Over the past 20 years, scientists have observed a subtle but widespread shift in the color of our oceans. While these changes might not be noticeable during a day at the beach, you can easily see them from airplanes and satellites in space.



This is happening on a massive, global scale, signaling to anyone paying attention that significant transformations are taking place beneath the surface of our seas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sounding-alarm-bells">Sounding alarm bells</h2>



Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a senior research scientist at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, has been studying this phenomenon closely. She's part of a team that's raising concerns about what these color changes mean for the health of our planet.



"We hope people take this seriously," says Dutkiewicz. "It's not only models predicting these changes; we can now see them happening, and the ocean is changing."



In a study published in Nature, researchers from the <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Center</a> in the UK and other institutions revealed that more than half of the world's oceans have experienced a shift in color. 



They found that these changes can't be chalked up to natural variations alone -- they're likely a result of human-driven climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greener-ocean-color-near-the-equator">Greener ocean color near the equator</h2>



Tropical regions near the equator have become noticeably greener over time. This isn't just a visual tweak; it's a sign that the ecosystems within the surface ocean are changing. 



The color of the ocean is influenced by what's in its upper layers, especially tiny organisms like phytoplankton.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_south-carolina-coast_landsat8_green-color_nasa-1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_south-carolina-coast_landsat8_green-color_nasa-1s.webp" alt="Winyah Bay (roughly midway between Charleston and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina) receives input from a number of blackwater rivers whose dark, reddish hues arise from the absorptive properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) which some have likened to nature's tea. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1951739"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Winyah Bay (roughly midway between Charleston and Myrtle Beach, South Carolina) receives input from a number of blackwater rivers whose dark, reddish hues arise from the absorptive properties of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) which some have likened to nature's tea. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invisible-forest-of-phytoplankton-thrives-in-a-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytoplankton</a> are microscopic, plant-like creatures that contain chlorophyll, giving them their green tint. They're a cornerstone of the marine food web and play a key role in capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 



Shifts in their populations can have ripple effects throughout marine ecosystems and impact the global carbon cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blame-the-humans-of-course">Blame the humans, of course</h2>



Lead author B.B. Cael from the National Oceanography Center points out that this isn't a random occurrence. 



"This evidence shows how human activities are affecting life on Earth on a vast scale," he says. "It's another way humans are impacting the biosphere, affecting even the most extensive environments on the planet."



Traditionally, scientists have monitored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-algae-genes-chlorophyll-boost-crop-yields-land-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chlorophyll levels</a> to keep tabs on phytoplankton populations. But tracking changes using chlorophyll alone can take decades because of natural year-to-year fluctuations. 



Back in 2019, Dutkiewicz and her colleagues suggested that looking at the full spectrum of ocean colors could reveal climate change-driven trends more quickly. They estimated that such changes could become apparent within 20 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-satellites-spot-the-difference">Satellites spot the difference</h2>



The team analyzed data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (<a href="https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MODIS</a>) on NASA's Aqua satellite. 



Since 2002, this instrument has been observing ocean color across seven visible wavelengths. Their analysis showed a clear trend over two decades, lining up with what their models had predicted.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_new-zealand-coast_modis-satellite_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_new-zealand-coast_modis-satellite_nasa_1s.webp" alt="Phytoplankton blooms are evident throughout the South Pacific Ocean with sediment re-suspended from the ocean floor by waves and tides along much of the New Zealand coastline. Credit: MODIS/NASA" class="wp-image-1951737"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Phytoplankton blooms are evident throughout the South Pacific Ocean with sediment re-suspended from the ocean floor by waves and tides along much of the New Zealand coastline. Credit: MODIS/NASA</figcaption></figure>



Cael explains that these trends match up with the effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-induced</a> climate change, not just random shifts in the Earth's system. 



This means the changes in ocean color are a direct response to how we're altering the planet's climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-ocean-color-matter">Why does ocean color matter?</h2>



So, what's the big deal about the ocean turning a bit greener? It suggests that the types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phytoplankton communities</a> are changing. 



Different phytoplankton have varying abilities to capture carbon and support marine life. Changes in these communities can affect the entire food web, from tiny marine organisms all the way up to fish and whales.



Dutkiewicz emphasizes that these shifts will impact all creatures that rely on plankton for food. 



"Different types of plankton influence how much carbon the ocean can absorb," she notes, highlighting the broader implications for climate regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visible-sign-of-invisible-changes">Visible sign of invisible changes</h2>



This research shines a light on the far-reaching effects of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. Monitoring ocean color offers a tangible way to detect and understand these shifts. 



The findings are a stark reminder of the significant impact human activities have on Earth's complex systems.



"The evidence is clear: human activities are altering the very color of our oceans," says Cael. This isn't just about aesthetics; it's about the intricate balance of marine life that keeps our planet healthy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-to-help">What can we do to help?</h2>



This shift in the ocean's hue is more than just a scientific curiosity -- it's a call to action. 



Scientists are continuing to study these trends to grasp the full impact on marine ecosystems and the global climate.



By keeping a closer eye on the full spectrum of ocean colors, researchers hope to gain a quicker understanding of how climate change is affecting the oceans.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_lake-erie_great-lakes_modis_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/earth-ocean-waters_lake-erie_great-lakes_modis_nasa_1s.webp" alt="At the end of winter the ice is nearly all gone from Lake Erie, and growing phytoplankton populations are revealed mingling with suspended sediments in this relatively shallow Great Lake. Credit: MODIS/NASA" class="wp-image-1951741"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">At the end of winter the ice is nearly all gone from Lake Erie, and growing phytoplankton populations are revealed mingling with suspended sediments in this relatively shallow Great Lake. Credit: MODIS/NASA</figcaption></figure>



This could lead to faster responses and more effective strategies to lessen the impacts.



As we face the realities of climate change, understanding what's happening in our oceans is crucial. Changes in the oceans can affect weather patterns, sea levels, and biodiversity on a global scale.



Addressing these challenges isn't something scientists can do alone. It requires all of us to pitch in -- from reducing our carbon footprints to supporting policies that protect marine environments. 



Every action, no matter how small, contributes to the bigger picture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-color-climate-change-and-human-health">Ocean color, climate change, and human health</h2>



To sum it all up, scientists have noticed that over the past 20 years, more than half of the world's oceans have subtly changed color. 



Stephanie Dutkiewicz points out that this shift matches what climate change models have been predicting. 



The color change is linked to alterations in phytoplankton communities -- tiny, plant-like organisms with chlorophyll that give the ocean its green tint. 



These little guys are essential for marine life and play a big role in capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



By analyzing satellite data, researchers found that these changes aren't just natural fluctuations; they're consistent with human-driven climate change. 



The shift in ocean color suggests significant changes in marine ecosystems, which could impact the entire food web -- from microscopic organisms to large marine animals. 



This finding highlights how human activities are affecting the planet in profound ways, even down to changing the very color of our oceans. It's a clear sign that we need to take climate change seriously and start making changes now.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06321-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Earth's oceans are rapidly changing colors, and it's too late to stop it

Over the past 20 years, scientists have observed a subtle but widespread shift in the color of our oceans. While these changes might not be noticeable during a day at the beach, you can easily see them from airplanes and satellites in space. This is happening on a massive, global scale, signaling to anyone paying attention that significant transformations are taking place beneath the surface of our seas. Sounding alarm bells Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a senior research scientist at MIT, has been studying this phenomenon closely. She's part...

A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.isglobal.org/en">Barcelona Institute of Global Health</a> (ISGlobal) has found that long-term exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">air pollution</a> increases the risk of developing severe forms of Covid-19, being admitted to the hospital or intensive care units (ICUs) after infection, and dying. The analysis was based on a large cohort of 4,660,502 adults&nbsp;residing in&nbsp;Catalonia in&nbsp;2020, the year this Spanish autonomous community had a particularly high incidence of Covid-19.



The experts used data from <a href="https://www.isglobal.org/en/-/covair-cat">COVAIR-CAT</a>, a large population-based study examining the relation between Covid-19 and air pollution in Catalonia, as well as from the SARS-CoV-2 surveillance system (<a href="https://salutpublica.gencat.cat/ca/ambits/vigilancia_salut_publica/XVEC/suvec/">SUVEC</a>), which collected information on PCR and rapid antigen test results in cohort participants.&nbsp;



In addition, the team determined the mean annual levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5),&nbsp;nitrogen dioxide (NO2),&nbsp;black carbon (BC),&nbsp;and&nbsp;ozone (O3)&nbsp;at the residential address of each of the participants.



The researchers examined data on severe cases of Covid-19 in 2020, such as the number of hospital and ICU admissions, the length of hospital stays, and the number of deaths. They found that an increase in exposure to PM2.5 of 3.2 µg/m3 was associated with a 19 percent rise in hospital admissions, an increase in exposure to&nbsp;NO2&nbsp;of 16.1 µg/m3 with a 42 percent rise in&nbsp;ICU admissions, and an increase in exposure to&nbsp;BC&nbsp;of 0.7 µg/m3&nbsp;with a six percent rise in mortality.



“One of the strengths of our analysis is that the population is very well represented. The study covers both large urban conglomerations and rural areas and we were able to obtain detailed individual-level data on the participants’ exposure to ambient air pollution in a country heavily affected by the pandemic in 2020,” said senior author&nbsp;Cathryn Tonne, an environmental epidemiologist at ISGlobal.



According to the researchers, several biological mechanisms could explain why long-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of severe Covid.&nbsp;



First, exposure to air pollution increases the risk of developing chronic comorbidities linked to severe infections, such as hypertension.&nbsp;



Second, air pollution may facilitate the infection, since exposure to fine particulate matter was shown to increase the expression of the receptors the virus binds to, especially in the lungs.&nbsp;



Finally, exposure to air pollution is strongly associated with changes in the immune defenses used to fight the virus, such as a decrease in type II interferon and antibody responses.



While many studies on the effects of short- and long-term exposure to air pollution on chronic respiratory diseases have already been published, this is one of the first to examine the impact long-term exposure has on the incidence and severity of acute respiratory infections.&nbsp;



&nbsp;“Our findings add further compelling evidence on the importance of reducing levels of air pollution to improve the health of the population in general and, in particular, to reduce the incidence of&nbsp;severe acute respiratory infections,” concluded lead author&nbsp;Otavio Ranzani, an epidemiologist at ISGlobal.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38469-7">Nature Communications</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-air-pollution-and-respiratory-infections">More about air pollution and respiratory infections&nbsp;</h2>



Air pollution has been linked to various adverse health effects, including respiratory infections. When people are exposed to polluted air, particularly those containing high levels of harmful particles or gases, it can have detrimental effects on their respiratory system and increase the risk of developing respiratory infections. Here's how air pollution and respiratory infections are interconnected:



<h3 id="h-increased-susceptibility">Increased susceptibility</h3>



Exposure to air pollution weakens the immune system and makes individuals more susceptible to respiratory infections. Pollutants can irritate the airways, damage lung tissues, and impair the body's defense mechanisms, making it easier for infectious agents like bacteria or viruses to invade the respiratory system.



<h3 id="h-respiratory-symptoms">Respiratory symptoms</h3>



Air pollution can cause or exacerbate respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest congestion. These symptoms can make individuals more vulnerable to infections by compromising the respiratory system's ability to clear pathogens effectively.



