On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. 



That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth has two moons</a>.



Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions.



"These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly."



Back in August, a team of astronomers from the <a href="https://www.ucm.es/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complutense University</a> of Madrid detected the small space rock using a powerful telescope in Sutherland, South Africa.



They weren't the only ones keeping an eye on it. The asteroid was first noticed on August 7, 2024 by NASA's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (<a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ATLAS</a>) at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.



This discovery sparked excitement among astronomers, offering a chance to learn more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-test-simulation-shows-earth-not-prepared-prevent-large-asteroid-strike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth objects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-2024-pt5">What exactly is 2024 PT5?</h2>



Earth occasionally captures small asteroids like 2024 PT5, placing them into temporary orbits around our planet. 



While most asteroids circle the sun on their regular paths, some venture close enough for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-global-electric-field-discovered-equally-important-gravity-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravity</a> to snatch them up for a brief visit.



These cosmic visitors only stay in Earth's orbit for a short time -- typically a few weeks or months -- before breaking free and resuming their solar journey.



Each mini-moon gives scientists a rare opportunity to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/27500-hidden-near-earth-asteroids-discovered-using-google-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth asteroids</a> up close, revealing valuable insights about our solar system's mechanics.



So, what makes this asteroid special, aside from the fact that new technology and the internet made it famous? 



William Blackmore, Planetarium Director and Astronomy Instructor at <a href="https://www.mhcc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mt. Hood Community College</a>, offered his thoughts.



"All mini-moons are unique in their own way," Blackmore explained. "This one isn't different from others except that it's the most recent.”



2024 PT5 will be around for about two more weeks, probably until mid-November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-2024-pt5-to-our-moon">Comparing 2024 PT5 to our moon</h2>



Let's compare our moon to this new mini-moon: 2024 PT5 is only about 37 feet across, while our familiar moon stretches a massive 2,159 miles in diameter. That makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-earth-get-its-moon-a-new-theory-has-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our moon</a> over 300,000 times wider than this tiny asteroid.



Knowing it’s up there is pretty exciting, even though we can't see it for ourselves without an invitation to a huge Earth telescope installation.



“These temporary captures are natural cosmic laboratories,” Binzel mentioned. “They help us understand the small bodies that come close to Earth and could be important for future space missions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-asteroid-2024-pt5-became-famous">How Asteroid 2024 PT5 became famous</h2>



Understanding how 2024 PT5 became Earth's temporary moon involves a bit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-order-in-the-chaos-of-the-three-body-problem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital mechanics</a>. 



Blackmore explained, "It's moving along with us in our orbit around the sun. It's part of a group of asteroids called the Arjuna asteroids, which move at about the same pace as Earth."



He added an interesting analogy: "Imagine a skateboarder dropping into a skate park. They ride the curves, adding energy as they go. That's like the asteroid getting caught in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dart-mission-debris-will-create-a-human-made-meteor-shower/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravitational field</a>, riding the curve before moving on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-spotting-mini-moons">Significance of spotting mini-moons</h2>



Spotting mini-moons is tough because they're incredibly small and faint. These tiny asteroids are often just a few dozen feet across, which means they don't reflect much sunlight. That makes them nearly invisible against the dark backdrop of space.



Plus, they're zipping around at high speeds and don't hang around for long, so by the time we point our telescopes their way, they might already be gone. 



It's like trying to catch a glimpse of a firefly from miles away -- you need the right conditions and equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-high-tech-telescopes">Modern high-tech telescopes</h2>



Astronomers find them by using powerful telescopes equipped with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaia-reveals-moons-around-hundreds-of-asteroids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensitive detectors and smart software</a>.



Projects like the ATLAS system scan the skies every night, searching for any objects that weren't there before. 



When they spot something moving in a way that suggests it's close to Earth, they alert other astronomers to help confirm the find. 



It's a collaborative effort, combining technology and teamwork to spot these elusive cosmic visitors.



Knowing more about these temporary moons helps us prepare for any potential asteroid threats and opens up possibilities for mining resources from near-Earth objects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-observing-2024-pt5">Challenges in observing 2024 PT5</h2>



For those eager to see this mini-moon, both experts warned that it would be extremely difficult. "You'd need a telescope with a diameter of at least 30 inches," Blackmore mentioned. "That's beyond what most amateur astronomers have."



Todd agreed, adding, "It won't be visible to the naked eye. Being 33 feet wide and so far away, you'd need a very large telescope."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



While 2024 PT5 doesn't pose any threat to Earth, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-a-fifth-force-of-nature-asteroids-provide-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying it is crucial</a>. 



"It's important to analyze how it moves and interacts with Earth's gravitational pull," Blackmore said. "This helps us refine our techniques for tracking objects that could cross our path again."



Todd highlighted the practical applications of this knowledge. 



"We need to understand how to intercept an asteroid at a distance and change its direction," he said. "This could be vital in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventing potential impacts</a> in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-future-space-missions">Inspiration for future space missions</h2>



Blackmore envisioned future missions that could take advantage of these temporary visitors. 



"It would be fascinating if we had missions ready to send small satellites or probes to these objects when they come close," he mused. "Imagine building a network of sensors or cameras traveling along with us, like space webcams."



Todd also saw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-named-psyche-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-for-whoever-can-extract-minerals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential in asteroid mining</a> and scientific discovery. 



"There might be materials on these asteroids that we can't find on Earth," he said. "They could solve problems in medicine or technology. But we need to weigh the benefits carefully."



To sum it all up, the brief visit of asteroid 2024 PT5 serves as a reminder of the dynamic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of our solar system</a>. 



While it won't be with us for long -- just a couple more weeks -- its presence offers valuable opportunities for learning and exploration.



As technology advances, we'll likely spot more of these mini-moons. Each one gives us a chance to understand our cosmic environment better and prepare for the future. 



So even though you'll never see it, you might want to spare a moment of your time and stop to appreciate 2024 PT5 while you still can.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2515-5172/ad781f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal IOPscience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's second moon, a mini-moon, will drift away in a few days and never return

On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, Earth has two moons. Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions. "These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly." Back in August,...

Over 700 million years ago, our planet experienced a deep freeze known as Snowball Earth. During this time, ice nearly covered the entire globe, setting the stage for life as we know it. 



Recent research from University College London (UCL) has revealed a significant rock formation that may hold the most complete record of this icy chapter in Earth's history.



The Port Askaig Formation spans across Ireland and Scotland, with rock layers reaching up to 1.1 kilometers thick. 



These rocks likely formed during the Sturtian glaciation, one of the planet's most severe ice ages, which occurred between 662 and 720 million years ago. This period is thought to have been crucial for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-snowball-earth-conditions-drove-evolution-complex-multicellular-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of complex, multicellular life</a>.



Researchers believe these ancient rocks could signal the beginning of the Cryogenian Period. In geology, this important marker is known as a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), often symbolized by a "golden spike" embedded in the rock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-the-snowball-earth-record">Glimpse into the Snowball Earth record</h2>



One exposed outcrop of the formation, found on the Scottish islands known as the Garvellachs, is unique as it shows the transition into Snowball Earth from a previously warm, tropical environment. 



Other rocks formed at a similar time, such as those in North America and Namibia, are missing this critical transition.



“These rocks record a time when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-was-a-giant-snowball-700-million-years-ago-and-now-scientists-know-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth was covered in ice</a>. All complex, multicellular life, such as animals, arose out of this deep freeze, with the first evidence in the fossil record appearing shortly after the planet thawed,” explained Senior Author Professor Graham Shields, of <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Earth Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-warm-seas-to-ice-age">From warm seas to Ice-age</h2>



The layers of rock exposed on the Garvellachs are globally unique. 



Beneath the rocks laid down during the frigid Sturtian glaciation, 70 meters of older carbonate rocks formed in tropical waters showcase a time of flourishing cyanobacterial life that gradually cooled, ending a billion-year span of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/summers-seasons-warm-faster-than-winters-earths-climate-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's temperate climate</a>. 



