Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp;



In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp;



Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata) setting the record with a genome size over 50 times larger than that of humans.



This diversity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> size reveals the vast variety of life forms on Earth, but it also raises a fascinating question: If smaller genomes lead to faster, more efficient growth, why do some species have larger genomes?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-smaller-genome-sizes">Advantages of smaller genome sizes</h2>



The replication of DNA is essential for cell production and growth, making smaller genomes more efficient as they require fewer resources and time to replicate.&nbsp;



Smaller genomes demand fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a>, especially the DNA-building elements nitrogen and phosphorus, making them ideal for rapid growth and reproduction.



Because of these advantages, it’s not surprising that most species have evolved with relatively small genomes.&nbsp;



However, large genomes persist in some organisms, suggesting that these genomes may confer certain benefits in specific environments, where the costs of carrying extra DNA are outweighed by unique growth advantages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-large-genome-benefits-in-grasses">Exploring large genome benefits in grasses</h2>



A research team led by the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a> has recently studied the potential benefits of large genomes in grass species. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-circles-kill-all-newly-planted-grasses-deepening-their-mystery/">Grasses</a>, a vast plant family found worldwide from arctic tundras to tropical savannas, vary in genome size, making them an ideal group to examine how genome size affects growth in different conditions.



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20150" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>, examined the growth of various grass species under conditions mimicking their natural environments - high temperatures, low nutrients, and drought. 



The scientists compared growth rates to each species’ genome size and observed that while grasses with smaller genomes generally grew better across most conditions, larger genomes provided advantages in two specific scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-genomes-thrive-in-nutrient-rich-environments">Large genomes thrive in nutrient-rich environments</h2>



The first scenario where larger genomes proved beneficial was in nutrient-rich soils. While low nutrient levels slowed down large-genome grasses, those with large genomes thrived in high-nutrient environments.&nbsp;



Here, the extra DNA content meant larger cells that produced more biomass, such as leaves, which allowed these plants to outgrow and overshadow neighbors with smaller genomes.&nbsp;



In nutrient-poor areas, however, the demands of replicating additional DNA outweighed these benefits, making smaller genomes more favorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-seasons-and-genome-sizes">Growing seasons and genome sizes</h2>



The second advantage for large-genome grasses occurred in cooler environments, such as temperate regions with lower growing season temperatures.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-plants-grow-more-branches-and-become-bushy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant growth</a> typically has two stages: cell division, where new cells are generated, and cell expansion, where cells swell with water to help the plant grow taller or spread. 



Cool temperatures significantly slow down cell division, but they have less impact on cell expansion.&nbsp;



Consequently, grasses with larger cells, which accompany large genomes, can expand more rapidly by cell enlargement even in cooler weather, outpacing smaller-genome plants that rely on faster cell division in warmer temperatures.



This cell expansion process explains the early spring growth of plants like daffodils and bluebells, which also have large genomes.&nbsp;



These plants perform much of their cell division in warmer months, allowing them to use cell expansion to grow quickly in early spring, well before smaller-genome plants begin to compete for light and nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-diversity">Genome size diversity</h2>



The diversity in genome sizes among grasses may be one reason for their global success, as it allows them to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.&nbsp;



While smaller genomes typically support efficient growth, larger genomes offer unique advantages in specific environments, enabling certain species to thrive where others cannot.&nbsp;



This genetic diversity in grasses underscores the importance of variation in supporting species’ survival and adaptability across ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-and-evolutionary-success">Genome size and evolutionary success</h2>



The relationship between genome size and survival is not limited to plants. Our own medium-sized genome has supported humanity’s adaptability, though we don’t face the same nutrient limitations as stationary plants.&nbsp;



Unlike grasses, humans can move to seek out food and resources, which may allow us to bear the metabolic costs associated with our DNA without significant limitation.&nbsp;



This mobility highlights how different species leverage their genetic make-up in conjunction with unique behaviors and environmental interactions to thrive across diverse habitats.



In summary, the role of genome size in evolutionary success is nuanced and complex.&nbsp;



From the efficient replication of small genomes to the adaptability enabled by larger ones, genome size continues to shape the ecological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-forests-proving-resilient-both-climate-change-human-actions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a> and global distribution of life on Earth.



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How does genome size impact evolutionary success?

Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp; In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp; Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata)...

A new report warns that six of Earth's nine planetary boundaries have already been breached, with a seventh approaching its limit. The trend is clear: we are heading towards further boundary transgressions. 



While crossing these thresholds may not cause sudden changes overnight, they signal a growing risk of destabilizing our planet’s life-support functions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-planetary-health-check-nbsp">The Planetary Health Check&nbsp;</h2>



The <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/institute/departments/earth-system-analysis/research/pbscience" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Boundaries Science</a> (PBScience) initiative, led by Johan Rockström, director of the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK), has recently introduced the Planetary Health Check (PHC). 



This scientific report and tool assess the health of Earth's vital systems that function as humanity's life support.&nbsp;



Combining cutting-edge Earth science, Earth observation data, and interdisciplinary research, the Planetary Health Check aims to quantify the planet's health and propose solutions to mitigate the damage caused by human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-update-on-the-health-of-our-planet">Crucial update on the health of our planet</h2>



The Planetary Health Check is part of the first-ever <a href="https://www.planetaryhealthcheck.org/storyblok-cdn/f/301438/x/03be75c484/planetaryhealthcheck2024_report.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Health Check Report</a>, marking a pivotal step in global efforts to safeguard Earth's stability and resilience. This report, set to be published annually, serves as a crucial update on the health of the planet, offering valuable insights for stakeholders worldwide.



Environmental issues such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, biodiversity loss, and pollution are often treated separately, but these problems are interconnected and collectively impact both planetary and human health. 



The PHC report compiles the latest scientific data on the Planetary Boundary processes, pinpoints the root causes of these issues, and highlights how these processes are interrelated. It emphasizes the importance of adopting a holistic, “whole Earth” approach, to safeguard humanity’s future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-planetary-boundaries-nbsp">What are planetary boundaries?&nbsp;</h2>



Planetary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-exceeded-six-of-nine-planetary-boundaries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boundaries</a> refer to nine essential Earth system processes - including climate change, biosphere integrity, and ocean acidification - that regulate the planet's life support systems. 



These boundaries define a “safe operating space” within which humanity can thrive while maintaining a stable and resilient Earth.&nbsp;



When a boundary is crossed, the risk of permanently damaging Earth’s critical functions rises, along with the possibility of reaching tipping points that could trigger irreversible changes.&nbsp;



“Our updated diagnosis shows that vital organs of the Earth system are weakening, leading to a loss of resilience and rising risks of crossing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-still-prevent-critical-climate-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping points</a>,” said Levke Caesar, PIK Scientist, Co-Lead of PBScience, and one of the report’s lead authors.



“Six of the nine planetary boundaries are transgressed, put into context in the report by high-resolution spatial maps of local and regional trends for all nine boundaries.”&nbsp;



“The message is clear: local actions impact the planet, and a planet under pressure can impact everyone, everywhere. Securing human wellbeing, economic development, and stable societies requires a holistic approach where the protection of the planet takes center stage.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-health-of-our-planet">Protecting the health of our planet</h2>



The Planetary Health Check represents a major step forward in translating scientific understanding into actionable measures to guide global development.&nbsp;



Rockström noted that we have known for some time that we are weakening the planet’s resilience. 



“This scientific update shows that, irrespective of what scale we operate on, all actions need to consider impacts at the planetary scale. Stewardship of the planet is necessary in all sectors of the economy and in societies, for security, prosperity, and equity,” said Rockström.&nbsp;



“The overall diagnosis is that the patient, Planet Earth, is in critical condition. Six of nine Planetary Boundaries are transgressed. Seven PB processes show a trend of increasing pressure so that we will soon see the majority of the Planetary Health Check parameters in the high-risk zone.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immediate-action-is-needed">Immediate action is needed</h2>



Boris Sakschewski, co-lead of PBScience and the lead author of the report, emphasized the need for immediate action.