<h3 id="h-inflammatory-response">Inflammatory response</h3>



Air pollution triggers an inflammatory response in the respiratory system. Prolonged exposure to pollutants leads to chronic inflammation, which can impair the immune response and increase the likelihood of respiratory infections.



<h3 id="h-impaired-lung-function">Impaired lung function</h3>



Long-term exposure to air pollution can result in reduced lung function. Weakened lung capacity makes it more difficult for the body to defend against respiratory infections and can prolong the recovery time from such infections.



<h3 id="h-interaction-with-pathogens">Interaction with pathogens</h3>



Air pollutants can interact with infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, altering their behavior and increasing their virulence. This interaction may enhance the pathogen's ability to infect the respiratory system and cause more severe respiratory infections.



<h3 id="h-indoor-air-pollution">Indoor air pollution</h3>



Indoor air pollution, caused by factors like cooking stoves, tobacco smoke, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), can also contribute to respiratory infections. Poor ventilation in indoor spaces can lead to a buildup of pollutants and increase the risk of respiratory infections, particularly among vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.



It is worth noting that while air pollution can increase the risk of respiratory infections, it is usually not the sole factor responsible. Other factors such as individual susceptibility, overall health status, and the presence of other risk factors also play significant roles in determining the likelihood of developing respiratory infections.



Efforts to reduce air pollution through policies, regulations, and individual actions can have a positive impact on respiratory health by reducing the risk of infections and improving overall respiratory well-being.



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Long-term exposure to air pollution linked to severe Covid

A recent study led by the Barcelona Institute of Global...

The Arctic, a hotspot for climate change, is once more grabbing headlines. This remote region is warming faster than any other part of the world, creating a domino effect called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-algae-heavily-contaminated-with-microplastics/">Arctic</a> amplification.&nbsp;



ESA-developed satellites are stepping up, offering vital data that shed light on this complex phenomenon and its far-reaching implications for people and wildlife alike.



The phenomenon of Arctic amplification involves the Arctic warming at a rate that surpasses the global average. It's driven largely by feedback loops that intensify the warming effect of greenhouse gases.&nbsp;



This isn't just disrupting the fragile equilibrium of the Arctic ecosystem, but it's also having a significant impact on global climate patterns, human populations, and wildlife.



The ESA’s <a href="https://eo4society.esa.int/projects/arktalas-hoavva-project/">Science for Society Arktalas Hoavva project</a>, whose name means Arctic Ocean in the northern Sami language, is focused on studying Arctic amplification using satellite data.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-remote-sensing-satellites-are-documenting-the-effects">Remote sensing satellites are documenting the effects</h2>



A recent paper published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing">Remote Sensing</a> details how these satellites are providing invaluable insights into this remote region. These satellites have captured the effects of amplification on everything from phytoplankton productivity to human infrastructure.



Take for example the incident in May 2020. A power plant reservoir near Norilsk in Russia leaked some 20,000 tons of diesel, declaring a state of emergency. This oil spill contaminated the Ambarnaya River and Lake Pyasino.&nbsp;



A pillar collapse, caused by thawing permafrost destabilizing the ground, resulted in a disaster with costs exceeding $2 billion. Scientists, using data from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite mission along with field photographs and historical data, attributed this accident to the Arctic amplification of global warming.



But the repercussions don't stop at infrastructure. Thawing permafrost also releases vast quantities of methane and carbon dioxide, creating a dangerous feedback loop that intensifies global warming.



<h2 id="h-disappearance-of-sea-ice-is-biggest-concern">Disappearance of sea ice is biggest concern</h2>



Central to Arctic amplification is the disappearance of sea ice, which has plummeted to alarmingly low levels. Sea ice forms when seawater freezes into freshwater ice. The freezing process expels cold saline water, which then sinks into the deep ocean, driving global ocean thermohaline circulation. If sea ice formation stops, this process halts, leading to changes in global ocean circulation.



With less ice, the exposed ocean surface absorbs more heat, accelerating warming and ice loss. Moreover, winds over the open ocean increase surface waves, which in turn inhibit refreezing by mechanically eroding the forming ice, possibly driving new and more energetic ocean circulation patterns across the Arctic Ocean.



ESA's CryoSat and Copernicus Sentinel-3 satellite altimeters measure Arctic sea-ice thickness. They precisely measure the height difference between ice and ocean surfaces, enabling scientists to calculate ice thickness and volume.&nbsp;



This data has uncovered significant drops in Arctic sea ice, particularly during summer, stressing the urgency of the situation. Additional measurements by the ESA SMOS satellite and infrared imagery from Sentinel-3 provide crucial all-weather sea-ice mapping capabilities.



<h2 id="h-more-than-just-ice-tracking">More than just ice tracking</h2>



In addition to ice tracking, ESA-developed satellites observe other crucial parameters, like surface temperature, albedo, and atmospheric composition. These observations enable scientists to study the complex feedback mechanisms contributing to Arctic amplification.&nbsp;



For instance, the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission supplies essential data on sea-surface temperatures, supporting analyses of oceanic heat fluxes and their impact on ice melt.



Meanwhile, the vast Greenland ice sheet, accelerated by Arctic amplification, is adding to global sea level rise. The freshwater released from melting ice into the North Atlantic Ocean is altering oceanic circulation patterns, potentially leading to extreme weather events, such as storms and heatwaves, around the world.



Long-term datasets are being assembled through ESA’s Climate Change Initiative. These 40-year-long datasets, created with data from numerous satellites, allow researchers to study long-term trends and variations in the Arctic, enhancing our understanding of the region's reaction to global warming.



<h2 id="h-esa-satellites-are-improving-our-understanding-of-arctic-amplification">ESA satellites are improving our understanding of Arctic amplification</h2>



The wealth of data provided by these ESA-developed satellites improves our comprehension of Arctic amplification and aids in decision-making processes. This information is crucial in developing effective strategies to mitigate and adapt to these changes.&nbsp;



Governments, policymakers, and the scientific community rely heavily on these observations to assess environmental impacts, predict future scenarios, and create policies for sustainable Arctic management.



The Arctic's importance is reflected in the evolving Copernicus system, which is prioritizing new Arctic measurements through innovative satellite capabilities. These include the dual-frequency CRISTAL altimeter, the Copernicus Imaging multi-frequency Microwave Radiometer (CIMR), and ROSE-L, an L-band synthetic aperture radar mission.&nbsp;



Together with existing Copernicus data, these satellite measurements will provide an unparalleled monitoring capability during a time of drastic climate shifts induced by human actions.



<h2 id="h-researchers-issue-a-stark-warning">Researchers issue a stark warning</h2>



ESA’s Craig Donlon explains the criticality of this issue, stating, “The phenomenon of Arctic amplification and its relationship to the global climate emergency serves as a stark reminder that the consequences of climate change are not distant threats but immediate and accelerating crises, impacting not only people living in the Arctic, but ultimately all of us.”



"Our paper outlines how satellite observations have captured Arctic amplification as it is developing and with good spatial detail. These observations are indispensable for monitoring of amplification in this remote and inhospitable region that is sparsely sampled by ground observations."



"Satellite data are unique in their ability to capture and monitor environmental transitions in the Arctic region that both precede and follow the emerging impact of Arctic amplification."



As we face these daunting challenges, our understanding and management of Arctic amplification will hinge on these satellite observations. In this ever-warming world, it's vital to harness this technology to navigate the choppy waters of climate change.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-arctic-and-climate-change">More about the Arctic and climate change</h2>



The Arctic, the northernmost region of the Earth, plays a crucial role in the planet's overall climate and ecosystem health. It acts as a "refrigerator" for the world by helping to regulate global temperatures. However, it's currently facing the brunt of climate change, with serious consequences for the entire planet.



The Arctic is home to a variety of ecosystems, from tundra vegetation and abundant marine life to its iconic ice-covered landscapes. Notably, the Arctic has massive layers of soil and rock called permafrost, which remains frozen throughout the year and stores large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane. These greenhouse gases, if released, can significantly amplify global warming.



But perhaps the Arctic's most famous feature is its sea ice, which has an essential role in regulating the planet's climate. Sea ice has a high albedo, meaning it reflects much of the sun's rays back into space, helping to maintain the Earth's energy balance. When sea ice melts, it reveals the darker ocean surface that absorbs more sunlight, leading to a warming cycle known as the ice-albedo feedback loop.



<h3 id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-the-arctic">Impact of climate change on the Arctic</h3>



Climate change is impacting the Arctic at an alarming rate. In fact, the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet in a process known as Arctic amplification. This rapid warming is leading to substantial reductions in sea ice, thawing of permafrost, shifts in wildlife populations, and changes in ocean circulation patterns.



Sea ice is now forming later in the fall and melting earlier in the spring, resulting in less ice cover overall. This loss of sea ice affects local wildlife such as polar bears and seals, who rely on it for hunting and breeding. The open waters also absorb more heat, causing further warming and ice melt in a self-reinforcing cycle.



The thawing of permafrost is another serious concern. When permafrost thaws, it releases the stored carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere, further exacerbating global warming. This process also destabilizes the ground, posing significant risks to infrastructure, as seen in the 2020 Norilsk oil spill.



Changes in the Arctic also have global implications. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise, threatening coastal communities around the world. Changes in sea ice and ocean conditions can alter weather patterns, potentially leading to more extreme weather events.



Despite these challenges, the Arctic remains a crucial part of Earth's climate system. Its preservation is essential for the health of our planet. Mitigating climate change and preserving the Arctic will require international cooperation, sound environmental policy, and a commitment to sustainable practices on a global scale.&nbsp;



Satellite technology, such as that employed by the ESA, will continue to play an important role in understanding and monitoring these changes, informing the strategies we use to respond.



Image Credit: ESA



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Arctic amplification is destabilizing the delicate balance of the ecosystem

The Arctic, a hotspot for climate change, is once more...

Although a safe supply of clean water is necessary for human survival, about 2.2 billion people around the world currently lack access to this basic human right. As the planet continues to warm due to climate change, this situation is likely to become more severe, becoming a massive global crisis.&nbsp;



To tackle these pressing issues, a team of scientists from the University of Warwick’s <a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/schoolforcross-facultystudies/igsd/">Institute for Global Sustainable Development</a> (IGSD)&nbsp;will investigate the problem of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-world-is-falling-way-behind-on-water-security-targets/">water security</a> in the context of the <a href="https://www.acu.ac.uk/get-involved/commonwealth-climate-research-cohort/">Futures Climate Research Cohort Program</a>.&nbsp;



In this program - established by the <a href="https://www.acu.ac.uk/">Association of Commonwealth Universities</a> (ACU) and the <a href="https://www.britishcouncil.org/">British Council</a> – leading climate change experts from five UK universities will collaborate with scientists from ten low and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, and Sri Lanka, to examine their regional climate change challenges through research project in the Global South and knowledge exchange projects.



The scientists from IGSD will investigate issues such as the inequality of water security, water for ecosystems, and water-related hazards in order to better understand the uneven distribution of climate change-induced water crisis across regions, populations, and ecosystems, while empowering vulnerable groups and building resilience to risks and uncertainties.



“As we learned from the UN Water Conference on 22 March and the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report, the need to unite the world for collective water research and action has never been more clear,” said project leader Feng Mao, an associate professor of Global Sustainable Development at IGSD.



