Black holes have baffled and fascinated both scientists and the public for decades. Their enormous gravity and mysterious interiors have led to endless debates, movies and books feeding our curiosity about what might be hidden inside these cosmic objects.



Now, recent findings from the University of Sheffield point to surprising possibilities linked to time and dark energy.



Researchers suggest that black holes might shift into what they are calling “white holes,” which could throw matter and even time back out into our universe.



In simpler terms, this study proposes a revolutionary link between time and dark energy, suggesting that the mysterious force driving the universe's expansion may be used to measure time



This idea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-theory-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">challenges standard views</a> of how black holes function and basically upends everything we thought we knew about the Universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-mechanics-and-the-singularity">Quantum mechanics and the singularity</h2>



Dr. Steffen Gielen, from the University of Sheffield’s School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences (<a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/mps" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPS</a>), has long studied the interplay between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/central-theory-of-quantum-gravity-is-modeled-in-the-laboratory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics and gravity</a>.



His latest collaboration, entitled ‘Black Hole Singularity Resolution in Unimodular Gravity from Unitarity,’ is now published in Physical Review Letters.



In it, the authors explore how conventional knowledge breaks down at a black hole’s central point, known as the singularity.



“It has long been a question as to whether quantum mechanics can change our understanding of black holes and give us insights into their true nature,” said Dr. Gielen. 



“In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>, time as we understand it cannot end as systems perpetually change and evolve.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-time-and-dark-energy">Linking time and dark energy</h2>



In this theoretical framework, the team positions dark energy as a potential measuring stick for time. 



They propose that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timescape-dark-energy-doesnt-exist-causing-lumpy-universe-expansion-cmbr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark energy</a>, thought to power the universe’s expansion, might function as a reference for temporal progression.



“While time is, in general, thought to be relative to the observer, in our research time is derived from the mysterious dark energy which permeates the entire universe,” Dr. Gielen continued.



“We propose that time is measured by the dark energy that is everywhere in the Universe, and responsible for its current expansion. This is the pivotal new idea that allows us to grasp the phenomena occurring within a black hole.”



By framing time through dark energy, the researchers open fresh avenues for interpreting how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-suggests-that-dark-energy-comes-from-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black holes could evolve</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-holes-as-a-new-phase">White holes as a new phase</h2>



White holes are often portrayed as the reverse of black holes. Instead of trapping matter forever, they are thought to expel energy, matter, and even time back into cosmic space.



In the Sheffield study, co-written with Lucía Menéndez-Pidal from <a href="https://www.ucm.es/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complutense University</a> of Madrid, this transformation from black hole to white hole occurs when quantum effects become significant at the singularity, replacing a terminal point with a new phase.



“Hypothetically you could have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/schrodingers-cat-survives-in-quantum-superposition-for-a-record-shattering-23-minutes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">an observer</a> - a hypothetical entity - go through the black hole, through what we think of as a singularity and emerge on the other side of the white hole. It’s a highly abstract notion of an observer but it could happen, in theory,” Dr. Gielen added.



This scenario, though speculative, underscores the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-dark-matter-does-not-exist-and-the-universe-is-27-billion-years-old/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolving insights</a> into how physics might handle extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planar-vs-conventional-black-holes">Planar vs. conventional black holes</h2>



Their work relies on a simplified model known as a planar black hole. This version differs from conventional black holes, which are spherical, by featuring a flat boundary.



Despite the differences, the team believes that similar processes may apply to the black holes observed throughout space.



Any departure from the usual view of a singularity raises big questions about how time, space, and quantum effects unite.



By using quantum mechanics to show that a singularity could be replaced by fluctuating regions, the authors hint at a richer description of where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physicists-make-bold-claims-that-time-is-an-illusion-question-its-existence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physics and time</a> continue to operate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-einstein-unimodular-gravity-and-spacetime">Einstein, unimodular gravity, and spacetime</h2>



Unimodular gravity, a version of Einstein’s theory that treats certain variables as fixed, plays a key role in this research.



In standard general relativity, the cosmological constant is an extra piece that can shape the universe’s expansion.



In unimodular gravity, this constant is partly integrated into how the theory sets up space and time.



Some physicists see it as a simpler way to handle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/universe-expansion-rate-dark-energy-measured-11-billion-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark energy</a> because it can separate how gravity affects geometry from how energy drives cosmic growth.



In this study, unimodular gravity underpins the argument that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-universe-remains-predictable-insights-from-quantum-mechanics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole singularities</a> might not mark the end of time.



By adjusting the underlying equations, the approach provides a path to include quantum effects that keep space and time going.



This aligns with the hypothesis that matter and time could be released as a white hole forms.



Though questions remain about how these mathematical insights translate to actual observations, this framework adds another dimension to discussions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-forces-have-made-the-structure-of-the-universe-messier/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-holes-and-new-textbooks">White holes and new textbooks</h2>



To sum it all up in a tidy package, these researchers are suggesting that black holes may transform into white holes that release matter and time, overturning old ideas and hinting at a new link between dark energy and our measure of time. 



They present a model where black holes don’t end in singularities but shift into regions of quantum fluctuations, and they believe this perspective could unify quantum mechanics and gravity.



From this theory, the scientists see potential for connecting these ideas with efforts to merge gravity and quantum mechanics.



Such approaches could reshape our understanding of how cosmic expansion, dark energy, and black holes fit together in a single theoretical picture.



The new research also suggests novel approaches to reconciling gravity and quantum mechanics, potentially paving the way for transformative new fundamental theories and breakthroughs in our understanding of the universe.



As these ideas progress, scientists will continue testing how dark energy and quantum processes might shed light on the puzzle at the heart of these powerful cosmic objects.



May the force be with us all.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.101501" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.



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Discovery of "white holes" upends everything we know about the Universe

Black holes have baffled and fascinated both scientists and the public for decades. Their enormous gravity and mysterious interiors have led to endless debates, movies and books feeding our curiosity about what might be hidden inside these cosmic objects. Now, recent findings from the University of Sheffield point to surprising possibilities linked to time and dark energy. Researchers suggest that black holes might shift into what they are calling “white holes,” which could throw matter and even time back out into our universe. In simpler terms, this...

Triceratops,Horridus,Group,,Herd,Of,Dinosaurs,Enjoying,The,Beach,(3d

Fans of Jurassic Park might remember the iconic scene where Dr. Alan Grant and the kids encounter a sick Triceratops -- a gentle, social giant of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-rocks-reveal-new-details-about-earths-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric world</a>. 