“When we look at the trends of Earth’s health indicators, we see that soon the majority of them will be in the high-risk zone. We need to reverse this trend,” said Sakschewski.



“By gaining a deeper understanding of the system, we will identify those actions that most effectively reduce or counteract humanity’s impacts as we urgently need to return to the safe operating space.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indigenous-knowledge-can-guide-earth-s-recovery">Indigenous knowledge can guide Earth's recovery</h2>



An essential future goal of PBScience is to incorporate Indigenous knowledge into the Planetary Health Check.&nbsp;



Indigenous Peoples have lived in close connection with the planet for millennia, developing methods to sustainably manage natural resources and live in harmony with the environment. Their expertise is critical to crafting holistic solutions to address humanity’s impact on Earth’s health.



“As industry has accelerated, Indigenous Peoples have seen their homes degraded and destroyed. It is imperative that this decline is reversed,” said Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, Chair of the Planetary Guardians and expert in Indigenous adaptation to climate change.



“With the Planetary Health Check, we can begin to illuminate this path while also sharing the deep knowledge of Indigenous Peoples when it comes to identifying solutions. We can live a legacy of an even better world for future generations to thrive in partnership with Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-comprehensive-assessment-of-planetary-health">A comprehensive assessment of planetary health</h2>



The Planetary Health Check provides a comprehensive and holistic assessment of the planet's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbearable-heat-could-make-some-parts-of-the-world-uninhabitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>, serving as a guiding framework for decision-makers, whether they are governments, corporations, multilateral organizations, or individuals. 



With the support of diverse partners, the PHC will evolve into a “mission-control center” for Earth, utilizing the latest satellite data, artificial intelligence, Indigenous knowledge, and modern science.&nbsp;



Ultimately, the Planetary Health Check will help guide urgent global actions and support the development of long-term plans to bring humanity back into the safe operating space for a thriving future.



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Most of Earth's 'safe' planetary boundaries have been breached

A new report warns that six of Earth's nine planetary...

In a world continuously shaped by rapid technological advancements, the demand for specific metals, known as rare earth elements, is skyrocketing. Industries are racing to keep up with the growing need for high-performance materials.



These elements, integral to modern life, are used in smartphones, flat-screen TVs, and powerful magnets. Rare earth metals also play a critical role in the production of electric vehicles, cutting-edge medical devices, and renewable energy technologies like wind turbines.



A new study reveals that these crucial elements might be hiding in places we least expected, buried deep within Earth's geological past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-treasures-in-unlikely-places">Hidden treasures in unlikely places</h2>



Unlocking hidden reserves of rare earth metals could revolutionize the way we source the materials essential to a greener and more sustainable future.



Ironically, the answer lies not in our future but in our geological past – within the heart of extinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanoes-stabilize-temperatures-at-earths-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a>.



According to research from <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/">The Australian National University (ANU)</a> and the <a href="https://english.ucas.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, extinct volcanoes are likely to be an abundant source of rare earth elements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untapped-resources-of-rare-earth-metals">Untapped resources of rare earth metals</h2>



The concentrated presence of these metals in ancient volcanic rocks could simplify the extraction process, making it more efficient and less environmentally damaging.



This discovery could also lead to the identification of other untapped sources of these crucial materials around the world.



Dr. Michael Anenburg from ANU emphasized that the iron-rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crystals-from-earths-magma-ocean-found-in-greenland-rocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magma</a> within extinct volcanoes is far more efficient at concentrating rare earth elements.



"The iron-rich magma that solidified to form some extinct volcanoes is up to a hundred times more efficient at concentrating rare earth metals than the magmas that commonly erupt from <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/mount-aso-the-largest-active-volcano-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">active volcanoes</a>," said Dr. Anenburg.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-puzzle-of-iron-rich-magma">The puzzle of iron-rich magma</h2>



Unlike active volcanoes, the iron-rich magma stored in extinct volcanoes has never been observed erupting.



“We have never seen an iron-rich magma erupt from an active volcano, but we know some extinct volcanoes, which are millions of years old, had this enigmatic type of eruption,” noted Dr. Anenburg.



The team’s findings suggest that global sites like El Laco in Chile may harbor these rare earth elements, offering new avenues for exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-environments-with-rare-earth-metals">Volcanic environments with rare earth metals </h2>



The research provides crucial insights into how certain volcanic environments promote the concentration of these metals, which could have been missed in previous geological surveys.



The research also raises the possibility that extinct volcanoes worldwide may hold similarly rich deposits.



To validate their theory, the researchers simulated volcanic eruptions in the lab. Using rocks similar to those found in extinct volcanoes, the experts subjected the samples to extreme heat and pressure.



The simulations revealed an abundance of rare earth elements embedded in iron-rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-crushed-volcanic-rocks-to-the-soil-on-farms-can-help-sequester-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic rocks</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greener-future-with-rare-earth-metals">Greener future with rare earth metals</h2>



With <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-renewable-energy-capacity-will-take-a-record-leap-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> technologies booming, the demand for rare earth elements is projected to more than quadruple by 2030. This increasing demand is driven by the growing need for electric vehicles and clean energy infrastructure.



As the global shift toward cleaner energy intensifies, rare earth elements will play an even more vital role in the production of electric vehicles, wind turbines, and other sustainable technologies. 



Despite the potential abundance of rare earth elements, efficient extraction remains a significant obstacle.



“Rare earth elements aren’t that rare. They are similar in abundance to lead and copper. But breaking down and extracting these metals from the minerals they reside in is challenging and expensive,” explained Dr. Anenburg. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capitalizing-on-earth-s-natural-resources">Capitalizing on Earth's natural resources </h2>



Regions like China, Sweden, and Australia possess large deposits of these metals. Australia, with its vast resources at Mount Weld and sites near Dubbo and Alice Springs, has the potential to play a key role in supplying these metals to meet growing demand.



“Australia has an opportunity to become a major player in the clean energy space by capitalizing on its abundance of rare earth resources," said Dr. Anenburg.



This extensive research was led by Shengchao Yan from the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.



The study is published in the journal here.&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2436" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochemical Perspectives Letters</a>.



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Extinct volcanoes may hold rare earth metals to power our future

In a world continuously shaped by rapid technological advancements, the...

Honey bees, the diligent workers of fields and gardens, face three major threats - nutritional stress, viral infections, and pesticide exposure. 



In a new study conducted at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, researchers have intricately dissected this interconnected network of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stressors</a>. Their discovery? Good nutrition boosts honey bee resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-bees-stress-and-nutrition">Honey bees, stress, and nutrition</h2>



“Multiple stressors are often bad for survival,” said graduate student&nbsp;Edward Hsieh, who led the research Professor&nbsp;Adam Dolezal.



“However, it is always context-dependent, and you have to be aware of all these factors when you’re trying to make broad statements about how interactive effects affect honey bees.”



According to Hsieh, most scientific studies focus on just one or two factors at a time. Some may explore the mashup of poor nutrition and pesticide exposure, while others may investigate the union of pesticides and viral infections.



Yet, none have explored how all three stressors together may impact honey bee populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-mix-of-pesticides">Complex mix of pesticides</h2>



Even understanding how bees respond to all of the agricultural chemicals they encounter is a complicated task, said Professor Dolezal.



“Some insecticides will work better against some insects than others, but they tend to be more lethal than fungicides or herbicides. Some fungicides, however, are known to make insecticides more toxic to insects," explained Professor Dolezal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposing-bees-to-chemicals-and-viruses">Exposing bees to chemicals and viruses</h2>



For the investigation, caged bees were exposed to different combinations of dietary, viral, and chemical treatments.



