnerable to a warming atmosphere and ocean.”

Worth noting is the fact that the sea level rise predicted by the researchers’ models would not occur until around the year 2300. “In light of the increasing temperatures projected for the coming century, the Antarctic Peninsula provides an ideal laboratory to research changes in the integrity of floating ice shelves,” says Barrand. 

“This region can tell us about ice shelf processes and allow us to observe the response of inland ice to ice-shelf changes. We should view these dramatic changes in the Antarctic Peninsula as a warning signal for the much larger ice sheet-ice shelf systems elsewhere in Antarctica with even greater potential for global sea-level rise.”

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey</a>

Significant sea level rise expected after ice shelves collapse

The Larsen C and George VI are not the names...

A new survey based on satellite data from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> and the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/">United States Geological Survey</a> has revealed that the world's beach shorelines have slightly increased on a global scale over the last three decades. In marine protected areas, however, shorelines have decreased in size due to erosion.

The findings of the study, which is the first of its kind, suggest that plant and animal species are threatened along the 50,000 miles of coastline where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-sea-levels-cliff-erosion/">erosion</a> was observed.

Researchers were able to gain a more accurate assessment of beaches using the data collected from space. They found that 31 percent of all ice-free shorelines are comprised of sand or gravel. Africa has the highest proportion of sandy beaches at 66 percent, while Europe has the lowest at 22 percent.


Using machine learning, a team of experts from the Netherlands trained software to accurately identify sandy beaches from images taken by Landsat satellites. This approach enabled the researchers to rapidly determine how many of the world's beaches are sandy and how these beaches have changed over the last 30 years.

Study co-author Arjen Luijendijk is a coastal development expert at Deltares, an independent research institute with studies focused on deltas, river basins, and coasts.


“It only took about two months' calculation time to generate this data set of annual shorelines between 1984 and 2016 for the entire world,” said Luijendijk. “The alternative of taking aerial images, placing the images in world coordinates, and sometimes manually detecting shorelines, takes weeks or months to capture a coast longer than 50 miles.”

The scientists found that many of the world's non-protected beaches are transforming, but in different ways. They determined that about 24 percent of Earth's sandy beaches are eroding, and 27 percent are expanding.

Furthermore, about 16 percent of all beaches are eroding at rates which are classified as “intense” or “extreme,” while 18 percent are growing at similar rates. Overall, there has been a small increase in the total amount of sandy beaches across the globe.

Because protected marine areas are not as influenced by human activities, these regions provide experts with insight on how natural processes may affect shorelines.

There are over 1,200 marine protected areas in the United States including sanctuaries and reserves, national parks, wildlife refuges, and national monuments. Many of these sites were designated to protect vulnerable plant and animal species, and losing land could disrupt the balance of the ecosystems and threaten their future.

“At this point we think the continental differences in beach erosion and accretion are largely influenced by human interventions along the coast,” said Luijendijk. “Our next steps will focus on distinguishing the human impact from the natural dynamics and trends.”

The research is published by <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/">Springer Nature</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a>, Spencer Kennard

Global beach erosion threatens protected marine areas

A new survey based on satellite data from NASA Goddard...

How much does the sun influence our daily or monthly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-activity-climate-change/">weather,</a> climate, and meteorological events like lightning? Surprisingly, a new study found the answers to this question in a set of diaries dating back to the 1700s. 

A collaborative research team from several universities in Japan and the <a href="http://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/">National Institute of Polar Research</a> set out to better understand the sun’s impact on terrestrial weather, and the results were published in the journal Annales Geophysicae. 

Solar activity, like the sun’s rotation, increases the number of ultraviolet rays on Earth, but it is not well understood how this activity impacts weather. 

“It is well known that long-term--centennial to millennial-scale--variations of solar activity influences terrestrial climate," said Hiroko Miyahara, first author on the paper. “However, it is not well established whether the sun influences the daily or monthly weather.”

Every 27 days, the sun rotates on its axis and when areas of high solar activity like sunspots turn to face the Earth, ultraviolet rays increase. The researchers examined a set of diaries that were kept for more 150 years to see if the sun’s rotation correlated with an increase in lightning and other weather events. 

The first diary, "Diary of Ishikawa Family,” was kept by a farm family in Hachioji, Japan and the second diary was kept by civil servants from Hirosaki. 

The researchers read through the daily logs to find any reference to thunder and lightning between May and September and found an increase in meteorological activity every 24 to 31 days. 

This time frame matches the rotational period of the sun’s axis and shows that sunspots and high solar activity influence lightning on Earth. 