“Nearly 80 percent of the global population is exposed to water security challenges, with climate change intensifying the water cycle, altering rainfall patterns, and consequently bringing more frequent and amplified hazards to human societies in many regions.”



“We will be addressing the intersections of water, ecosystems, society, and technologies – aiming to improve lives and build resilience to climate change. Being part of the Climate Research Cohort will elevate Warwick University’s position as a leading institute for environmental sustainability.”



“IGSD has been relaunched to become the gateway to research on sustainable development at Warwick, with one of its key thematics being&nbsp;<a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/schoolforcross-facultystudies/igsd/research_themes/ecosystems/">complex eco-systems and water security</a>,” added Elena Korosteleva, the director of IGSD.



“I am very proud to see how our strategic thinking, research and leadership are now coming together, from growing our thematic networks across Warwick, to an IGSD leading scientist, Dr Feng Mao, now representing us globally via the ACU. This is particularly opportune for our own launch of the&nbsp;<a href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/schoolforcross-facultystudies/igsd/sts/">ECR Sustainability Training School on 5-9 June 2023,</a>&nbsp;which we hope will serve as a platform for raising a new generation of planet-conscious researchers and responsible citizens,” she concluded.



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-global-water-crisis">More about the global water crisis</h2>



The water crisis is a global issue that affects millions of people, particularly in developing countries, although water scarcity can also be found in certain regions of developed countries.



<h3 id="h-here-are-some-key-points-about-the-water-crisis">Here are some key points about the water crisis:</h3>



<h4 id="h-water-scarcity">Water scarcity</h4>



Water scarcity is the primary driver of the water crisis. It occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available supply in a particular area. Factors contributing to water scarcity include population growth, urbanization, climate change, pollution, and inefficient water management practices.



<h4 id="h-lack-of-access-to-clean-water">Lack of access to clean water</h4>



Many people around the world do not have access to safe and clean drinking water. They often rely on contaminated water sources, such as rivers, ponds, or unprotected wells, which can lead to waterborne diseases and other health issues.



<h4 id="h-sanitation-challenges">Sanitation challenges</h4>



In addition to clean water, access to proper sanitation facilities is crucial for maintaining public health. However, a significant number of people lack access to adequate sanitation facilities, which leads to the contamination of water sources and the spread of diseases.



<h4 id="h-impact-on-health-and-development">Impact on health and development</h4>



The water crisis has severe implications for human health and socio-economic development. Waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid are prevalent in areas with limited access to clean water, causing illness and death, particularly among children.&nbsp;



Moreover, the time and effort spent on collecting water, often by women and girls, reduces opportunities for education, income generation, and community development.



<h4 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h4>



The water crisis also has adverse effects on the environment. Overuse and mismanagement of water resources can lead to the depletion of aquifers, drying up of lakes and rivers, and damage to ecosystems. It also exacerbates conflicts over water resources between different user groups and even nations.



<h2 id="h-climate-change-exacerbates-the-crisis">Climate change exacerbates the crisis</h2>



Climate change intensifies the water crisis by altering weather patterns, reducing rainfall in some areas, and causing more frequent and severe droughts and floods. These changes further stress water supplies, making it more challenging to meet the demands of growing populations.



<h3 id="h-addressing-the-water-crisis-requires-a-multifaceted-approach-including">Addressing the water crisis requires a multifaceted approach, including:</h3>



<h4 id="h-water-conservation-and-efficiency">Water conservation and efficiency</h4>



Implementing measures to reduce water wastage, such as improving irrigation techniques in agriculture and promoting water-efficient practices in industries and households.



<h4 id="h-investment-in-infrastructure">Investment in infrastructure</h4>



Building and maintaining water supply and sanitation infrastructure, including piped water systems, water treatment plants, and sanitation facilities, to ensure access to safe and clean water for all.



<h4 id="h-integrated-water-resource-management">Integrated water resource management</h4>



Adopting sustainable and integrated approaches to managing water resources, considering the needs of various sectors like agriculture, industry, and the environment, and involving stakeholders in decision-making processes.



<h4 id="h-promoting-sanitation-and-hygiene">Promoting sanitation and hygiene</h4>



Encouraging proper sanitation practices, including the construction of toilets and promoting hygiene education, to prevent water contamination and reduce the spread of waterborne diseases.



<h4 id="h-climate-change-adaptation">Climate change adaptation</h4>



Developing strategies to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as implementing water harvesting techniques, enhancing water storage capacities, and improving drought and flood management.



<h4 id="h-international-cooperation">International cooperation</h4>



Fostering collaboration between countries, organizations, and communities to address transboundary water issues, share best practices, and provide assistance to regions facing severe water scarcity.



By addressing the water crisis comprehensively and promoting sustainable water management practices, it is possible to mitigate its impacts and ensure access to clean and safe water for all.



—



By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Tackling the world’s climate-driven water crisis

Although a safe supply of clean water is necessary for...

For centuries, people living by the sea and holiday-goers have basked in the seaside atmosphere, feeling an inexplicable revitalization and peace. This coastal allure, often attributed to the calming lull of the waves and the salty air, has only begun to capture scientific interest in recent years.&nbsp;



In a new study led by Sandra Geiger from the Environmental Psychology Group at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/">University of Vienna</a>, this coastal mystique has been rigorously examined.



Geiger's research confirms an old belief in a novel way: living near or even just visiting the seaside is positively associated with improved health. This holds true regardless of one's country of residence or personal income level.



The concept that proximity to the ocean could foster better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-major-health-risks-in-colorado/">health</a> isn't entirely novel. We can trace this idea back to 1660, when English physicians started advocating for sea bathing and coastal strolls as wellness practices. 



By the mid-19th century, indulging in "the waters" or breathing in the "sea air" became common health remedies among the affluent Europeans.&nbsp;



However, the advent of technological advancements in medicine during the early 20th century brought about a decline in these natural wellness traditions. Only recently has the medical profession started to rekindle this interest.



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



Geiger's study falls under the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project named Seas, Oceans, and Public Health In Europe, under the stewardship of Professor Lora Fleming.&nbsp;



Collaborating with scholars from the Universities of Vienna, Exeter, Birmingham, Seascape Belgium, and the European Marine Board, Geiger's team surveyed over 15,000 respondents.&nbsp;



The participants hailed from 14 European countries (including Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the United Kingdom) and Australia. The survey sought their thoughts on various marine-associated activities and their personal health.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



The findings, recently published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00818-1">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>, even took the researchers by surprise.&nbsp;



"It is striking to see such consistent and clear patterns across all 15 countries. We also now demonstrate that everybody seems to benefit from being near the seaside, not just the wealthy. Although the associations are relatively small, living near and especially visiting the coast can still have substantial effects on population health," said Geiger.



Understanding these potential coastal benefits is crucial for future policymaking. Dr. Paula Kellett from the European Marine Board emphasized, "The substantial health benefits of equal and sustainable access to our coasts should be considered when countries develop their marine spatial plans, consider future housing needs, and develop public transportation links."



But what does this research mean for those living in landlocked regions, such as Geiger and her Austrian colleagues?&nbsp;



"Austrians and other central Europeans visit the coasts in their millions during the summer months, so they too get to experience some of these benefits," explained Geiger. "Besides, we are also starting to appreciate the similar health benefits offered by inland waters such as lakes and natural pools."&nbsp;



This suggests that it's not just coastal areas that provide health benefits - it seems that water bodies, in general, could be key to promoting public health.



<h2 id="h-humans-and-their-connection-to-the-ocean">Humans and their connection to the ocean</h2>



Research over the past few years has begun to uncover various ways that living near or interacting with the ocean can impact human health, both physically and mentally.



<h3 id="h-physical-health-benefits">Physical Health Benefits</h3>



Spending time in and around the ocean can have several physical health benefits. For example, swimming in the sea can be a great form of exercise, which can improve cardiovascular health, help with weight management, and strengthen muscles.&nbsp;



Furthermore, exposure to sunlight by the beach helps the body produce vitamin D, which is essential for bone health and immune function. Seawater contains various minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which may offer benefits like improving skin conditions and providing relief from rheumatic discomfort.



<h3 id="h-mental-health-benefits">Mental Health Benefits</h3>



The ocean's natural environment can significantly benefit mental health. The simple act of observing the ocean can induce feelings of calm and relaxation, helping to reduce stress and anxiety. The sound of waves has a soothing effect that can promote better sleep. Activities such as surfing, sailing, or simply walking along the beach can also be forms of mindfulness exercises that can improve mental well-being.



<h3 id="h-social-health-benefits">Social Health Benefits</h3>



Beaches and coastal areas often serve as social gathering spots, promoting social interaction and community engagement. These interactions can contribute positively to overall well-being and life satisfaction.



<h3 id="h-blue-spaces-and-wellness">Blue Spaces and Wellness</h3>



A concept gaining attention in health research is that of "blue spaces" - areas where people can interact with sea, lakes, rivers, or other water bodies. Studies have found that these spaces can have restorative effects, leading to better mental well-being, reduced stress, and increased physical activity.



However, it's important to note that while the health benefits of coastal living and ocean interaction are substantial, they must be balanced with potential risks such as overexposure to sun, water pollution, and natural hazards like strong currents or storms.



—-



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People living near the seaside enjoy better health

For centuries, people living by the sea and holiday-goers have...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-is-making-the-ocean-more-acidic/">Plastic pollution</a> has insidiously infiltrated nearly every aspect of modern life. The material is ubiquitous, not only in the obvious form of bags, cups, and bottles, but it also finds application in clothing, rugs, and other textiles.



A recent study from the <a href="https://scripps.ucsd.edu/">Scripps Institution of Oceanography</a> at UC San Diego has, for the first time, embarked on a mission to explore the ability of natural, synthetic, and blended fabrics to biodegrade in the ocean.&nbsp;



The paper, published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/">PLOS One</a>, exposes some unsettling truths about the persistence of plastic material in our marine environment.



<h2 id="h-an-accidental-experiment">An accidental experiment</h2>



Sarah-Jeanne Royer, the study's lead author, ventured beneath the Ellen Browning Scripps Memorial Pier for an enlightening experiment. There, she discovered that natural and wood-based cellulose fabrics dissolved into nothingness within a month.&nbsp;



However, synthetic textiles like compostable plastic materials, including polylactic acid (PLA), and the synthetic parts of blended fabrics showed no degradation signs even after over a year underwater.



"This study highlights the need for a more standardized way to evaluate materials marketed as compostable or biodegradable," explained Royer, a former postdoctoral scholar in the Dimitri Deheyn lab at Scripps Oceanography.&nbsp;



"What might break down in an industrial setting does not necessarily degrade in the natural environment, eventually becoming a marine and environmental pollutant."



<h2 id="h-implications-of-humans-increasing-demand-for-plastics">Implications of humans’ increasing demand for plastics</h2>



The larger implications of this plastic consumption are devastating. Stark images from Chile and Kenya display towering landfills bursting with discarded clothing, stark illustrations of fast fashion's global footprint.&nbsp;



With an estimated 62 percent of textiles – approximately 68 million tons – being manufactured from plastic fibers and blends, these materials could persist in our environment for centuries. Adding to this issue, synthetic textiles shed plastic microfibers during regular wear and washing, which can bypass most washing machines' filters and end up in our oceans.