The agricultural pesticides used were chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate; lambda-cyhalothrin, a pyrethroid; and thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid.



The bees were also exposed to the Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus, one of several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-spread-viruses-to-bumblebees-in-the-spring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> implicated in the global decline of honey bee colonies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-honey-bee-nutrition">The role of honey bee nutrition</h2>



The experiments led to some surprising results. For example, if <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-spread-viruses-to-bumblebees-in-the-spring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> were fed artificial pollen and exposed to the virus and pesticide, they died in large numbers. However, when the artificial pollen was replaced with natural pollen, the results were very different.



On the natural pollen diet, virus-exposed bees still faced higher mortality. But if they were also exposed to a mixture of chlorpyrifos and a fungicide, surprisingly fewer of them died.



According to Professor Dolezal, it's as if the bees have an inherent ability to deal with stress, but only if they have the nutritional resources to do so.



The researchers emphasized that this doesn't mean that chemical exposures are harmless. The findings do not advocate careless use of pesticides. It all depends on the chemical - different pesticides have different molecular targets and exert different effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-quality-habitats">High-quality habitats</h2>



The study confirms that creating and maintaining high-quality prairie habitats near agricultural sites can enhance bee resilience.



These habitats are not an “ecological trap,” enticing bees with flowers only to poison them with agricultural chemicals.



According to Dolezal, the study showed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-can-sniff-out-lung-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are quite resilient even to the interaction of pesticides and viruses if they have good nutrition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-provides-a-buffer">Genetic diversity provides a buffer</h2>



In the quest to enhance bee resilience, genetic diversity emerges as a critical factor. The research indicates that colonies with a greater diversity of worker genotypes tend to exhibit more adaptable responses to stressors. 



This diversity can buffer against the impact of various threats, providing a genetic toolbox that helps honey bee populations withstand nutritional deficiencies, infections, and pesticide exposures. 



By maintaining or even bolstering this genetic diversity, either through selective breeding or preservation of natural wild populations, researchers and conservationists can potentially enhance the adaptability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-poses-a-challenge-to-the-survival-of-honey-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a> of bees amidst increasing environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-agricultural-practices">Implications for agricultural practices</h2>



The insights gained from this study have profound implications for agricultural practices. 



Farmers and land managers can adopt bee-friendly approaches, which involve minimizing pesticide applications, selecting compounds with the least potential harm to bees, and timing applications to avoid periods of high bee activity.



Furthermore, incorporating diverse floral resources in agricultural areas can provide essential nutritional supplements to bees.



These sustainable practices not only safeguard bee populations but also benefit agricultural productivity by ensuring the continued provision of pollination services critical for many crops. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrition-and-honey-bee-resilience">Nutrition and honey bee resilience</h2>



One thing stands clear – while good nutrition can boost honey bee resilience, it is not a get-out-of-jail-free card for pesticide use. In almost all cases, pesticides (alone or in conjunction with viruses) are harmful to bees.



But in our battle to increase bee resilience, high-quality habitats play a significant role. As Hsieh pointed out, it's gratifying to know that we can help the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-need-a-balanced-diet-for-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> out, at least a little, by providing them a good habitat.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724052756?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>.



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Good nutrition is key to honey bee survival

Honey bees, the diligent workers of fields and gardens, face...

Pop quiz... what is a product that people around the world buy millions of, every minute of every day? If your answer was bottled water, pat yourself on the back -- and then worry. 



This seemingly innocuous, everyday act is causing a tidal wave of concern among population health experts globally.



Why? Because the implications of bottled water consumption are far-reaching, affecting not just our health but also our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-emissions-now-measured-using-global-standard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mother Earth herself</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bottled-water-as-a-personal-preference">Bottled water as a personal preference</h2>



Safe tap water is not a luxury for the majority of us. 



Yet, we forsake it for bottled water. Even more startling is the plight of two billion people worldwide without safe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-a-crucial-role-in-clean-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a> who are reliant on bottled water for hydration. 



The reasons behind this are convenience and a misplaced belief, mostly fueled by aggressive industry propaganda, that bottled water is superior to tap water. 



But how true is this belief?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-of-bottled-water">Safety of bottled water</h2>



Bottled water is in no way safer than tap water, assert medical sleuths from <a href="https://qatar-weill.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weill Cornell Medicine</a> in Qatar. The logic is simple yet overlooked.



Bottled water does not undergo the rigorous quality checks that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/too-much-fluoride-in-tap-water-supply-might-lower-kids-iq-by-few-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tap water</a> does. It also comes with a side effect -- the possibility of chemical leakage from the plastic bottles it's stored in, especially if stored for long periods or exposed to sunlight and high temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-really-in-your-bottled-water">What's really in your bottled water?</h2>



Bottled water might be clearer in appearance than its counterparts, but it houses a murky secret – a startling 10-78% of samples were found to contain pollutants. 



The villains? Microplastics, dubbed as endocrine disruptors, and other malevolent substances like phthalates and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bisphenol A (BPA)</a>.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> can disrupt body functions and cause oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and blood fat level changes. 



BPA exposure has been linked to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity, all of which typically surface later in life.



Our estimates about the long-term impacts of these contaminants are still a work in progress, warns the study author. Add to this mix the possibility of microplastics infiltrating the food chain, and we're in for worrying times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-better-option-tap-water">The better option: Tap water</h2>



Choosing tap water doesn't just benefit your health. It's an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">act of environmental responsibility</a>. 



Plastic bottles are the second most common pollutant in the ocean, accounting for 12% of total plastic waste.



Of these, only a dismal 9% are recycled globally. 



The rest find their way into landfills, incinerators, and low-and-middle-income countries' waste management systems, putting a spotlight over issues of social justice and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-single-use-plastic-harms-earth">How single-use plastic harms Earth</h2>



Single-use plastics are items made from plastic that are designed to be used once and then thrown away. These include things like plastic bags, straws, bottles, cutlery, and packaging materials. 



We often use them for convenience in our daily lives, such as drinking water in plastic bottles, without considering their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term impact</a>.



When we discard single-use plastics, they often end up polluting our environment. They litter our streets, clog landfills, and pollute oceans where they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harm marine life</a>. Animals can mistake plastic for food or become entangled in it, leading to injury or death. 



As these plastics break down, they become microplastics that contaminate soil and water, eventually entering the food chain and affecting our health. 



By relying on disposable plastics, we contribute to environmental degradation and risk the well-being of our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avoiding-bottled-water">Avoiding bottled water</h2>



Despite steps being taken to promote tap water use in public spaces and restaurants and to contain the scourge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use plastics</a>, our experts call for more action.



Emphasis is on government interventions and educational campaigns to bring about a perceptual change in public behavior. 



The message to drive home? Tap water is not just safe but is also an act of environmental stewardship.



Collectively, the accumulated evidence underscores the critical role of government interventions and educational campaigns in shifting public perception and behavior. 



"These campaigns should highlight the environmental stewardship and health benefits of choosing tap water, effectively driving a cultural change towards more sustainable consumption practices,”  the authors suggest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-innovations">Technological innovations </h2>



Bottled water's reign may be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collecting-water-from-the-air-to-tackle-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overthrown by technology</a>. Innovations like water filtration systems and portable purifiers give individuals the power to sip safe water, minus the reliance on plastic bottles. 



Research into the creation of eco-friendly alternatives to plastic presents a promising future. 



Furthermore, investment in and development of smart water systems could rebuild public trust in tap water's safety and quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-to-take-stock-and-do-something">Time to take stock and do something</h2>



The mounting health, financial, and environmental toll associated with bottled water is alarming. The need to reassess this issue is dire, especially in low-and-middle-income countries where investing in safe drinking water infrastructure could be pivotal.



“The reliance on [bottled water] incurs significant health, financial and environmental costs, calling for an urgent re-evaluation of its widespread use,” they implored.