These herbivorous dinosaurs, with their massive three-horned heads and protective frills, have long captured our imaginations. 



But did these impressive creatures roam the earth alone, or did Triceratops have a complex social structure, as Spielberg seemed to suggest?



New research from the <a href="https://www.naturalis.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Naturalis Biodiversity Center</a> in the Netherlands provides tantalizing clues that these titans of the Cretaceous period might have been more than solitary wanderers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-behaviour-from-triceratops-fossils">Social behaviour from Triceratops fossils</h2>



The discovery begins with a team of paleontologists led by Jimmy de Rooij. Back in 2013, the team ventured to Wyoming with hopes of unearthing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-discovered-in-new-mexico/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus</a>. Instead, they hit the paleontological jackpot -- stumbling across a treasure trove of Triceratops fossils.



What began as a routine expedition transformed into a decade-long project. Over 1200 bones and fragments emerged from the dig site, meticulously removed and analyzed. 



This wasn't just about finding cool fossils -- it was about reconstructing the lives (and deaths) of these magnificent creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triceratops-characteristics">Triceratops characteristics </h2>



The key discoveries that led de Rooij and his team to this herd hypothesis includes:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-and-steady-growth">Slow and steady growth</h3>



"The material is of very good quality. This enabled us to show that these triceratops grew really slowly, for instance," noted de Rooij. 



Similar to tree rings, the growth patterns trapped in the fossilized bones reveal that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/triceratops-horns-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Triceratops</a> likely didn't reach full size for many years. 



This extended growing period hints at social structures where adults potentially cared for and protected younger members.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-swamp-of-doom">The swamp of doom</h3>



The fossils were clustered within a thin layer of rock with no other species present. It's possible that these unlucky Triceratops became bogged down in a swamp -- a tragic but revealing mass death that preserved their remains together.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teeth-and-tales-of-travel">Teeth and tales of travel</h3>



"Research into the physical and chemical properties of the hundreds of triceratops teeth tells of a migratory existence - one that was the same for all five of the dinos," de Rooij explained. 



Like tiny time capsules, the chemical makeup of their teeth suggests that the entire group roamed together, seeking out food or perhaps seasonally moving to better grounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-behavior-of-triceratops">Social behavior of Triceratops</h2>



While not conclusive proof, the evidence strongly suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-triceratops-relative-two-feet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Triceratops</a> formed groups for various reasons. Maybe strength in numbers provided protection from predators. 



Perhaps they banded together for long migrations, relying on collective knowledge of routes and resources. Some experts even speculate that there might have been complex social structures within the herd.



"And that of course leads to all kinds of new questions. How complex was this social behavior, exactly?" de Rooij wondered. It's an exciting new chapter in our understanding of dinosaur behavior. 



Did they share parenting duties? Engage in play-fighting like young elephants? Did they have leaders to guide them? The possibilities are thrilling and inspire a whole new range of research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-landmark-discovery">A landmark discovery</h2>



The impact of this research is undeniable. Prof. Anne Schulp, de Rooij's supervisor, declares: "Naturalis, the national natural history museum of the Netherlands, now has the biggest triceratops find in the world, and <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a> has the first Dr Triceratops in the Netherlands."



But the story doesn't end in the lab. This October, the Naturalis Museum will unveil an exhibition showcasing the Triceratops herd in all its glory. 



The exhibit aims to recreate their lives and ill-fated end, giving visitors a glimpse into the social world of these ancient giants before they embark on a world tour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-social-characteristics-of-triceratops">Beyond social characteristics of Triceratops</h2>



As discussed above, Triceratops is a name that stirs images of ancient forests and the thunderous roar of dinosaurs. They have fascinated scientists and enthusiasts alike for over a century. 



This magnificent creature, whose name means "three-horned face," roamed the Earth around 68 to 66 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous period. 



Its most striking features were its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-john-had-a-skull-injury-from-fighting-another-triceratops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large skull</a>, adorned with two impressive horns above the eyes and a smaller one on the nose, and its massive neck frill.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-discovery">First discovery</h3>



First discovered in the late 19th century, Triceratops quickly became a subject of intrigue and study. Paleontologists have unearthed numerous fossils, primarily in North America, where this dinosaur once thrived. Over the years, these discoveries have shed light on the life and habits of Triceratops.



Interestingly, Triceratops was a herbivore. It used its beaked mouth to clip off leaves and plants. Its teeth, arranged in groups called batteries, were perfectly adapted for shredding tough plant material. 



Scientists believe this diet played a crucial role in its large size, with some adults reaching over 9 meters in length and weighing up to 12 tons.



Moreover, the structure of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/triceratops-horns-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horns</a> and frill suggests they were not just for show. They likely served multiple purposes, including defense against predators like the fearsome Tyrannosaurus rex. 



Additionally, these features may have been used in mating rituals or to establish dominance within their herds, indicating a complex social structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-triceratops-as-a-social-creature">Implications of Triceratops as a social creature</h2>



This research adds a fascinating wrinkle to the way we view the prehistoric world. Finally, the continuous discovery and study of Triceratops fossils are not just about piecing together the past. 



They inspire questions and curiosity about life on Earth, its diversity, and evolution. Each bone, each fragment tells a story of a world long gone but still deeply connected to our own. 



Our understanding of dinosaurs is constantly evolving, and discoveries like this hint at far more intricate behaviors and relationships than we once imagined. 



Who knows, those classic images of dinosaurs we grew up with might someday feature entire herds thundering across the landscape.



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Triceratops dinosaurs seem to have developed complex social structures

Fans of Jurassic Park might remember the iconic scene where...

A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> has uncovered a fascinating aspect of bird communication. The study reveals that the Japanese <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-tits-are-nesting-earlier-due-to-climate-change/">tit</a> (Parus minor) utilizes wing gestures to communicate a polite "after you" to its mate.&nbsp;



This discovery challenges the prevailing assumption that complex gestural communication, akin to the symbolic gestures observed in humans and great apes, was beyond the capacity of birds. 



The findings mark a significant advancement in our understanding of non-verbal communication mechanisms in the animal kingdom, particularly among birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gestures-and-communication-nbsp">Gestures and communication&nbsp;</h2>



Human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-gestures-we-see-can-change-what-we-hear/">communication</a> heavily relies on gestures, such as giving a thumbs up, waving goodbye, or pointing to convey messages without the use of words. This mode of communication was once thought to be exclusively human until observations of great apes like chimpanzees and bonobos demonstrated their ability to use body movements to express themselves nonverbally.&nbsp;



Further studies extended this understanding to other animals, including ravens and fish, which exhibited simple gestural behaviors like pointing to indicate objects or interests.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbolic-gesturing-in-a-non-human-species-nbsp">Symbolic gesturing in a non-human species&nbsp;</h2>



However, the concept of symbolic gesturing, which implies a higher level of cognitive processing - such as a human showing an open hand to signal "after you" - had not been definitively observed in non-human species until now.