“The cyclic behavior of the sun is playing a very important role in the changes of weather in Japan,” said Miyahara. 

The researchers plan to continue their research on solar influences on meteorological events and hope to one day find a way to include solar activity in weather forecasts. 

“It would improve the accuracy of the forecast, and it may even enable a longer-term weather forecast,” said Miyahara.

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The rotation of the sun impacts lightning on Earth

How much does the sun influence our daily or monthly...

Lobbying has become a sad reality of American politics, as billions of dollars exchanges hands each year when lobbyists work to influence congressional legislation. 

<a href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/">Open Secrets</a> has reports on annual lobbyist spending dating back to 1998 and how much was spent by different sectors. Not surprisingly, when word of new legislation arises, the corporations with the deepest pockets seem to hold the most power in lobbying for support. 

A new study found this to be the exact case in regards to climate change lobbying. Robert Brulle from <a href="http://drexel.edu/">Drexel University</a> examined Open Secret data on climate lobbying and found that between 2000 and 2016, more than $2 billion were spent on influencing relevant legislation in the US Congress. 

Those sectors that depend on fossil fuels and un-capped carbon emissions spent the most, far outweighing any pro-climate mitigation lobbying according to the results. 

The study was published in the journal Climate Change.

Brulle found that the two billion dollars spent on climate-related lobbying only accounted for 3.9 percent of total $53.5 billion spent on lobbying in the US from 2000 to 2016. 

Spending on climate lobbying varied depending on attitudes and political positions on climate change. For example, between 2000 and 2006 only $50 million was spent on climate lobbying, however, that amount increased to 362 million in 2009. 

The Open Secrets data showed that the electrical utility sector spent the most, $554 million, on climate change lobbying of any other organization or sector over the 16 year period. Fossil fuel companies spent $370 million and the transportation sector spent $252 million during the same period. 

Environmental organizations and renewable energy sector spending, on the other hand, was overshadowed by fossil fuel corporation spending by ten to one. 

“The vast majority of climate lobbying expenditure came from sectors that would be highly impacted by climate legislation,” said Brulle.“The spending of environmental groups and the renewable energy sector was eclipsed by the spending of the electrical utilities, fossil fuel, and transportation sectors.”

The results do not bode well for the future of climate change policies in the United States. Even though countless studies have warned against the future impact climate change will have on weather, rising sea levels, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-hinder-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, money speaks louder than facts when it comes to lobbying. 

“Lobbying is conducted away from the public eye. There is no open debate or refutation of viewpoints offered by professional lobbyists meeting in private with government officials,” said Brulle. “Control over the nature and flow of information to government decision-makers can be significantly altered by the lobbying process and creates a situation of systematically distorted communication. This process may limit the communication of accurate scientific information in the decision-making process.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The wealthiest have the most influence over climate legislation

Lobbying has become a sad reality of American politics, as...

Each year, over 300 million people travel to national parks in the United States to take in the natural beauty of our country. Visitors are looking to get away from the hustle and bustle of urban areas, along with the noise and air pollution associated with the city – but their efforts might be in vain. 

A new study published in <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/">Science Advances</a> has found that poor air quality in national parks could be negatively affecting visitation.

Researchers from <a href="https://www.iastate.edu/">Iowa State University</a> and <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/">Cornell University</a> studied ozone levels in 33 of the country’s largest national parks. Results showed that from 1990 to 2014, the average ozone concentrations in national parks were basically indistinguishable from ozone levels in the 20 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. 

“The U.S. has spent billions of dollars over the last three decades to improve air quality,” says David Keiser, an assistant professor of economics at Iowa State. “Given the popularity of national parks, as well as the fact that people go to parks to be outside, we believed it was worth better understanding air quality trends in these areas and whether people, through their actions, respond to changes in air quality in parks.”

The study determined that ozone levels in metropolitan areas had begun to improve beginning in 1990, but improvements within national parks have only been occurring since the early 2000s. This finding connects to the passage of the Regional Haze Rule, a 1999 EPA regulation that bolstered air quality protections for national parks and wilderness areas. Data also showed that, since 1990, national parks have only seen a minor reduction in days where ozone concentrations exceeded 70 parts per billion – which is deemed an unhealthy ozone level by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wheeler-environmental-injustice-epa/">EPA</a>.

By matching this pollution data to monthly park visitation data for the 30+ national parks, the researchers found that visitation correlates most directly to ozone during months with poor air quality. This response is most significant in the summer and fall, when park visitation is at its peak.