Governments must urgently confront these issues, including those in low and middle income countries where there is a pressing need for them to invest in safe drinking water infrastructure.



“By prioritizing tap water consumption, we can collectively address the multifaceted challenges posed by [bottled water] and embrace tap water as a cornerstone of environmental responsibility and public health," the authors concluded.



In choosing tap water over bottled water, we take a step towards environmental responsibility and safeguard public health. 



Our collective efforts can tackle the problems that bottled water poses head-on, reaffirming tap water as a symbol of progressive, sustainable living.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015226" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMJ Global Health</a>.



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Bottled water has become a global scourge, wreaking environmental havoc

Pop quiz... what is a product that people around the...

When it comes to the world of flowering plants, one family dominates when it comes to diversity -- the Asteraceae family.



Boasting around 34,000 species under its umbrella, this family of flowering plants wins the spot for the most varied group of its kind worldwide. 



In recent times, an international team of scientists, which includes experts from the University of Göttingen, set out to explore the rich world of Asteraceae.&nbsp;



By compiling and analyzing a novel and comprehensive global database, these researchers were able to trace the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-of-life-created-for-flowering-plants-using-400-million-specimens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestral paths</a> and current distribution of all Asteraceae species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteraceae-speciation-on-island-shores">Asteraceae speciation on island shores</h2>



One would naturally expect to find a unique blend of flora and fauna on remote islands. In this vein, Asteraceae has a remarkable presence on several far-flung islands, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galapagos-penguins-at-risk-in-polluted-food-web/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galápagos</a>, Mauritius, and Polynesia.



The family brings together a fascinating range of flowering plant species, from the diversified genus Bidens that adorn the Pacific islands to the rare and enchanting silverswords of Hawai'i.&nbsp;



Not to forget the giant Scalesia trees that hold court on the Galápagos Islands. The biodiversity they bring to these islands makes Asteraceae a shining beacon of natural variety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asteraceae-biodiversity-puzzle">Asteraceae biodiversity puzzle</h2>



While the Asteraceae family is known for its island <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-are-picky-when-choosing-their-mate-for-fertilization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a>, until recently, it wasn't entirely clear where these plants fit into the broader context of planet Earth. 



That's where the global database painstakingly put together by botany and evolutionary biology researchers comes in.



Their efforts have illuminated the existence of over 6,000 Asteraceae species that are native to islands, with an astounding 60% exclusive to these landmasses.&nbsp;



This astonishing discovery confirms long-held ecology and evolution theories about larger, isolated islands being home to a wealth of unique species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-flowering-plants">Survival of flowering plants</h2>



While the diversity of the Asteraceae family on islands is a marvel in itself, there's a more poignant aspect to this tale.&nbsp;



Many of these unique species are often teetering on the brink of extinction, their existence hanging by a thread -- making the need to study and protect them ever more critical.



"Asteraceae provides a treasure trove of information to help researchers understand why and how new species evolve in the most remote environments in the world," says Professor Holger Kreft, head of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-prefer-flowers-with-large-bullseyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, macroecology and biogeography at the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-speciation">Decoding speciation</h2>



The researchers' deep dive into the world of Asteraceae didn't just stop at identifying the unique species found on islands. 



They also came across dozens of possible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-and-zinnia-can-thrive-in-polluted-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">speciation events</a> -- instances where new species evolve from a common ancestor -- that could have occurred on islands in the recent past.



The sheer number of these likely speciation events struck the research team.&nbsp;



"Botanists have long suspected that Asteraceae has evolved in remarkable ways on islands, but our study shows that the extent of evolutionary innovation in this family may be much greater than previously thought," says first author Lizzie Roeble of <a href="https://www.naturalis.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a> in Leiden, the Netherlands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-the-flowering-plants">Preserving the flowering plants</h2>



It's clear from these findings that the Asteraceae family is not only a treasure trove of botanical diversity and knowledge but also a glaring warning sign about the precarious balance of nature.&nbsp;



These plants play a pivotal role in their respective ecosystems, serving as a source of food for a myriad of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and birds.



These findings underline the importance of preserving this group of plants for the future of our world. This way, they can continue to bloom, grow and evolve in the most strikingly remote areas on our beautiful planet.



In conclusion, isn't it remarkable how much we can learn from the world of flowers? It's evident that the dynamic Asteraceae family, with its bevvy of species that have evolved, adapted, and thrived over time, and across islands, offers us priceless insights into the intricate and awe-inspiring dance of evolution.&nbsp;



So, next time you come across a humble flowering plant, remember -- there's much more to it than what meets the eye.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51556-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Asteraceae is the world's most diverse flowering plant family

When it comes to the world of flowering plants, one...

Until a few years ago, the butterfly species known as the southern small white (Pieris mannii) was seldom seen north of the Alps. That was before the butterfly underwent a Europe-wide expansion, significantly increasing its range.&nbsp;



However, this rapid spread has come at the cost of a marked decline in genetic diversity within the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expansion-of-the-small-southern-white-butterfly-nbsp">Expansion of the small southern white butterfly&nbsp;</h2>



Zoologist Daniel Berner from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a> said it took some time before he realized a non-native butterfly species had established itself in his garden. Then, all of a sudden, Pieris mannii - with its four-centimeter wingspan and white wings marked with large black spots - was seemingly everywhere.



Until recently, the southern small white - which is mainly native to Mediterranean areas - had small, isolated populations in Switzerland, particularly in Valais and Ticino. 



However, around 2005, the butterfly began migrating north and east, and it has now been observed as far as the North Sea and the Czech Republic.



The experts report that the butterfly's expansion has resulted in a considerable reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-asexual-ants-maintain-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a>. 



“We found that, as it invaded, the southern small white standardized local populations of its own species,” Berner explained.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterfly-expansion-and-genetic-diversity">Butterfly expansion and genetic diversity</h2>



Working with researchers from the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a> and the <a href="https://www.senckenberg.de/en/institutes/senckenberg-german-entomological-institute-muencheberg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Senckenberg German Entomological Institute</a>, Berner explored the impact of the butterfly's spread on genetic diversity within its species.



The researchers compared the genetic makeup of newly caught butterflies with older museum specimens, which were collected before the species’ expansion began.&nbsp;



The analysis revealed that the genetic composition of the studied local populations had significantly changed, with much of the original genetic variation being replaced by the genes of the expanding population.



“If we hadn’t made the comparison with the museum specimens, we wouldn’t have spotted this genetic change,” Berner said.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-causing-the-butterfly-expansion">What is causing the butterfly expansion?</h2>



To conduct their analysis, the team used specimens from the collection of the <a href="https://www.nmbe.ch/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum of Bern</a>, which included an extensive assortment of Pieris mannii collected by lepidopterist Heiner Ziegler over the years.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-expansion-linked-to-global-decline-of-wild-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urbanization</a> has played a crucial role in the butterfly's rapid spread. Interestingly, the southern small white does not typically travel long distances. 



This butterfly tends to remain within a small radius of its birthplace, where its caterpillars’ food plants, such as arugula and especially candytuft, thrive. These plants are commonly found in gardens in urban areas, which has facilitated the butterfly’s expansion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-up-populations-quickly">Building up populations quickly?</h2>



Additionally, the southern small white produces five or six generations each year, unlike many other butterfly species that only have one.&nbsp;



“This species can therefore quickly build up large populations in a newly settled area, favoring the settlement of new land over large distances,” Berner explained.&nbsp;



He added that the species is likely to continue spreading as long as its food plants remain available. “In any case, butterfly researchers in England are just waiting to spot the first one.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-nbsp">Implications for conservation&nbsp;</h2>



The southern small white’s expansion brings both positive and negative implications for conservation.&nbsp;



On the one hand, since the butterfly thrives primarily in human-modified environments, it is not expected to compete heavily with native species. Additionally, the increase in the butterfly’s population reduces its risk of extinction.&nbsp;



However, this comes at the cost of losing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterfly-genome-has-barely-changed-after-250-million-years-of-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a> that had developed over millennia. 