“In our latest discovery, we revealed that the Japanese tit uses gestures to communicate with their mate,” said study lead author Toshitaka Suzuki, an assistant professor of animal communication at the University of Tokyo.&nbsp;



“For over 17 years, I have been engaged in the study of these fascinating birds. They not only use specific calls to convey particular meanings, but also combine different calls into phrases using syntactic rules. These diverse vocalizations led me to initiate this research into their potential use of physical gestures.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-form-of-gestural-communication">Unique form of gestural communication</h2>



Observations conducted during the breeding season provided valuable insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-is-not-the-only-thing-changing-the-behavior-of-birds/">behavior</a> of Japanese tits. These birds, which form mating pairs and construct their nests within tree cavities, displayed a unique form of gestural communication.&nbsp;



The researchers focused on 16 parent birds across eight pairs, closely monitoring their interactions during nest visits. Notably, when arriving at the nest with food, the birds would often perch nearby, and one would flutter its wings toward the other, signaling for its mate to enter the nest first.&nbsp;



This wing-fluttering gesture, primarily exhibited by females, effectively determined the order of nest entry, mirroring the human ‘after you’ gesture.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="f5lSezLM83-3513477-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-wing-gestures">Distinctive wing gestures </h2>



“We were surprised to find that the results were much clearer than we had expected. We observed that Japanese tits flutter their wings exclusively in the presence of their mate, and upon witnessing this behavior, the mate almost always entered the nest box first,” Suzuki said.&nbsp;



The researchers concluded that this behavior satisfies the criteria for a symbolic gesture, as it is aimed at the mate rather than the nest box, distinguishing it from deictic gestures that indicate the location of an object of interest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-evolution-of-gestures">Understanding the evolution of gestures</h2>



Suzuki also touched on the broader implications of their findings for understanding the evolution of gestures, drawing parallels between the freed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-wing-shape-is-driven-by-environment-and-behavior/">wings</a> of perching birds and the mobility of human hands due to upright posture and bipedalism.&nbsp;



"There is a hypothesis that walking on two legs allowed humans to maintain an upright posture, freeing up their hands for greater mobility, which in turn contributed to the evolution of gestures. Similarly, when birds perch on branches, their wings become free, which we think may facilitate the development of gestural communication," he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication-and-cognition-across-species">Communication and cognition across species</h2>



As scientists continue to unravel the complexities of avian communication, their work not only sheds light on the rich tapestry of animal languages but also offers key insights into the origins and evolution of language itself.&nbsp;



This research underscores the importance of expanding our perspective on communication and cognition across species, bridging the gap between human and animal non-verbal interactions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.030" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>. A video of the ‘after you’ gesture in Japanese tits can be found <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DtO8hXBmzM">here</a>.



Video Credit: Suzuki and Sugita, 2024/ Current Biology



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Wild bird uses wing gestures to politely say, 'after you'

A team of researchers led by the University of Tokyo...

Younger adults, specifically those 35 to 45 years old, might face a heightened risk of suffering a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-a-higher-risk-of-stroke/">stroke</a> - not from the widely recognized traditional risk factors such as hypertension - but rather from nontraditional risk factors, including migraines. This is the conclusion of a new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.123.010307" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes</a>.



The research shifts the narrative towards the substantial role that these less conventional factors play in stroke risk among younger adults, challenging the established understanding of stroke etiology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-stroke-risk-factors">Traditional stroke risk factors</h2>



Historically, the medical community has pinpointed a series of traditional risk factors responsible for the majority of stroke cases. These include, but are not limited to, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, Type 2 diabetes, smoking habits, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, and coronary heart disease.&nbsp;



However, a disturbing trend has been observed with a rising number of stroke incidents reported among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoking-stroke-risk/">young adults</a> who do not exhibit these conventional risk factors, pointing towards the significant influence of environmental and lifestyle factors in stroke occurrence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contributors-to-stroke-among-young-adults">Contributors to stroke among young adults</h2>



“We wanted to understand which risk factors were the top contributors to stroke risk among young adults,” said lead author Michelle Leppert, an assistant professor of neurology at the <a href="https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado School of Medicine</a> in Aurora, Colorado. To achieve this, the researchers utilized a robust administrative database encompassing health insurance claims within Colorado. 



The team meticulously compared the data of over 2,600 individuals who had experienced strokes against a control group of more than 7,800 individuals without stroke history to pinpoint the predominant risk factors leading to strokes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nontraditional-stroke-risk-factors">Nontraditional stroke risk factors</h2>



The investigation revealed a significant association between nontraditional stroke risk factors - including migraines, blood clotting disorders, kidney failure, autoimmune diseases, and malignancy - and the development of strokes in individuals aged 18 to 44 years.&nbsp;



Notably, this association was even stronger among adults younger than 35 years, highlighting the disproportionate impact of these nontraditional risk factors on the younger population.



Specifically, the analysis indicated that within the 18 to 34-year-old demographic, strokes linked to nontraditional risk factors constituted 31% in men and approximately 43% in women, surpassing those attributed to traditional risk factors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migraines-emerged-as-a-critical-nontraditional-risk-factor">Migraines emerged as a critical nontraditional risk factor</h2>



Remarkably, migraines emerged as a critical nontraditional risk factor, responsible for 20% of strokes in men and nearly 35% in women within this age group. While the relevance of traditional stroke risk factors seemed to peak among adults aged 35 to 44, the influence of nontraditional risk factors remained substantial across different age groups.



