In an extraordinary blend of history, science, and detective work, paleontologists have identified a new species of predatory dinosaur in lost photos.



Named&nbsp;Tameryraptor markgrafi, this massive theropod roamed the Earth approximately 95 million years ago, during the mid-Cretaceous period.



What makes this discovery particularly fascinating is that the original fossil was thought to be lost forever. It was excavated in Egypt’s Bahariya Oasis in 1914 and later stored in Munich. However, it was destroyed in World War II during an air raid.



The recent identification of this new species is the result of an innovative analysis of long-forgotten photographs taken before the fossil’s destruction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-of-the-largest-land-carnivores-in-history">One of the largest land carnivores in history</h2>



The story of&nbsp;Tameryraptor&nbsp;begins in the early 20th century with paleontologist Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach, a Munich-based scientist with a deep interest in North African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tracks-discovered-on-uks-dinosaur-highway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossils</a>. 



During an expedition in 1914, Stromer’s team unearthed the remains of a giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Bahariya Oasis in Egypt. The fossil was shipped to Germany and placed in the Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology.



At the time, Stromer classified the specimen as&nbsp;Carcharodontosaurus, a genus of large theropods known for their shark-like teeth. He described it as one of the largest land carnivores in Earth's history, comparable in size to&nbsp;Tyrannosaurus rex, which would evolve several million years later in North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lost-dinosaur-fossil">Lost dinosaur fossil</h2>



The fossil remained in Munich for decades until a devastating event altered its fate forever. On the night of July 21, 1944, an Allied bombing raid targeted the city, striking the Old Academy building where the Bavarian State Collection was housed. 



A massive fire engulfed the facility, and the entire collection (including the Egyptian dinosaur fossils) was lost in the blaze. Only Stromer’s notes, a few illustrations, and some black-and-white photographs of the specimens survived.



With the physical evidence gone, Carcharodontosaurus faded into obscurity - its existence known only through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-americas-oldest-dinosaur-is-completely-rewriting-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">historical records</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resurrecting-a-dinosaur-from-the-archives">Resurrecting a dinosaur from the archives</h2>



More than 80 years later, paleontologists have rewritten this chapter of history. Maximilian Kellermann, a master’s student at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (<a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU</a>), made a remarkable discovery while researching archival material.



He unearthed previously unknown photographs of the original <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-evolved-feathers-for-much-more-than-just-flying/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> taken before its destruction in 1944. These images, preserved in university archives, provided an unexpected window into the past.



“What we saw in the historical images surprised us all. The Egyptian dinosaur fossil depicted there differs significantly from more recent Carcharodontosaurus finds in Morocco. Stromer's original classification was thus incorrect," said Kellermann. 



"We identified a completely different, previously unknown predatory dinosaur species here and named it Tameryraptor markgrafi."



Kellermann collaborated with renowned dinosaur specialist Professor Oliver Rauhut from the SNSB-<a href="https://bspg.snsb.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BSPG</a> and Dr. Elena Cuesta from LMU.



The analysis revealed that the fossil possessed unique anatomical features that set it apart from&nbsp;Carcharodontosaurus. Among its distinguishing traits were symmetrical teeth and a prominent nasal horn, both of which indicated it was a new dinosaur species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honoring-a-forgotten-fossil-hunter">Honoring a forgotten fossil hunter</h2>



The new species was given the name&nbsp;Tameryraptor markgrafi. The first part of the name,&nbsp;Tameryraptor, references the ancient Egyptian term "Tamery," which means "the promised land." 



This nod to Egypt’s historical significance highlights the dinosaur’s origins. The second part,&nbsp;markgrafi, honors Richard Markgraf, the fossil collector who originally excavated the specimen more than a century ago.



Despite its destruction, Tameryraptor has finally been recognized, bringing Markgraf’s discovery back into the scientific spotlight. The story also highlights the importance of Markgraf’s contributions, which were overshadowed by war and time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-north-africa-s-prehistoric-past">North Africa’s prehistoric past</h2>



The identification of&nbsp;Tameryraptor markgrafi&nbsp;challenges previous assumptions about North Africa’s Cretaceous dinosaur diversity. 



For many years, paleontologists believed that&nbsp;Carcharodontosaurus&nbsp;dominated the region’s predatory ecosystem. However, the discovery of&nbsp;Tameryraptor&nbsp;suggests a more complex picture, with multiple large carnivorous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/qunkasaura-pintiquiniestra-new-sauropod-dinosaur-discovered-in-spain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> coexisting.



"Presumably, the dinosaur fauna of North Africa was much more diverse than we previously thought. This work shows that it can be worthwhile for paleontologists to dig not only in the ground, but also in old archives," said Rauhut.



Interestingly, Tameryraptor appears to share evolutionary links with not only Carcharodontosaurus but also with Metriacanthosaurs, a group of predatory dinosaurs from Asia. This connection raises intriguing questions about dinosaur dispersal and migration patterns between continents during the Cretaceous period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-dinosaur-fossils-are-needed">More dinosaur fossils are needed</h2>



While the rediscovery of the lost dinosaur from archival photographs is an incredible achievement, the researchers acknowledge that much remains unknown. Without physical fossils to study, some aspects of the dinosaur’s anatomy and classification remain uncertain.



"A more comprehensive assessment of the Cretaceous predatory dinosaur fauna from the Bahariya Oasis would require the recovery of more fossils from the site," noted Rauhut.



The Bahariya Oasis, once a hotbed of dinosaur discoveries, has been largely unexplored in modern times. Future expeditions to the region could yield new fossils that provide further insights into the prehistoric ecosystem. 



Paleontologists hope that renewed interest in the area will lead to fresh discoveries that can complement the findings from Stromer’s lost collection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-lost-dinosaur-finds-its-place-in-history">A lost dinosaur finds its place in history</h2>



The rediscovery of Tameryraptor markgrafi is a testament to the power of historical records and modern scientific investigation. 



Despite being lost for eight decades, this dinosaur has been brought back to life through archival research, proving that fossils are not the only path to breakthrough discoveries in paleontology.



This story also serves as a reminder of the devastating impact of war on scientific heritage. Countless fossils, artifacts, and historical specimens were destroyed during World War II, and many of them were irreplaceable.



However, Tameryraptor demonstrates that knowledge can sometimes be recovered, even when the physical evidence is gone.



As researchers continue to explore both ancient archives and new excavation sites, who knows what other forgotten fossils might one day be rediscovered? 



Perhaps more lost dinosaurs from Stromer’s collection are waiting to be identified, hidden in dusty photographs and forgotten notebooks, ready to step back into the pages of prehistory.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0311096" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.



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New predatory dinosaur species identified in lost photos

In an extraordinary blend of history, science, and detective work, paleontologists have identified a new species of predatory dinosaur in lost photos. Named&nbsp;Tameryraptor markgrafi, this massive theropod roamed the Earth approximately 95 million years ago, during the mid-Cretaceous period. What makes this discovery particularly fascinating is that the original fossil was thought to be lost forever. It was excavated in Egypt’s Bahariya Oasis in 1914 and later stored in Munich. However, it was destroyed in World War II during an air raid. The recent identification of this...

Few people have ever dreamed of becoming a billionaire by unearthing riches hidden within asteroids. 



While many might think of oil reserves, diamonds, or goldfields, mining asteroids could soon offer unimaginable profits that are no longer in the realm of science fiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mining-asteroids-for-profit">Mining asteroids for profit</h2>



Matt Gialich, the mastermind behind the nascent aerospace company AstroForge, is one of those individuals.



He firmly believes that mining celestial bodies could yield immense profits and turn <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/civilian-spacewalk-is-a-giant-leap-in-space-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space exploration</a> into a lucrative frontier.