“Although it’s the fate of living things that some local groups can die out, what’s special about the situation facing the southern small white is that the loss of original population diversity accompanies expansion of the built environment - and is therefore caused by humans,” Berner remarked.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-questions-remain">Many questions remain</h2>



Researchers are still unsure why the southern small white has expanded so rapidly, or where the expansion began.&nbsp;



“Presumably, nothing fundamentally new has happened on the side of the butterfly. So far, we haven’t found signs of major genetic change in the expansive population, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-and-moths-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> doesn’t appear to play a key role in the situation,” explained Berner. 



Although the exact reasons for this expansion remain unclear, the team suspects that the process may have originated in eastern France.



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Butterfly's rapid expansion led to lower genetic diversity 

Until a few years ago, the butterfly species known as...

Just a few decades ago, mentioning "dinosaurs with feathers" in a crowd of scientists would have garnered you some strange looks. 



Fast forward to present day, it's common knowledge that feathers evolved in many dinosaur species, as archaeologists have unearthed dozens of dinosaurs adorned with feathers and feather-like body coverings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-and-how-did-dinosaurs-evolve-feathers">Why and how did dinosaurs evolve feathers?</h2>



Dinosaurs evolved feathers primarily for insulation and temperature regulation, a fascinating adaptation that showcases the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-flight-feathers-may-reveal-which-dinosaurs-could-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complexity of evolutionary processes</a>.



Early feathers likely resembled simple filaments or downy structures, which assisted small theropod dinosaurs in maintaining body heat, particularly in cooler environments or during climate fluctuations.



This insulation would have been especially beneficial for smaller species with a high surface area to volume ratio, enabling them to conserve energy and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robopteryx-dinosaur-feather-secrets-revealed-by-a-robot-dinosaur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thrive in diverse habitats</a>.



Beyond thermal advantages, feathers also played a crucial role in display and communication. Could elaborate plumage have been a means to attract mates, assert dominance, or deter predators through visual signals?



Over time, as these feathers became more complex and specialized, they facilitated additional functions such as aiding in balance and maneuverability, and, in certain lineages, paved the way for the evolution of flight.



Thus, the evolution of feathers stands as a multifaceted process driven by various selective pressures, highlighting that their significance extends well beyond the need for flight alone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-avian-dinosaurs-with-feathers">Non-avian dinosaurs with feathers</h2>



The first non-avian dinosaur with feathers is named <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-expression-of-a-single-gene-can-turn-scales-into-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sinosauropteryx</a>. This species was a small carnivore, sporting a coat of wispy fuzz, and red-white stripes that enabled it to melt into the undergrowth.



Another feathered species, Yutyrannus, was a flightless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dinosaur-collagen-survived-the-test-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> no less fearsome than its flighted counterparts.



Swathed in feathery fuzz from head to tail, Yutyrannus reminds us that feathers weren't just for show or flight; they also functioned as insulation to control body temperature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feathers-not-high-flyer-exclusive">Feathers not high flyer-exclusive</h2>



What happens when you take flight out of the equation? Well, feathers don't disappear. Step forth, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feathered-dinosaurs-had-scaly-skin-like-modern-day-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psittacosaurus</a>, and strut your bristle-like structures.



Present only on the tail and dramatically long, their purpose remains a puzzle. But who wouldn't recognize unique, lengthy tail bristles flaring into view?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaurs-with-feathers-and-scales">Dinosaurs with feathers and scales</h2>



Did you know that feathers and scales coexisted on the same dinosaur? Jurassic dinosaur <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/juravenator-germanys-other-feathered-dinosaur-89575057/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juravenator</a>, small enough to fit comfortably in your hand, flaunted both scales and feathers.



It's fascinating to think that feathers began as patchy body coverings before evolving into more extensive displays.



Let's not forget about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-flapping-wings-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caudipteryx</a>, which despite not being <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a>, shows striking similarities. Unable to fly, Caudipteryx's feathered coat was a necessity for life on the ground.



And its tail feathers were the dinosaur equivalent of the peacock's plumage, adding flair to the creature's communication choreography.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainbow-of-feathered-dinosaurs">Rainbow of feathered dinosaurs</h2>



Stunningly, the fossil record presents us with Caihong, a dinosaur so vibrant that its name translates to the word "rainbow." These predators flaunted an iridescent sheen, painting a vivid picture of life in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sasayamagnomus-saegusai-tiny-triceratops-relative-shakes-up-dinosaur-migration-theories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jurassic period</a>.



A star-studded lineup would be incomplete without some mystery. Enter Concavenator -- no feathers found with its skeleton but tell-tale signs on its arm bones indicate partial feathering. 



However, this interpretation remains an ongoing debate among experts.



The fluffy Tianyulong seems to bring more questions than answers. An herbivore not closely related to birds, this dinosaur adds complexity to our understanding of the feathered dinosaur family tree, raising questions: 



Were feathers a common feature among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matching-dinosaur-footprints-on-different-continents-trace-their-global-travels-gondwana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early dinosaurs</a> or were they independently evolved several times?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-feathered-dinosaurs-on-science">Impact of feathered dinosaurs on science</h2>



The discovery of feathered dinosaurs has substantial implications for modern scientific disciplines, particularly evolutionary biology and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study of avian origins</a>.



The existence of feathers among a diverse array of dinosaur species challenges the previously rigid classification of ancient reptiles and birds. 



It opens up discussions about the broader evolutionary advantages and purposes of feathered coverings beyond the ability to fly. 



By examining fossilized feathers, researchers have gained insights into the metabolic rates of these creatures and how they might have regulated their body temperatures. 



This interconnected understanding informs not only the evolutionary history but also provides a window into the climatic and ecological dynamics of prehistoric eras.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artistic-interpretations-and-cultural-impact">Artistic interpretations and cultural impact</h2>



Beyond the scope of scientific research, the concept of feathered dinosaurs has captured the imagination of artists and the public alike, leading to a significant cultural impact. 



Paleontology-inspired artwork has evolved, with depictions now more vividly displaying the feathered grandeur of these prehistoric beings. 



This artistic renaissance inspires books, films, and other media, presenting dinosaurs not merely as scales-and-teeth monstrosities but as creatures of complexity and beauty, akin to the birds we see today. 



Cultural representations showcase the seamless blend of creativity and science, educating audiences about these fascinating feathered ancestors and sparking curiosity in the mysteries of Earth's deep past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-awaiting-discovery">Awaiting discovery</h2>



The paleontological field is abundant with potential future finds. The announcement of Sinosauropteryx three decades ago opened the gates to revelations of feathered dinosaurs that no one anticipated. 



With each new excavation season, we inch closer to understanding whether dinosaurs commonly sported fuzzy adornments or if feathers emerged multiple times.



The beauty of science is its inherent uncertainty, its pending questions. Our understanding is continually evolving, just like the creatures we study. 



Each discovery we make, each dinosaur we unearth, we learn a little bit more. So, as we continue delving into the Mesozoic era's rocks, let's anticipate what feathery secret we may find next.



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Dinosaurs evolved feathers for much more than just flying

Just a few decades ago, mentioning "dinosaurs with feathers" in...

Coral reefs, known as the rainforests of the sea, have been declining worldwide and the situation is grim in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). 



These vibrant underwater ecosystems have seen a staggering 50% drop since the late 90's. However, amidst this environmental crisis, a ray of hope emerges from the unlikeliest of places - the mesophotic zone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mesophotic-mystery">The mesophotic mystery</h2>



This zone, ranging from 100 to 500 feet deep, has been relatively untouched by human exploration. 