“These findings are significant because most of our attention has been focused on traditional risk factors. We should not ignore nontraditional stroke risk factors and only focus on traditional risk factors; both are important to the development of strokes among young people,” Leppert said.&nbsp;



“In fact, the younger they are at the time of stroke, the more likely their stroke is due to a nontraditional risk factor. We need to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these nontraditional risk factors to develop targeted interventions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-association-between-migraines-and-stroke-risk">Association between migraines and stroke risk</h2>



Furthermore, the study brought to light the unexpected prominence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-migraines/">migraines</a> in the etiology of strokes among young adults - a connection previously noted in the medical literature but not quantified to this extent.&nbsp;



“There have been many studies demonstrating the association between migraines and strokes, but to our knowledge, this study may be the first to demonstrate just how much stroke risk may be attributable to migraines,” Leppert explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-study-limitations-nbsp">Possible study limitations&nbsp;</h2>



Derived from data spanning 2012 to 2019 from the Colorado All Payer Claims Database, the study's robust dataset allowed for an in-depth analysis, although it acknowledged certain limitations such as the reliance on administrative databases which might influence the accuracy in risk factor identification, and a lack of comprehensive data on race and ethnicity for a sizable portion of participants.&nbsp;



In addition, the research was focused on metropolitan areas one mile or more above sea level, so altitude may create unique conditions which are not applicable to individuals living at other altitudes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-stroke-risk-assessment-studies-are-needed">Further stroke risk assessment studies are needed</h2>



By casting a spotlight on the crucial role of nontraditional risk factors in stroke development among younger populations, this research enriches our current understanding of stroke risk factors, while calling for further risk assessment studies.&nbsp;



These future endeavors should aim to clarify the full spectrum of influences contributing to stroke risk, ultimately paving the way for more effective prevention strategies tailored to the needs of younger adults.



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Young adults with migraines have a greater stroke risk 

Younger adults, specifically those 35 to 45 years old, might...

Reconstruction,Of,The,Human,Dwelling,Of,The,Stone,Bronze,Age.

Scientists have revealed the Persian Plateau as a crucial crossroads for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-cooling-event-caused-extinction-of-first-early-humans-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early Homo sapiens </a>during their migration out of Africa. This discovery challenges prior theories about human expansion into Eurasia and provides a clearer picture of this pivotal era in human history.



The study meticulously combined genetic analysis, paleoecological data, and archaeological findings to pinpoint the Persian Plateau as a significant settlement area. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pivotal-role-in-human-migration-out-of-africa">Pivotal role in human migration out of Africa</h2>



Between approximately 70,000 to 45,000 years ago, a time previously marked by gaps in our historical understanding, this region served as the starting point for populations that eventually spread across Eurasia.



Key insights from this research include the identification of the Persian Plateau as not only a major hub for early human settlement but also as a region that could support larger populations compared to other West Asian areas. This suitability was likely a factor in its role as a cradle for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-survived-the-eruption-of-toba-supervolcano/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human dispersal</a> across the continent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthals-and-humans-on-the-persian-plateau">Neanderthals and humans on the Persian Plateau</h2>



Leonardo Vallini, the study's first author from the <a href="https://www.unipd.it/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Padova</a>, Italy, remarked on the significance of the findings. 



“The discovery elucidates a 20,000 year long portion of the history of Homo sapiens outside of Africa, a timeframe during which we interacted with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-neanderthals-may-belong-to-the-same-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthal populations</a>, and sheds light on the relationships between various Eurasian populations.” 



Vallini's comments underscore the study's role in bridging the knowledge gap regarding our species’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-humans-almost-went-extinct-as-population-declined-to-1280-individuals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">demographic history</a> across Europe, East Asia, and Oceania.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-analysis-helps-unravel-human-history">Genetic analysis helps unravel human history</h2>



The genetic analysis part of the study unveiled a distinct genetic signature present in both ancient and modern populations within the Persian Plateau. 



This signature, which was uncovered through a new method that separates 40,000 years of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-how-neanderthal-dna-got-diluted-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic mixing</a> and other complex events, highlights the long-standing significance of the Persian Plateau in human evolutionary history. It suggests that this area was a linchpin for early human settlement and later migrations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-out-of-africa-and-into-eurasia">Out of Africa and into Eurasia</h2>



Professor Michael Petraglia, a co-author of the study and Director of <a href="https://www.griffith.edu.au/australian-research-centre-human-evolution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Griffith University</a>’s Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, emphasized the importance of this multidisciplinary research. 



“Our multidisciplinary study provides a more coherent view of the ancient past, offering insights into the critical period between the Out of Africa expansion and the differentiation of Eurasian populations,” Petraglia explained. “The Persian Plateau emerges as a key region, underlining the need for further archaeological explorations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-persian-plateau-s-legacy-in-human-migration">The Persian Plateau's legacy in human migration</h2>



Professor Luca Pagani, the senior author, echoed the sentiments of his colleagues, pointing out the Persian Plateau's newfound importance. 



“The revelation of the Persian Plateau as a hub for early human migration opens new doors for archaeological exploration, enriching our understanding of our species' journey across continents and highlighting this region's pivotal role in shaping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-arrived-in-the-americas-10000-years-earlier-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human history</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-the-early-human-prehistory">New chapter in the early human prehistory</h2>



This important study places the Persian Plateau at the center of early human migration discussions while opening new doors for archaeological and genetic research. 



By unveiling the region's pivotal role in the dispersal of Homo sapiens from Africa to Eurasia, the research challenges previous understandings and enriches our knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human history</a>. 



This discovery highlights the importance of the Persian Plateau, both as a hub for early human settlements and as a launching point for populations that would eventually populate continents far and wide. 



As scientists continue to explore this key region, our understanding of human evolution and migration is set to deepen, revealing more about our shared past and the journeys that shaped the diversity of humanity today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-persian-plateau">More about the Persian Plateau</h2>



As discussed above, the Persian Plateau is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-preferred-mosaic-landscapes-with-diverse-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vast expanse</a> of land enveloping much of Iran and extending into parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan.



This region, characterized by its rugged mountains, vast deserts, and fertile valleys, has been a cradle of civilization for thousands of years, nurturing societies that have significantly influenced the course of human history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographical-overview">Geographical overview</h3>



The Persian Plateau is defined by its diverse topography, which ranges from the lofty peaks of the Zagros Mountains to the arid expanse of the Iranian Desert. 



This unique landscape has played a crucial role in the development of the region's societies, providing both challenges and opportunities for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-of-large-prey-drove-evolutionary-changes-in-early-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient settlers</a>. 



The Zagros Mountains, in particular, have served as a natural barrier and a source of water, fostering the growth of agriculture and the rise of early settlements.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-of-the-persian-plateau">Historical significance of the Persian Plateau</h3>



The plateau has witnessed the rise and fall of many empires, including the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sassanids, each leaving behind a rich tapestry of cultural and architectural achievements. 



The Achaemenid Empire, known for its tolerance and efficient administration, built the famous Persepolis, a symbol of Persian architectural and cultural sophistication. 



These civilizations contributed significantly to various fields, including art, science, and governance, influencing neighboring regions and beyond.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



The Persian Plateau is a living, breathing landscape that continues to sustain a rich tapestry of cultural traditions. The region's music, poetry, and art have deep roots that stretch back centuries, embodying the spirit and resilience of its people. 