Underneath the icy, rocky surface of asteroids - such as the 16 Psyche which is about 124 miles wide - there's an estimated worth of more than $10,000 quadrillion (£8,072 quadrillion) in precious metals. If exploited correctly, it might even be enough to create billionaires out of Earth's entire population.



Still, we can't rush to the stars just yet. The necessary technology is currently in its infancy.



Nonetheless, this untapped wealth has already attracted serious attention. AstroForge, for instance, has garnered a whopping $40 million (£31m) in funding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-platinum-rich-asteroids">Targeting platinum-rich asteroids</h2>



The company is tight-lipped about its target asteroid, but a platinum-rich one would seem to be the preference.



"I want to dominate the world when it comes to ideal progression, and that's how we think about it. At the same time, in the short term, we're going to make a s***load of money," said Gialich.



AstroForge was born in early 2022 with the pioneering goal of mining platinum from an asteroid. Founded by Gialich and Jose Acain, it set the lofty ambition of becoming the first such company.



In 2023, they launched their first satellite, which used simulated asteroid material to showcase how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spaceship-thruster-technology-fueled-by-any-type-of-metal-could-fly-indefinitely/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metals</a> could be refined in space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mission-odin-a-secretive-quest">Mission Odin: A secretive quest</h2>



Unfazed by the technical hiccups during the launch, AstroForge is gearing up for their second mission, the launch of spacecraft Odin which is destined to rendezvous with a near-Earth asteroid in early 2025.



The main objective of this second mission is to scout a potentially metal-rich asteroid in the depths of space, land on it, and then use onboard equipment to mine the rock for the valuable precious metals within.



Taking off as a part of Intuitive Machines' IM-3 lunar lander, Odin will swing around the moon before catapulting into space. 



Gialich's primary objective? "Get to the asteroid and take a picture of it to show that we have found the correct asteroid that we want to go after."



But don't expect Gialich to reveal much about his company's celestial target. Keeping competitors guessing, he has vowed to keep the specifics under wraps.



The only shared detail is that the asteroid they seek is believed to be abundant in platinum group metals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enormous-reserves-of-precious-metals">Enormous reserves of precious metals </h2>



Several asteroids have been identified that could potentially host enormous reserves of precious metals. 



One of these is the asteroid 16 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-asteroid-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-and-nasa-is-sending-a-space-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psyche</a> which, according to NASA, could harbor massive amounts of iron and nickel.



<a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> space scientist Dr Linda Elkins-Tanton estimates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-will-use-mars-to-slingshot-itself-deeper-into-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iron</a> alone in 16 Psyche could be worth a jaw-dropping $10,000 quadrillion (£8,072 quadrillion).



The demand for these metals on Earth is high, and the supply is limited. But a single asteroid could contain trillions of dollars' worth of valuable minerals.



As space travel becomes more affordable and rockets more powerful, space seems like the ultimate frontier for private mining companies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bold-leap-into-asteroid-mining">Bold leap into asteroid mining</h2>



AstroForge recently celebrated becoming the first company to receive a license to operate in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-space-is-even-darker-than-we-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep space</a>.



The experimental license, granted by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), allows AstroForge to operate beyond two million kilometers (1.24 million miles) from Earth. This permits the necessary communication with Odin during its interstellar journey.



It is evident that Gialich is unfazed by the legal and ethical complications of claiming ownership of a celestial body.



"In 2015, we passed the Space Act, and the Space Act says any commercial company in the United States can mine an asteroid for profit," he noted.



And Gialich is just as unconcerned about the potential for his venture's success to crash commodity prices, leading to global economic upheaval.



Instead, he views space mining as not only "hugely lucrative" but also more environmentally friendly than terrestrial mining.



"I think my job is to prove that it's f****** possible," said Gialich. His determination to make space mining a reality is as clear as the night sky itself.



Undeniably, AstroForge is on an ambitious mission that could potentially revolutionize our understanding of wealth, resources, and the final frontier - space.



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Could investing in asteroid mining make you a billionaire?

Few people have ever dreamed of becoming a billionaire by...

2024 may be a record-shattering year of intense heat, not just for us humans, but also for our planet. In this very year, we are "virtually certain" to break a new temperature record: humanity's first year living in a world 1.5 °C (34.7 °F) warmer than pre-Industrial times.



This is according to a report from the European climate monitor, Copernicus, which came out just a few days before the crucial UN climate talks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inescapable-heat-records-in-2024">Inescapable heat records in 2024</h2>



Copernicus stressed that the world is passing a "new milestone" in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-is-likely-the-hottest-year-in-recorded-history/#:~:text=2024%20is%20shaping%20up%20to,in%20temperatures%20across%20the%20globe." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature records</a>. And the bar keeps getting higher.&nbsp;



Last month was the second hottest October in recorded history, marked by deadly flooding in Spain and Hurricane Milton in the United States. The global temperatures were second only to the highs in the same period in 2023.



According to Copernicus, 2024 will likely be more than 1.55 degrees Celsius (approximately 34.7 degrees Fahrenheit) hotter than the 1850-1900 average. For context, this was the period before we started burning fossil fuels on an industrial scale.



This does not mean that we have violated the Paris Agreement. This treaty strives to limit global warming to below 2°C (35.6 °F), and preferably 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), measured over decades and not individual years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-in-global-temperatures">Rise in global temperatures </h2>



"It is now virtually certain that 2024 will be the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scorching-summer-of-2024-could-make-it-the-hottest-year-on-record/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmest year on record</a> and the first year of more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels," said Samantha Burgess, the Deputy Director of Copernicus Climate Change Service (<a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">C3S</a>).



The claims don't stop there. Burgess added that this significant rise in global temperature should serve as a catalyst to spur ambitious action during the forthcoming Climate Change Conference, COP29.



The crucial UN climate negotiations taking place in Azerbaijan next week will lay the foundation for future carbon-cutting targets. 



These talks coincide with the United States' recent presidential election victory by Donald Trump, a notoriously public skeptic of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-heat-records">Climate change and heat records</h2>



But, it's not all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/september-2024-was-the-second-hottest-month-ever-recorded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">about the heat</a>. Global warming brings along a slew of knock-on effects. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, leading to greater evaporation from warmed oceans and resulting in more intense downpours and storms.



According to Copernicus, October witnessed above-average rainfall across swathes of Europe, as well as parts of China, the United States, Brazil, and Australia. 



Meanwhile, the U.S. is also grappling with an ongoing drought, affecting record numbers of people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-surface-temperatures">Sea surface temperatures </h2>



Sea surface temperatures weren't spared either. Averaged across the region monitored by Copernicus, October of 2024 saw the second-highest sea surface heat temperatures on record.



With billions of measurements from satellites, ships, aircraft, and weather stations under their belt, C3S provides trusted calculations. 



Their records date back to 1940, but by leveraging ice cores, tree rings, and coral skeletons, scientists can explore deeper into Earth's climatic past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-on-biodiversity">Effects on biodiversity</h2>



As global temperatures rise, the impact on biodiversity is becoming clear. Ecosystems are struggling as species find it hard to adapt to fast-changing climates. 



Many animals are moving to cooler areas, changing the makeup of ecosystems and threatening biodiversity. This can disrupt food chains and habitats, increasing the risk of extinction for vulnerable species. 



Changes in timing for flowering and breeding also create new challenges. It’s crucial to act on conservation strategies now, as these shifts are altering life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-mitigation-strategies">Climate mitigation strategies</h2>



Cities around the world recognize their role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-just-experienced-its-hottest-day-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, both as contributors and victims. Urban areas, with their heat-absorbing structures, contribute to increased temperatures.



In response, cities are implementing strategies to address these issues while promoting sustainable development. Solutions like green roofs, trees, and reflective materials help cool cities and manage rainwater.