These deep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral ecosystems</a> possess the potential for resilience amidst anthropogenic stressors due to their isolated existence and depth. 



Moreover, they often act as refuges for depth-generalist species by providing viable larvae to shallow reefs affected by various disturbances.



In the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, mesophotic corals have been spared the destruction caused by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-patterns-influence-coral-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching</a> and stony coral tissue loss disease. Hence, they might be the primary source of genetic diversity for their shallow counterparts in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connectivity-of-deep-and-shallow-corals">Connectivity of deep and shallow corals</h2>



Researchers from <a href="https://www.fau.edu/hboi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Atlantic University’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute</a> used the blushing coral star (Stephanocoenia intersepta), a widespread species in the Western Atlantic, to explore the relationship or "connectivity" among coral populations at varied depths and locations. 



Through genomic DNA analyses, the experts probed into the genetic diversity, differences, and connectivity among blushing coral star populations and their symbiotic algal partners.



“Although blushing star corals are less common on shallow reefs throughout their geographic range, they become more abundant and cover more area in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coral-reefs-deeper-zones-currently-safe-warming-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mesophotic zone</a>, making them ideal for studying how populations at various depths and locations are linked," explained Ryan Eckert, a PhD candidate at FAU Harbor Branch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-corals-as-reproductive-sources">Deep corals as reproductive sources</h2>



The study, published in the journal Heredity, revealed four distinct genetic lineages of the blushing star coral.



Two main genetic lineages showcased robust genetic connectivity between shallow and mesophotic populations. 



Two shallow-specific lineages displayed lower genetic diversity and increased inbreeding compared to the two depth-generalist lineages. The analysis also highlights the significance of mesophotic reefs as crucial reproductive sources.



“Corals from deeper, mesophotic zones have a significant potential to help replenish and restore the declining shallow reefs in the FKNMS,” said Dr. Joshua Voss, the principal investigator of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-across-coral-lineages">Genetic diversity across coral lineages</h2>



The lower diversity and higher inbreeding levels across shallow specific lineages can present potential risks for conservation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoration-of-underwater-seaweed-forests-offers-hope-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restoration efforts</a>. 



However, these deeper corals could still be valuable, either as a "seed bank" or for rescue and breeding programs in land-based nurseries.



The unique lineages of blushing star coral, with minimal overlap despite residing in the same areas, suggest some level of reproductive isolation. This could be due to differing spawning times or high inbreeding rates from localized fertilization.



“Recognizing and characterizing genetic biodiversity across different coral lineages assists us to better manage and protect coral populations,” said Dr. Voss. 



“This approach ensures that coral conservation and restoration efforts are informed by a comprehensive understanding of genetic diversity, essential for maintaining the resilience and health of our coral reef ecosystems.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-conservation-and-deeper-reefs">Coral conservation and deeper reefs</h2>



As global reefs continue to face challenges from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, pollution, and diseases, conservation efforts may increasingly turn to the potential of deeper mesophotic reefs as a lifeline for struggling shallow populations.



These deeper reefs, with their relative isolation and protection from extreme surface temperatures, could serve as a vital genetic reservoir for restoring degraded shallow ecosystems.



By providing viable larvae and maintaining genetic diversity, mesophotic corals could play a critical role in ensuring the long-term health and recovery of shallow reefs. 



Conservation strategies that incorporate the protection of these deeper ecosystems, such as those outlined in the FKNMS Restoration Blueprint, are crucial for sustaining coral populations in the face of ongoing environmental changes.



Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of understanding the unique dynamics between shallow and deep coral ecosystems.



While deeper corals might not directly repopulate shallow reefs, their genetic contributions offer an invaluable resource for breeding and restoration programs. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41437-024-00698" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heredity</a>.



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Deep corals may be a lifeline for shallow reefs

Coral reefs, known as the rainforests of the sea, have...

Pandemics are not new to us. We've faced numerous ones in history that tested human resilience. And now, we gear up once again to face another looming threat - the H5N1 bird flu virus. 



We have a relentless foe hiding in our midst, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-flu-is-now-spreading-from-mammal-to-mammal-alarming-health-officials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spreading</a> unseen and silently evolving. A recent study published in the journal Nature has cast a spotlight on the H5N1 virus.



From European fur farms to United States dairy cattle, H5N1 seems to be leaving no stone unturned. But the burning question is - will bird flu cause the next human pandemic?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-pathways-of-bird-flu">Evolutionary pathways of bird flu</h2>



Zoonotic influenza specialist Dr. Thomas Peacock and his team from <a href="https://www.pirbright.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Pirbright Institute</a> have investigated the complex world of virus ecology and evolution.



Dr Peacock, who analyzed the drivers of the current H5N1 avian influenza panzootic, noted that influenza A viruses (IAV) have caused more documented global pandemics in human history than any other pathogen.



"Historically, swine are considered optimal intermediary hosts that help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pirate-birds-who-steal-food-are-spreading-a-deadly-flu-strain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian influenza</a> viruses adapt to mammals before jumping to humans,” said Dr. Peacock. "However, the altered ecology of H5N1 has opened the door to new evolutionary pathways.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sudden-expansion-of-bird-flu">The sudden expansion of bird flu</h2>



The researchers have identified the "altered ecology" of H5N1 as a key driver in its spread. This particular bird flu virus strain is proving to be a formidable enemy, continually evolving and finding novel ways to infiltrate and infect hosts.



"Could dairy cattle, farmed mink, or South American sea lions serve as new mammalian gateways to humans? Here we explore the molecular and ecological factors driving H5N1’s sudden expansion in host range and assess the likelihood of different zoonotic pathways leading to an H5N1 pandemic," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-gaps-in-our-defense">Major gaps in our defense </h2>



The study reveals weak spots in our current control mechanisms. An apparent hesitation to adopt modern vaccine and surveillance technologies, combined with a lack of consistent data collection around H5N1 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-may-become-a-permanent-host-for-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transmission</a> between cows and humans on US dairy farms, are causing major gaps in our defenses.



While previous generations of US cattle producers had successfully stamped out foot-and-mouth disease by rapidly sharing epidemiological data, the current scenario seems to have slipped into a data blackout. 



Unprecedented gaps in data are leaving researchers, veterinarians, and policy-makers grappling in the dark.



While H5N1 is a reportable disease in poultry, it does not hold the same status in mammals in the US. The Department of Agriculture mandates H5N1 testing only in lactating cattle before interstate movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silent-spreaders-of-the-bird-flu-virus">Silent spreaders of the bird flu virus</h2>



The current focus for H5N1 monitoring in wildlife is carcass testing, which provides a perfect bypass for the virus to spread silently and undetected among live animals.



So, we are left with a chilling possibility - unseen chains of transmission silently spreading through various avenues.



A process called "genomic reassortment" plays a major role in the current global spread. When two or more viruses infect a host at the same time, they can exchange segments during genome replication, creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/raw-milk-may-transmit-bird-flu-virus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">novel hybrid viruses</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-point-for-hpai">Turning point for HPAI</h2>



The possible continual presence of H5N1 in Europe and the Americas is a significant turning point for High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI). We need to rapidly develop new control strategies, including vaccination.



Stocks of H5 vaccines that are antigenically related to circulating viruses are available and could be scaled up using mRNA platforms for mass production if H5N1 begins spreading in humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-flu-s-threat-to-humans">Bird flu's threat to humans</h2>



The potential severity of an H5N1 pandemic remains unclear. However, recent bird flu infections in humans have shown a lower case fatality rate compared to previous outbreaks in Asia. This could be due to infection through the eye, instead of viral pneumonia in the lungs.



Older individuals seem to have partial immunity due to prior exposure, while younger individuals may be more susceptible to severe disease in a future H5N1 pandemic.