The researchers also assessed two possible causes for this connection: air quality warnings issued by parks and poor visibility. Interestingly, they determined that visitation response is most significantly correlated with potential health warnings, and has less association with visibility. 

Clearly, there is a definitive need to improve air quality throughout the country – not just at national parks. But if we can’t attain clean air in the places we go to seek it most, it spells trouble for a future with exploding populations and increased urbanization.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Air pollution is reaching national parks and deterring visitors

Each year, over 300 million people travel to national parks...

Since 1997, researchers have recorded several major widespread bleaching events across the Great Barrier Reef, the majority of which were caused by increasing sea surface temperatures. 

Research has found that mass bleaching events across the Earth’s oceans are occurring at a rapidly increased pace from once every 27 years to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/04/coral-reef-bleaching-the-new-normal-and-a-fatal-threat-to-ecosystems">nearly every 6 years after 2016. </a>

A devastating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-barrier-reef-coral-loss-worse/">back to back bleaching</a> in 2016 and 2017 severely degraded reefs in the Great Barrier Reef, and because bleaching events are occurring more frequently, corals are losing their ability to recover. Now, a new study has found that reef recovery has declined six-fold in the area following these types of disturbance events. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/">University of Queensland</a>,<a href="https://www.coralcoe.org.au/"> ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reefs Studies</a>, and the Australian Institute of Marine Science analyzed long-term monitoring data on more than 90 reefs. 

The researchers found that over an 18 year period from 1992 to 2010, Great Barrier Reef recovery rates after bleaching events, outbreaks of crown of thorn starfish, and cyclones steadily declined. 

“This is the first time a decline in recovery rate of this magnitude has been identified in coral reefs,” said Juan Ortiz, the lead author of the new study. 

Climate change and poor water quality are some of the driving factors preventing reef recovery. However, the study also found that rigorous management policies could bring hope to the Great Barrier Reef. 

“I believe there is scope for management to help remedy the situation,” said Peter Mumby, a member of the research team. “Our results indicate that coral recovery is sensitive to water quality, and is suppressed for several years following powerful cyclones. Some reefs could improve their recovery ability if the quality of the water entering the reef is actively improved.”

The researchers note that portions of the reef are doing better than others but this just further stresses the need for better management and conservation methods. 

“The future of the Great Barrier Reef is threatened without further local management to reduce chronic disturbances and support recovery, and strong global action to limit the effect of climate change,” said Ortiz. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: Peter Mumby

The Great Barrier Reef is losing its ability to bounce back

Since 1997, researchers have recorded several major widespread bleaching events...

Large animals are known collectively as “megafauna” – such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ground-vibrations-elephants-poachers/">elephants</a>, giraffes, hippos and other enormous creatures. In many ecosystems, herbivorous megafauna are crucial for the dispersal of the seeds of many terrestrial plants, particularly those bearing large fruits (“megafaunal fruits”). In the forests of Thailand, sambar deer, bears, gibbons, and elephants play this critical role for the forest tree Platymitra macrocarpa, which bears 3-5” long fruits that these animals consume. 

A study published in the open-access journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/">PLOS ONE</a> assesses the relative contribution of each of these species to the seed dispersal of this tree. The authors of the study tracked fruit consumption, seed dispersal, and seed viability by observing trees during the fruiting period, sampling dung piles and other sites of deposited seeds, and measuring the rate of germination and growth of deposited seeds. Through this analysis, they were able to calculate the seed dispersal effectiveness for each megafauna species that uses these trees as an open buffet.

Their results showed that, while elephants consume a paltry 3 percent of the available fruit, they were responsible for a whopping 37 percent of the seeds that produced viable seedlings. On the other hand, sambar deer consumed 23 percent of fruit, but were only responsible for 17 percent of seedlings. This was determined to be a result of the much more significant beetle damage done to the seeds the deer excreted. 

Although smaller members of this ecosystem’s megafauna such as deer and bear play important roles in seed dispersal, their effectiveness is lower. Ultimately, they require more fruit to reach the same level of reproduction achieved by elephants with significantly less fruit consumed.

“If less vulnerable large herbivores such as deer are unable to replicate the seed dispersal role of threatened mega-herbivores such as elephants, megafaunal fruit could suffer range contractions, affecting forest community composition and potentially forest carbon stocks,” says Kim McConkey of the <a href="http://www.nias.res.in/">National Institute of Advanced Studies</a> in Bangalore, Thailand. 