Additionally, urban planners are focusing on public transportation and renewable energy to lower emissions. These efforts aim to reduce cities' environmental impact and improve their resilience to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-records-signal-warmest-era">Heat records signal warmest era</h2>



Today's climate scientists say we're currently living through the warmest period the Earth has experienced in the last 100,000 years, since the start of the last Ice Age. 



So, do we accept this as our new normal? Or do we heed the warming warning and work tirelessly to reverse this course?



Remember, the temperature of the planet affects not only us but all life forms that share this world with us. 



As we step into an era of record-setting heatwaves and catastrophic climate events, the time for decisive action is now. And the power to ignite this change lies with all of us. 



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2024 shatters heat records: Earth's hottest year is here

2024 may be a record-shattering year of intense heat, not...

In an incredible feat that redefines biological boundaries, scientists have successfully engineered animal cells that are capable of photosynthesis. 



This breakthrough, led by Professor Sachihiro Matsunaga at the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, could transform medical research and aid in advancing lab-grown meat production. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-photosynthesis">What exactly is photosynthesis?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a>, traditionally exclusive to plants, algae, and certain bacteria, is a process that uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugars -- essentially “feeding” the organism.



Plants absorb sunlight using chlorophyll, a green pigment in their leaves, and use it to transform carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil into glucose, a type of sugar. T



his glucose provides energy and serves as a building block for growth.



During this process, oxygen is released as a byproduct and expelled into the atmosphere. This oxygen is essential for the survival of most living organisms, including humans, who rely on it for respiration. 



Photosynthesis not only fuels plant growth but also maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere. It is absolutely essential for life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthesis-in-animal-cells">Photosynthesis in animal cells</h2>



“All living organisms on Earth, including humans, are able to live thanks to photosynthesis,” Matsunaga explained. 



“Animal cells consume oxygen, eat and break down sugars, and emit carbon dioxide. This reaction is completely opposite to photosynthesis.” 



By introducing photosynthetic properties into animal cells, the team hopes to create cells that consume less oxygen and emit less carbon dioxide -- essentially turning them into mini oxygen producers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-a-50-year-challenge">Overcoming a 50-year challenge</h2>



Attempts to create photosynthesizing animal cells date back to the 1970s. 



“If we can get even part of photosynthesis to occur in animal cells, we can reduce the amount of oxygen consumed, reduce the amount of sugar eaten, and reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> emissions,” Matsunaga said.



However, the challenge lies in convincing animal cells to accept chloroplasts, the cellular structures where photosynthesis happens in plants.&nbsp;



Previously, animal cells would destroy chloroplasts, recognizing them as foreign invaders, like bacteria or viruses.&nbsp;



After a decade of unsuccessful attempts, research in this field was abandoned, and it became widely accepted that chloroplasts could not function within animal cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-cells-ingesting-chloroplasts">Animal cells ingesting chloroplasts </h2>



Matsunaga’s team took two major steps to achieve this scientific breakthrough. 



First, they searched for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chloroplasts-play-an-unexpected-role-in-plant-immunity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chloroplasts</a> that could survive the warmer environment of animal cells, which are usually cultured at around 37 degrees Celsius -- significantly higher than the temperatures that most plant chloroplasts can endure. 



After finding suitable chloroplasts, the team had to prevent animal cells from rejecting them as foreign material.



“Chloroplasts eaten as food could be maintained in the animal cell for at least two days, during which time the initial reaction of photosynthesis could be detected,” said Matsunaga.&nbsp;



By allowing animal cells to ingest chloroplasts as “food” rather than forcibly implanting them, the team managed to bypass the immune response that typically destroys the chloroplasts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-source-of-energy-and-growth">New source of energy and growth</h2>



The initial results surprised Matsunaga and his colleagues. 



Not only did the animal cells tolerate the chloroplasts, but they also showed an increased growth rate, suggesting that the chloroplasts provided an additional energy source. 



“I was surprised because we were able to do something that no one had been able to do for 50 years and that all biological researchers had given up on,” Matsunaga said.&nbsp;



This achievement may have broad implications, particularly for medical applications and artificial meat production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-animal-photosynthesis">Applications of animal photosynthesis </h2>



While human photosynthesis remains a distant goal, Matsunaga believes the immediate applications lie in medical research and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/company-introduces-lab-grown-fish-that-is-served-up-by-3-d-printers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lab-grown meat</a> production.&nbsp;



One major obstacle in growing tissue for medical use or artificial meat is ensuring oxygen delivery to densely packed cells.&nbsp;



As Matsunaga explained, “when cells become multilayered, the interior of the cell mass [doesn't get enough oxygen]; cell division stops, and size increase is not possible.”&nbsp;



By embedding chloroplasts, these cell clusters can generate their own oxygen if exposed to light, potentially resuming cell division and growth.



Looking further into the future, Matsunaga envisions medical applications that would deliver oxygen to specific organs, such as the heart. 



For instance, implanting a small LED near the heart could provide light to photosynthetic cells, improving oxygen delivery in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crucial-discoveries-will-improve-cardiovascular-disease-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a> patients. 



However, extending the chloroplasts' lifespan within animal cells remains a challenge. “In the future, we will improve our technique so that chloroplasts can carry out photosynthesis in animal cells for as long as possible,” Matsunaga said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-biological-engineering">New era in biological engineering</h2>



Matsunaga's study marks a paradigm shift, showcasing how engineering animal cells to photosynthesize could lead to numerous innovations, from lab-grown meat production to enhanced medical treatments.&nbsp;



While there is still work to be done to extend chloroplast function within these cells, Matsunaga’s team has opened the door to a new realm of possibilities, challenging long-standing beliefs in biology and pushing the boundaries of what cells can achieve.&nbsp;



This breakthrough underscores the transformative potential of photosynthesis beyond plant life, offering a unique and versatile tool for addressing human challenges in food production, medicine, and possibly even climate change.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/pjab/advpub/0/advpub_pjab.100.035/_article" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B</a>.



Image Credit: R. Aoki, Y. Inui, Y. Okabe et al. 2024



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Animal cells capable of photosynthesis created for the first time

In an incredible feat that redefines biological boundaries, scientists have...

What if the solution to cancer lay hidden in a parasitic fungus? Scientists from the University of Nottingham have been studying a chemical that is produced by a fungus that grows on caterpillars. 



In previous studies, the chemical has shown promise as a possible cancer treatment. The researchers set out to further investigate its potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caterpillar-fungus-in-cancer">Caterpillar fungus in cancer</h2>



The research is based on Cordyceps militaris, an orange fungus with a slightly creepy parasitic lifestyle. In Asia, it's not only a popular health food but also a powerful traditional medicine.



The magic ingredient in this fungus is cordycepin, a mighty chemical that has shown promise as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-the-next-frontier-in-cancer-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer medicine</a> in many studies. But how does it work?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungus-compound-to-treat-cancer">Fungus compound to treat cancer</h2>



The researchers analyzed the activities of thousands of genes in multiple cell lines to unearth the secrets of cordycepin.



They used high-throughput techniques, which made it possible to examine huge amounts of data at the same time.



And what did they find? Cordycepin interrupts the cell growth signals overactive in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-lifestyle-changes-could-prevent-half-of-all-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a>. It does this by acting on the growth promoting pathways of the cell. 



This could be less damaging to healthy tissue than most currently available treatments. Now, doesn't that sound promising?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inner-workings-of-the-chemical">Inner workings of the chemical </h2>



The experts dug deeper into what happens to cordycepin inside the cell. They found that it is converted into cordycepin triphosphate, which looks a lot like the cell's energy carrier ATP.