As we stand at the precipice of a possible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-are-moving-north-and-breeding-earlier-in-a-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new pandemic</a>, it's time for us to buckle up and tighten our defenses against the H5N1 bird flu virus. We must ask ourselves a crucial question - Are we ready to combat another pandemic?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08054-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Efforts to control bird flu are not working: Are humans next?

Pandemics are not new to us. We've faced numerous ones...

When you meet someone for the first time, take in a book's cover, or glance at a storefront, your mind rapidly constructs an initial impression. These instant perceptions stick around for a while, even when they're unfounded. 



But in a turn of events, new research suggests sleeping could aid in perceiving beyond the "book's cover" and help us make better decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-strong-first-impression">A strong first impression </h2>



A team at Duke University recently rolled out an intriguing study. The researchers addressed the age-old question - does it pay off to make a strong first impression or does the last word have a stronger impact?



To investigate, the team devised an experiment based on an imaginary garage sale. Participants were asked to sift through virtual boxes filled with unwanted goods and select items for the sale. 



The participants' earnings depended on the boxes they chose, hence they were motivated to figure out the worth of each box.



The secret was, however, that all of the boxes had the same total value. What differed was the arrangement of valuable and worthless items. Some boxes had valuable items right on top, others in the middle, at the bottom, or intermixed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-bias-and-poor-decisions">Primary bias and poor decisions</h2>



After opening the boxes, the participants were asked to gauge the value of each and select their preferred ones. Some had to make instant decisions, while others "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colors-of-sunset-and-sunrise-reset-our-circadian-rhythms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">slept on it</a>" and decided after a day. 



An interesting pattern emerged – the instant decision-makers tended to remember boxes not by their entire content but by the initial items they encountered. This discovery points towards a psychological trend known as "primacy bias."



Study lead author Allie Sinclair is a PhD candidate under Dr. Alison Adcock, a Duke professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.



"We found that people are strongly biased by first impressions," noted Sinclair. The participants repeatedly chose boxes with valuable items on top. 



Unveiling "treasures" before low-priced items made a box more appealing than if it was the other way round. They not only favored boxes that started strong, but also overvalued them.



Sinclair, now a postdoctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a>, explained that primacy bias could lead to irrational comparisons and inaccurate estimates of value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-rational-choices-after-sleep">More rational choices after sleep</h2>



But there's a twist in the tale. Participants who had a day to think rendered more rational choices. They treated boxes with valuable items at any position equally. 



"They made more rational choices, equally favoring boxes with clusters of valuable items at the beginning, middle, or end," said Sinclair.



This finding suggests that delaying a decision might help us avoid the pitfalls of primacy bias. "When it's over, our brain knits it all together in memory to help us make better choices - and that neat trick happens overnight,” said Dr. Adcock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleeping-for-everyday-decision-making">Sleeping for everyday decision-making</h2>



The insights from this study offer profound implications for how we approach decision-making in everyday life. Whether we're buying a car, choosing a meal, or hiring a new team member, the tendency to rely on first impressions can lead to skewed assessments of value.



By recognizing the power of primacy bias, we can actively counter its effects by allowing ourselves time to reflect on all available information. Such a practice could enable us to make more informed, balanced decisions. 



Encouraging a brief pause or even a strategic overnight delay before arriving at significant decisions might be the key to sidestepping biases and making choices that align closer with the true merits of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-memory-consolidation">Science of memory consolidation</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-increases-feelings-of-hope-happiness-and-gratitude/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">role of sleep</a> in this study highlights the fascinating process of memory consolidation. During sleep, our brains engage in an intricate activity of reorganizing and reinforcing stored information, a vital function for learning and decision-making. 



This neurological process enhances our capacities for rational thought, allowing us to access a more comprehensive understanding of complex information. 



As the study illustrates, this can mitigate the allure of initial impressions. Understanding the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> and cognitive function opens promising avenues for improving educational methodologies, therapeutic practices, and even business strategies. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleeping-on-a-decision">Sleeping on a decision</h2>



"Judging from first impressions may actually be a good thing for choices in the moment," said Dr. Adcock. However, for decisions with longer-term implications, it's worth "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/micro-naps-in-the-brain-some-regions-sleep-while-others-stay-awake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleeping</a> on it."



Sinclair believes there's wisdom in the idea of delaying decisions, especially in matters of consequence, like hiring or dating.



This research, backed by a <a href="https://duke.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a> Health Scholars Award to Alison Adcock, is an exciting first look at how our brain's summary of experiences impacts our future choices.



The study is published in the <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0001638" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Psychology</a>. 



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'Sleeping on it' is the best way to make a rational decision

When you meet someone for the first time, take in...

A massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fatal-landslides-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">landslide</a> in Greenland led to a mega-tsunami, which caused water to slosh back and forth across a fjord for nine days. This movement triggered vibrations that traveled through the Earth and were detected globally, according to a recent study.



The event, which occurred in September 2023, had initially puzzled seismologists when they observed a mysterious global seismic signal lasting for days.&nbsp;



The research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adm9247" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, reveals that the collapse of a 1.2 km-high mountain peak into the Dickson Fjord was responsible for the phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landslide-produced-a-mega-tsunami-nbsp">Landslide produced a mega-tsunami&nbsp;</h2>



The landslide, which occurred in a remote area, sent a wave of water 656 feet into the air, producing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-first-tsunami-victim/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tsunami</a> that reached up to 360 feet high. 



This wave, which extended across more than 6 miles of the fjord, rapidly diminished to about 23 feet within a few minutes, and eventually settled down to just a few centimeters over the following days.&nbsp;



By using advanced mathematical modeling, the researchers demonstrated how the narrow, winding fjord contributed to the prolonged back-and-forth sloshing of water.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-seismic-vibrations">Global seismic vibrations</h2>



The frequency of this movement matched the seismic vibrations detected globally, helping to explain the baffling seismic readings.



According to the researchers, the landslide was triggered by the thinning of a glacier at the mountain’s base, which was no longer able to support the rock above. This destabilization was linked to climate change.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-landslide-and-tsunami-in-greenland">First landslide and tsunami in Greenland</h2>



The event marks the first-ever landslide and tsunami recorded in eastern Greenland.



“When I first saw the seismic signal, I was completely baffled,” said co-author Stephen Hicks, an earth scientist at UCL&nbsp;



“Even though we know seismometers can record a variety of sources happening on Earth’s surface, never before has such a long-lasting, globally traveling seismic wave, containing only a single frequency of oscillation, been recorded.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vibrations-through-earth-s-crust">Vibrations through Earth's crust</h2>



Hicks noted that this is the first time that water sloshing has been recorded as vibrations through the Earth’s crust, traveling the world over and lasting several days.



The seismic signal detected was unlike the typical earthquake rumbles, which tend to be rich in frequency. Instead, it appeared as a single, monotonous hum.&nbsp;



Initially labeled as a “USO” (unidentified seismic object), the signal was later linked to a large tsunami reported in the remote fjord of northeastern Greenland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-the-puzzle">Piecing together the puzzle</h2>



To solve this mystery, 68 scientists from 40 institutions across 15 countries collaborated. They pooled together data from seismometers, infrasound recordings, satellite imagery, field measurements, and tsunami simulations.&nbsp;



The Danish military also contributed imagery after inspecting the collapsed mountain and the scars left by the tsunami. This interdisciplinary effort allowed the team to piece together the sequence of events.



Study lead author Kristian Svennevig is a scientist at the <a href="https://eng.geus.dk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland</a> (GEUS). 



“When we set out on this scientific adventure, everybody was puzzled and no one had the faintest idea what caused this signal. All we knew was that it was somehow associated with the landslide. We only managed to solve this enigma through a huge interdisciplinary and international effort,” said Svennevig.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destructive-force-of-the-landslide-and-tsunami-nbsp">Destructive force of the landslide and tsunami&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that the landslide displaced 25 million cubic meters of rock and ice - enough to fill 10,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.&nbsp;



The resulting tsunami waves, which were among the largest recorded in recent history, caused significant damage 70 km away from the site, including the destruction of cultural heritage sites and damage to a research base on the island of Ella Ø.