“Most areas of the world are missing this remarkable transition because the ancient glaciers scraped and eroded away the rocks underneath, but in Scotland, by some miracle, the transition can be seen,” said Elias Rugen, the study's first author and a PhD candidate at UCL Earth Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-and-the-cryogenian-period">Snowball Earth and the Cryogenian period</h2>



The Sturtian glaciation, which lasted approximately 60 million years, was one of two big freezes during the Cryogenian Period (635 to 720 million years ago). 



For billions of years before this period, life consisted only of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organisms-called-protosterol-biota-lived-1-6-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-celled organisms</a> and algae. 



After this period, complex life emerged rapidly, with most animals today similar in fundamental ways to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life forms that evolved</a> over 500 million years ago.



One theory is that the extreme cold may have prompted the emergence of cooperation among single-celled organisms, leading to the formation of multicellular life. 



“The retreat of the ice would have been catastrophic. Life had been used to tens of millions of years of deep freeze. As soon as the world warmed up, all of life would have had to compete in an arms race to adapt. Whatever survived were the ancestors of all animals,” Professor Shields added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-the-port-askaig-formation">Legacy of the port Askaig formation</h2>



For the new study, the research team collected samples of sandstone from the 1.1km-thick Port Askaig Formation and the older, 70-meter-thick Garbh Eileach Formation underneath. 



They analyzed durable minerals called zircons within the rock, which contain the radioactive element uranium. 



By examining the decay of uranium to lead, the researchers precisely dated the rocks to between 662 and 720 million years ago.



The researchers believe these new age constraints may support the case for the site to be declared a marker for the start of the Cryogenian Period. 



Such markers, known as Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) or 'golden spikes,' often attract international visitors and can even lead to the establishment of museums at these geological landmarks.



A group from the International Commission on Stratigraphy, part of the International Union of Geological Sciences, visited the Garvellachs in July to assess the potential for a golden spike on the archipelago. Currently, these islands are accessible only by chartering a boat or by sailing or kayaking to them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-s-past-holds-the-key-to-earth-s-future">Snowball Earth's past holds the key to Earth's future</h2>



To sum it all up, the discovery of the Port Askaig Formation highlights one of Earth’s most amazing periods, giving us a rare look at a time when our planet was completely frozen. 



This formation shares a story of survival and how complex life emerged from tough conditions. As researchers keep exploring this site, they’re uncovering insights that help us understand life's resilience and adaptability.



If the Port Askaig Formation gets designated as a golden spike, it could put this remote Scottish spot on the map internationally. This recognition would not only secure its place in the geological record but also remind us of the importance of preserving and studying our planet’s ancient past. 



In a time when we’re facing rapid environmental changes, these insights serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that supports life on Earth and the significant effects climate shifts can have on our future.



The study involved researchers from UCL, the <a href="https://en.unimib.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milano-Bicocca</a>, Italy, and <a href="https://www.bbk.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birkbeck University</a> of London. The work was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.1144%2Fjgs2024-029" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Geological Society</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

'Golden spike' discovered in rock formation reveals when Earth became a snowball

Over 700 million years ago, our planet experienced a deep...

Life on Earth was once ruled by the small, single-celled organisms swimming in the vast oceans. For an epoch, these tiny powerhouses were the kings and queens of the world, dominating for well over a billion years. Then came the period known as "Snowball Earth" that changed everything.



The reign of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanobacteria-may-shed-new-light-on-the-history-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-celled organisms</a> was seemingly endless, until Snowball Earth turned all known models of life upside down, roughly 700 million years ago.



This icy era was no ordinary winter. The entire globe was ensnared in such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-was-a-giant-snowball-700-million-years-ago-and-now-scientists-know-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme glaciation conditions</a> that even the equator may have been blanketed in ice. 



However, it was during this frigid epoch that a marvel of evolution occurred -- the birth of multicellular organisms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multicellular-life-and-the-oxygen-paradox">Multicellular life and the oxygen paradox</h2>



One of the biggest enigmas in biology is the sudden emergence and dominance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a>. Imagine a world where single-celled eukaryotes (organisms with intricate cells containing a nucleus) were the unrivaled rulers. 



Then, in the wink of a geological eye, multicellular life blossomed amid the frosty reign of Snowball Earth. The prevailing theory suggests that oxygen levels had to reach a critical point before single cells could band together, forming multicellular colonies. 



However, this theory falls short of explaining why the ancestors of today's animals, plants, and fungi all popped up simultaneously during this icy epoch.



The answer to this billion-year-old riddle has led researchers to delve deeper into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snowball-earth-may-not-have-been-frozen-solid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique conditions</a> of Snowball Earth. 



One such scientist is William Crockett, a former Undergraduate Complexity Researcher at <a href="https://www.santafe.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Santa Fe Institute</a>, who put forward a compelling new model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-and-the-viscosity-factor">Snowball Earth and the viscosity factor</h2>



Crockett's study sheds light on the Snowball Earth mystery. The research team suggests that the physical conditions during this icy period, such as the increased viscosity of the oceans and scarcity of resources, might have led to the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannibalism-cellular-level-common-across-various-life-forms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a>.



During this glaciated period, oceans were choked with ice, inhibiting sunlight, and hindering photosynthesis. These conditions led to a significant reduction in nutrients, creating a struggle for survival. 



According to the study, larger organisms, capable of filtering more water and seizing scarce resources, would have had a significant edge over their smaller, single-celled counterparts.



Crockett observes, "It seems almost counterintuitive that these really harsh conditions, this frozen planet, could actually select for larger, more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewrite-the-textbooks-life-on-earth-did-not-arise-due-to-increased-oxygen-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex organisms</a>, rather than causing species to go extinct or reduce in size."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-largest-early-animals-thrive">Survival of the largest: Early animals thrive</h2>



By developing scaling theories, the researchers modeled how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organisms-called-protosterol-biota-lived-1-6-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">different organisms</a> would have fared during these harsh conditions. 



The findings indicated that early ancestors of animals, similar to modern-day swimming algae that consume prey instead of relying on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, would have prospered in this freezing environment. 



In stark contrast, single-celled organisms that depend on diffusion for movement and feeding, such as bacteria, may have shrunk in size. 



These findings highlight the selective pressure of environmental conditions during Snowball Earth, favoring larger, more complex organisms, and paving the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-exist-today-ediacaran-period-earth-weak-magnetic-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life’s emergence</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-glaciers-to-greatness">From glaciers to greatness</h2>



The melting of Snowball Earth’s icy grip marked a new era for the newly evolved multicellular organisms. Liberated from the icy world's constraints, they diversified, leading to the wide variety of life we see today.



"The world is different after Snowball Earth because there's a new form of life on the planet," explains SFI Professor Christopher Kempes, the senior author of the study. 



"Our research suggests that these pivotal moments in Earth's history are not random occurrences, but rather predictable outcomes of planetary evolution." 



By understanding these patterns, scientists can gain insight into the fundamental processes that shape life's journey from simple beginnings to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex ecosystems</a> and even intelligent civilizations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snowball-earth-scavenger-hunt">Snowball Earth scavenger hunt</h2>



The study provides a new framework for interpreting Earth's past, offering hypotheses for ancestor organism features to hunt for in the fossil record. 



The team also believes their work could aid in the search for extraterrestrial life, helping identify conditions that might foster complex organisms' emergence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-may-exist-on-one-of-jupiters-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">on other planets</a>.



The period of Snowball Earth was undoubtedly a time of extreme hardship, but it also served as a catalyst for life's greatest innovation: the transition from single cells to complex, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weak-magnetic-field-may-have-set-the-stage-for-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular organisms</a>.



In unearthing the secrets of this ancient era, we better appreciate the resilience and adaptability of life on Earth, gaining insight into the transformative forces that have sculpted our planet’s rich tapestry of biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-snowball-earth-shaped-multicellular-life">How Snowball Earth shaped multicellular life</h2>



In summary, this remarkable research opens a new window into understanding the complex journey from single-celled organisms to the diverse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multicellular life</a> that fills our world today. 



It is a story of survival, adaptation, and ultimately, evolution, shaped by the most inhospitable conditions our planet has ever experienced during a period of time known as Snowball Earth. 