Persian literature, epitomized by poets like Hafez and Rumi, continues to inspire and enchant readers worldwide with its profound insights into the human condition.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-implications">Modern implications</h3>



Today, the Persian Plateau remains a region of geopolitical and economic significance. Its rich natural resources, including oil and gas, play a crucial role in the global economy. 



Moreover, the plateau's strategic location, bridging East and West, adds to its geopolitical importance. Despite modern challenges, the region retains its cultural richness, drawing visitors eager to explore its ancient ruins and vibrant traditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stopping-point-during-early-human-migration">Stopping point during early human migration</h2>



The Persian Plateau, with its rugged landscapes and rich historical tapestry, remains a symbol of human resilience and cultural achievement. 



From its ancient empires to its modern significance, the region offers a fascinating glimpse into the complexities of human history and the enduring power of culture. 



As we continue to explore and understand this ancient cradle of civilization, the Persian Plateau reminds us of the intricate connections between geography, history, and the human spirit.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46161-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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The Persian Plateau fills a 20,000-year gap in early human history

Scientists have revealed the Persian Plateau as a crucial crossroads...

The health of our oceans is a barometer for the planet's overall environmental condition, with ocean currents playing a critical role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ripple-effects-of-climate-change-have-created-a-new-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulating Earth's climate</a>. 



A recent study has shed new light on the impact of rising ocean temperatures on one of these vital current systems. 



This significant research provides the first documented evidence of a significant slowdown in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) -- a key player in the ocean's climate-regulating conveyor belt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amoc-the-pulse-of-our-planet-is-slowing-down">AMOC: The pulse of our planet is slowing down</h2>



Alexey Mishonov and his team dive deep into the decades of data compiled in NOAA's <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Ocean Atlas</a> to trace the AMOC's performance over time. 



Their findings reveal a startling shift: from 1955 to 1994, the AMOC's flow was stable and consistent. 



However, starting in the mid-1990s, a marked decline in its strength was observed, coinciding with a notable reduction in its speed. 



The researchers attribute this slowdown to the ocean surface's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-dipole-the-atmospheric-pattern-shaping-our-future-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continued warming</a> and resultant changes in the upper layers' salinity.



The AMOC is instrumental in transporting warm water towards higher latitudes and returning cooler waters to the tropics -- a cycle that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">redistributes heat</a> across the ocean. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-consequences-of-climate-science">Real-world consequences of climate science</h2>



Mishonov explains the implications of weakening circulation in Atlantic ocean currents, stating, "If AMOC slows down, the heat exchange will be reduced, which in turn will affect the climate, causing hot areas to get hotter and cold areas to get colder." 



This imbalance could have far-reaching effects on global <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/how-the-ocean-and-climate-influence-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate patterns</a>, potentially leading to more extreme weather conditions, rising sea levels, disruptions to marine ecosystems, and a cascade of other climate feedbacks.



Mishonov's research also touches on the cultural zeitgeist, referencing the dramatic portrayal of a similar scenario in the 2004 disaster movie "The Day After Tomorrow." 



While he clarifies that the film's depiction is highly exaggerated and not supported by the scientific community, the underlying message -- that a significant slowdown in the AMOC could lead to unpredictable and profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clues-from-the-last-ice-age-help-predict-oceans-response-to-continued-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate changes</a> -- resonates with many experts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-amoc-dynamics">Science behind AMOC dynamics</h2>



The study utilized an extensive array of data, including climate reanalysis data on decadal wind stress and sea surface height fields from UMD's <a href="http://soda.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simple Ocean Data Assimilation</a> project, to analyze the North Atlantic's ocean current patterns and AMOC dynamics. 



The findings underscore the complex nature of the ocean's climate trajectory and the diverse climate patterns within different subregions of the North Atlantic. 



Despite systematic warming across the entire North Atlantic, regional decadal variability suggests a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-paradox-ocean-current-collapse-could-plunge-europe-into-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate responses</a>, underscoring the unpredictable nature of future AMOC behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slowing-ocean-currents-and-earth-s-future">Slowing ocean currents and Earth's future</h2>



As the scientific community continues to unravel the mysteries of our oceans, the significance of Mishonov and his colleagues' work cannot be overstated. 



Their research contributes to our understanding of the intricate relationship between ocean currents and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/relationship-between-ocean-currents-and-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a> and highlights the importance of monitoring these critical systems as we navigate the challenges of a warming world.



The team is already planning further studies to explore similar patterns in long-term temperature and salinity variability across other global ocean regions, emphasizing the ongoing need for robust climate research and observation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ocean-currents">More about ocean currents</h2>



As discussed above, ocean currents play a pivotal role in shaping the climate, marine ecosystems, and human activities around the globe. 



These vast, continuous movements of seawater are driven by various factors, including wind patterns, the Earth's rotation, salinity levels, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature differences</a> in the water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defining-ocean-currents">Defining ocean currents</h3>



Ocean currents are large-scale movements of seawater that flow in complex patterns across the Earth's oceans. 



They can occur at the surface, influenced by wind, or in the deep ocean, driven by density differences resulting from variations in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature and salinity</a>. 



These currents are essential for distributing heat around the planet, supporting marine life, and influencing weather patterns and climate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-driving-forces-behind-ocean-currents">Driving forces behind ocean currents</h3>



Several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-circulation-is-key-to-climate-change-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">key factors</a> work together to create and shape ocean currents:



Wind Patterns: The primary force that drives surface currents is the wind. The interaction between wind and the ocean's surface causes water to move, creating currents that can travel vast distances. The Coriolis effect, a result of the Earth's rotation, also influences the direction of these currents, causing them to veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.



Temperature and Salinity: Differences in water density, affected by temperature and salinity, are the main drivers of deep ocean currents. Colder, saltier water is denser and tends to sink, while warmer, less salty water is less dense and rises. This process creates a global conveyor belt of deep ocean currents that plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate.



The Earth's Rotation: The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation, significantly impacts the direction of ocean currents. This force deflects the path of moving water and air across the planet, shaping the flow of currents and influencing their speed and direction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-ocean-currents">Types of ocean currents</h3>



Earth has two main types of ocean currents: surface currents and deep ocean currents.



Surface Currents: These currents make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean. These currents are primarily driven by wind and are influenced by the Earth's rotation and the shape of the ocean basins. They play a vital role in weather patterns and marine ecosystems, transporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warm water</a> from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles towards the equator.