Although no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cruise-ships-rethink-ventilation-to-minimize-viral-spread/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cruise ships</a> were in the area at the time, the researchers noted that Dickson Fjord is a popular route for tourist ships, and the consequences could have been devastating had any been nearby. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-warning-systems-are-needed">Early warning systems are needed</h2>



Using high-resolution mathematical models, the team was able to precisely recreate the sloshing of water, which matched the seismic signals recorded around the world.



The study concluded that as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-tsunamis-are-an-emerging-climate-linked-hazard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> accelerates, it is becoming increasingly important to monitor regions previously considered stable and to develop early-warning systems for landslides and tsunamis. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-global-seismic-networks-nbsp">The role of global seismic networks&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Thomas Forbriger from the <a href="https://www.kit.edu/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karlsruhe Institute of Technology </a>emphasized the role of global seismic networks in the discovery. 



“We wouldn’t have discovered or been able to analyze this amazing event without networks of high-fidelity broadband seismic stations around the world, which are the only sensors that can truly capture such a unique signal,” said Forbriger.



According to Anne Mangeney from <a href="https://u-paris.fr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université Paris Cité</a>, the tsunami challenged the classical numerical models that we previously used to simulate just a few hours of tsunami propagation. 



“We had to go to an unprecedentedly high numerical resolution to capture this long-duration event in Greenland. This opens up new avenues in the development of numerical methods for tsunami modeling,” concluded Mangeney.&nbsp;



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Mega-tsunami triggered by climate change made Earth vibrate for 9 days

A massive landslide in Greenland led to a mega-tsunami, which...

Marijuana,Or,Cannabis,Green,Leaf.,Hemp,Plant,Growing.,Medical,Marijuana

Hemp is emerging as a powerful ally in the fight against global insecticide resistance, with new research revealing that cannabidiol (CBD) -- the same compound used to treat various ailments -- can effectively kill mosquito larvae. 



The findings from the study, published in the journal Insects, demonstrate that hemp leaf extract rich in the active ingredient CBD can annihilate mosquito larvae within a short span of 48 hours.&nbsp;



Remarkably, this lethal effect was observed in both strains of the yellow fever mosquito, including one noted for its resistance to conventional insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-mosquito-larvae">Targeting mosquito larvae</h2>



Erick Martinez Rodriguez, lead author of the study and a graduate student in entomology at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>, emphasized the urgency of targeting mosquitoes in their larval stage. 



“It’s very important to be able to control these pests at an early stage, when they are at their most vulnerable," said Martinez Rodriguez.



Adult&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquitoes</a>, known for traversing large distances and transmitting diseases, are not the only challenge.&nbsp;



Mosquito larvae, aquatic organisms usually found in stationary water, are hard to manage.&nbsp;Synthetic insecticides, vital in the battle against larvae, have led to resistance and environmental harm due to overuse.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-vs-cannabis-what-s-the-difference">Hemp vs. cannabis: What's the difference?</h2>



Hemp and cannabis are both part of the same plant family, Cannabis sativa, but they have some key differences in their chemical makeup and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">legal status</a>.



Hemp is a type of Cannabis sativa that has really low levels of THC (the compound that gets you high), specifically less than 0.3% THC by law. Because of this, it's non-intoxicating and legal to grow in many areas.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-production-may-soon-get-a-major-boost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cannabis</a>, meanwhile, usually refers to varieties with higher THC levels, which are often used for either medicinal or recreational purposes.



Now, let's talk about CBD, or cannabidiol. This compound is found in both hemp and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/americas-cannabis-capitals-people-these-us-cities-consume-most-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, but unlike THC, CBD doesn’t give you a high.



It’s often extracted from hemp due to its low THC levels and is used in all sorts of products, from oils and tinctures to edibles and creams.



People turn to CBD for its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential health benefits</a>, like pain relief, reduced anxiety, and anti-inflammatory effects. 



The main thing to remember is that CBD is just one part of the hemp or cannabis plant, while the words "hemp" and "cannabis" refer to the whole plant, which can include both CBD and THC.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-as-a-sustainable-insecticide">Hemp as a sustainable insecticide</h2>



Inspired by previous research from Ohio State University, which identified natural&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-why-catnip-is-a-powerful-mosquito-repellent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito-repellent</a>&nbsp;properties in plants from Madagascar, the team shifted focus to hemp, a sustainable alternative.



Hemp, related to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-plans-to-reclassify-marijuana-and-ease-restrictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marijuana</a>&nbsp;but without high-inducing THC levels, is widely used for its therapeutic CBD properties.&nbsp;



To test hemp's insecticidal potency, the team pulverized dried hemp leaves, soaked them in methanol, and created an extract. 



“What was surprising was the small amount needed to be so deadly,” said Martinez Rodriguez, noting that CBD bypassed the larvae's metabolic resistance to other insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-natural-insecticides">New era of natural insecticides </h2>



This discovery not only highlights hemp as a cost-effective crop for insecticide production but also raises questions about its impact on non-target species.&nbsp;



Study co-author Peter Piermarini, a professor of entomology at Ohio State, noted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-relieves-anxiety-without-the-risks-that-come-with-thc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a>&nbsp;is a compound that appears to be safe for people and our companion animals to ingest.



“It’ll be interesting to learn more about how CBD interacts with various proteins in mammals and insects to understand why it’s safe for people but not&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>,” said Professor Piermarini.



While more research is required to ensure the safety of CBD for pollinators like honey bees, this study paves the way for a new era of natural insecticides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-and-the-environment">Hemp and the environment </h2>



As the scientific community explores the potential applications of hemp-derived CBD as an insecticide, it must also navigate the ecological concerns linked to its widespread use.



While the merits of reducing synthetic insecticide reliance are evident, it is crucial to understand how CBD-infused solutions might interact with ecosystems, particularly aquatic habitats where mosquito larvae reside. 



Comprehensive studies should investigate any unintended consequences for non-target aquatic species, contributing to the maintenance of biodiversity. 



Furthermore, collaboration with environmental scientists could inform best practices and guidelines, ensuring that the benefits of this natural insecticide are maximized without compromising ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The promising results of the initial study open numerous research avenues for the scientific exploration of CBD's insecticidal properties. 



One such extension involves the assessment of CBD's efficacy against other resistant mosquito species and pests to understand its broader spectrum of action.



Additionally, there is potential to fine-tune extraction methodologies, optimizing the concentration of CBD for effective and sustainable pest control.



Future studies could explore genetic engineering approaches to enhance insecticide properties in hemp.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hemp-extract-and-pest-management">Hemp extract and pest management </h2>



While the study highlights the efficacy of hemp as a natural insecticide for mosquito larvae, the potential applications of CBD in pest management could extend far beyond.&nbsp;



Researchers are exploring how hemp extract might be adapted to control other insect pests that threaten agriculture and public health.&nbsp;



This could lead to an expansion of biopesticide options, offering eco-friendly solutions to combat insecticide-resistant pests in various ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-safe-pest-control-methods">Developing safe pest control methods</h2>



The researchers are also keen to investigate the broader environmental impacts of CBD-based insecticides, particularly how they might influence biodiversity.



“Understanding how these natural compounds interact with different insect species will be crucial for developing safe, targeted pest control methods,” said Martinez Rodriguez.&nbsp;



Additionally, efforts are underway to optimize the extraction process to ensure maximum efficiency and minimal environmental footprint.



The research was supported by the Infectious Diseases Institute and Ohio State’s College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/7/517" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insects</a>.



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Hemp leaf extracts can eradicate one of the world’s deadliest pests

Hemp is emerging as a powerful ally in the fight...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...