This doppelganger molecule seems to be the likely culprit behind cordycepin's effects on cell growth, making it the direct assailant of cancer cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caterpillar-fungus-as-a-cancer-medicine">Caterpillar fungus as a cancer medicine</h2>



"We have been researching the effects of cordycepin on a range of diseases for a number of years and with each step we get closer to understanding how it could be used as an effective treatment," said lead author Dr. Cornelia de Moor from the <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/pharmacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Pharmacy</a>.



"One of the exciting things to have been happening is that it has become easier and less expensive to do these very large experiments, so we were able to examine thousands of genes at the same time." 



According to Dr. de Moor, the data confirms that cordycepin is a good starting point for novel cancer medicines and explains its beneficial effects. 



"For instance, derivatives of cordycepin could aim to produce the triphosphate form of the drug to have the same effect," she noted. 



"In addition, the data will help with monitoring the effects of cordycepin in patients, as our data indicate particular genes whose activity reliably responds to cordycepin, which could for instance be measured in blood cells."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Exploring the potential of Cordyceps militaris goes well beyond its current applications. Future research could explore the synthesis of cordycepin derivatives that may enhance its efficacy and specificity in targeting cancer cells.



With increasing understanding of genomics and targeted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/men-could-face-an-84-increase-in-cancer-cases-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">therapies</a>, researchers are optimistic about crafting personalized treatment regimens that could be less toxic and more effective. 



Collaborative efforts across disciplines, including biotechnology and pharmacology, are likely to illuminate new pathways for leveraging the natural benefits of this fungal powerhouse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrative-medicine-fungus-and-cancer">Integrative medicine: Fungus and cancer</h2>



Integrative medicine, emphasizing a holistic approach to healthcare, benefits greatly from the potential inclusion of cordycepin-based therapies. 



By harmonizing conventional cancer treatments with natural compounds like those derived from Cordyceps militaris, healthcare providers can offer more balanced and comprehensive care. 



This could result in less invasive treatment plans that focus not only on eradicating cancer but also on preserving quality of life and minimizing side effects. 



Continued clinical studies will be crucial in validating these integrative approaches, potentially solidifying the role of natural compounds as complements to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern medicine</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-new-cancer-drugs">Developing new cancer drugs </h2>



This research is not just a significant step towards understanding potential of a fungus but also creates a pathway for developing new drugs for cancer treatment. 



It's a journey we're all invested in as we strive for a world without cancer. And who knew that a small caterpillar fungus could become such an important ally in this fight?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.15046" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FEBS Letters</a>.



Image Credit: Daniel Winkler - Mushroaming



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Caterpillar fungus slows down growth of cancer cells

What if the solution to cancer lay hidden in a...

Much like how our faces and bodies are symmetrical, bee colonies showcase an impressive feat of nature in their nest constructions. Interestingly, their nests display a mirrored symmetry when established on either side of a double-sided comb. 



Imagine our human structures, mirrored, balanced, and laid in order. Well, bees can achieve this type of symmetry too.



This fascinating discovery, which was recently brought to light by researchers backed by U.S. National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>), shows us that symmetry in biology extends beyond individual organisms to the communal behaviors and architectural masterpieces of the insect world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-nests-beyond-aesthetics">Bee nests beyond aesthetics</h2>



What's even more intriguing about these symmetrical bee nests is that their purpose extends beyond mere aesthetics. The mirrored combs of these nests significantly contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colony</a>'s adaptability. 



For instance, nests with two sides grow at a more accelerated pace, nurture more brood, and retain a more stable thermal environment compared to their one-sided counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-nest-architecture">Bee nest architecture</h2>



Michael L. Smith, corresponding author on the publication and assistant professor in the department of biological sciences at <a href="https://www.auburn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Auburn University</a>, equated bee nest architecture to a human situation.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/beehive_symmetry_examples_credit-Smith-Bee-Lab_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/beehive_symmetry_examples_credit-Smith-Bee-Lab_1s.webp" alt="Images of honey bee combs, arranged to show the symmetry between the two sides of the comb. All combs were built and stockpiled by the bees (i.e., no embossed wax was provided). The coloration shows the cell contents. Credit: Images Smith Bee Lab, arrangement by Peter R. Marting" class="wp-image-1949826"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Images of honey bee combs, arranged to show the symmetry between the two sides of the comb. All combs were built and stockpiled by the bees (i.e., no embossed wax was provided). The coloration shows the cell contents. Credit: Images Smith Bee Lab, arrangement by Peter R. Marting</figcaption></figure>



"Akin to the location of plumbing in the construction of an apartment building, which often results in mirrored kitchens or bathrooms across apartments, bees originate their colonies based on a heat source, and thermal cues drive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-are-overheating-bumblebee-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colony organization</a>," Smith explained.



"Heat cues direct where the nest is initiated and where the queen begins laying eggs, but the entire nest is symmetrical, including their pollen and honey stores."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-bee-nest-symmetry">Evolution of bee nest symmetry</h2>



Quite remarkably, this behavior is not limited to just one type of bee. Several honeybee species, all within the same genus, Apis, demonstrate this symmetry in their nest construction.



This suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-urban-beekeeping-affect-native-wild-bees/" rel="nofollow">nest symmetry</a> possibly evolved around 50 to 60 million years ago when honeybees transitioned from building single-sided combs to double-sided ones.



"Symmetry is visible in many organisms at several levels, from the molecular to the full body, but this is the first work to show architectural symmetry at this superorganism level," said Colette St. Mary, a program director in the NSF Directorate for Biological Sciences, which partially funded the research. 



"Identifying properties or behaviors that cut across biological scales like this helps elucidate the rules of life."



Unveiling these types of properties or behaviors that span across various biological scales helps us to demystify the ever-engaging rules of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-bee-conservation">Implications for bee conservation</h2>



The discovery of nest symmetry as a fundamental architectural feature of bee colonies carries significant implications for their conservation. 



Understanding the role that symmetry and structure play in enhancing the adaptability and survival of bee colonies can inform conservation strategies. 



By ensuring that habitats support the natural architecture of bees, such as providing appropriate vegetation and minimizing human disruptions, conservationists can better preserve these vital pollinators. 



Recognizing and safeguarding the environmental conditions that facilitate ideal nest constructions, including access to diverse floral resources and undisturbed nesting sites, can contribute to the sustenance and resilience of bee populations in a rapidly changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-and-evolutionary-patterns">Ecological and evolutionary patterns </h2>



The implications of these findings extend beyond bees, offering insights into broader ecological and evolutionary patterns. 



Investigating how other organisms employ symmetry at various levels to optimize their survival and reproduction can pave the way for new research into the interconnections between form, function, and adaptation. 



This cross-disciplinary exploration underscores the significance of architectural ingenuity in the natural world, revealing the sophisticated and nuanced ways in which organisms have evolved to thrive. 



Further exploration of the evolutionary pathways that led to symmetry in bees and similar phenomena in other species can unveil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex biological principles</a> that shape the diverse tapestry of life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-bee-nests">Significance of bee nests</h2>



So, it's not just about the birds and the bees. It's also about the nests and the combs. 



A humble creature such as a bee, noted for its role in pollination, comes to show us that there is so much more to learn and appreciate in its contribution to our world. 



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Bees build incredibly symmetrical nests, but not just for beauty

Much like how our faces and bodies are symmetrical, bee...

Ever wondered how colors come into existence? How do they influence the lives of beings around us? This isn't just about how we humans perceive different colors, but also how they shape the world of animals and plants. 



From peacocks flaunting their magnificent tail feathers to poison-dart frogs donning their bold hues, colors serve a purpose. Similarly, the brilliant hues of flowers and fruits aren't just for our aesthetic pleasure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-vision-in-animals">Color vision in animals</h2>



Researchers from the University of Arizona embarked on a journey to understand the evolution of color vision in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-wild-cats-got-their-striking-eye-colors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> and the functionality of colors in our environment.