In the face of adversity, life finds a way to thrive and diversify, which indeed is the greatest wonder of evolution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2767" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Past 'Snowball Earth' conditions drove evolution of complex multicellular life

Life on Earth was once ruled by the small, single-celled...

Quantum entanglement can be described as an almost magical link between particles that challenges our usual understanding of how things behave in reality.



This phenomenon shows that particles can become so intertwined that the state of one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">instantly affects the state of another</a>, no matter how far apart they are.



Now, an exciting new study has expanded our grasp of this phenomenon by revealing something even more puzzling: negative entanglement entropy.



This finding suggests that under certain conditions, entangled particles can show a type of entanglement that really shakes up the traditional ideas of information and disorder in quantum systems.



This study, led by Dr. Xiangdong Zhang and his team of researchers from Singapore and China, promises to shift our understanding of quantum systems and their classical counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-quantum-entanglement-and-entropy">Understanding quantum entanglement and entropy</h2>



To really get why negative entanglement entropy matters, we first need to understand some basics about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum entanglement and entropy</a>.



Quantum entanglement happens when particles like photons or electrons become linked, so that the state of one affects the other, no matter how far apart they are. This "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-spooky-action-at-a-distance-persists-between-top-quarks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spooky action at a distance</a>," as Einstein called it, is a key concept in quantum mechanics.



Entropy, on the other hand, is a measure of disorder within a system. The higher the entropy, the greater the disorder and unpredictability.



In a tidy room, everything is in its place, representing low entropy. In a messy room, where items are scattered randomly, entropy is high.



When these two concepts merge in the quantum realm, we get what is known as entanglement entropy -- a measure of how much information is lost about one part of a system if another part becomes inaccessible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergence-of-negative-entanglement-entropy">Emergence of negative entanglement entropy</h2>



In classical quantum mechanics, systems are typically "Hermitian," meaning that they obey conservation laws -- particles and energy are neither created nor destroyed. 



However, when we consider "Non-Hermitian" systems, where these conservation rules are relaxed, strange things begin to happen. 



Specifically, in these non-Hermitian systems, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-photons-used-to-measure-earth-rotation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concept of entanglement</a> needs to be rethought, as the number of particles and their associated information can change. This leads us to the curious case of negative entanglement entropy.



Dr. Ching Hua Lee is a key figure in this research and an Assistant Professor at the <a href="https://nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National University of Singapore</a>. 



He explains, "A very pertinent question that we have always wanted to answer is: can the esoteric negative entanglement behavior manifest in realistic experiments? In this work, we provide an affirmative 'yes' through the novel concept of exceptional bound (EB) states."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-classical-systems-in-quantum-discoveries">Classical systems in quantum discoveries</h2>



Interestingly, the breakthrough in observing negative entanglement entropy did not come from an advanced quantum system but from a classical electrical circuit. 



This circuit, composed of everyday components like resistors, capacitors, and operational amplifiers, was used as a "sandbox" to mimic the complex behavior of a quantum system. 



Using this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical approach</a>, the research team was able to bypass the usual challenges associated with manipulating quantum states, such as the need for ultralow cryogenic cooling or high-precision lasers.



Dr. Xiangdong Zhang, from the <a href="https://english.bit.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Institute of Technology</a>, elaborates, "EB states are highly robust and exhibit prominent measurable signatures, thus greatly facilitating their physical realization in relatively simple classical networks such as electrical circuits without the need for fine-tuning."



This innovative approach demonstrates the existence of negative entanglement entropy while breaking new ground in quantum phenomena exploration by using more accessible and cost-effective methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-quantum-information-technology">Implications for quantum information technology</h2>



The implications of this discovery are far-reaching, particularly in the realm of quantum information technology. Negative entanglement entropy could play a crucial role in developing new quantum computing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-atoms-qkd-quantum-communication-revolutionizing-data-protection-privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication technologies</a>. 



These technologies rely on the ability to control and measure entanglement precisely, and understanding how negative entanglement works could lead to more robust and efficient systems.



Assistant Professor Yee Sin Ang from the <a href="https://www.sutd.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Singapore University of Technology and Design</a>, who co-authored the study, highlights the potential applications.



"This work suggests classical electrical circuits as a new hunting ground for the search of exotic quantum phenomena which are otherwise challenging to realize using atoms and material crystals," Professor Ang explained. 



"Due to their ease of fabrication, electrical circuits may offer a low-cost sandbox for designing and prototyping devices useful for future quantum technology."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-negative-entanglement-entropy">Future of negative entanglement entropy</h2>



As the research progresses, scientists are eager to explore how these exceptional bound (EB) states can be used to probe even more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exotic physics in higher dimensions</a>. 



The combination of topological, non-Hermitian, and EB physics could usher in a new era of quantum research, where classical systems serve as a bridge to understanding and harnessing the complexities of quantum mechanics.



Professor Haiyu Meng from <a href="https://en.xtu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xiangtan University</a>, another co-author of the study, notes, "EB states are special states that provide the key fingerprints for negative entanglement. Whenever the host system becomes very sensitive due to the non-Hermiticity, EB states may emerge as a direct consequence of negative entanglement."



This research challenges our current understanding of quantum mechanics while suggesting new ways to explore the quantum world without relying on the often prohibitive costs and complexities of quantum systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engaging-with-the-quantum-world">Engaging with the quantum world</h2>



Discoveries like negative entanglement entropy remind us of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endless possibilities that lie ahead</a>. By using classical systems to explore quantum phenomena, we can make these complex ideas more accessible and applicable to real-world technologies.



So, what does this mean for the future of quantum research? It suggests that the line between classical and quantum systems might not be as rigid as once thought. 



With continued exploration, who knows what other surprises the quantum world has in store for us? As we look forward to further developments in this field, one thing is certain: the future of quantum mechanics is brighter, and stranger, than ever before.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Elusive quantum 'negative entanglement entropy' deciphered in the lab

Quantum entanglement can be described as an almost magical link...

An unusual mix of blazes sparked Alberta's fierce 2023 wildfire season, according to a new report by experts, including researchers at the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>.



The season was unlike anything seen before, with an estimated 2.1 million hectares of land burned. Experts are now investigating the causes and what this could mean for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-fire-season-in-mexico-is-part-of-a-worldwide-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire seasons</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusually-severe-wildfire-season">Unusually severe wildfire season</h2>



What made 2023 especially unusual was the occurrence of two different types of fire patterns in the same year. This rare combination resulted in 36 large fires, which accounted for 95% of the area burned. 



The fires were so intense that they have reshaped our understanding of the potential impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. "Last year's wildfire season redefined what is possible under a warming climate," said Jen Beverly, a professor of wildland fire at the University of Alberta and co-author of the study.



Alberta's 2023 fire season was unusually severe, far exceeding all other years in the province's historical record. The amount of land burned was about 63% greater than the previously recorded maximum in 1981.



The study authors noted that while large wildfires in Alberta were similar in severity to past years on an individual basis, there were simply more of them.



In the 20 years prior to 2023, there was an average of two fires per year larger than 10,000 hectares, compared with the total of 36 large fires that burned last year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-wildfire-season-sparked-by-lightning">Early wildfire season sparked by lightning</h2>



The fire season started early in May, with west-central Alberta experiencing 18 wildfires in just two weeks. Thirteen of these were caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-the-leading-cause-of-wildfires-in-boreal-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning</a>, an unusually high number for spring.



"Normally, lightning doesn't start to become a factor in spring wildfires until late May, and more into June, July, and August," said Beverly. However, the 2023 fire season revealed early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-tropical-forests-lightning-strikes-the-most-resilient-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lightning strikes</a> as a previously unrecognized threat.



"If we hadn't had that outbreak in early May from lightning fires, the season would still have been severe, but it would not have been off the charts," added Beverly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northern-fires-add-to-the-crisis">Northern fires add to the crisis</h2>



As the season progressed, another 18 large fires broke out in northern Alberta. This second wave of fires further compounded the damage, making 2023 one of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-fire-risk-has-grown-exponentially-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme fire</a> seasons in Alberta's history.



"Either one of those alone wouldn't have produced the extraordinary amplification in area burned that we saw," said Beverly.