The team also considered bio-based plastics, often touted as an eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastics. These materials, derived from renewable resources like cornstarch or sugar cane, are increasingly finding use in place of oil-based materials. PLA, a polymer widely used in the bio-based plastics market and frequently labeled as biodegradable and compostable, was a prominent component of the study.



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-study-was-conducted">How the research study was conducted</h2>



The researchers used ten different types of fabrics for their experiment, including wood-based cellulose, natural cellulose, bio-based plastic, oil-based plastic, and fabric blends. All of these are staples in the textile industry and find uses in everything from clothing to carpets, packaging materials, and disposable medical textiles such as masks.



Textile samples underwent rigorous testing at both the sea surface and the seafloor in flow-through containers. This process involved weekly inspections, high-resolution electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy over several months.



The experiment's findings were consistent: natural, cellulose-based textiles repeatedly broke down in 30-35 days, while oil-based and bio-based materials stubbornly resisted any form of disintegration, even after a total of 428 days.



"Natural, cellulose-based materials would disintegrate in about a month," Royer pointed out. "The natural samples were replaced five times, while the plastic samples remained unchanged for more than a year."



Senior author of the study and Scripps marine biologist, Dimitri Deheyn, employed electron microscopy to measure each fiber's size and structure. He noticed that natural fibers got thinner over time, while plastic fibers stubbornly retained their diameter, showing no signs of biodegradation.



Study co-author Francesco Greco conducted the Raman spectroscopy analysis. Currently at the <a href="https://www.weizmann.ac.il/pages/">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, he observed significant alterations in the cellulose-based materials' chemical fingerprint while the bio- and oil-based plastics showed no change.



<h2 id="h-degradation-behavior-documented">Degradation behavior documented</h2>



Blended fibers, often marketed as a sustainable alternative to fully synthetic textiles, contain interwoven strands of natural fiber and bio- or oil-based plastic. However, the study demonstrated that only the natural part of these blends degraded, leaving the plastic portion stubbornly intact.



This degradation behavior was confirmed by testing in a closed-system bioreactor, which mimics a marine environment. An independent company conducted this testing, measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced by microbial activity as a proxy for biodegradability.&nbsp;



Just like in the ocean, the cellulose-based materials showed complete biodegradation within 28 days, whereas the oil-based and bio-based fibers remained unchanged.



<h2 id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The researchers concluded that both bio-based polylactic plastic, which is marketed as environmentally friendly, and oil-based plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene, are significant sources of human-caused pollution. Therefore, more work is needed to understand the fate of these materials in a natural environment.



Deheyn underscored the need for accurate language when talking about plastics: "Indeed, a bioplastic like PLA, commonly assumed to be biodegradable in the environment because it contains the prefix 'bio,' is actually nothing like that."



Given these findings, Royer and her team hope consumers will better understand the impact of their purchasing decisions.



"Consumers who are concerned about microfiber plastic pollution should be mindful of the materials they are buying," Royer advised. "We should all aim to buy fewer garments, opt for high-quality, cellulose-based materials like cotton, merino or wool that will last longer, or look to more circular and sustainable options that repurpose items like clothing swaps and Buy Nothing groups."



The research was supported by the Biomimicry for Emerging Science and Technology (BEST) Initiative from the Deheyn lab, contributions from Lenzing, The Walter Munk Foundation for the Oceans, and Preserve Calavera, and the Young Thousand Talents Plan of China.



The study lays bare the stark reality of plastic pollution and provides a strong impetus for rethinking our textile consumption practices.



<h2 id="h-more-about-plastic-pollution">More about plastic pollution</h2>



Plastic pollution has become a profound environmental issue, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Despite being a versatile, durable, and cost-effective material, plastic's resistance to natural degradation processes poses severe threats to the environment and human health.



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental Impact</h3>



<h4 id="h-marine-pollution">Marine Pollution</h4>



Plastics are the primary constituents of marine debris. Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste, including bags, bottles, fishing nets, and microbeads, enter the ocean, causing significant harm to marine life. Animals can become entangled in this debris or mistake it for food, leading to physical harm, starvation, and often death.



<h4 id="h-microplastics">Microplastics</h4>



These tiny plastic particles, often less than 5mm in diameter, result from the breakdown of larger plastics or are intentionally manufactured for use in personal care products and industrial processes. They easily infiltrate ecosystems and are ingested by a wide range of organisms, leading to potential physical and toxicological effects.



<h4 id="h-soil-pollution">Soil Pollution</h4>



Discarded plastic products and microplastics can also infiltrate terrestrial ecosystems, polluting soil and impacting both plant growth and soil organisms.



<h4 id="h-air-pollution">Air Pollution</h4>



When burned, plastic waste releases toxic gases like dioxins, furans, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and climate change.



<h3 id="h-human-health-impact">Human Health Impact</h3>



<h4 id="h-toxic-chemicals">Toxic Chemicals</h4>



Many plastic products contain chemical additives like phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to improve their properties. However, these chemicals can leach out over time, especially when heated or in contact with food. Ingesting these chemicals has been linked to various health concerns, including hormone disruption, developmental issues in children, and an increased risk of certain cancers.



<h4 id="h-food-chain-contamination">Food Chain Contamination</h4>



Microplastics and the associated toxic chemicals can accumulate in the food chain. When smaller organisms contaminated with microplastics are consumed by larger predators, these toxins can biomagnify, posing a potential risk to human health when consuming affected seafood.



<h4 id="h-airborne-microplastics">Airborne Microplastics</h4>



Recent studies have shown that microplastics can become airborne, representing a potential inhalation risk. The health implications of this exposure route are still under investigation.



<h4 id="h-waste-management">Waste Management</h4>



Inadequately managed plastic waste can serve as breeding grounds for disease vectors such as mosquitoes, leading to the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue.



To mitigate the impacts of plastic pollution, efforts are being made to reduce plastic production and consumption, promote recycling, develop biodegradable alternatives, and clean up existing plastic waste.&nbsp;



Public awareness and changes in behavior, in combination with effective policy and technological innovation, will be critical in addressing this global environmental challenge.



—-



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Biodegradable plastic materials do not biodegrade in the ocean

Plastic pollution has insidiously infiltrated nearly every aspect of modern...

For years, scientists around the globe have been expressing concerns about the potential dangers of microplastics. These minuscule particles, less than 5 millimeters long, are products of plastic pollution and are virtually omnipresent.&nbsp;



They permeate deep-sea trenches, remote corners of Antarctica, and even the seafood that graces our dining tables. But what's the real impact of microplastics on our ecosystems and health?



<h2 id="h-research-team-makes-disturbing-discovery">Research team makes disturbing discovery</h2>



In an international collaboration, researchers, including those from <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/">McGill University</a>, have unearthed disturbing evidence regarding the impact of microplastics on our environment. They found that these tiny plastic particles, when ingested by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seabirds-have-different-strategies-to-survive-storms/">seabirds</a>, bring about significant changes in their gut microbiome.&nbsp;



The effects? An increase in the presence of harmful pathogens and antibiotic-resistant microbes, paired with a decrease in beneficial gut bacteria.



The scientists caution that their findings aren't merely applicable to wildlife. "Our findings reflect the circumstances of animals in the wild. Since humans also uptake microplastics from the environment and through food, this study should act as a warning for us."



Julia Baak, a co-author of the study and a PhD Candidate in the Department of Natural Resource Sciences at McGill University, helped explain why these changes are so concerning. "The gut microbiome encompasses all the microbes in the gastrointestinal tract, which help control the digestion of food, immune system, central nervous system, and other bodily processes. It’s a key indicator of health and well-being."



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



To delve deeper into the microplastic problem, the scientists studied the gut microbiome of two seabird species, the northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and the Cory's shearwater (Calonectris borealis). These seabirds dwell mainly in the open ocean, where they feed on marine mollusks, crustaceans, and fish, putting them at risk of chronic microplastic ingestion.



Gloria Fackelmann, who led this study as part of her doctoral thesis at the Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics at Ulm University in Germany, noted the research's novelty. "Until now there was little research on whether the amounts of microplastics present in the natural environment have a negative impact on the gut microbial health of affected species," she said.



The research team found that ingestion of microplastics altered the microbial communities throughout the gastrointestinal tract of both seabird species.&nbsp;



Fackelmann warned, “The more microplastics found in the gut, the fewer commensal bacteria could be detected. Commensal bacteria supply their host with essential nutrients and help defend the host against opportunistic pathogens. Disturbances can impair many health-related processes and may lead to diseases in the host."



Most microplastic studies have been conducted in labs, where scientists often use high concentrations of microplastics. However, this study provides a more realistic picture.&nbsp;



"By studying animals in the wild, our research shows that changes in the microbiome can occur at lower concentrations that are already present in the natural environment,” Fackelmann stated, reminding us of the real-life implications of their findings.



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02013-z">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



<h2 id="h-more-about-microplastics">More about microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic that are less than 5 millimeters long. They originate from various sources and come in various shapes, including fragments, films, foams, pellets/beads, and fibers.



<h3 id="h-sources-of-microplastics">Sources of microplastics:&nbsp;</h3>



<h4 id="h-primary-microplastics">Primary microplastics</h4>



These are plastics that were initially manufactured to be small in size. They include plastic pellets or "nurdles" (used as raw material in the production of plastic products), microbeads (found in personal care products like facial scrubs, toothpastes), and fibers from synthetic textiles.



<h4 id="h-secondary-microplastics">Secondary microplastics</h4>



These are formed from the breakdown of larger plastic items due to environmental factors like sun exposure, wind, and wave action. They can also result from abrasion, such as when tires are used or when clothes are washed.



Microplastics have become a significant environmental concern due to their persistence in the environment, potential for widespread dispersal, and ability to absorb and desorb harmful pollutants. They've been found in a wide range of environments, including oceans, rivers, air, soil, and even Arctic sea ice.



Marine creatures can mistake microplastics for food, leading to physical harm (like blockage of digestive tract) and exposure to the harmful pollutants carried by the microplastics. The impact on human health is still unclear but could occur through the consumption of seafood or drinking water contaminated with microplastics, or inhalation of airborne microplastics.



Research is ongoing to understand the full environmental and health implications of microplastics. Nevertheless, the presence of microplastics in the environment is a clear sign of the widespread and long-lasting impact of plastic pollution. Therefore, efforts to reduce plastic waste, improve waste management, and develop biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics are crucial.



Scientists are also working on methods to remove microplastics from the environment. Some proposed solutions include the use of bacteria that can degrade plastics, and technologies that can capture microplastics in wastewater before they're released into the environment. However, these methods are still in the early stages of research and development.



—-



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Consumption of microplastics can’t be avoided, and they damage gut health

For years, scientists around the globe have been expressing concerns...

The remarkable diversity of life on our planet is in grave danger, with research indicating that nearly half of all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-animal-conflicts-large-weapons-may-be-designed-for-deception/">animal</a> species are currently in decline.&nbsp;



This alarming revelation comes from a comprehensive study conducted by <a href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/">Queen's University Belfast</a> (QUB), shedding light on a troubling trend of eroding biodiversity on a global scale.