The research revolved around the concept of "conspicuous colors." These are the colors that instantly snag our attention - the bold reds, striking yellows, vivid blues, and intense purples. But their role extends far beyond just being eye-catching.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-in-the-animal-world">Colors in the animal world</h2>



Color plays a crucial role in the animal kingdom. It isn't merely about looking attractive. Instead, it's an effective way for animals to communicate. 



The researchers identified two significant types of color signals exploited by animals - warning and sexual.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-and-sexual-signals">Warning and sexual signals </h2>



Warning color signals are perhaps the most striking element of color communication among species. These signals act as a universal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-are-changing-color-to-adapt-to-human-destruction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caution sign</a>, telling potential predators to "back off."



Interestingly, these warning signals are far more common than sexual signals. They span across the animal kingdom, while sexual signals are limited to arthropods and vertebrates.



On the other hand, sexual color signals form an integral part of mating rituals. They attract and select the best possible mate. However, these signals necessitate highly developed vision.



Plants, too, have been assigning crucial roles to colors for millions of years. Bright colors in plants primarily serve two functions - to distribute pollen (flowers) and disperse seeds (fruits).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-findings-from-the-past">Findings from the past</h2>



According to the team's findings, color vision in animals evolved around 500 million years ago - about 150 million years before the arrival of colorful fruits. In addition, colorful flowers emerged around 200 million years ago.



The study was led by John J. Wiens, a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Ecology at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>. He was assisted by Zachary Emberts, an assistant professor of integrative biology at <a href="https://go.okstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma State University</a> and a former postdoctoral scholar at the University of Arizona. 



A remarkable finding from their work is that warning color signals manifested before sexual color signals - around 150 million years ago, with the latter emerging about 100 million years later. 



"Warning signals are at least five times more widespread. That's the overall pattern," Wiens said.&nbsp;"There has been a dramatic explosion of both warning and sexual color signals in the last 100 million years."&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colors-and-animal-dynamics">Colors and animal dynamics</h2>



Predator-prey relationships are profoundly influenced by the visual cues provided by colors within the environment. 



For prey species, possessing colors that allow them to blend seamlessly into their surroundings can mean the difference between survival and predation. 



Camouflage serves as a quintessential example of how colors are utilized to create a visual cloak, enabling prey to evade detection. Conversely, predators, such as the tiger with its stripes, use their coloration strategically to ambush unsuspecting prey. 



The careful balance of coloration within predator-prey dynamics underscores the evolutionary arms race where subtle changes in hue and pattern can significantly affect ecological interactions and survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impacts-and-adaptive-signals">Human impacts and adaptive signals</h2>



As humankind continues to alter the biosphere, the natural manifestations of color in the animal and plant kingdoms are not immune to these influences. 



Deforestation, pollution, and climate change are leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation, which in turn affect how species utilize and manifest colors for survival. 



The adaptive signals once finely tuned to specific environments are now facing unprecedented challenges. Researchers emphasize the importance of preserving natural habitats to maintain the ecological functions of colors. 



Looking to the future, continued study of these vibrant natural phenomena not only enriches our understanding of ecology but also strengthens conservation strategies aimed at safeguarding the myriad species that rely on the tapestry of colors for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survival-of-the-friendliest-social-animals-live-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsolved-mystery-of-colors-in-animals">Unsolved mystery of colors in animals</h2>



The reasons behind the sudden escalation of these color signals remain a mystery. However, the team managed to identify three critical groups that likely contributed to this surge - marine ray-finned fishes and terrestrial birds and lizards.



"In the future, it would be even more interesting to study what drives the ability of animals to see specific colors like red or blue," Emberts said.



So, what do you think might be the next revelation in this vibrant journey of color evolution?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13141" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Reviews.</a>



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Animals got their colors 150 million years before plants

Ever wondered how colors come into existence? How do they...

There's something truly remarkable about the brain. Its complexity, intricacy, and power are unparalleled in the world of biological wonders. As we continue to explore its depths, we unearth revelations that shift our understanding of cognitive processes. One recent discovery compares the brain's action sequencing to the workings of a music box.



Experts in neuroscience have identified special brain cells that create multiple coordinate systems. These systems act as a GPS of sorts, helping us understand "where we are" in a sequence of actions. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-box-of-brain-cells">Music box of brain cells</h2>



The beauty of it? It's akin to a music box playing different tones, where our brain cells can execute different action sequences.



The research was led by experts at the University of Oxford and the <a href="https://www.sainsburywellcome.org/web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sainsbury Wellcome Centre</a> at University College London (UCL).



The findings significantly contribute to our understanding of the complexity of brain functions, especially in planning and reasoning. 



More importantly, it provides a valuable lens to examine psychiatric conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owning-a-cat-before-age-25-doubles-the-risk-of-schizophrenia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">schizophrenia</a>, where these processes often go awry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-behavioral-mapping">Power of behavioral mapping</h2>



The research began with an intricate study involving mice as they learned different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-maps-help-the-brain-remember-places-and-paths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavioral sequences</a>, which, despite their variability, shared a consistent structure. 



This approach allowed scientists to uncover how mice generalize these structures to new tasks, demonstrating a hallmark of intelligent behavior.



“Every day we solve new problems by generalizing from our knowledge,” said Dr. Mohamady El Gaby, first author on the study and postdoctoral neuroscientist at UCL and Oxford.



“Take cooking for example. When faced with a new recipe, you are able to use your background knowledge of similar recipes to infer what steps are needed, even if you have never made the meal before.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-box-analogy-for-brain">Music box analogy for brain</h2>



The music box analogy highlighted the researchers' goal: to understand how the brain achieves such problem-solving feats at a cellular level and to infer the algorithms used to accomplish them.



The researchers introduced mice to a set of four goal locations (A, B, C, and D) arranged in a loop. Despite the sequences varying in detail, the overall structure remained unchanged. 



“After experiencing enough sequences, the mice did something remarkable - they guessed a part of the sequence they had never experienced before," noted Dr. El Gaby.



"When reaching D in a new location for the first time, they knew to go straight back to A. This action couldn’t have been remembered, since it was never experienced in the first place!”



This finding provided compelling evidence that the mice could comprehend the task's general structure and track their “position” within behavioral coordinates.



These insights offer a deeper look at how the brain’s functional algorithms operate at a cellular level, facilitating complex, adaptive behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recording-brain-activity">Recording brain activity</h2>



To explore in great detail <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-brain-connects-unrelated-concepts-through-reasoning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how the brain learns</a> and tracks task structures, the researchers employed advanced silicon probes to record the activity of multiple individual cells in the medial frontal cortex of mice. 



The findings were compelling. The cells collectively mapped the animal’s “goal progress,” with one cell firing when the mouse was, for example, 70% of the way to its goal, regardless of the goal's specific location or distance.



“We found that the cells tracked the animal’s behavioral position relative to concrete actions,” said Dr. El Gaby. 



“If we think of the cooking analogy, the cells cared about progress towards subgoals such as chopping the vegetables. A subset of the cells were also tuned to map the progress towards the overall goal, such as finishing preparing the meal.”



These “goal progress” cells acted as flexible building blocks, creating a behavioral coordinate system that supported task execution. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-music-box-mechanism">Brain's music box mechanism</h2>



The research revealed that these cells form multiple coordinate systems, each indicating the animal’s location relative to a specific action. 



The researchers likened this system to the mechanical nature of a music box, which can be configured to play any sequence of tones. 



In the same way, the brain can "play" behavioral actions through these coordinate systems, demonstrating its remarkable ability to execute distinct action sequences with precision and flexibility. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



The implications of this discovery reach far beyond basic neuroscience. The research team is now collaborating with psychiatrists to apply these findings to studies on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psychiatric</a> conditions like schizophrenia.



Preliminary evidence suggests that similar activity patterns occur in human brains, offering a potential explanation for why individuals with schizophrenia may misjudge their progress toward goals. 