The combination of climate warming, dry conditions, and limited firefighting resources allowed these fires to grow out of control, especially in isolated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-future">Preparing for the future</h2>



The 2023 fire season serves as a stark reminder of how unpredictable nature can be, especially in the context of climate change. 



"We can't rely on past data to anticipate what's coming," noted Beverly. "There was nothing in the 40 years before 2023 that would lead us to expect and plan for a burst of lightning activity in the first week of May."



To better respond to future wildfires, the experts are calling for more research, improved data tools, and better methods for triaging fires and allocating resources.



"We've got to get better at triaging those fires and knowing which ones to devote resources to quickly," Beverly said.



The unforgettable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023 fire season</a> is a warning that such extreme conditions could happen again, even if not for many years. 



"We may not see another burst of early lightning activity for 30 more years, but what 2023 shows us is that we are extremely vulnerable," Beverly concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impacts-on-alberta-s-communities">Long-term impacts on Alberta's communities </h2>



The 2023 wildfire season not only set new records for the amount of land burned but also left lasting impacts on Alberta's ecosystems and communities. 



The fires devastated vast stretches of forests, grasslands, and wildlife habitats, disrupting the natural balance and leaving the landscape scarred. 



The loss of vegetation also increased the risk of soil erosion and flooding, which could have further implications for local agriculture and water quality in the coming years.



In addition to the environmental damage, the fires forced numerous communities to evacuate, displacing thousands of residents and causing widespread property damage. 



The emotional toll on those affected cannot be overstated, as many people lost their homes and livelihoods in the wake of the fires. 



Recovery efforts are ongoing, but the rebuilding process will take time, and the memories of the 2023 fire season will linger for years to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjfr-2024-0099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Journal of Forest Research</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildfire season of 2023 redefined what is possible

An unusual mix of blazes sparked Alberta's fierce 2023 wildfire...

Splatter,Paint,Vector-style,Image,Of,Various,Microbiome,In,A,Healthy

Our bodies are home to trillions of bacteria, collectively known as the microbiome. Much like a fingerprint, each person's microbiome is entirely unique.



This important discovery stems from an extensive six-year study that meticulously examined the microbiomes found in the gut, mouth, nose, and skin of diverse individuals.



The research reveals the remarkable complexity and variety inherent in these microbial communities, highlighting their personalized nature. Notably, the specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">composition of bacteria</a> within each individual significantly influences our health, digestion, and immunity.



Deciphering the intricacies of our microbiomes will aid in the development of more personalized medical treatments, bringing invaluable insights into how these microscopic organisms impact our overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trillions-of-bacteria-shape-who-you-are">Trillions of bacteria shape who you are</h2>



The human microbiome, consisting of approximately 39 trillion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-method-for-classification-of-bacteria-includes-all-strains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a>, plays a crucial role in our health and disease. 



However, its vast size and dynamic nature have posed significant challenges to researchers attempting to understand its complexities.



This study represents a significant step forward in our understanding, tracking the microbiomes of participants for up to six years to observe changes associated with short-term infections or the development of chronic diseases.



Participants ranged in age from 29 to 75 years, with researchers collecting quarterly samples from various body sites. 



Additional samples were taken during periods of illness, vaccination, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic use</a>, with each sample undergoing genetic sequencing to identify its microbial constituents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-inner-ecosystem-of-your-microbiome">Unique inner ecosystem of your microbiome</h2>



<a href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/michael-snyder" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Snyder, Ph.D.</a>, a renowned figure in genetics at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and the director of the Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, emphasizes the uniqueness of our microbiomes. 



"Our results underscore the idea that we each have individualized microbiomes in our bodies that are special to us," Snyder states. 



He further explains that this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intestinal-bacteria-could-help-you-live-a-very-long-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial ecosystem</a> is shaped by a combination of genetics, diet, and the immune system, highlighting the intricate relationship between our bodies and their microbial inhabitants.



The study, led by Snyder in collaboration with the late George Weinstock, a biologist at Jackson Laboratory, forms part of the <a href="https://www.hmpdacc.org/ihmp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integrative Human Microbiome Project</a>. 



Published online in Cell Host &amp; Microbe, the research offers new insights into the stability and diversity of the microbiome, particularly in relation to health conditions such as Type 2 diabetes. 



<a href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/214078" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Xin Zhou</a>, Ph.D., the paper's lead author, points out, "People with Type 2 diabetes showed a less stable and less diverse microbiome," suggesting a link between microbiome diversity and overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-interplay-between-your-body-and-microbes">Dynamic interplay between your body and microbes</h2>



Alongside microbiome sampling, the study also gathered extensive clinical data from participants to explore how various factors influence changes in the microbiome. In total, over 5,432 biological samples were analyzed, generating more than 118 million measurements. 



This comprehensive approach allowed researchers to view the microbiome as "a single, fluid system," according to Snyder, offering unprecedented insight into the dynamic interplay between our bodies and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/how-do-bacteria-reproduce/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial guests</a>.



The study confirms findings from earlier research that identified common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-involved-in-decomposition-may-help-solve-crimes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> present in the microbiomes of healthy individuals and observed notable shifts during illnesses or the development of conditions like diabetes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stability-is-a-crucial-factor">Stability is a crucial factor</h2>



However, a key insight from this new research is the discovery that the stability of the microbiome -- how much it changes or remains constant -- is a critical factor in our health.



“We found that when you get sick with something like a cold, you have this temporary change in the microbiome; it becomes very dysregulated,” Zhou explained. “With diabetes, that signature is the same in many ways except that it is long-term rather than temporary.”



Contrary to what many might expect, the study found that the microbes unique to an individual are the most stable over time. 



“A lot of people would suspect that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-strange-shapes-of-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> shared among us would be the most important and thus the most stable. We found the complete opposite -- the personal microbiome is the most stable," Snyder expounded. 



"It further suggests that our personal microbiome, different from everyone else’s personal microbiome, is pretty integral to our health. This makes sense because all have different healthy baselines," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnectedness-of-microbes-in-different-body-areas">Interconnectedness of microbes in different body areas</h2>



An intriguing aspect of the study was the discovery of a high correlation between the microbiomes of unique body areas. 



Changes in one area, such as the nasal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-viruses-to-combat-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> during a respiratory infection, can trigger shifts in the gut, mouth, and skin microbiomes. 



This interconnectedness underscores the complex relationship between different parts of the body and the microbiome.



Snyder's team also investigated the role of the immune system in linking the microbiomes across different body areas. They found that certain immune proteins in the blood changed in tandem with shifts in the microbiome. 



Furthermore, changes in blood lipids were associated with variations in microbiome stability, offering insights into the connection between metabolic health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial composition</a>.



The study also explored the influence of environmental factors, like seasonal changes, on the microbiome. While factors such as humidity, sunlight, and diet do affect the microbiome, they could not account for the vast differences observed between individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-unique-health-concerns-at-the-microbiome-level">Addressing unique health concerns at the microbiome level</h2>



This research challenges the notion of a universal "ideal" microbiome for optimal health. Instead, it supports the view that each person has a unique microbiome that is crucial for their own metabolic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harmful-microbes-persist-on-hospital-surfaces-after-disinfection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune health</a>. 



"The microbiome varies enormously between people. How you feed it and what it’s exposed to probably makes a big impact on your health, and we still have to work that out in many ways," Snyder concluded.



In summary, this pioneering research reveals that our microbiome, consisting of trillions of bacteria, is as personal as a fingerprint, influenced by genetics, diet, immune system, and environmental factors. 



Stability and diversity within this microbial ecosystem are linked to overall health, with variations observed during illness or disease such as diabetes. 



The findings challenge the pursuit of a universal "ideal" microbiome, instead highlighting the importance of understanding and nurturing our individual microbiomes for personalized health benefits. 



This paradigm shift towards recognizing the microbiome's role in metabolic and immune health opens new avenues for tailored healthcare strategies, emphasizing the intricate interplay between our bodies and the microbial world within.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(24)00056-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Our microbiome has trillions of bacteria and is unique to individuals, like fingerprints

Our bodies are home to trillions of bacteria, collectively known...