Deep Ocean Currents: Also known as the thermohaline circulation, deep ocean currents move slowly and are driven by differences in water density. These currents are crucial for moving nutrients and oxygen deep into the ocean and play a key role in regulating the Earth's climate by distributing heat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-ocean-currents">Impact of ocean currents</h3>



Earth's ocean circulation system has a profound impact on the planet, influencing climate, weather patterns, marine ecosystems, and human activities.



Climate Regulation: Ocean currents act as a global conveyor belt, distributing heat from the equator to the poles and vice versa. This process helps to regulate the Earth's climate, making some regions warmer or cooler than they would be otherwise.



Marine Ecosystems: Currents transport nutrients and oxygen, supporting diverse marine ecosystems. They also influence the distribution of marine species by carrying larvae and plankton along their paths.



Human Activities: Ocean currents affect human activities such as shipping, fishing, and recreational boating. Understanding these currents is crucial for navigation, safety, and maximizing fishing yields.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-study-and-climate-implications">Future study and climate implications</h3>



In summary, ocean currents are a dynamic and vital component of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's system</a>. They regulate our climate and support marine life while simultaneously impacting human activities in numerous ways. 



By understanding the forces behind these currents and their effects, we can better appreciate the intricate balance of our planet's ecosystems and work towards their preservation.



This research was led by <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Alexey Mishonov, in collaboration with Dan Seidov and James Reagan from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>). The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1345426/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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Ocean currents, the pulse of our planet, are slowing as water temperature rises

The health of our oceans is a barometer for the...

A collaborative effort involving 25 scientists from around the globe has put forth a comprehensive plan aimed at preventing future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/to-avoid-future-pandemics-we-must-protect-nature/">pandemics</a> through the conservation of natural habitats and the enhancement of biodiversity.&nbsp;



This initiative seeks to ensure animals have access to sufficient food, safe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/">environments</a>, and enough space to reduce interactions and the subsequent transmission of pathogens to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounters-between-humans-and-disease-carrying-animals">Encounters between humans and disease-carrying animals</h2>



Pandemics often originate from close encounters between humans and disease-carrying animals like bats, which can transmit new pathogens directly or indirectly to people.&nbsp;



The viruses responsible for outbreaks such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-way-transmission-of-coronavirus-confirmed-between-humans-and-minks/">SARS-CoV-2</a>, SARS-CoV-1, Nipah, Hendra, and possibly Ebola, have all been traced back to bats, highlighting the danger of spillover events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-the-focus-to-preventing-future-pandemics">Shifting the focus to preventing future pandemics </h2>



“The world is focused on how can we detect and then contain a novel pathogen once it is circulating in humans, rather than how can we prevent that pathogen from entering the human population in the first place,” said lead author Raina Plowright, a professor of public and ecosystem health at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>.



Drawing on findings from two studies conducted in 2022, which investigated the transmission of the Hendra virus from bats to horses and humans, the team's prevention strategy emphasizes the importance of maintaining natural habitats for wildlife.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stressed-bats-linked-to-higher-pathogen-exposure-risk">Stressed bats linked to higher pathogen exposure risk</h2>



The studies revealed that habitat loss and diminished winter food sources lead to bats migrating into agricultural and urban areas, where stressed conditions cause them to excrete more of the virus.&nbsp;



This chain of events facilitates the transfer of viruses from bats to horses, and from horses to humans. Conversely, when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-carry-viruses-infect-people/">bats</a> have access to sufficient natural food sources, their migration patterns normalize, significantly reducing virus shedding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupting-the-pathogen-transmission-pathways">Disrupting the pathogen transmission pathways</h2>



The proposed roadmap outlines a series of ecological interventions and policy recommendations aimed at disrupting the pathways through which pathogens are transmitted from animals to humans.&nbsp;



Key measures include ensuring consistent food availability for wildlife throughout the year, especially during critical periods such as reproduction and migration; protecting natural habitats where animals roost or gather in large numbers; and establishing buffer zones between human populations and wildlife to minimize contact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-the-risk-of-pathogen-exposure-nbsp">Minimizing the risk of pathogen exposure&nbsp;</h2>



The experts emphasize the rarity of disease transmission under natural conditions, discussing the multitude of barriers that typically prevent pathogens from reaching humans. However, they stress the importance of protective measures for communities that interact closely with wildlife, to minimize the risk of pathogen exposure.



Highlighting the need for a dedicated international body to oversee pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, the scientists advocate for the creation of an agency or panel capable of evaluating data on ecological integrity, landscape intactness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">biodiversity</a> as key factors in preventing future pandemics.&nbsp;



This approach marks a significant shift towards proactive measures designed to safeguard public health by preserving the natural environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-pandemics-nbsp">Predicting future pandemics&nbsp;</h2>



Predicting the next pandemic's specifics, such as its pathogen, origin, or timing, is difficult. However, understanding the facts and trends can help in developing strategies to mitigate the impact of future pandemics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoonotic-diseases-are-a-major-threat">Zoonotic diseases are a major threat</h3>



A significant proportion of new infectious diseases that affect humans originate in animals (zoonotic diseases). Changes in human activity, such as deforestation, wildlife trade, and intensified agriculture, increase the risk of zoonotic diseases spilling over to humans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-globalization-and-mobility-increase-spread">Globalization and mobility increase spread</h3>



The high level of global interconnectedness through travel and trade means that infectious diseases can spread more rapidly and widely than in the past. A disease that emerges in one part of the world can reach distant countries within hours or days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimicrobial-resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</h3>



The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant concern. It could lead to a situation where common infections become untreatable, compounding the challenges of controlling a pandemic.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



Climate change is altering patterns of disease transmission. It can expand the habitats of vectors like mosquitoes, leading to the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue to new areas. It also impacts food security, which can contribute to conditions favorable for the emergence of diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-will-be-key-in-preventing-future-pandemics">Technology will be key in preventing future pandemics </h3>



Advances in technology, such as genomic sequencing and artificial intelligence, will play a critical role in early detection and response to emerging pathogens. Improved surveillance and data sharing across borders can help identify and contain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-is-killing-thousands-of-seals-and-sea-lions-globally/">outbreaks</a> before they become pandemics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-response-plans">Preparedness and response plans</h3>



The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of having robust preparedness and response plans at global, national, and local levels. This includes stockpiling essential medical supplies, having flexible healthcare systems, and establishing protocols for vaccine development and distribution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-investment-nbsp">Public health investment&nbsp;</h3>



Sustained investment in public health infrastructure and systems is essential for detecting, preventing, and responding to pandemics. This includes strengthening healthcare systems, developing rapid diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments, and training healthcare workers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-economic-disparities">Social and economic disparities</h3>



Pandemics disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, exacerbating social and economic inequalities. Addressing these disparities is critical to reducing the overall impact of future pandemics.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46151-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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We can prevent future pandemics by protecting nature

A collaborative effort involving 25 scientists from around the globe...