The team, led by PhD student Catherine Finn, Dr Daniel Pincheira-Donoso from QUB's School of Biological Sciences, and Dr Florencia Grattarola from the Czech University of Life Sciences, analyzed the population densities of over 70,000 animal species, compiling what's now considered the most extensive record of its kind to date.&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/1469185x">Biological Reviews</a>, reveal that 48% of the species are undergoing population declines, while fewer than 3% show signs of increase.



Species evolution and extinction are natural processes, a fact undisputed by scientists. In the history of life on earth, 98% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct. Yet, the speed at which extinction is currently occurring is cause for alarm.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-the-sixth-mass-extinction">The sixth mass extinction</h2>



According to the Natural History Museum, species extinction is happening at a pace between 100 and 1,000 times faster than anticipated, raising the specter of a human-caused "sixth mass extinction."



Historically, the severity of an extinction crisis is gauged by "threat conservation categories." Since 1964, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has maintained a "red list" of threatened species, assessing over 150,000 species to date. Based on their methodology, they classify 28% of the evaluated species as threatened with extinction.



However, the QUB team deployed a different analytic approach, focusing on population trends. Their findings suggest that the magnitude of the extinction crisis is much more severe than indicated by conventional methods. The researchers determined that 33% of species considered "safe" by IUCN standards are actually declining towards the risk of extinction.



<h2 id="h-researchers-issue-drastic-alert">Researchers issue drastic alert</h2>



Dr Pincheira-Donoso underscored the value of their new methodology, stating, "Our work provides a clearer picture that traditional approaches cannot offer. It's a drastic alert about the current magnitude of this crisis that has already devastating impacts on the stability of nature as a whole, and on human health and wellbeing."



The term biodiversity refers to the immense variety of life on earth – from animals and plants to fungi and microorganisms such as bacteria. This diversity plays a critical role in sustaining human life by providing essential resources including fresh water, food, and medicines.&nbsp;



However, these resources cannot be obtained from individual species alone; it is the rich interplay between a variety of animals and plants that ensures our survival.



Plants, in particular, offer invaluable services in shaping the physical environment. They purify the air, regulate rising temperatures, and offer protection against climate change.&nbsp;



For instance, mangrove swamps and coral reefs serve as natural barriers against erosion from rising sea levels, while common city trees like the London plane or the tulip tree are adept at absorbing carbon dioxide and removing pollutants from the air.



The research from QUB presents an urgent call for humanity to recognize and respond to the escalating threat to our planet's biodiversity. The rapid decline in animal species, if unchecked, could have dire consequences not only for the natural world, but also for the survival of the human species.



<h2 id="h-more-about-biodiversity">More about biodiversity</h2>



Biodiversity, short for "biological diversity," refers to the variety of life forms on Earth. This variety encompasses the broad spectrum of all living organisms including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.&nbsp;



The concept of biodiversity extends beyond the sheer number of species to include genetic diversity within species and the myriad interactions between species in ecosystems.



Here's why biodiversity is critically important to the planet and environment:



<h3 id="h-ecosystem-health-and-resilience">Ecosystem Health and Resilience&nbsp;</h3>



Biodiversity ensures that ecosystems are robust and can recover from disturbances like natural disasters or human-induced changes. A richly diverse ecosystem has multiple species ready to step in if one species declines or disappears, maintaining ecosystem function and stability.



<h3 id="h-provision-of-essential-services">Provision of Essential Services&nbsp;</h3>



Biodiverse ecosystems provide a host of essential services that we often take for granted. These include air and water purification, soil fertility and nutrient recycling, pest and disease control, pollination of plants, and mitigation of climate change impacts. They also provide materials for shelter, food, and medicines.



<h3 id="h-support-for-human-survival-and-well-being">Support for Human Survival and Well-being</h3>



Biodiversity underpins many aspects of human life. Healthy, biodiverse ecosystems provide food and resources, safeguard water supplies, help mitigate climate change, and protect against natural disasters. They also have recreational, cultural, and spiritual significance for many people.



<h3 id="h-scientific-and-medical-importance">Scientific and Medical Importance&nbsp;</h3>



Many species have been crucial in scientific research, and our understanding of the natural world largely relies on the study of diverse species. Furthermore, countless medications, from aspirin to cancer treatments, have been derived from plant and animal species. By preserving biodiversity, we ensure a vast, largely unexplored reservoir for potential medical breakthroughs.



<h3 id="h-climate-regulation">Climate Regulation</h3>



Biodiverse ecosystems play a significant role in climate regulation. For instance, forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2, which helps to mitigate climate change. Oceanic phytoplankton play a similar role, sequestering huge quantities of CO2.&nbsp;



Conversely, the loss of biodiverse habitats can exacerbate climate change. Deforestation, for example, not only removes these critical carbon sinks, but also releases stored carbon back into the atmosphere.



<h3 id="h-economic-value">Economic Value&nbsp;</h3>



Biodiversity has enormous economic value. It forms the backbone of many economies that rely on agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and tourism. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the services provided by ecosystems are estimated to be worth trillions of dollars per year – more than the global GDP.



As such, the preservation of biodiversity is not only a moral and aesthetic imperative but also crucial for the health of the planet and the survival and prosperity of human societies.&nbsp;



However, biodiversity is currently under threat on a global scale due to human activities such as habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. It's crucial that we understand and take action to protect our planet's biodiversity before it's too late.



<h2 id="h-more-about-mass-extinction-events">More about mass extinction events</h2>



Throughout Earth's history, life has experienced five major mass extinctions, often referred to as the "Big Five." These events are characterized by the rapid loss of a significant proportion of life on Earth. A mass extinction is generally defined as a loss of about three-quarters of all species in existence across the entire Earth over a "short" geological period of time.



Here are the "Big Five" mass extinctions:



<h3 id="h-end-ordovician-extinction-about-443-million-years-ago">End-Ordovician Extinction (about 443 million years ago)</h3>



This first mass extinction event occurred in two peaks separated by hundreds of thousands of years. It resulted in the loss of 60-70% of all species, most of which were marine organisms. This event is believed to have been caused by an ice age and subsequent global cooling.



<h3 id="h-late-devonian-extinction-about-360-375-million-years-ago">Late Devonian Extinction (about 360-375 million years ago)</h3>



It wiped out about 75% of all species over a span of millions of years, affecting marine life particularly. Its cause is not well understood but may involve changes in sea level and ocean anoxia (lack of oxygen).



<h3 id="h-end-permian-extinction-or-the-great-dying-about-252-million-years-ago">End-Permian Extinction or "The Great Dying" (about 252 million years ago)&nbsp;</h3>



The most severe extinction event in Earth's history, it eradicated about 95% of all species, both marine and terrestrial. It was likely caused by massive volcanic eruptions in what is now Siberia, leading to drastic climate change.



<h3 id="h-end-triassic-extinction-about-200-million-years-ago">End-Triassic Extinction (about 200 million years ago)</h3>



Approximately 70-75% of all species on Earth went extinct, likely due to volcanic activity and subsequent climate change, as well as potentially an asteroid impact.



<h3 id="h-end-cretaceous-extinction-about-66-million-years-ago">End-Cretaceous Extinction (about 66 million years ago)</h3>



This event, which wiped out about 75% of all species, is best known for ending the reign of the dinosaurs. It was most likely caused by the impact of a large asteroid or comet near what is now Chicxulub, Mexico.



In recent years, scientists have raised concerns about a potential sixth mass extinction, driven by human activity. Unlike previous mass extinctions caused by natural disasters or climate changes, the main drivers of the current extinction crisis are habitat destruction, overexploitation of species, invasive species, pollution, and anthropogenic climate change.&nbsp;



Current rates of extinction are estimated to be 100-1,000 times the "background" or expected natural extinction rate, a pace that is faster than the extinction rates in previous mass extinctions. If unchecked, the widespread decline of species could have profound implications for the stability of ecosystems and human societies.



—-



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Sounding the alarm: Half of Earth’s species are experiencing rapid population decline

The remarkable diversity of life on our planet is in...

A decade-long investigation suggests that the diversity of tree species planted in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/northern-forests-are-being-transformed-by-global-warming/">forests</a> can significantly contribute to their survival, according to the latest findings from the <a href="https://serc.si.edu/">Smithsonian Environmental Research Center</a> (SERC) and The Nature Conservancy.&nbsp;



These organizations embarked on a monumental study, BiodiversiTREE, which was conceived as a century-long exploration of the impacts of various tree planting strategies on sapling survival and the broader ecosystem.



<h2 id="h-following-nature-s-design">Following nature’s design</h2>



Nature's own design features forests brimming with diverse species. This biological assortment confers several advantages, including a built-in resistance to pests and diseases, the resilience to adapt to changing climates, and the creation of an expansive habitat for wildlife.&nbsp;



But this truth is often overlooked, as many forest plantations and restoration projects resort to monocultures - planting a single species on a given tract of land.



Such an approach leaves forests, managed or otherwise, susceptible to shifting conditions, placing their ecological and economic stability at risk. Monocultures also harbor a heightened risk of planting failures, leading to early sapling death.



Biodiversity is a well-established catalyst for healthier ecosystems, as evidenced by hundreds of scientific studies. This fact hints at the potential for greater tree survival rates when diversity is included in the planting process.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



Until BiodiversiTREE, few tests of this theory involving trees were conducted. Scientists constructed this project to examine the influence of tree diversity on the ecosystem function, setting a new record as the most extensive study of its kind in North America.



A decade ago, a team of scientists and volunteers planted 20,000 saplings on former farmland near Chesapeake Bay to establish BiodiversiTREE. They opted for varying levels of species diversity, ranging from single-species sections to plots with four or twelve different species.&nbsp;



Throughout the years, around 8,000 trees in the project have been monitored, first annually for three years, then every two to three years following that.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



After ten years of study, the findings revealed that reforestation initiatives involving diverse species have a higher likelihood of planting thriving species. This diversity reduces the risk of planting failures, enhancing the overall success of the projects.



Rachel King is a forest ecologist at SERC and the lead author of the study, which is publishedi in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.13927">Restoration Ecology</a>. "Even planting four species instead of just one significantly reduced variation in survival in our plots," said King, emphasizing that small increases in diversity could have substantial impacts on the success of tree planting efforts.



King's observations echo those of prior tree diversity experiments, which demonstrated that monocultures present a risky gamble. With single-species plots in BiodiversiTREE, results varied from a "boom or bust" scenario.&nbsp;



For instance, sycamore species enjoyed a 99% survival rate, whereas hickory plots languished at around 21%. In contrast, diverse plots exhibited much greater stability, showing a variability of survival approximately half that of the single-species plots.



<h2 id="h-impact-of-forests-on-climate-change-mitigation">Impact of forests on climate change mitigation</h2>



Forests envelop roughly one-third of the Earth's land, acting as a refuge for most terrestrial species and providing sustenance for millions of people worldwide. Crucially, forests are key combatants in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;



It's estimated that the restoration of forest cover in the United States alone, covering up to 148 million acres, could absorb 535 million metric tons of carbon dioxide annually. This is akin to eliminating 116 million cars from our roads.



Susan Cook-Patton, a senior forest restoration scientist at The Nature Conservancy and co-author of the paper, acknowledges the importance of forest restoration in mitigating climate change.&nbsp;



She cautions, however, that "tree planting alone will not solve climate change, but done right, has significant potential as a natural climate solution." Cook-Patton advocates for diversity in tree planting initiatives, emphasizing that "it is important to make sure those new forests are set up for success by employing a diverse set of native species."