Once upon a time, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-type-can-accurately-predict-your-relationship-status/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standing out</a> and embracing uniqueness was desirable. However, recent studies suggest a major change over the past two decades. It seems we've become fond of the idea of blending in, of being just another face in the crowd.



Enter William Chopik, associate professor in the Department of Psychology at <a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State University</a>. Chopik is the lead author of a study that uncovers a dramatic decline in the desire to be different. That's right, we're less keen on standing out these days, and it's all backed by some pretty formidable evidence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quest-for-uniqueness">Quest for uniqueness</h2>



The study spans a period of 20 years, from 2000 to 2020. Its findings track the desire for individualism in a whopping million people.



Uniqueness, for the purpose of this study, is broken down into three facets: worry over others' perceptions, the urge to break the established norms, and the readiness to publicly uphold personal beliefs. But, all three of these elements saw a decline during the study period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-are-we-afraid-to-stand-out">Why are we afraid to stand out?</h2>



The most staggering drops were seen in the public defense of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-is-more-important-than-finances-when-it-comes-to-dating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personal beliefs</a> (6.52% decline), and an increasing concern about public opinion (4.28% decline). These numbers might sound small, but as Chopik points out, "a 6.52% decline is a dramatic population change in as short as 20 years."



And why these drops? The data points to a possible explanation. Perhaps individuals see expressing their uniqueness as a threat to social acceptance. Yes, standing out might make them vulnerable to exclusion. Or worse, cancellation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-truly-worthwhile">Is it truly worthwhile?</h2>



Chopik's study warns us of the possible implications of this trend. Suppressing our true selves to fit into societal molds can sometimes have an adverse effect, triggering feelings of guilt and anxiety. And let's not forget, this often leads to increased hostility.



"It's really important to have people willing to go against the grain - say the occasional unpopular thing, challenge groupthink, highlight the need to compromise with people different than us, and not cover up the diversity of opinions and people because they're too scared to stand out," says Chopik.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perceptions-of-uniqueness-on-social-media">Perceptions of uniqueness on social media </h2>



In today's interconnected world, social media platforms wield immense power over individual perceptions and behaviors. While these platforms can facilitate the expression of diverse opinions and lifestyles, they also contribute to a culture of comparison and conformity. 



As users curate their online personas, the pressure to fit in intensifies, often leading to a hedonic treadmill of dissatisfaction where uniqueness is celebrated only if it conforms to prevailing trends. 



Chopik’s study provides critical context here: as the desire for uniqueness declines, it begs the question: are we shaping our identities based on genuine self-expression or merely mirroring the expectations set by our digital environments?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reclaiming-individuality">Reclaiming individuality</h2>



Despite the unsettling trend of conformity, there lies an opportunity for revitalizing the celebration of uniqueness. To counteract societal pressures, individuals can begin cultivating a mindset that embraces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-are-not-strongly-inherited-from-parents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">self-acceptance</a> and authenticity.



Engaging in open dialogues about differences, fostering environments that encourage dissenting opinions, and understanding the value of diverse perspectives are vital steps. 



We must not cover up the diversity of opinions, but rather embrace them. Ultimately, reclaiming our individuality not only enriches our lives but also contributes to a more nuanced and empathetic society.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-appeal-for-authenticity">An appeal for authenticity</h2>



In an age where everyone seems connected through various platforms, we find ourselves paradoxically isolated in our personal lives. This raises an important question: is it truly worth sacrificing our individuality to fit into a crowd? 



While the notion of standing out may feel intimidating, especially in a world that often celebrates conformity, we should consider the value of being authentic. Embracing our true selves allows us to form deeper connections with others and to live more fulfilling lives. 



It's essential to recognize that the cost of blending in can be higher than the fear of being different. After all, authenticity fosters genuine relationships and enriches our experiences. The pursuit of fitting in may not be worth the price we pay.



Embracing our uniqueness can be a powerful way to inspire others and create a more diverse and vibrant community. Isn't it time we embraced our individuality, in all its vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryptocurrency-investors-linked-to-dark-personality-traits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://online.ucpress.edu/collabra/article/10/1/121937/202992/Changes-in-Need-for-Uniqueness-From-2000-Until" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Collabra: Psychology.</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Humans are losing 'uniqueness' as people no longer desire to stand out

Once upon a time, standing out and embracing uniqueness was...

Humans have always been captivated by the star-studded skies. Much like an orchestra thrills its audience with each instrument, our universe continues to astound us with each new revelation, including this recent discovery of CWISE J1249 by NASA citizen scientists of an unknown object moving at incredible speed.



One such incredible discovery was recently made by an exceptional group of astronomical enthusiasts, the citizen scientists of NASA's Backyard Worlds: <a href="https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/marckuchner/backyard-worlds-planet-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planet 9 project</a>.



Their keen eyes spotted an object moving at an astonishing speed of 1 million miles per hour, a rarity in the tranquil orbits of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>. This sensational find marks the first detection of such a fast and compact celestial object.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-backyard-worlds-project">Understanding the Backyard Worlds project</h2>



NASA's "<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/citizen-science/backyard-worlds-planet-9/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Backyard Worlds</a>" is a fun citizen science project that invites everyone to help find new celestial objects. 



This initiative aids in the analysis of huge amounts of data from NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/neowise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEOWISE mission</a> to spot elusive brown dwarfs, rogue planets, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-worlds-do-not-fit-the-definition-of-a-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other cosmic gems</a> that might have slipped past automated searches.



Participants, called "citizen scientists," get to analyze images online, hunting for moving objects that could lead to exciting discoveries. 



It’s a fantastic opportunity for people from all walks of life -- no matter their scientific background -- to pitch in on real astronomical research.



Those involved in Backyard Worlds have played a key role in spotting several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-weather-temperatures-storms-measured-two-distant-brown-dwarfs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown dwarfs</a> -- objects that are too big to be planets but not quite large enough to become stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cwise-j1249-and-the-neowise-mission">CWISE J1249 and the NEOWISE mission</h2>



The Backyard Worlds 



From 2009 to 2011, WISE diligently mapped the sky, capturing images in infrared light, before being reactivated as NEOWISE in 2013. 



This project, which was retired in 2024, played a crucial role in this discovery. 



A few years back, dedicated citizen scientists, Martin Kabatnik, Thomas P. Bickle, and Dan Caselden, noticed a faint and fast-moving object on their screens, which was later titled CWISE J124909.08+362116.0. 



Follow-up observations confirmed the discovery and allowed the scientists to characterize the object, earning these citizen scientists co-authorship in the study documenting this discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-cwise-j1249">Mysteries of CWISE J1249</h2>



“I can’t describe the level of excitement. When I first saw how fast it was moving, I was convinced it must have been reported already,” said Kabatnik, hailing from Nuremberg, Germany. 



Yet, the unique attributes of this object didn't stop at its extraordinary speed.



The low mass of CWISE J1249 makes it a difficult object to categorize -- it could either be a low-mass star or a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-brown-dwarf-captured-emitting-methane-first-time-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown dwarf</a>, a celestial body somewhere between a gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-giant-planets-form/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">giant planet</a> and a star.



Despite being rare, planet-searching volunteers have already identified over 4000 brown dwarfs. However, none of these objects are on a galactic getaway like CWISE J1249.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-an-ancient-star">Secrets of an ancient star</h2>



The intrigue doesn't end there. 



Data from the <a href="https://www.keckobservatory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">W. M. Keck Observatory</a> shows that CWISE J1249 possesses a different composition, with markedly less iron and other metals than other stars and brown dwarfs.



This unique composition indicates that CWISE J1249 might be quite ancient, possibly from one of the first generations of stars. 



The object's breakneck speed has led to theories about its origin. Some speculate that it was part of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary system</a> with a white dwarf, which exploded as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shockingly-bright-carbon-monoxide-detected-in-supernova-remnant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova</a>. 



Alternatively, it might have been part of a globular cluster, a tightly bound cluster of stars, and a fortuitous encounter with a pair of black holes could have flung it off its path.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collective-effort-in-discovering-fast-moving-star">Collective effort in discovering fast-moving star</h2>



To further investigate these theories, scientists plan to examine the elemental composition of CWISE J1249 more closely. 