This research opens new doors for understanding the brain's inner workings and its role in planning, reasoning, and behavior tracking. 



Future investigations aim to explore how these neural patterns develop and adapt during new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> experiences, shedding light on both healthy and disordered cognitive processes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08145-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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The brain 'plays' our behaviors like a music box

There's something truly remarkable about the brain. Its complexity, intricacy,...

Movies have a certain magic about them. They can make us laugh, cry, or gasp in surprise, all the while sparking our imaginations. But did you know they could also provide a window into the workings of our brains?



A fascinating new study, utilizing cutting-edge technology, is pushing the boundaries of neuroscience by using movies to map the human brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-beyond-the-resting-state">Moving beyond the resting state</h2>



Traditionally, functional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-imaging-method-will-unravel-mysteries-of-neural-processes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain imaging</a> studies have largely focused on the resting state. Here, participants lie still and think without any external stimulus.



Although this process has yielded some interesting insights, it leaves a significant portion of the brain's landscape uncharted. 



The scientists believed that using movies as external stimuli might light up these unexplored areas of the brain, giving them a more complete picture of how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-is-constantly-making-predictions-about-the-world-and-your-place-in-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain functions</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-movies-as-windows-into-the-brain">Using movies as windows into the brain</h2>



Conducted by scientists at the <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT), this innovative research project used fMRI scans to map the brains of participants as they watched clips from various movies - both Hollywood hits like "Inception" and "The Social Network," as well as independent films.



The goal was to observe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-brain-responds-to-bad-smells-within-300-milliseconds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how the brain responds</a> to different components of the movie - scenes involving people, dialogue, action, and inanimate objects.



"Our work is the first attempt to get a layout of different areas and networks of the brain during naturalistic conditions," noted Reza Rajimehr, first author and neuroscientist at MIT.



"There is no stimulus - people are just thinking internally, so you don't know what has activated these networks. But with our movie stimulus, we can go back and figure out how different brain networks are responding to different aspects of the movie."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brain-s-response-to-movies">The brain's response to movies</h2>



The team obtained brain scans from 176 young adults, all of whom had watched the same 60-minute sequence of movie clips.



Using machine learning techniques, the scientists were able to identify distinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-pollution-impairs-brain-network-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain networks</a> involved in the processing of the movie content.



In reviewing this data, the researchers recognized 24 distinct brain networks, each correlating with specific aspects of sensory or cognitive processing. 



These encompassed areas such as recognizing human faces or bodies, interacting with inanimate objects, and processing speech or social interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brain-s-operational-dynamics">The brain's operational dynamics</h2>



Interestingly, the study highlighted an inverse relationship between 'executive control domains' (brain regions responsible for planning, problem-solving, and prioritizing information) and regions with specific functions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-coordinate-group-activities-for-language-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language processing</a>. 



"Executive control domains are usually active in difficult tasks when the cognitive load is high," said Rajimehr.



"It looks like when the movie scenes are quite easily comprehendible, for example if there’s a clear conversation going on, the language areas are active."



"But in situations where there is a complex scene involving context, semantics, and ambiguity in the meaning of the scene, more cognitive effort is required, and so the brain switches over to using general executive control domains."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-movie-brain-mapping">Future of movie-brain mapping</h2>



Although this study provides a comprehensive analysis of average brain activities, the scientists acknowledge that there is more ground to be covered.



The next step is to investigate how individual brains differ in their responses to movie content. This can pave the way for understanding how age, developmental disorders, or psychiatric conditions may impact these neural responses.



“In future studies, we can look at the maps of individual subjects, which would allow us to relate the individualized map of each subject to the behavioral profile of that subject," noted Rajimehr.



"Now, we’re studying in more depth how specific content in each movie frame drives these networks - for example, the semantic and social context, or the relationship between people and the background scene.”



This research marks a new milestone in understanding the human brain. By coupling neuroscience with the power of cinema, scientists are moving closer towards unraveling the secrets of our complex mind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-movie-based-brain-mapping">Implications of movie-based brain mapping</h2>



The study's approach of using movies to stimulate brain activity opens doors to a range of applications beyond basic research. 



One potential area of exploration is in diagnosing and treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.



By observing how brains with specific conditions respond to film sequences compared to healthy brains, scientists could identify unique neural signatures or deviations. This could ultimately lead to more tailored interventions or therapies.



Moreover, using movie stimuli could offer insight into how cultural and environmental factors shape brain responses. Different populations may process the same movie scenes differently, revealing underlying cognitive and emotional processing that varies across cultures.



The ability to decode these differences might prove essential in understanding global psychological patterns and enhancing cross-cultural empathy.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896627324007268" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neuron</a>.



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How movies illuminate our brains

Movies have a certain magic about them. They can make...

Sleep is one of biology’s enduring mysteries. Present across nearly all animal groups, from jellyfish and insects to birds and mammals, sleep is marked by reduced movement, muscle relaxation, and an increased need to make up for lost sleep.&nbsp;



But despite its prevalence, scientists still don’t fully understand how sleep rhythms are controlled.&nbsp;



New research at the <a href="https://brain.mpg.de/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Brain Research</a> is shedding light on these mechanisms in an unexpected source: the Australian dragon lizard (Pogona vitticeps).&nbsp;



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08162-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>, reveal that sleep in reptiles may share ancient roots with mammals and birds, and could help unravel the evolutionary history of sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-states-in-the-australian-dragon-nbsp">Sleep states in the Australian dragon&nbsp;</h2>



In humans and many animals, sleep is divided into two primary states: slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS).&nbsp;



Slow-wave sleep, characterized by slow brain activity, typically begins sleep cycles, followed by rapid eye movement sleep, which shows brain activity levels similar to wakefulness and includes rapid eye movements and muscle twitches.&nbsp;



This alternation of sleep states is called the ultradian rhythm, which varies across species. In humans, for instance, a full SWS-REMS cycle lasts about 1 to 1.5 hours, while in the Australian dragon, each cycle lasts just one minute.



Eight years ago, researchers at Max Planck, led by director Gilles Laurent, discovered REM-like sleep in the Australian dragon lizard.&nbsp;



This discovery suggested that REMS could be an ancient trait shared across amniotes - a group that includes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a>, birds, and mammals - dating back roughly 320 million years.&nbsp;



The research team, including postdoctoral scientists Lorenz Fenk and Luis Riquelme, explored why this ultradian rhythm cycles so quickly in reptiles and what drives these alternating states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-central-pattern-generator">Central pattern generator </h2>



To investigate further, the team looked for signs of a central pattern generator (CPG), a neural circuit that produces rhythmic motor outputs like walking or breathing. CPGs are well-known in motor control, but their potential role in regulating sleep was novel.&nbsp;



“This idea of a sleep CPG was completely counterintuitive because CPGs control motor output, whereas sleep is characterized by the near absence of motor activity,” Laurent noted.



To test their hypothesis, the researchers introduced external cues, such as short bursts of light, to see if they could reset the lizards’ sleep cycles - a phenomenon known as phase-dependent reset. 



This is similar to “tripping on a stone while walking,” explained Riquelme, where the rhythm is affected by the timing of the disruption.&nbsp;



The team found that brief light pulses to the lizards’ closed eyes reset their REM-SWS cycle, pointing to the influence of a CPG-like mechanism in regulating these sleep states.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-partial-independence-in-sleep-rhythms">Partial independence in sleep rhythms</h2>



Another discovery revealed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizards</a>’ sleep rhythms could be manipulated even while they were awake. This indicates that the circuits driving sleep - and the transition between SWS and REMS - might function independently.&nbsp;



“This is important because it suggests that sleep and the alternation between SWS and REMS are at least partially independent,” Fenk noted.