Did you know your brain is likely larger than your grandparents'? A fascinating new study from <a href="https://health.ucdavis.edu/welcome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis Health</a> shows that human brain sizes have been steadily growing over generations. 



If you were born after the 1930s, your brain is significantly bigger than that of someone born earlier in the 20th century. But before you start bragging about your superior intellect, let's explore why this size difference matters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-brain-size">Decoding the brain size</h2>



The researchers delved into brain scans from thousands of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. This is a long-term project that has tracked health across multiple generations. This incredible study began in 1948. 



The team discovered that people born in the 1970s had an average brain volume 6.6% larger and 15% more brain surface area than folks born in the 1930s.



"The decade someone is born appears to impact brain size and potentially long-term brain health," explained Dr. Charles DeCarli, lead author of the study and a distinguished professor of neurology at UC Davis. 



"Genetics plays a major role in determining brain size, but our findings indicate external influences — such as health, social, cultural and educational factors — may also play a role.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-scientists-measure-brain-size">How do scientists measure brain size?</h2>



Let's talk about two important ways scientists measure the brain's building blocks:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intracranial-volume-icv">Intracranial volume (ICV)</h3>



Think of ICV as the total amount of space inside your skull – your brain's house. It also includes the fluid, blood vessels, and other tissues that keep your brain healthy. ICV can give clues about overall brain health. In some cases, a larger ICV might mean a larger brain, suggesting more brainpower. 



However, brain size isn't the whole story - how efficiently your brain works matters too. Doctors and researchers use ICV measurements to track changes in the brain. This can help diagnose conditions like Alzheimer's disease, where brain tissue may shrink over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surface-area">Surface area</h3>



Your brain's surface area is all about the outer layer, called the cerebral cortex. This part is incredibly wrinkly, with folds and grooves - imagine crumpling a piece of paper to fit more surface area into a small space. Those folds are packed with brain cells (neurons). 



More folds mean more brain cells, boosting your thinking power. Different parts of the cortex do different jobs. Some handle your senses, others control how you move, and others tackle complex things like problem-solving and emotions.



Overall, ICV gives a sense of your brain's overall size and surface area focuses on how complex your brain's 'wiring' can be, like how many rooms are in that house and how they're connected. 



Together, these measurements help us understand individual brain power, explaining why some people's brains might be better at certain tasks, and also track brain health as we age or if diseases affect the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-size-and-dementia-connection">Brain size and dementia connection</h2>



So, why should we care about having a slightly larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>? Scientists believe it has to do with a concept called "brain reserve." Imagine your brain as a fortress protecting your mental well-being. 



The bigger and stronger the fortress, the more resources (like healthy brain cells) you have to combat the assaults of age-related diseases like Alzheimer's dementia.



While the total number of people with dementia is growing because we're living longer, the percentage of the population affected by these diseases is actually decreasing. 



"Larger brain structures like those observed in our study may reflect improved brain development and improved brain health," said Dr. DeCarli. "A larger brain structure represents a larger brain reserve and may buffer the late-life effects of age-related brain diseases like Alzheimer’s and related dementias.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-why-the-growth-in-brain-size">So, why the growth in brain size?</h2>



Scientists have some intriguing theories:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-nutrition-and-health">Better nutrition and health</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrition</a> is the bedrock of brain development and function. The brain, especially during critical periods of childhood, depends on a healthy diet for growth. Essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals directly support the creation of brain structures and new neural connections.



Adequate nutrition during pregnancy and throughout childhood is vital for proper brain development, affecting everything from brain size to function.



Moreover, access to quality healthcare is equally vital – it ensures that potential health issues that could hinder brain development are caught and treated early. Immunizations, check-ups, and managing illnesses create a healthier environment for young brains to thrive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-amp-mental-stimulation">Education &amp; mental stimulation</h3>



The power of education and mental stimulation in shaping our brains can't be underestimated. Complex learning tasks and challenges promote neural growth and reinforce the brain's plasticity – that amazing ability to adapt and form new connections throughout our lives.



Education helps build a "cognitive reserve," meaning that mentally engaging activities may make our brains more resilient to decline as we age.



Continuously exposing our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a> to new information and challenges keeps them fit and flexible - just like exercise does for our bodies. This can lead to stronger brain networks and better overall cognitive function.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-amp-cultural-changes">Social &amp; cultural changes</h3>



Our evolving social and cultural landscapes hold intriguing possibilities for brain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brain-development-aligns-closely-with-other-primates/">development</a>. Research suggests that changes in our society and lifestyles could also influence how our brains grow and adapt.



Digital technology and global connections expose us to a vast array of cultures, ideas, and ways of thinking. This could foster more adaptable brains, ready for a globalized world.



Shifts in how families function and what we value socially may nurture certain types of development. For instance, a focus on emotional intelligence and social skills could enhance the brain regions responsible for empathy and social thinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-on-brain-size-and-development">Future directions on brain size and development</h2>



This discovery opens exciting possibilities for brain research. 



By pinpointing the factors that promote healthy brain development, scientists can create targeted strategies to boost brain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-can-reduce-brain-aging/">resilience</a> from a young age. Imagine interventions that enhance cognitive function throughout life.



Understanding how these factors contribute to larger and more complex brains could also lead to breakthroughs in treating dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. 



New approaches might include nutritional supplements, educational programs designed to stimulate the brain, and therapies that mimic the benefits of a rich social environment. These strategies could revolutionize how we prevent and manage these diseases.



In essence, this research is a game-changer. It challenges our understanding of the brain while offering exciting possibilities for extending cognitive health and improving quality of life as we age. It's a significant step forward in the fight against dementia, offering a glimmer of hope for a future with sharper minds and healthier brains.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.0469" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Neurology</a>.



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Human brains are growing in size, possibly lowering dementia risk

Did you know your brain is likely larger than your...

Did you know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collective-sensing-electric-fish-can-see-through-others-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> have lessons to teach us about group dynamics? It turns out even physicists are getting in on the action, studying the schooling patterns of these underwater creatures. 



A recent study found something quite remarkable – it might only take three fish to shift from individual movement to a full-fledged school.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-schooling">What is schooling?</h2>



Schooling is a fascinating and complex behavior observed in various species of fish, where individuals move together in a coordinated manner, forming what is commonly referred to as a "school." 