The discovery was a collective endeavor, involving a medley of participants—volunteers, professionals, and students. 



Kabatnik mentions Melina Thévenot and Frank Kiwy, whose efforts significantly contributed to this finding. 



This study was led by Adam Burgasser, a professor at the University of California, San Diego (<a href="https://www.ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSD</a>), along with co-authors Hunter Brooks and Austin Rothermich, who both commenced their astronomical careers as citizen scientists.



These scientific triumphs demonstrate how the collective power of curious minds can unravel the most profound mysteries hiding in the depths of our fascinating universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-citizen-science">Future of citizen science</h2>



The discovery of CWISE J1249 is not just a remarkable achievement for those involved, but also a testament to the growing potential of citizen science in modern astronomy. 



With access to ever-expanding data from missions like WISE and NEOWISE, citizen scientists are increasingly contributing to groundbreaking discoveries. 



Projects like Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 demonstrate how the collaborative efforts of enthusiastic volunteers, armed with the right tools and guidance, can lead to significant scientific advancements. 



As technology continues to evolve, the future holds even greater possibilities for citizen scientists to play an active role in unraveling the mysteries of our universe.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Unknown space object is discovered speeding at over 1 million miles per hour

Humans have always been captivated by the star-studded skies. Much...

Tree mortality in the Amazon rainforest is a critical issue with significant ecological, climatic, and economic implications. The Amazon, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," plays a vital role in sequestering carbon dioxide, thereby regulating global climate. However, various factors are contributing to an alarming rate of tree mortality in this vast rainforest.



Amazon tree mortality is driven by increasing droughts, extreme weather events, and deforestation. The dying trees, which absorb carbon through photosynthesis when they are living, release carbon into the atmosphere during their decay. Rising tree mortality may turn the rainforest from a carbon sink to a carbon source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragile-carbon-and-biodiversity-reserves-nbsp">Fragile carbon and biodiversity reserves&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-is-approaching-widespread-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon rainforest</a> is home to an enormous variety of plants and animals, and plays a crucial role in managing the effects of climate change by storing massive amounts of carbon, while helping regulate temperatures and rainfall regionally as well as globally.



By employing models which predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-identify-the-cause-of-tree-mortality-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree mortality</a> and the subsequent changes in carbon balance, a new study published in the journal Earth's Future has found that some regions of the Amazon rainforest might pass a tipping point by the middle of this century.



“The Amazon rainforest biome is a crucial concern due to its vast yet fragile carbon and biodiversity reserves. Intact Amazon forests hold more than 20% of terrestrial species, house 100 billion tons of carbon, absorb atmospheric CO2, and regulate regional and continental climates by recycling moisture,” the authors wrote.&nbsp;



“Despite these critical functions, the stability and spatial continuity of the forest are threatened by climate extreme events such as droughts and storms, widespread <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coordinated-efforts-needed-to-slow-deforestation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> in the South, East, and South-West regions, as well as forest degradation in adjacent areas.”



According to the researchers, these factors increase the risk of reaching a tipping point, where intact forests may transition to carbon sources and even collapse within a few decades.&nbsp;



“As a result, it is crucial to reduce uncertainties and better understand the likelihood of such a tipping point, and take mitigative actions to preserve the health and resilience of the Amazon rainforest.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-tree-mortality-in-the-amazon">Simulating tree mortality in the Amazon</h2>



The experts used ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA, a groundbreaking land surface model, to simulate Amazon tree death and regrowth in the face of droughts. This model was calibrated and assessed using historical data from previous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-fires-diminish-forests-carbon-storage-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> events.



The scientists combined the use of this land surface model with four climate scenarios to project future changes in carbon movement and tree loss until the end of the century.&nbsp;



Although the climate models provided different specific outcomes - such as variations in wetting and drying - they all identified a warming trend over the next decades, particularly throughout the northeastern Amazon rainforest.



“These climate models display diverse patterns of climate change across the Amazon region. The simulation conducted with the HadGEM climate model reveals the most significant drying trend, suggesting that the Guiana Shield and East-central Amazon are approaching a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>,” noted the researchers.



“These two regions are projected to transition from carbon sinks to carbon sources by the mid-21st century, with the Brazilian Shield following suit around 2060. This transition is attributed to heightened drought-induced carbon loss in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-hotspots-of-amazon-tree-mortality-nbsp">Pinpointing hotspots of Amazon tree mortality&nbsp;</h2>



Better understanding which areas of the Amazon rainforest are most at risk for drying out and dying will help inform scientists about the carbon balance in the region and provide invaluable information about how to protect this ecosystem from the effects of a rapidly changing climate.



“This study makes an important step forward by providing a spatial image of the likelihood of drought risks and predicting the evolution of future Amazon rainforest net carbon balance, by resorting to a well-calibrated model that incorporates hydraulic failure induced tree mortality, and subsequent recovery from demographic processes, including recruitment and growth of survivor trees,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“The predicted possible vulnerability state of the Amazon rainforest required further investigation and concerns on mitigation policies.”



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tree mortality is pushing the Amazon to a tipping point

Tree mortality in the Amazon rainforest is a critical issue...

For those of us who spend time gazing at the spectacular synchrony of birds flying together, one can't help but feel a surge of wonder. What drives these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex patterns</a> of bird migration? 



Is it just about the weather, food, or mates, or is there more to it? Tapping into this captivating mystery, our science community from the <a href="https://umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> brings us a fascinating insight into the social ties within the world of songbirds during their migration journeys.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-influencing-bird-migration">Factors influencing bird migration</h2>



The research was led by Joely DeSimone, a postdoctoral research scientist with the Animal Migration Research Group at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science's (<a href="https://www.umces.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UMCES</a>) Appalachian Laboratory, and Emily Cohen, an equally esteemed associate professor at UMCES. 



Working with four North American bird observatories, these researchers have new information that will make you rethink what you know about the migratory habits of our avian friends.



According to the study, it's more than just environmental factors that influence bird migrations. The social relationships among songbird species seem to play a key role here. Yes, our feathered friends are prone to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/songbirds-benefit-from-social-networks-during-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">socializing</a> on the move!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-previous-assumptions">Challenging previous assumptions</h2>



It has always been a challenge to study interactions among migrating animals. However, this research has shown us that these relationships shape the very ecology of animal migration. 



"We found evidence of meaningful social relationships among migrating songbirds that have generally been thought to undertake solitary, independent journeys," DeSimone revealed. 



This indicates that social elements, like sharing information about habitat and predators or competing for food, could potentially influence their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory success</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-interactions-among-species">Positive interactions among species</h2>



But here's the clincher: these species relationships turned out to be mostly positive. So, instead of avoiding each other, these birds might be benefiting from these interactions during their migration. 



Data from bird banding stations, which capture thousands of birds pausing to rest between their migratory flights, contributed significantly to this research. 



Through social network analysis applied to over half a million banding records of 50 bird species collected over two decades, the researchers were able to unearth these interspecies relationships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-bird-migration-studies">Revolutionizing bird migration studies</h2>



"We found support for communities on the move," Cohen shared. This discovery could revolutionize how we study and conserve animal migrations. 



As we grapple with the impacts of human activity and climate change on animal migrations, such insights become pertinent. DeSimone and Cohen suggest that species-specific processes could ripple through entire migrating communities in ways yet to be explored.



"Learning that migrating birds are characterized by persistent, non-random assemblages of interacting species opens the door to myriad questions at the intersection between networks, migration, and the environment," said Steve Dudgeon, a program director at NSF.



This wonderful discovery provokes further questions. Do successful migrations depend on these networks? Are some relationships more crucial to migration than others? Could key links in these networks be more susceptible to environmental changes during the route?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-field-of-study">New field of study</h2>



By stirring our curiosity about these complex interactions among migrating animals, this research could be paving the way for a new field of study - the community ecology of migration.



It tosses an intriguing challenge to the scientific community to explore the nature and consequences of these species interactions. And who knows, it might just hold the key to effective conservation strategies in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-conservation">Broader implications for conservation</h2>



As the implications of these findings sink in, we must ponder their relevance within the broader context of conservation efforts. 