Further, the study found that although SWS and REMS alternation occurs on both sides of the brain, only one side can be disrupted, causing it to fall out of sync with the other.&nbsp;



After a one-sided perturbation, the two hemispheres quickly re-synchronize, suggesting two interconnected CPGs, one for each side of the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-evolution-of-sleep">Understanding the evolution of sleep</h2>



The findings open intriguing questions about the evolution and flexibility of sleep regulation across species.&nbsp;



According to the scientists, these findings are exciting since they link neural circuits usually associated with motor activity to the regulation of sleep states when the body is at rest.&nbsp;



Such circuits, likely based in the brainstem, may be adaptable enough to explain the diverse sleep patterns seen in animals, but more research is needed to determine their exact composition and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">function</a>.



The presence of a CPG-like mechanism in lizard sleep suggests that these circuits may exist across other vertebrates, such as birds and mammals.&nbsp;



This could mean that sleep has deeper evolutionary roots than previously understood, potentially stretching back to the earliest amniotes.&nbsp;



The team’s research may even help answer one of the most fundamental questions in biology: why sleep evolved in the first place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restorative-functions-of-rest">Restorative functions of rest </h2>



The study raises significant questions for future research. Could a similar CPG mechanism be found in mammals or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-birds-dream-of-flying-scientists-say-they-now-know-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>? If so, how might it account for the different sleep cycle durations seen in these groups?&nbsp;



And what about animals with vastly different sleep requirements, like dolphins, which can sleep with one hemisphere of the brain at a time?



Understanding the precise role of these circuits in sleep regulation could ultimately offer insights into the purpose of sleep itself.&nbsp;



While researchers have some understanding of sleep’s restorative functions, the exact benefits remain elusive. Studying how different species control and experience sleep may shed light on why it persists across the animal kingdom, even in vastly different forms and durations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-sleep-in-the-australian-dragon">Studying sleep in the Australian dragon </h2>



The study’s results could also change how scientists approach the study of sleep in general. CPGs, which were once thought to be limited to controlling physical actions, may now be central to understanding cognitive and physiological processes that occur when the body is at rest.&nbsp;



“This discovery suggests that sleep and other complex biological rhythms may be regulated by neural circuits we typically associate with movement,” Fenk said.



These findings lay the groundwork for new research into the role of CPGs in sleep, potentially reshaping our understanding of sleep across diverse animal groups.&nbsp;



For now, the Max Planck team’s work offers an exciting glimpse into the evolutionary origins of sleep, highlighting that even in rest, the brain is remarkably active, controlled by rhythms that may date back millions of years.&nbsp;



As researchers continue to uncover the mysteries of sleep, the study of the humble Australian dragon lizard offers a valuable clue about the complexities that lie within the seemingly simple act of sleep.



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Australian dragons reveal new clues about the mysteries of sleep 

Sleep is one of biology’s enduring mysteries. Present across nearly...

Tremendous,Formation,Of,Permafrost,-,Amazing,Mountain,Landscape,In,The

A few decades ago, it was established that the farthest corners of our planet had conserved carbon in frozen permafrost for many years. However, recent studies led by experts at NASA suggest that Arctic permafrost is approaching a tipping point.



As it thaws, the permafrost is releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane - both of which accelerate global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frozen-arctic-permafrost">Frozen Arctic permafrost</h2>



Permafrost is ground that remains permanently frozen, typically year-round, for extended periods - often spanning decades, centuries, or even millennia.



Found mostly in the Earth’s northern regions, such as the Arctic and parts of Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, permafrost serves as a natural storehouse of carbon. 



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frozen ground</a> traps organic matter like dead plants and animal remains that have not fully decomposed due to the low temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underground-carbon-safe">Underground carbon safe</h2>



Over time, these materials accumulate vast amounts of carbon, effectively locking it underground in what has long been considered a "carbon safe."



However, as the Arctic warms at an accelerated rate - up to four times faster than other regions - permafrost begins to thaw. This thawing process releases previously stored greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide and methane, into the atmosphere.



These heat-trapping gases contribute to global warming, turning permafrost from a carbon sink into a source of emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-gases-released-from-permafrost">Greenhouse gases released from permafrost </h2>



A recent study led by scientists at NASA and <a href="https://www.su.se/cmlink/stockholm-university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stockholm University</a> provides intriguing insights into this vast permafrost region.



The study meticulously accounts for where and how greenhouse gases are making their escape as the Arctic warms up. 



The researchers discovered that, between 2000 and 2020, emissions from the land nearly overshadowed the carbon dioxide absorbed by it.



The permafrost region, thus, is increasingly contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-permafrost-thaw-in-alaska-threatens-global-climate-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. This phenomenon is also linked to another greenhouse gas - methane. While not as long-lived as carbon dioxide, methane can pack quite a punch within its short lifetime, trapping heat much more effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tipping-the-balance-of-permafrost">Tipping the balance of permafrost</h2>



Abhishek Chatterjee is a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>) in Southern California and a co-author of the study.



"We know that the permafrost region has captured and stored carbon for tens of thousands of years,” said Chatterjee.



“But what we are finding now is that climate-driven changes are tipping the balance toward permafrost being a net source of greenhouse gas emissions."



Perhaps the concept of permafrost needs a bit more unpacking. A slice from the core of permafrost unveils layers upon layers of icy soils. These soils are chock-full of dead plant and animal matter, which can be carbon-dated using various techniques.



This is the organic carbon that microbes feed on when permafrost thaws and decomposes, expelling some of it as greenhouse gases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-permafrost-emissions">Tracking permafrost emissions</h2>



Scientists have been using an array of methods to track emissions - from ground-based instruments and aircraft to satellites.



NASA's Arctic-Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (<a href="https://above.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ABoVE</a>) zeroes in on Alaska and western Canada. However, taking measurements across the vast northern expanses is anything but straightforward.



The new study, part of the Global Carbon Project’s RECCAP-2 effort, monitored three greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide - across 7 million square miles of permafrost terrain from 2000 to 2020.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-release-across-arctic-ecosystems">Carbon release across Arctic ecosystems </h2>



The experts found that forests absorbed slightly more carbon dioxide than they released. However, this was largely offset by carbon dioxide emissions from lakes and rivers as well as from forest and tundra fires.



The findings suggest that greenhouse gases contributed to planetary warming over the 20-year period. But over a 100-year timeframe, emissions and absorptions would primarily balance each other out.



Thus, the region has been oscillating between serving as a carbon source and a weak carbon sink.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-complex-picture-has-emerged">A complex picture has emerged</h2>



To reach these conclusions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-exposing-the-dangers-of-melting-permafrost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thawing</a> permafrost and its greenhouse gas emissions, the scientists had to use a combination of methods.



"Bottom-up” methods estimated emissions using ground and air-based measurements as well as ecosystem models, whereas “top-down” methods used atmospheric measurements from satellite sensors, including NASA’s Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and JAXA’s (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite.



“This study is one of the first where we are able to integrate different methods and datasets to put together this very comprehensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-melting-arctic-sea-ice-could-disrupt-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas</a> budget into one report,” Chatterjee said. “It reveals a very complex picture.”



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Thawing permafrost is becoming an enormous source of global warming

A few decades ago, it was established that the farthest...

Did you know that coyotes are among the most successful predators on our continent? These highly adaptive and clever coyotes have made a home on our lands, and their interaction with the environment is a fascinating tale of survival, adaptation, and resilience to hunting.



A recent study led by The University of New Hampshire brings new insights into how native coyotes are navigating different challenges from environmental pressures such as urban expansion, hunting, and competition amongst carnivores.



Surprisingly, their response is rather unanticipated, presenting a counterintuitive relationship with human hunting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-coyote-conundrum">The coyote conundrum</h2>



Remington Moll is an assistant professor of natural resources and the environment at the <a href="https://www.unh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Hampshire</a> and the leading scientist of this study.