Although it may seem that a study into the seed dispersal of a handful of species for one tree in one ecosystem has a small scope, this couldn’t be further from the truth. If this widely-dispersed tree species is unable to reproduce effectively, it could have major effects on numerous species within the ecosystem, not to mention the forest carbon stocks indicated by McConkey. In ecosystems such as this, small changes can have major consequences.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Kulpat Saralamba

Elephants are crucial to the survival of this tropical tree

Large animals are known collectively as “megafauna” – such as...

Scientists have demonstrated that a huge circulation pattern in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-summers-europe/">Atlantic Ocean</a> has slowed dramatically over the past decade, and there has been concern among oceanographers about the long-term stability of this system.

A new study led by the <a href="http://www.washington.edu/">University of Washington</a> (UW) has found that this transition is not a result of climate change, but is part of a regular cycle that will affect temperatures in the coming decades.

Study co-author Ka-Kit Tung is a UW professor of Applied Mathematics.

“Climate scientists have expected the Atlantic overturning circulation to decline long-term under global warming, but we only have direct measurements of its strength since April 2004. And the decline measured since then is 10 times larger than expected,” said Professor Tung.

“Many have focused on the fact that it's declining very rapidly, and that if the trend continues it will go past a tipping point, bringing a catastrophe such as an ice age. It turns out that none of that is going to happen in the near future. The fast response may instead be part of a natural cycle and there are signs that the decline is already ending.”


The speed of the current determines how much surface heat is transferred deep into the ocean, and faster circulation means that more heat will be sent below. On the other hand, if the current slows, less heat will be stored and air temperatures will rise at a faster rate.

“The global climate models can project what's going to happen long-term if carbon dioxide increases by a certain amount, but they currently lack the capability to predict surface warming in the next few decades, which requires a knowledge of how much the excess heat trapped by greenhouse gases is being absorbed by the oceans,” explained Professor Tung.

The new study argues that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is not collapsing, but is simply transitioning from its fast phase to its slower phase, which has implications for heating at the ocean's surface.

“We have about one cycle of observations at depth, so we do not know if it's periodic, but based on the surface phenomena we think it's very likely that it's periodic.”

According to Professor Tung, recent measurements of density in the Labrador Sea suggest the cycle is beginning to shift. This means that the AMOC will not continue to transfer atmospheric heat into the North Atlantic in the years to come.


“The good news is the indicators show that this slowdown of the Atlantic overturning circulation is ending, and so we shouldn't be alarmed that this current will collapse any time soon,” said Professor Tung. “The bad news is that surface temperatures are likely to start rising more quickly in the coming decades.”

The research is published in the journal <a href="http://www.nature.com/">Nature</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Atlantic circulation will not stop, but will cause ocean warming

Scientists have demonstrated that a huge circulation pattern in the...

Scientists have found evidence to suggest that a thousand trillion tons of diamonds are buried deep in the Earth's crust. The diamonds are located in an ancient area, known as cratonic roots, between 90 and 150 miles below the surface of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-tornadoes-power-grids-earth/">Earth</a>.

Ulrich Faul is a research scientist in the <a href="http://web.mit.edu/">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences. 

“This shows that diamond is not perhaps this exotic mineral, but on the geological scale of things, it's relatively common,” said Faul. “We can't get at them, but still, there is much more diamond there than we have ever thought before.”

Cratons are stationary sections of rock that are among the oldest on the planet. Shaped like inverted mountains, these rock walls extend as far as 200 miles into the Earth beneath the center of tectonic plates.

While studying the sound waves generated by earthquakes and other forms of seismic activity, the team noticed that the sound sped up significantly when passing through the roots of ancient cratons.

Cratons are known to accelerate sound waves slightly, but not as fast as what the scientists measured.

“The velocities that are measured are faster than what we think we can reproduce with reasonable assumptions about what is there,” said Faul. “Then we have to say, ‘There is a problem.’ That’s how this project started.”

The researchers set out to determine the composition of the cratonic roots to understand what may be causing the spikes. Using seismic data from the U.S. Geological Survey and other sources, the researchers developed a three-dimensional model of the velocities of seismic waves traveling through the planet's cratons.


Faul and his team used measurements of sound speeds to assemble virtual rocks made from various types of minerals.

The experts calculated how fast sound waves would travel through each virtual rock, and found only one type of rock that would produce the speeds measured by seismologists. 

The rock that matched their search was composed of one to two percent diamond, peridotite, and small amounts of eclogite.

“Diamond in many ways is special,” said Faul. “One of its special properties is, the sound velocity in diamond is more than twice as fast as in the dominant mineral in upper mantle rocks, olivine.”