Understanding that social dynamics among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migrating species</a> play a pivotal role not only enhances our knowledge but also informs management strategies. 



Conservationists may need to implement collaborative measures that consider how birds interact during migration. By preserving critical habitats along migratory routes, we can support these complex networks, ensuring that our feathered friends can thrive amid changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-bird-migration">Future research on bird migration</h2>



Moving forward, the researchers are keen to delve deeper into the nuances of avian relationships during migration. Studies could explore more specifically how social structures vary across different species and environments.



Are particular social linkages more resilient in the face of climate change? Additionally, integrating advances in technology, such as tracking devices and genetic studies, could shed light on the dynamics of these avian communities in unprecedented ways. 



This exploration may not only enhance our understanding of migration but also provide insights necessary for preserving the delicate balance of ecosystems as we encounter an increasingly unpredictable world.



So, the next time you spot a flock of birds painting patterns in the sky, remember, there's more than meets the eye. It's not just nature's call they're answering; it's also about their social networking on the move!



This research was based on long-term migratory information from banding stations like Braddock Bay Bird Observatory, Michigan State Bird Observatory, Long Point Bird Observatory, and Powdermill Avian Research Center.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322063121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Bird migration is influenced by social relationships

For those of us who spend time gazing at the...

Did you ever pause to ponder upon the conceivable role of our minuscule, unseen allies, the microbes, in the climate change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-records-shatter-2024-set-to-be-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">battleground</a>? Surprisingly, these tiny life forms prove to be critical forces in this global combat.



The study was led by Lisa Stein, a distinguished scientist from the <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>, who's committed her life’s work to understanding these miniature climate combatants. She holds the pivotal position of the Canada Research Chair in Climate Change Microbiology.



Despite their invisible nature, microbes are surprisingly the most plentiful organisms on our planet. They wields a significant influence in shaping our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-response-of-microbes-to-climate-change">Response of microbes to climate change </h2>



Stein has voiced an intriguing discovery in her recent publication in the journal Science. Her research shows that as we strive to curb methane emissions, microbial communities appear to respond by producing an alternative heat-snarling gas, nitrous oxide.



This microbial reaction becomes pivotal in the agricultural realm. When farmers utilize urea or ammonia-based fertilizers, microbes regard it as a feast. As they consume these substances, they release nitrous oxide, giving rise to greenhouse gas emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-offenders-greenhouse-gases">Invisible offenders: Greenhouse gases</h2>



The notorious trio of greenhouse gases are methane, nitrous oxide, and CO2. Methane and nitrous oxide have a greater ability to trap heat compared to CO2, thus strengthening their status as formidable opponents in the global warming combat.



Before we hastily accuse microbes, let's remember they aren't entirely evil. For every methane-producing microbe, there's another ready to consume it, thus maintaining a natural equilibrium.



Stein proposes innovative tactics to foster these methane-consuming microbes. Increasing oxygen in certain environments and deploying soil amendments could prove beneficial.



"When we talk about the greenhouse effect, we mean that these gases we're emitting into the atmosphere through our human activities are acting as a blanket," says Stein.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-riot-control">Carbon riot control</h2>



Apart from greenhouse gas reduction, microbes play another crucial role - carbon capture. Certain soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi transform organic matter into stable carbon forms, thereby reducing CO2 levels.



Think about integrating microbial insights into climate mitigation strategies. The creation of bioinoculants containing advantageous microbes could revolutionize agriculture, making it more sustainable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-in-microbes-vs-climate-change">Diversity in microbes vs. climate change</h2>



The rich tapestry of microbial diversity presents a fascinating paradox in the climate change dialogue. While a vast array of microorganisms contributes to ecological resilience and function, some species may exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions under certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-days-getting-longer-rotation-slows-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>. 



Understanding this duality is essential for harnessing microbes as allies in the fight against climate change. 



Researchers like Lisa Stein are delving deep into the interactions within these complex communities, seeking to identify key players that can be manipulated to enhance positive climate outcomes while suppressing harmful emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As we unravel the intricate relationship between microbes and climate change, there emerges a pressing need for informed policy-making. The incorporation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-have-become-immune-to-radiation-and-live-in-microwaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial science</a> into environmental policy can pave the way for innovative strategies that mitigate climate impacts. 



Furthermore, engaging the public in these discussions is vital; fostering an appreciation for the unseen microbial world can inspire collective action towards sustainable practices. 



By advocating for education and awareness campaigns, we can transform how society perceives and interacts with these microscopic champions in the climate change arena.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-players-microbial-marketplace">Diverse players: Microbial marketplace</h2>



Microbial diversity is akin to the uncelebrated hero of our ecosystems. This diversity is vital in maintaining ecosystem health and resilience, especially under the pressures of climate change.



Greater microbial diversity strengthens the soil, boosts disease resistance, and aids nutrient cycling. These benefits extend also to the flora and fauna, forging a vibrant interaction network.



As our scientific understanding of microbes evolves, involving the public through citizen science programs gains importance. Through data collection, community members can augment scientific research and raise awareness on environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbiology-an-unsung-climate-change-ally">Microbiology: An unsung climate change ally</h2>



Stein, in collaboration with Mary Lidstrom, advocates the inclusion of microbiology in the climate solution discourse. The microscopic microbial world, despite its invisibility, holds immense potential in devising our climate mitigation strategies.



Thus, the next time we ruminate on the climate change challenge, let's remember the tiny titans - the microbes. In the face of the climate crisis, these microorganisms may turn out to be the heroes we need.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi0503" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Microbes have a surprising impact on climate change

Did you ever pause to ponder upon the conceivable role...

In recent years, significant strides have been made in reducing the impact of seasonal flu epidemics through public health measures, surveillance, and vaccination efforts targeting human influenza viruses A and B. However, the potential outbreak of avian influenza A, commonly known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-next-pandemic-bird-flu-is-evolving-as-it-infects-new-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird flu</a>, in mammal species - including humans - poses a substantial public health threat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mutations-help-bird-flu-cross-species-barriers">Mutations help bird flu cross species barriers</h2>



The Cusack group at <a href="https://www.embl.org/sites/grenoble/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMBL Grenoble</a> has been focusing on the replication processes of influenza viruses, and their latest study sheds light on the mutations that allow the avian influenza virus to replicate within mammalian cells.



Certain strains of avian influenza can cause severe disease and mortality, but key biological differences between birds and mammals usually prevent these viruses from spreading to other species.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-bird-flu-infect-mammal-species">How does bird flu infect mammal species?</h2>



To infect mammals, the avian influenza virus must overcome two primary barriers: it must gain the ability to enter mammalian cells and replicate within them. To trigger an epidemic or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandemic</a>, the virus must also evolve to transmit effectively between humans.



Unfortunately, incidents of avian influenza infecting wild and domestic mammals are becoming increasingly common. A particularly concerning development is the recent infection of dairy cows in the United States by an avian H5N1 strain, which risks becoming endemic in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-may-become-a-permanent-host-for-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cattle</a>. 



This development could facilitate the virus's adaptation to humans, with a few cases of human transmission already reported, though these have so far resulted in only mild symptoms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enzyme-responsible-for-virus-replication-nbsp">Enzyme responsible for virus replication&nbsp;</h2>



Central to this process is the viral polymerase, an enzyme responsible for the virus's replication within host cells. This versatile protein can rearrange itself to perform various functions during the infection process, including transcription - where viral RNA is copied into messenger RNA to produce viral proteins - and replication, where copies of the viral RNA are created to package into new viruses.



Studying viral replication is challenging because it involves two viral polymerases and a host cell protein called ANP32. These three proteins form the replication complex, a molecular machine essential for replication.&nbsp;



ANP32 acts as a stabilizer for certain cellular proteins, thanks to its long acidic tail. Although ANP32's critical role in influenza virus replication was identified in 2015, its precise function remained unclear until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polymerases-perform-distinct-functions-nbsp">Polymerases perform distinct functions&nbsp;</h2>



The new study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-51007-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>, reveals that ANP32 serves as a bridge between the two viral polymerases - replicase and encapsidase. These polymerases take on different conformations to perform distinct functions: replicase is involved in creating copies of viral RNA, while encapsidase helps package these copies into a protective coating, with the aid of ANP32.