BiodiversiTREE's location, the Chesapeake Bay area, holds its own environmental significance. This region houses the largest estuary in the United States and ranks third largest globally, encompassing six states and Washington, D.C.&nbsp;



Overfertilization and other human activities have unfortunately compromised the productivity of this once thriving estuary. Planting trees in this critical watershed will aid in the rehabilitation of both the land and its waters.



<h2 id="h-the-role-of-forests-in-successful-ecosystems">The role of forests in successful ecosystems</h2>



Jamie Pullen, co-author and head technician in the Terrestrial Ecology Lab at SERC, highlights the integral role forests play in sustaining ecosystems: "Forests filter out nutrients, and reforesting a whole watershed - like we did with BiodiversiTREE - can provide valuable insights into improving the health of the Chesapeake Bay."



As the urgency to combat climate change amplifies, reforestation and tree planting are emerging as prominent strategies in natural climate solutions. However, according to John Parker, senior scientist at SERC and director of BiodiversiTREE, many such projects overlook the critical step of monitoring their survival outcomes or impacts on other ecosystem functions.&nbsp;



BiodiversiTREE, together with a network of similar projects under the TreeDivNet global consortium, seeks to bridge these knowledge gaps and offer robust scientific data for more effective ecosystem management.



Ultimately, the BiodiversiTREE project offers an encouraging path forward for reforestation efforts. By promoting diversity in tree planting, we can enhance the survival rates of young trees, boost ecosystem health, and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. A focus on biodiversity in our forests not only promises a healthier environment but also a more resilient future for all inhabitants of Earth.



<h2 id="h-more-about-forests-trees-and-the-environment">More about forests, trees, and the environment</h2>



Climate change significantly impacts forests and trees, and consequently, the environment and humanity in several ways.



<h3 id="h-altered-growth-patterns-and-forest-health">Altered Growth Patterns and Forest Health</h3>



Changes in climate, such as increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and elevated levels of carbon dioxide, can impact the growth and health of trees and forests. Some trees may grow faster in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide, while others might suffer from heat and water stress due to increased temperatures and altered rainfall.&nbsp;



These changes can disrupt the balance of different tree species in forests and potentially lead to shifts in the geographical range of certain species.



<h3 id="h-pest-and-disease-outbreaks">Pest and Disease Outbreaks</h3>



Warmer conditions may lead to increased outbreaks of pests and diseases, impacting forest health and productivity. Pests that were once limited by cold temperatures could spread to new areas, causing extensive damage.



<h3 id="h-increased-wildfire-risk">Increased Wildfire Risk</h3>



Climate change contributes to drier and hotter conditions in many regions, escalating the risk of wildfires. These fires not only destroy vast tracts of forest but also release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, further exacerbating climate change.



<h3 id="h-reduced-biodiversity">Reduced Biodiversity</h3>



Forests are biodiversity hotspots, but climate change threatens this rich diversity. As the habitats of various species shift due to changing temperatures and precipitation, some species may not be able to adapt quickly enough, leading to localized extinctions.



On the other hand, forests and trees play an essential role in mitigating climate change and supporting human life:



<h3 id="h-carbon-sequestration">Carbon Sequestration</h3>



Forests absorb about a third of the carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuels, effectively acting as carbon sinks. This ability to sequester carbon is crucial in offsetting greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change.



<h3 id="h-supporting-biodiversity">Supporting Biodiversity</h3>



Forests are home to more than half of the world’s terrestrial species. This biodiversity is critical for ecosystem health, supporting functions like pollination, nutrient cycling, and pest control that are necessary for human agriculture and economies.



<h3 id="h-livelihoods-and-economy">Livelihoods and Economy</h3>



Forests support the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people worldwide, directly and indirectly. They provide timber, non-timber forest products, and ecosystem services such as water filtration and soil erosion control that are vital for agriculture.



<h3 id="h-climate-regulation">Climate Regulation</h3>



Beyond carbon sequestration, forests influence local and global climates in other ways. They help regulate rainfall patterns and provide cooling through shade and evapotranspiration.



Given these impacts, the protection and sustainable management of forests are pivotal for climate change mitigation and adaptation.&nbsp;



Embracing strategies such as reforestation and afforestation (planting trees where none were before), sustainable forest management, and biodiversity conservation can help enhance the resilience of forests in the face of climate change.&nbsp;



At the same time, these strategies contribute to biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and the overall wellbeing of the planet and humanity.



—-



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Planting forests with diverse tree species increases likelihood of success

A decade-long investigation suggests that the diversity of tree species...

Scientists led by <a href="https://www.scu.edu.au/">Southern Cross University</a> in Australia have produced groundbreaking research, revealing that coastal ecosystems worldwide act as net greenhouse gas (GHG) sinks for carbon dioxide (CO2).&nbsp;



However, their positive contribution is mitigated by <a href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions">emissions</a> of other potent greenhouse gases like methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). This game-changing study is the culmination of an international effort to understand our coastal carbon budget.



The researchers painstakingly analyzed greenhouse gas dynamics in a wide range of coastal ecosystems across ten global regions. These included tropical lagoons, polar fjords, coastal mangrove forests, and underwater seagrass communities.&nbsp;



The results of this global survey, detailed in the paper, "Coastal vegetation and estuaries collectively are a greenhouse gas sink," appeared today in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01682-9">Nature Climate Change</a>.



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



According to Dr. Judith Rosentreter, the lead researcher of the study, understanding greenhouse gas fluxes in coastal ecosystems is a vital prerequisite for implementing effective climate mitigation strategies.



"Protecting and restoring mangrove and salt marsh habitats can fortify the CO2 uptake by these coastal wetlands," Rosentreter said, outlining a potential pathway towards curbing global warming.



Alongside this, the researchers highlighted the necessity to diminish human impacts like nutrient overloading, organic matter dumping, and wastewater disposal in coastal waterways. Such measures can help mitigate the release of CH4 and N2O into the atmosphere.



<h2 id="h-where-and-how-the-study-was-conducted">Where and how the study was conducted</h2>



The research team, composed of global scientists, scrutinized ten different world regions, including North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Russia, West Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Australasia.



Among these regions, Southeast Asia emerged as the strongest coastal GHG sink, mainly due to its vast, carbon-sequestering tropical coastal wetlands. North America came next, boasting large coastal wetland areas and CO2-absorbing fjords.



Professor Bradley Eyre highlighted the role of fjords in carbon sequestration. "Fjords globally absorb approximately 40% of CO2 otherwise released from tidal systems, deltas, and lagoons. North America, particularly Greenland, is responsible for a whopping 86% of this critical CO2 uptake."



However, not all coastal habitats are beneficial from a climate perspective. According to Dr. Rosentreter, certain coastal wetlands such as mangrove forests, coastal salt marshes, and seagrasses emit more than three times the amount of CH4 than all the world's estuaries combined.



Despite this, coastal wetlands, often dubbed 'blue carbon' wetlands, still manage to be net GHG sinks. They do so by effectively absorbing CO2 and, in some cases, N2O, thereby compensating for their methane emissions.



"When considering all three greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O), eight of the ten world regions studied emerge as net coastal GHG sinks," said Dr. Rosentreter.



This pioneering research will inform the efforts of the Global Carbon Project's RECCAP2. According to study co-author Professor Pierre Regnier from <a href="https://www.ulb.be/">Université Libre de Bruxelles</a>, the project was initiated to set up greenhouse gas budgets for vast regions worldwide, considering the overlooked role of coastal ecosystems.



To make this significant breakthrough, the research team analyzed data from 738 sites across ten global regions, with studies spanning from 1975 to 2020. The findings allowed them to quantify the fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O in estuaries and coastal vegetation worldwide.



<h2 id="h-conclusions-from-data-gathered-from-738-global-sites">Conclusions from data gathered from 738 global sites</h2>



In conclusion, the greenhouse gas dynamics in coastal ecosystems are shaped by specific regional factors like climate, hydrology, and local abundance of flora. The research revealed that the strongest coastal GHG sinks are located in the archipelagic region of Southeast Asia, North America, and Africa.&nbsp;



The region's productive mangrove forests and seagrasses in Southeast Asia absorb substantial amounts of CO2, giving it the top spot. North America, with its expansive salt marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, and fjords that uptake CO2, secures the second position. Africa's large-scale CO2 uptake by mangroves and seagrasses, slightly offset by estuarine GHG emissions, puts it in the third spot.



Moderate coastal GHG sinks were identified in South America, Australasia, and West Asia. South America's coastal wetlands, particularly mangroves, demonstrate moderate CO2 uptake, mitigated somewhat by estuarine GHG emissions.&nbsp;



Australasia features lengthy stretches of CO2-absorbing coastal wetlands, offset by estuaries along its coasts that release CO2, CH4, and N2O. West Asia, with a moderate CO2 uptake by coastal wetlands, primarily seagrasses, and a weak estuarine GHG source, also falls into this category.



In the case of East Asia and South Asia, their coastal wetlands' moderate CO2 sink is considerably reduced by estuarine GHG emissions, categorizing them as weak GHG sinks.



Interestingly, Europe and Russia emerged as weak GHG sources, meaning these regions emit more greenhouse gases than they absorb. These regions host many impacted tidal estuaries that emit greenhouse gases. In addition, their colder climate limits the extent of coastal wetlands, like mangroves, which could otherwise absorb significant amounts of CO2.



This research lays a foundation for understanding how unique regional characteristics and ecosystem types contribute to the global GHG budget. It not only offers a comprehensive understanding of coastal GHG sources and sinks but also emphasizes the crucial role these ecosystems play in mitigating climate change.&nbsp;



As humanity grapples with the escalating climate crisis, efforts to conserve and restore these coastal ecosystems should be amplified, harnessing their potential as powerful tools in our fight against global warming.



<h2 id="h-more-about-coastal-ecosystems">More about coastal ecosystems</h2>



Coastal ecosystems are biologically diverse habitats found along the coastlines of continents and islands. They play crucial roles in the environment due to their high productivity, the ecological services they provide, and their role in carbon sequestration. Coastal ecosystems include a variety of habitats, such as estuaries, mangroves, salt marshes, seagrasses, coral reefs, and coastal uplands.



<h3 id="h-estuaries">Estuaries</h3>



These are bodies of water where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from the sea. Estuaries are rich in nutrients and support a wide variety of aquatic plants, fish, and shellfish. They act as important nurseries for many species of fish and invertebrates that live in the ocean.



<h3 id="h-mangroves">Mangroves</h3>



These are forest ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical tidal areas. Mangroves can tolerate saltwater and have unique root systems that allow them to thrive in low-oxygen soil conditions. They protect coastlines from erosion, storm surges, and tsunamis. Mangroves are also important nursery grounds for many fish species and support a high level of biodiversity.



<h3 id="h-salt-marshes">Salt Marshes</h3>



These are coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides. Salt marshes are highly productive habitats that provide important ecosystem services including water filtration, storm protection, and serving as nursery grounds for many species of fish and invertebrates.