This could easily explain the higher sound velocities that were detected. In addition, the small fraction of diamond would not affect the overall density of a craton, which has less density than the surrounding mantle.

“It’s circumstantial evidence, but we’ve pieced it all together,” said Faul. “We went through all the different possibilities, from every angle, and this is the only one that’s left as a reasonable explanation.”

The research was funded in part by the <a href="https://nsf.gov/">National Science Foundation</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

A quadrillion ton of diamonds found buried in the Earth’s crust

Scientists have found evidence to suggest that a thousand trillion...

In as little as 15 years, thousands of fiber optic cables buried beneath large coastal cities like Seattle could soon be submerged under rising sea levels, threatening the internet and global communication. 

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and the <a href="https://www.uoregon.edu/">University of Oregon</a> recently conducted a study, the first of its kind, that assessed how the internet would be impacted by climate change. 

A complex network of fiber optic cables, the physical internet, carries data to and from your computer in the blink of an eye. 

While marine cables transport data between continents, the major coastal hubs where many of our communications converge contain buried but not waterproof cables. 

As the threat of rising sea levels increases, it could spell disaster for these crucial fiber optic cables built without consideration to climate change 20 to 25 years ago. 

What’s more, the researchers led by Paul Barford, a professor of computer science and physical internet expert, found that thousands of miles of cables will likely be submerged much sooner than previously thought. 

“Most of the damage that's going to be done in the next 100 years will be done sooner than later,” said Barford, “That surprised us. The expectation was that we'd have 50 years to plan for it. We don't have 50 years.”

For the study, the researchers combined data from the Internet Atlas which is a global map of the physical internet infrastructure with sea-level rise projections from the <a href="http://www.noaa.gov/">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA). 

The results show that by 2033, 4,000 miles of buried cables will be underwater and a little over a thousand traffic hubs could be surrounded by water. New York, Miami, and Seattle along with other major coastal cities are most at risk. 

Not only could rising sea levels cost millions of dollars in damage and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-levels-double-coastal-flooding/">displace hundreds of thousands of residents</a>, this new study shows that it could potentially disrupt global communications. 

Major networks like CenturyLink, Inteliquent and AT&amp;T have a higher risk of being affected by rising sea levels according to the researchers. 

The researchers also examined mitigation strategies to prevent cables from being submerged but the effectiveness of these strategies is difficult to predict because there are so many unknown factors that need to be considered. 

“The first instinct will be to harden the infrastructure,” said Barford. “But keeping the sea at bay is hard. We can probably buy a little time, but in the long run it's just not going to be effective. This is a wake-up call. We need to be thinking about how to address this issue.”

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette,</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Rising sea levels could disrupt global communications

In as little as 15 years, thousands of fiber optic...

As researchers work to model the impacts of climate change, there is increasing uncertainty about how warmer temperatures will affect vital ecosystems such as tropical and boreal forests. 

One assumption long held by scientists is that climate change will cause forests in North America to climb to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-species-mountaintops/">higher altitudes as temperatures warm</a>. 

However, a new study has found that this may not be the case and that plants will only be able to go so far because the soils uphill are unsuitable for growth. 

The study was conducted by researchers from the <a href="https://www.uoguelph.ca/">University of Guelph </a>in Canada and the results dispel hypotheses about how certain forests will respond to climate change. 

“There's a common belief about the impacts of climate change,” said Emma Davis, who pioneered the research. “It's actually a more complicated story than people believe.”

The new research is the first of its kind to examine soil composition and its impact on climbing or advancing treelines. 

The researchers planted spruce and fir seedlings at different elevations past their typical climate limits in national parks in Alberta and British Columbia. 

While the trees grew, the researchers focused on the soil and found that the further away from the natural treeline the plants were, the soil inhibited healthy growth. 

This means that even if temperatures make higher altitudes more habitable for trees, the soils may prevent the treeline from advancing northward. 

The researchers pointed to several explanations for why the soil had this impact on seed germination including different fungi or soil microbes and dryer topsoil. 

It may not be limited to Canada or North America either, as the researchers say that similar soil properties at higher altitudes worldwide could prevent treelines from climbing. 

The study lends perspective to how certain ecosystems and species may respond to climate change and the results show that rare species at risk of being overtaken by advancing plants and treelines are not in as much trouble as previously thought. 

Instead, resource managers have a better understanding of alpine systems and what policies should be implemented for habitat conservation. 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 

Image Credit: <a href="https://www.uoguelph.ca/">University of Guelph</a>

Unsuitable soils may stop plants from climbing to higher climates

As researchers work to model the impacts of climate change,...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

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