"Intensive coyote removal can obviously reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coyotes-can-make-puppy-dog-eyes-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a> in the short term, but removal can also result in younger coyote populations with higher reproduction and immigration rates," explained Moll. 



“In our study, we detected more coyotes in places where hunting was allowed over several years. This suggests that, on average, hunting did not reduce coyote abundance and perhaps even increased it locally in certain areas."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-practices-and-coyotes">Hunting practices and coyotes</h2>



This investigation, one of the largest-scale studies of coyote populations to date, examined the highly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cooperative-hunting-does-not-require-complex-thinking-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex dynamics</a> shaping coyote populations across a diverse range of habitats - from rural to suburban.



The research team relied on data from over 4,500 cameras set up across the country by the Snapshot USA project, combined with satellite-derived habitat metrics, and analyzed using cutting-edge modeling techniques.



This comprehensive approach allowed for an evaluation of various factors such as habitat type, competition with larger carnivores, hunting practices, and suburban expansion on coyote populations. 



The result is a more unobscured understanding of how coyotes respond to multifarious environmental pressures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-of-predators">Interaction of predators</h2>



Roland Kays, a research professor with <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a>’s College of Natural Resources and study co-author, added another interesting dimension to the story.



“Our work suggests that promoting the recovery of large carnivores, especially in certain habitats, is more likely to decrease the number of coyotes than people directly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-interesting-technique-hunt-big-animals-clovis-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting</a> them,” said Kays.



The study discerned that the presence of larger carnivores, such as black bears and pumas, affected coyote numbers in a habitat-specific manner. For example, black bears had a stronger limiting effect on coyotes in forested areas, whereas pumas exerted a similar influence in open environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thriving-coyote-populations">Thriving coyote populations </h2>



Here's the twist - while urban development tends to reduce coyote numbers at local scales due to increased human presence and habitat fragmentation, the story changes with a broader perspective. 



At larger, suburban scales, coyote populations actually thrive. Fragmented habitats and edges offer access to both natural and human-modified resources, proving to be favorable for these intelligent animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coyote-across-the-u-s">Coyote across the U.S.</h2>



Regional variation in coyote populations across the U.S. was another significant finding of the study. 



High numbers have been observed in the southwestern U.S., with comparatively lower populations in the northeast, reflecting the diverse ecological and geographical factors at play.



"Coyotes are the most successful carnivores on the continent. Having spread throughout the eastern United States, coyotes come into regular contact with humans. However, until now, the factors influencing the number of coyotes across suburban, rural and wild landscapes have remained largely unclear," said Moll.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-research">Significance of the research</h2>



This research marks a significant stride in achieving that understanding, underscoring the complexity of coyote survival dynamics and their adaptability in the face of various challenges. 



With this data, scientists can now map out coyote abundance, a tool that could aid both in conservation and coyote management across the country.



Now, what does this mean for you as a citizen? Perhaps the next time you spot a coyote, you'll remember their intricate story of survival from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-hunting-fishing-connect-humans-with-nature-or-reinforce-superiority-complex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting strategies</a> of the world.



Cohabitation with wildlife, like coyotes, is a part of our world that deserves to be understood, valued, and protected. Can we imagine a world where we live harmoniously with our wild neighbors? Only time will tell.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ecog.07390" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecography</a>.



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Hunting coyotes actually boosts their numbers

Did you know that coyotes are among the most successful...

In the 1990s, a Japanese scientist, Shigeyuki Yamato, noticed an unusual species of shrimp swimming around in local intertidal waters. It was striking because it had unique black-and-white coloration, similar to the coat of the iconic giant panda. 



Decades later, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-deep-sea-crustacean-species-discovered-in-the-bahamas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a> has been officially named and introduced to science as Melita panda, the newest melitid amphipod. Its recognition highlights the importance of dedicated research and the fact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a> still holds many surprises for those who look carefully.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-crustacean-discovery">The journey of crustacean discovery</h2>



Before its unique coloring gave the Melita panda its name, there were already 63 recognized species of Melita <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-crustaceans-prey-on-jellyfish-to-survive-the-polar-night/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphipods</a>, with 16 of them found in Japan.



Researchers Ko Tomikawa, from <a href="https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en/gshs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hiroshima University's Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences</a>, and Hiroyuki Ariyama, from the Osaka Museum of Natural History, returned to the intertidal waters of Wakayama Prefecture where the original specimen had been found. 



There, they collected significant numbers of the black-and-white amphipods for detailed morphological and genetic analyses. These studies confirmed that the small, shrimp-like crustacean is indeed a new species.



The researchers suggest that there may be many more unidentified and undescribed species of Melita amphipods in Japan's coastal waters.



"Study on the amphipod Crustacea in the coastal zone of Japan is lagging behind," said Tomikawa. 



"In order to accurately assess species diversity, taxonomic studies are necessary. We hope the discovery of a new species of amphipod with the familiar coloring of the panda pattern will increase the public's interest in biodiversity and taxonomy."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melita-panda-a-tribute-to-species-taxonomy">Melita panda: A tribute to species taxonomy</h2>



In reality, our understanding of the world's species diversity, especially in marine ecosystems, is still in its infancy. Identification is an essential step in understanding the biological and conservation needs of species all over the world.



"Despite the fact that biodiversity conservation is a global issue, species diversity and other aspects of biodiversity are still not fully understood," said Tomikawa.



"As a first step toward species conservation, we conducted a taxonomic study of amphipod Crustacea, which boasts high species diversity around Japan."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-melita-panda">Understanding Melita panda</h2>



The researchers conducted detailed morphological studies of the physical characteristics of body parts in the crustacean to ascertain their differences from other melitid amphipods. 



Unlike other familiar crustaceans, M. panda individuals are very small. The first male specimen collected was a mere 0.2 in (6 mm), with females being even smaller. 



The panda-like pattern was found to consist of black markings on a body that was white. The antennae, sides, head and posterior abdomen were all black, while the rest of the body was white.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-differences-in-melita-panda">Distinctive differences in Melita panda </h2>



The researchers also used nuclear and mitochondrial genes for phylogenetic analysis, hoping to gain deeper insights into the species' evolutionary relationships with other crustaceans and how it fits within the broader family tree.



Melita panda was found to be closely related to two other Melita amphipods, namely M. nagatai and M. koreana.



What clearly sets Melita panda apart from the other two species, however, are its distinctive coloring and its physical differences.



Melita panda boasts unique gnathopods - claws extending from the second thoracic segment - that are positioned more forward than in the other Melita amphipods.



It also features unique setae - bristles that look like hairs. These three species together form a monophyletic group, meaning that they share a common evolutionary ancestor, M. hoshinoi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-lies-ahead-for-crustacean-research">What lies ahead for crustacean research</h2>



As the researchers continue to study this newest Melita, they're optimistic about what lies ahead.



"Hopefully, a detailed study of the ecology and behavior of Melita panda will reveal the reason for its panda pattern," said Tomikawa. 



But, the research doesn't end with Melita panda. Tomikawa noted that further taxonomic studies on amphipods in uninvestigated areas are expected to lead to the discovery of additional new species. 



"Continued taxonomic studies are expected to elucidate the biodiversity in the coastal environments of the Japanese archipelago and provide important basic data for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pronghorn-lessons-conservation-crucial-preventing-species-extinctions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species conservation</a>."



These discoveries remind us of just how much we have yet to learn about the biodiversity that surrounds us.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/128858/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a>.



Image Credit: Ko Tomikawa/Hiroshima University



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Meet Melita panda: The black-and-white crustacean shrimp

In the 1990s, a Japanese scientist, Shigeyuki Yamato, noticed an...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...