<h3 id="h-seagrasses">Seagrasses</h3>



These are flowering plants that live in shallow marine environments. They form extensive beds or meadows, which provide important habitats and nursery areas for many marine species. Seagrasses also play a key role in the carbon cycle, sequestering significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



<h3 id="h-coral-reefs">Coral Reefs</h3>



These are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are home to a quarter of all marine species and thus have extremely high biodiversity. They provide numerous ecosystem services, including food, tourism opportunities, coastal protection, and even potential medicinal compounds.



<h3 id="h-coastal-uplands">Coastal Uplands</h3>



These are areas of land adjacent to the coast, which can include dunes, bluffs, and cliffs. These habitats provide important nesting sites for many species of birds and can act as buffers against coastal erosion.



Coastal ecosystems are critically important to the global carbon cycle. Coastal wetlands, mangroves, and seagrasses sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in their sediments in what is often referred to as "blue carbon."



Despite their ecological importance, coastal ecosystems worldwide are under significant threat. Human activities, including land development, pollution, overfishing, and climate change, pose serious risks. Rising sea levels and increasing ocean temperatures, in particular, threaten these delicate ecosystems.



Conservation of coastal ecosystems is critically important, not only because of their biodiversity and the services they provide, but also because of their role in mitigating climate change.&nbsp;



Efforts to protect and restore these ecosystems can contribute significantly to the global fight against climate change while preserving biodiversity and supporting human communities that rely on these ecosystems for their livelihood.



Image Credit: Dong Zhang on Unsplash



—-



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Coastal ecosystems store much more greenhouse gas than they emit

Scientists led by Southern Cross University in Australia have produced...

A revolutionary breakthrough by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a> scientists has rocked the world of planetary science: they have compelling evidence of a polar cyclone on Uranus. This discovery, a first of its kind, was made by analyzing the radio waves that this ice giant emits.&nbsp;



Interestingly, this phenomenon was found at the north pole of Uranus, reaffirming an important principle that applies to all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamond-rain-may-be-common-on-giant-icy-planets/">planets</a> with substantial atmospheres in our solar system - whether primarily made up of rock or gas, their atmospheres often feature a swirling vortex at the poles.



Uranus isn't new to this kind of atmospheric feature. Scientists have been aware for quite some time that there is a similar swirling phenomenon at the planet's south pole.&nbsp;



When <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-2/in-depth/">NASA's Voyager 2</a> captured images of methane cloud tops at this location, it revealed winds whirling faster at the polar center than over the rest of the pole. Although Voyager's infrared measurements didn't detect any temperature fluctuations, the recent study published in Geophysical Research Letters has.



<h2 id="h-how-astronomers-found-the-polar-cyclone-on-uranus">How astronomers found the polar cyclone on Uranus</h2>



With the help of the large radio antenna dishes of the Very Large Array situated in New Mexico, scientists were able to look past the thick clouds of this ice giant.&nbsp;



They discovered that the circulating air at the north pole appeared to be both warmer and drier - indicators of a potent cyclone. These observations, conducted in 2015, 2021, and 2022, allowed researchers to probe deeper into Uranus's atmosphere than ever before.



Study lead author Alex Akins from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California reflected on the importance of the research: “These observations tell us a lot more about the story of Uranus. It’s a much more dynamic world than you might think. It isn’t just a plain blue ball of gas. There’s a lot happening under the hood.”



In recent years, Uranus has become a more transparent subject of study. The planet's orbital position has granted scientists an improved view, enabling them to delve deeper into its polar atmosphere.&nbsp;



Uranus takes a lengthy 84 years to make a complete journey around the solar system. For several decades, its poles were not visible from Earth, but since around 2015, our perspective has significantly improved.



<h2 id="h-mercury-is-the-only-planet-without-cyclones">Mercury is the only planet without cyclones</h2>



The identified cyclone on Uranus, characterized by its compact shape and warm, dry air at the core, closely resembles cyclones that NASA’s Cassini spotted on Saturn. With this discovery, it has now been confirmed that cyclones or anti-cyclones (rotating in the opposite direction to their host planet) exist at the poles of every planet in our solar system with substantial atmospheres, except for Mercury.



However, these extraterrestrial cyclones are not identical to their Earth-bound counterparts. Unlike hurricanes on Earth, which form over water and drift, cyclones on Uranus and Saturn remain stationary at the poles.&nbsp;



There's no liquid water on either planet to drive these cyclones, which adds another layer of intrigue. Scientists are eager to monitor how this newly found Uranus cyclone evolves in the coming years.



“Does the warm core we observed represent the same high-speed circulation seen by Voyager? Or are there stacked cyclones in Uranus’ atmosphere? The fact that we’re still finding out such simple things about how Uranus’ atmosphere works really gets me excited to find out more about this mysterious planet," said Akins.



With the National Academies’ 2023 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey emphasizing the exploration of Uranus, the stage is set for further study of this intriguing ice giant. In anticipation of such missions, planetary scientists are investing significant effort into enhancing our understanding of Uranus and its mysterious system.



<h2 id="h-more-about-uranus">More about Uranus</h2>



Uranus, the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system, is a fascinating and mysterious ice giant. Here's everything we know about it, as of my last training cut-off in September 2021:



<h3 id="h-discovery-and-name">Discovery and Name</h3>



Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781. It was the first planet to be discovered using a telescope. It's named after Uranus, the Greek sky deity, making it the only planet in our solar system named after a Greek god rather than a Roman one.



<h3 id="h-size-and-composition">Size and Composition</h3>



Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system, following Jupiter and Saturn. It has a radius about four times that of Earth. Its blue-green color comes from the methane in its atmosphere, which absorbs red light. Uranus is mainly composed of rock and various ices, like water, methane, and ammonia, earning it the classification as an "ice giant."



<h3 id="h-atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3>



Uranus has a thick atmosphere composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, with a small amount of methane and traces of other gases. Its clouds are arranged into layers according to weight, with the lighter clouds above the heavier ones. The uppermost clouds are usually quite bright, thanks to a high concentration of methane ice.



<h3 id="h-rotation-and-tilt">Rotation and Tilt</h3>



One of the most unique aspects of Uranus is its extreme axial tilt, which is about 98 degrees. This means the planet essentially spins on its side. As a result, each pole gets around 42 years of continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of darkness. A day on Uranus (the time it takes Uranus to rotate or spin once) takes about 17.2 hours.



<h3 id="h-rings-and-moons">Rings and Moons</h3>



Uranus has a faint ring system, composed of dark particles varying in size from tiny micrometers to larger chunks about the size of a football field. It also has 27 known moons, named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, with the five main ones being Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.



<h3 id="h-distance-and-orbit">Distance and Orbit</h3>



Uranus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 2.9 billion kilometers (1.8 billion miles). It takes Uranus roughly 84 Earth years to complete one orbit.



<h3 id="h-internal-structure">Internal Structure</h3>



The internal structure of Uranus is differentiated into three layers: a rocky core at the center, an icy mantle surrounding the core, and an outer gaseous envelope. The core is relatively small, and the mantle comprises the majority of the planet.



<h3 id="h-exploration">Exploration</h3>



Uranus has been visited by only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, in 1986. The flyby resulted in the discovery of 10 new moons, and it gave us our first (and to date, only) close-up images of the planet.



<h3 id="h-life">Life</h3>



There is no evidence or strong expectation of life as we know it on Uranus. The environment is extremely hostile to life as we understand it, with temperatures reaching extremely low levels and no solid surface.



<h3 id="h-magnetic-field">Magnetic Field</h3>



Uranus has a magnetic field, but it's peculiar because it doesn't originate from its geometric center and is tilted at a 59-degree angle from the axis of rotation.



As our technology and understanding evolve, our knowledge of Uranus and other celestial bodies will continue to grow. Scientists are eager to study the planet more closely, and future missions could give us even more insight into this icy, distant world.



—-



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NASA finds evidence of a polar cyclone on Uranus

A revolutionary breakthrough by NASA scientists has rocked the world...

According to a recent study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13938">Journal of Animal Ecology</a>, current measures to protect grasslands in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau – which were introduced in 2000 and focus on the eradication of small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burrowing-animals-in-the-mojave-desert-escape-the-heat-of-climate-change/">burrowing</a> mammals, such as the plateau pika and the zokor – are in fact damaging the local ecosystem and should be stopped.&nbsp;



The experts argue that, since both the pika and the zokor are keystone species and major ecosystem engineers, their extermination can negatively impact ecosystem health and productivity and should be replaced with a nature-based control strategy.



“The government agency’s policy of conducting large-scale animal culling campaigns each year is not a good approach,” said study co-author Johannes Knops, an expert in Community Ecology and Trophic Interactions at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.xjtlu.edu.cn/en/">Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU)</a>.



“Our research shows that using natural predators and other ecological factors to regulate burrowing mammal populations can be a more sustainable and effective approach to grassland management.”



The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau grasslands play a major role in the quality of water flowing into major Asian rivers such as the Yangtze, Lancang-Mekong, Yellow, Indus, and Ganges. Since rodents often cause damage to grasslands by consuming foliage, compete with grazing livestock for food, and cause soil erosion, scientists started implementing an eradication policy in 2000 – part of the Returning Grazing Land to Grassland project – in an effort to prevent grassland degradation.&nbsp;



However, as the authors of the current study argue, small burrowing mammals can increase plant diversity as they increase seed dispersion and light availability by consuming taller grasses. Moreover, their burrows offer valuable refuges and habitats for other species and can contribute to the decrease of surface water runoff and soil erosion.&nbsp;



“If we look at the grasslands, we will find numerous plant species, and not all animals eat the same plants, so it is crucial to consider the entire food chain rather than killing all the small mammals,” Knops explained.



The scientists also criticize the current high-cost and labor-intensive poisoning method used to eradicate these mammals, arguing that it can have unintended consequences, such as the development of resistance to poisons by target species and the possible harm it may cause to non-target species. 



Finally, the extermination policy can increase human-wildlife conflict by reducing predator populations and creating imbalances in the ecosystem.



“It’s important to consider the knock-on effects of reducing the small burrowing mammal population. If there are fewer small mammals, there is less food for their natural predators, such as red foxes, steppe polecats, upland buzzards, brown bears, and mountain weasels. Not only will these larger mammals start to look for alternative food sources and increasingly prey on livestock, causing more human-wildlife conflict, but their populations will also decrease,” Knops explained.



“The eradication policy, therefore, causes the opposite effect to the one intended, as when the number of the pika and zokor’s natural predators is reduced, burrowing mammal populations can increase rapidly. This then requires more human control, which is costly and negatively impacts non-target species and the environment.”



Although the goal to control burrowing mammal populations should not be completely eradicated, it could be replaced with a nature-based control strategy which uses natural predators and other environmental factors, such as the rodents’ preferred plant species and the height of vegetation.&nbsp;



Thus, some efficient methods could include providing nesting spaces for raptors, and reducing the over-grazing of livestock on the grasslands, which will allow the grass to grow taller and keep the small mammal populations at a manageable level, as they prefer to feed on shorter vegetation.&nbsp;



While further research is needed to refine this approach and test its effectiveness in different grassland ecosystems, the study’s findings offer critical new insights into the major ecological roles small burrowing mammals play in grasslands.



“By maintaining a stable, low density of burrowing mammals using natural predators and ecological factors, we can promote sustainable livestock grazing practices while also preserving biodiversity and reducing human-wildlife conflicts,” Knops concluded.