ANP32's tail plays a crucial role in stabilizing the replication complex, enabling its formation within the host cell. Interestingly, while the core of the ANP32 protein is similar in birds and mammals, the tail differs significantly. This difference explains why avian influenza viruses struggle to replicate in mammals and humans.



“The key difference between avian and human ANP32 is a 33-amino-acid insertion in the avian tail, and the polymerase has to adapt to this difference,” explained Benoît Arragain, a postdoctoral fellow in the Cusack group and first author of the study.&nbsp;



“For the avian-adapted polymerase to replicate in human cells, it must acquire certain mutations to be able to use human ANP32.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-the-influenza-replication-complex">Insights into the influenza replication complex</h2>



To delve deeper into this process, Arragain and his collaborators obtained the structure of the replicase and encapsidase conformations of a human-adapted avian influenza polymerase from the H7N9 strain while interacting with human ANP32.&nbsp;



This structural information pinpoints the amino acids crucial for forming the replication complex and identifies the mutations that could allow avian influenza polymerase to adapt to mammalian cells.



These findings were made possible through in vitro experiments conducted at EMBL Grenoble, utilizing the Eukaryotic Expression Facility, the ISBG biophysical platform, and the cryo-electron microscopy platform via the <a href="https://www.psb-grenoble.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Partnership for Structural Biology</a>. 



“We also collaborated with the Naffakh group at the <a href="https://faireundon.pasteur.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Pasteur</a>, who carried out cellular experiments,” Arragain added. “Additionally, we obtained the structure of the human type B influenza replication complex, which closely resembles that of influenza A. The cellular experiments confirmed our structural data.”



These new insights into the influenza replication complex are valuable for studying polymerase mutations in other similar avian influenza strains. The structure obtained from the H7N9 strain can be adapted to study other strains such as H5N1.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



“The threat of a new pandemic caused by highly pathogenic, human-adapted avian influenza strains with a high mortality rate needs to be taken seriously,” said Stephen Cusack, EMBL Grenoble Senior Scientist and study leader, who has been studying influenza viruses for 30 years.&nbsp;



“One of the key responses to this threat includes monitoring mutations in the virus in the field. Knowing this structure allows us to interpret these mutations and assess if a strain is on the path of adaptation to infect and transmit between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammals</a>.”



These findings are also significant for the long-term development of anti-influenza drugs, as there are currently no existing drugs that specifically target the replication complex.&nbsp;



“But it's just the beginning. What we want to do next is to understand how the replication complex works dynamically, in other words, to know in more detail how it actively performs replication,” Cusack concluded.&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How does bird flu manage to infect mammal species?

In recent years, significant strides have been made in reducing...

Today, August 19th, is a special date is that is reserved to honor one of the most charismatic yet critically underappreciated animals in the diverse expanse of our planet. International Orangutan Day is dedicated to raising awareness about the conservation of orangutans, who are critically endangered due to habitat destruction, poaching, and the illegal pet trade. 



This occasion also highlights the importance of protecting the rainforests of Southeast Asia, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-unlock-the-mysteries-of-orangutan-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orangutans</a> primarily live, as their survival is closely tied to the health of these ecosystems.



Orangutans, sharing an astounding 97% of their DNA with humans, are truly the forest's beacon-bearers. Their survival is intricately intertwined with ours, and thus, it is our duty to protect them.&nbsp;



Orangutans are often referred to as "people of the forest." The name comes from the Malay and Indonesian words "orang" (person) and "hutan" (forest), literally meaning "person of the forest."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-international-orangutan-day">Significance of International Orangutan Day</h2>



International Orangutan Day isn't merely a day of wonderment at these amazing creatures. It serves as a wake-up call for action and commitment to the conservation of orangutans and the lush, verdant landscapes they call home.



These fascinating animals play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of their forest homes, acting as seed dispersers, and nurturing the growth of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-orangutan-treats-his-facial-wound-with-a-healing-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>.



However, a rather somber reality lurks behind this celebratory occasion. Orangutans are threatened by the dire possibility of extinction, largely driven by deforestation, illicit pet trade, and hunting.&nbsp;



Their rainforest homes in Borneo and Sumatra are rapidly devoured by palm oil plantations, drastically shrinking their habitats.&nbsp;



Moreover, given their slow reproduction rate, the regeneration of orangutan populations is an agonizingly slow process. Without substantial aid, we might witness the unfortunate disappearance of orangutans from their wild homes in a mere 50 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-orangutans-so-loveable">What makes orangutans so loveable?</h2>



Orangutans are not just fascinating, but also deeply endearing animals that evoke empathy and admiration from those who encounter them. Orangutans have many characteristics that resonate with humans on an emotional level.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expressive-faces">Expressive faces</h3>



Orangutans have highly expressive faces, capable of displaying a range of emotions that are easily recognizable to humans, such as curiosity, contentment, and even sadness. This helps people feel a connection with them, as their facial expressions are relatable.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gentle-nature">Gentle nature</h3>



Unlike some other primates, orangutans are generally gentle and peaceful creatures. Their calm and slow-moving demeanor makes them appear thoughtful and kind.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maternal-bond">Maternal bond</h3>



Orangutans are known for their strong maternal bonds. Orangutan mothers are incredibly dedicated to their offspring, often caring for them for up to eight years. This long, nurturing relationship is something many humans find deeply touching.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-playful-behavior">Playful behavior</h3>



Young orangutans, in particular, are playful and curious, much like human children. They enjoy swinging from branches, playing with objects, and interacting with their environment, which can be very endearing to watch.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability">Vulnerability</h3>



The fact that orangutans are critically endangered adds to their lovability. Knowing that these gentle, intelligent creatures are at risk of extinction creates a protective instinct in many people, who want to help preserve them and their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-affectionate-interactions-nbsp">Affectionate interactions&nbsp;</h3>



In captivity or rehabilitation centers, orangutans have been known to form close bonds with their human caretakers, showing affection in ways that are reminiscent of human interactions, such as holding hands or giving hugs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-orangutan-day">Celebrating Orangutan Day</h2>



So, who sparked this initiative, and who's driving the charge? Enter:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.worldorangutanevents.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Orangutan Events</a>&nbsp;and Orangutan Outreach. These global organizations and their relentless commitment form the soul of this event. They have made it their mission to ensure the survival of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-availability-influences-social-learning-among-orangutans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intriguing creatures</a> in their natural habitats.



Wondering how to contribute? There are many ways to get hands-on and show your support for International Orangutan Day.&nbsp;



Generating awareness, reducing palm oil consumption, and even virtually "adopting" an orangutan through a conservation program are just a few ideas.



You could also leverage your artistic skills to create and share orangutan-inspired artwork, or even use your knack for music to create a fun-filled playlist about the wild and orangutans.&nbsp;



Why not host a movie night featuring films and documentaries about orangutans and their rainforest homes? Or even engage in a dialogue about the challenges facing orangutans and encourage others to join the fight?



Education stands as a fundamental pillar in contemporary conservation efforts. By imparting a deeper understanding of orangutans and their habitats, we arm individuals and communities with the knowledge to make informed decisions that favor preservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-on-orangutan-day">Conservation efforts on Orangutan Day</h2>



Conservation groups such as the Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme and <a href="https://orangutan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orangutan Conservancy</a> support rehabilitation centers and research projects to protect critical habitats.



Eco-tourism can promote sustainable practices that benefit both the environment and local economies. By involving communities, we can strengthen conservation efforts and create lasting change. Together, we can help protect orangutans and their homes.



At its heart, International Orangutan Day goes beyond a celebration of these unique animals. It is a reflection on us, as our actions have pushed orangutans to the edges of survival.&nbsp;



Every action makes a difference. By uniting our efforts and raising awareness, we can create a brighter, more sustainable future for the "people of the forest" while preserving their rich culture and environment.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

International Orangutan Day 2024: Protecting the 'people of the forest'

Today, August 19th, is a special date is that is...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...