<h2 id="h-more-about-small-burrowing-mammals">More about small burrowing mammals</h2>



There are numerous small mammals that are adapted to a burrowing lifestyle. These animals are often found in grasslands, forests, and deserts where they dig tunnels and chambers for shelter, protection from predators, and access to food sources. Here are a few examples:



<h3 id="h-moles">Moles</h3>



Moles are small mammals known for their digging capabilities. They have cylindrical bodies, velvety fur, tiny or invisible ears and eyes, and large, powerful forelimbs with broad paws adapted for digging. Their diet primarily consists of earthworms and other small invertebrates found in the soil.



<h3 id="h-gophers">Gophers</h3>



Also known as pocket gophers, these North American rodents are known for their extensive tunneling activities. They have cheek pouches, or "pockets," which are used for transporting food back to their burrows. They have powerful front limbs that are excellent for digging.



<h3 id="h-prairie-dogs">Prairie dogs</h3>



Despite their name, prairie dogs are actually a type of ground squirrel. They are social animals and live in large colonies or "towns" in extensive burrow systems, which can have multiple entrances. They primarily feed on grasses, seeds, and roots.



<h3 id="h-groundhogs-or-woodchucks">Groundhogs (or Woodchucks)</h3>



These large rodents, part of the squirrel family, are excellent diggers, creating burrows with multiple entrances and chambers. They primarily eat vegetation and hibernate during the winter.



<h3 id="h-rabbits-and-hares">Rabbits and Hares</h3>



Many species in the Leporidae family dig burrows, especially the European rabbit. These burrows, also known as warrens, can be quite complex with multiple entrances and chambers.



<h3 id="h-shrews">Shrews</h3>



Some species of shrews are burrowers, especially those found in the genus Sorex. They are tiny mammals that primarily feed on insects and have been known to occupy the burrows of other small mammals.



<h3 id="h-hamsters">Hamsters</h3>



In the wild, hamsters dig burrows that can be up to a meter deep, containing various chambers for food storage and nesting. They are omnivorous, with a diet consisting of a variety of foods, including seeds, fruits, nuts, and insects.



These are just a few examples of the many burrowing mammals found worldwide. Burrowing behavior has evolved in many different lineages independently, as it's an effective strategy to avoid predators, harsh weather, and to store food.



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By <a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com">Andrei Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer



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Eradication of small burrowing mammals causes more harm than good

According to a recent study published in the Journal of...

Daniela de Paulis, an acclaimed interdisciplinary artist and licensed radio operator, poses an intriguing question: what if we received a message from an alien civilization? Currently, de Paulis is the artist in residence at both the <a href="https://www.seti.org/">SETI Institute</a> and the Green Bank Observatory.&nbsp;



To explore this question, she has gathered an international team of specialists ranging from SETI researchers and space scientists to artists for her newest endeavor, <a href="https://danieladepaulis.com/project/a-sign-in-space/">A Sign in Space</a>.



A Sign in Space is a groundbreaking global theatre project that will simulate the process of receiving, decoding, and interpreting an alien message. The project emphasizes the importance of worldwide cooperation, drawing on expertise from many areas to facilitate a discussion around SETI, space research, and society that transcends cultures.



<h2 id="h-bringing-the-world-together-for-first-alien-contact">Bringing the world together for first alien contact</h2>



“Throughout history, humanity has searched for meaning in powerful and transformative phenomena. Receiving a message from an extraterrestrial civilization would be a profoundly transformational experience for all humankind," said de Paulis.



"A Sign in Space offers the unprecedented opportunity to tangibly rehearse and prepare for this scenario through global collaboration, fostering an open-ended search for meaning across all cultures and disciplines.”



As part of this grand experiment, the European Space Agency's <a href="https://sci.esa.int/web/mars/-/46475-trace-gas-orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (TGO), currently orbiting Mars, will transmit an encoded message to Earth on May 24, 2023. This will simulate the experience of receiving a signal from an alien civilization.&nbsp;



The exact content of this encoded message, crafted by de Paulis and her team, remains a secret to the public, allowing them to take part in the decryption and interpretation process.



<h2 id="h-the-when-where-and-how-of-this-experiment">The when, where, and how of this experiment</h2>



Three renowned radio astronomy observatories stationed globally will receive this message. These include the Allen Telescope Array (ATA) at the SETI Institute, the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT) at the Green Bank Observatory, and the Medicina Radio Astronomical Station observatory managed by the Italian National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF).



On May 24 at 19:00 UTC / 12:00 pm PDT, the encoded message will begin its journey from the ExoMars Orbiter towards Earth, taking 16 minutes to arrive. To involve the public in this historic event, the SETI Institute will host a live stream on social media featuring interviews with key team members, including scientists, engineers, artists, and more, streaming live from around the globe, including the control rooms of ATA, GBT, and Medicina.



Dr. Wael Farah, ATA project scientist, emphasized the importance of this experiment. “This experiment is an opportunity for the world to learn how the SETI community, in all its diversity, will work together to receive, process, analyze, and understand the meaning of a potential extraterrestrial signal. More than astronomy, communicating with ET will require a breadth of knowledge. With 'A Sign in Space,' we hope to make the initial steps towards bringing a community together to meet this challenge.”



<h2 id="h-next-step-after-message-is-received">Next step after message is received</h2>



Once the observatories receive the signal, they will process it and then make it available for public decoding. The processed data will be securely stored by the SETI Institute in collaboration with the Breakthrough Listen Open Data Archive and Filecoin, the world's largest decentralized storage network. This safeguards the data's preservation and accessibility for further analysis and decoding efforts.



Stefaan Verveat, head of Network Growth at Protocol Labs, the company behind Filecoin, is enthusiastic about the partnership. “We’re thrilled to partner with SETI on this groundbreaking project. Our decentralized data storage solutions are ideally suited for the secure and reliable storage of the vast amounts of data generated by this project.”



People working to decode and interpret the message can join the conversation on the A Sign in Space Discord server. They can also submit their findings, insights, and artistic and scientific contributions through a submission form available on the project's website.



<h2 id="h-series-of-public-discussions-scheduled">Series of public discussions scheduled</h2>



In the weeks following the transmission, the A Sign in Space team plans to host a series of public discussions via Zoom. These discussions will delve into the societal implications of detecting a signal from an alien civilization. These conversations are set to take place over a period of 6-8 weeks post-transmission.



With the ambitious A Sign in Space project, Daniela de Paulis and her team are not only pushing the boundaries of art and science, but also encouraging us to reimagine our place in the universe and how we might one day communicate with alien civilizations.&nbsp;



By fostering a spirit of global collaboration and open-minded inquiry, the project aims to prepare us for a potentially profound transformative experience: receiving a message from an extraterrestrial intelligence.



The public is warmly invited to join this journey into the unknown. More details about the project, along with a schedule of upcoming events and links for registration, can be found on the A Sign in Space website. Whether you're a scientist, artist, or simply a curious individual, your insights and perspectives are most welcome in this extraordinary endeavor to explore the cosmic unknown.



<h2 id="h-more-about-humanity-s-search-for-extraterrestrial-life">More about humanity’s search for extraterrestrial life</h2>



The search for extraterrestrial life, often abbreviated as SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), is a fascinating area of scientific inquiry that aims to answer one of humanity's oldest questions: Are we alone in the universe?



The search for extraterrestrial life spans multiple scientific disciplines, including astronomy, biology, and even anthropology. It is guided by the principles of astrobiology, which is the study of the origin, evolution, and future of life in the universe.



There are several key methodologies used in the search for extraterrestrial life:



<h3 id="h-radio-and-optical-seti">Radio and Optical SETI&nbsp;</h3>



This is perhaps the most well-known aspect of the search for alien life. Scientists use radio and optical telescopes to search for signals that could potentially be of artificial, non-human origin. The idea is based on the assumption that any advanced civilization would eventually develop technology that could broadcast their presence, intentionally or not, through radio or light waves.



<h3 id="h-astrobiology-and-the-search-for-biosignatures">Astrobiology and the Search for Biosignatures&nbsp;</h3>



Not all searches for alien life look for advanced civilizations. Astrobiology, for instance, primarily looks for "biosignatures" — evidence of life, not necessarily intelligent — on other planets and moons. These biosignatures can be chemical (such as the presence of certain gases like oxygen in a planet's atmosphere) or physical (such as the presence of liquid water, thought to be necessary for life as we know it).



<h3 id="h-exoplanet-research">Exoplanet Research&nbsp;</h3>



This is closely linked with the search for biosignatures. Thanks to advancements in technology, astronomers have detected thousands of exoplanets — planets outside our solar system — many of which are in the habitable zone of their star, where conditions might be just right for liquid water and, potentially, life.



<h3 id="h-interstellar-messaging">Interstellar Messaging&nbsp;</h3>



Some efforts have been made to send messages to potential extraterrestrial civilizations. The most famous of these is probably the Arecibo message, a binary-encoded message broadcast into space in 1974 that included basic information about humanity and Earth.



It's important to note that no definitive evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found. The search for alien life is a long-term scientific endeavor, one that could take centuries or more.&nbsp;



However, discoveries like the abundance of potentially habitable exoplanets and tantalizing but inconclusive hints of life on planets like Mars mean that the search for extraterrestrial life remains a vibrant and exciting field of research.



—-



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When aliens call, how will Earth respond? New project aims to find out

Daniela de Paulis, an acclaimed interdisciplinary artist and licensed radio...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the importance of monitoring the shape of the sea surface, which is constantly changing. These observations have many applications, such as ship routing, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-modem-ocean-is-a-tough-place-for-whales-to-survive/">ocean</a> current forecasting, and debris tracking.



"A project supported by the Discovery element of ESA’s Basic Activities recently investigated a new technique to measure sea surface topography very precisely," reports ESA.



"The technique involves looking at satellite navigation (GNSS) signals that have been reflected off of the sea surface at very low angles. At these so-called grazing angles, waves and surface roughness have very little impact on the reflection process; the sea surface acts as a very smooth mirror."



Estel Cardellach is the principal investigator at the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia, who first submitted the idea for the project.



“In a mirror-like reflection the phase of the signal can be tracked – it is continuous," said Cardellach. "Different surface heights result in different phase measurements. It gives a very precise measurement of the surface altitude at a few centimetres’ precision.”



The researchers developed a GNSS receiver and set up an experiment in the Balaeric Islands to collect signals from the receiver that were reflected off the sea surface. Ultimately, these signals will provide improved measurements of the shape of the sea surface.



Image/ Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring the dynamic shape of the sea surface

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Aerial,Photo,Of,River,In,Amazon,Rainforest,Jungle,In,Peru

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center</a> describes how scientists are using autonomous sound sensors to monitor deforestation in the Amazon. By recording soundscapes, the experts can determine which animals are present through their distinct sounds.&nbsp;



Using this method, sounds can be used as scientific measurements to analyze the effects of deforestation. The researchers will gain a better understanding of how the acoustics of a forest can be used to measure its health.&nbsp;



"From space, parts of the Amazon rainforest that have previously been logged or burned may look lush and green, like a place buzzing with activity and full of sounds. But inside the rainforest, the animal life may tell a different story, of a harsh environment and a quieter soundscape," says NASA.



Video Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Monitoring deforestation in the Amazon through sounds

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