This collective behavior is not merely a random aggregation of fish but a highly organized and dynamic formation that provides numerous benefits to the individuals within the school. Some of schooling characteristics include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coordination-and-synchronization-in-fish-school">Coordination and synchronization in fish school</h3>



One of the hallmarks of schooling is the high degree of synchronized movement exhibited by its members. Fish within a school change direction and speed almost simultaneously. 



This coordination often occurs in the absence of a designated leader, suggesting that individuals rely on visual cues and potentially hydrodynamic signals (water movement) from their neighbors to maintain alignment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polarization">Polarization</h3>



Fish in a school exhibit a tendency to orient their bodies in the same direction. This polarization is crucial for maintaining group cohesion and facilitating efficient collective movement, particularly when the group needs to make rapid turns or adjustments.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-density">Density</h3>



Schools of fish are characterized by relatively high density, with individuals maintaining a specific distance from each other. 



While not packed to the point of immobility, this closeness is a crucial factor in optimizing the school's ability to confuse predators and potentially improve foraging success.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-magic-number-three">The magic number: Three</h2>



A team of scientists from Germany and the UK decided to investigate the minimum "cast of characters" required for schooling behavior. They focused on zebrafish, a popular species both in research labs and home aquariums. 



Using specialized 3D cameras, the researchers tracked and analyzed the movements of different-sized fish groups. Some of the interesting findings of the study include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-fish-just-a-dynamic-duo-nbsp">Two fish: Just a dynamic duo&nbsp;</h3>



When only two zebrafish are together, they tend to adopt a simple yet effective leader-follower pattern. This allows them to navigate their surroundings and stay connected with one another. 



While this dynamic serves practical purposes like basic social interaction and potentially keeping an extra eye out for danger, it lacks the intricate coordination and collective behavior that defines a true school.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-fish-the-schooling-spark-nbsp">Three fish: The schooling spark&nbsp;</h3>



Adding a third <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-evolution-takes-place-in-decades-not-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> to the mix creates a dramatic change, marking the beginning of true schooling behavior. This trio displays a strong preference for swimming side-by-side, a pattern also seen in much larger schools. This shift away from the leader-follower model is significant. 



It suggests a collective decision-making process and a level of coordination that simply doesn't exist with just a pair of fish. The presence of a third individual seems to unlock a more complex set of social interactions, laying the foundation for the impressive synchronized movements we associate with schooling.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bigger-picture-nbsp">The bigger picture&nbsp;</h3>



What's particularly fascinating is how this behavior scales up. Even within a large group of 50 fish, the researchers observed a consistent pattern: subgroups of three maintaining their side-by-side swimming preference. 



This suggests that the fundamental principles of schooling - formation, coordination, and cohesion - are established at the most basic level, within those small groups of three. These simple rules then scale up remarkably, allowing for the mesmerizing displays of coordinated movement we see in massive schools of fish.



"Practically, three fish form a school, but two are not enough," said Dr. Alexandra Zampetaki from the <a href="https://www.tuwien.at/en/phy/iap" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Applied Physics</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rule-of-three-a-universal-pattern">The "rule of three" – A universal pattern?</h2>



The magic number three isn't just a fishy fluke. This pattern pops up in surprising places throughout science and the natural world:



<ul>
<li>Primary colors:&nbsp;Red, yellow, and blue – the foundational building blocks of every other color we see.</li>



<li>Spatial dimensions:&nbsp;Our world has three dimensions – length, width, and height.</li>



<li>Fundamental particles:&nbsp;Protons and neutrons, the core of atoms, are made up of trios of even smaller particles called quarks.</li>
</ul>



Could this suggest some underlying principle in how groups and complex systems organize themselves?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-fish-school">Beyond fish school</h2>



The researchers believe their findings could have implications far beyond the aquarium:



"These include schools of other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-fish-can-recognize-themselves-in-a-mirror/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> such as goldfish or sardines, as well as flocks of birds such as starling murmurations and swarms of insects such as dancing mosquitos," said Professor Dr. C. Patrick Royall, the study's corresponding author.



There's even the potential for human applications! Imagine a crowd of people dispersing at a concert. Could analyzing the behavior of groups of three help us predict and manage crowd flow in potentially dangerous situations?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-physics-and-fish-school-connect">How physics and fish school connect</h2>



This groundbreaking research emerges from a fascinating intersection of physics and biology. Scientists are using the principles of many-body physics to explore animal groups. This field usually studies how inanimate particles behave together. Now, it's providing new insights into how animals form schools.



Many-body physics investigates systems made up of a multitude of interacting particles. The complexity comes from how those interactions give rise to behaviors that you couldn't predict by studying individual particles alone. The researchers applied this same lens to animal groups, seeking the underlying rules that shape how creatures move.



Additionally, Dr. Alexandra Zampetaki, bridging the gap between physics and biology, created sophisticated computer simulations of zebrafish movement. These weren't just animations – they were models designed to capture the core principles behind how fish swim and interact. 



By tweaking these models to align with real-world data, the team could test theories about why fish group the way they do.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-school-dynamics">Fish school dynamics</h2>



The simulations mirrored the experimental findings: "three constitute a school." This is crucial. It strengthens confidence in the original findings, and it proves the power of computer models in biology. Simulations allow scientists to play out scenarios that would be difficult, or even impossible, to test solely in a real-world lab.



The research celebrates the value of crossing traditional boundaries in science. Blending the rigor of physics with the fascinating complexity of biology opens doors to understanding group dynamics across species – maybe even including us humans. 



The study hints at a set of universal principles at play, whether we're talking about particles or people, suggesting there's a shared logic in how complex systems organize and behave.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-things-to-think-about">Things to think about</h2>



This research opens up a world of fascinating questions:



<ul>
<li>Do different fish species have varying thresholds for "schooling" behavior?</li>



<li>Could these findings shed light on how other animals, like herds of antelope or flocks of migrating birds, coordinate their movements?</li>



<li>Might this new understanding of groups help us build better models for things like traffic flow and the spread of information, especially in the age of social media?</li>
</ul>



The next time you're mesmerized by a school of fish, remember – there's more going on than meets the eye. Scientists are unraveling the secrets of their synchronized swimming, and who knows where their discoveries might lead.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46426-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Can three fish make a school? Study offers surprising insights

Did you know that fish have lessons to teach us...

Whales are the oceans' own social butterflies. Their clicks, whistles, and haunting songs fill the deep. But imagine trying to follow a conversation in a room where everyone is talking at once, and you don't even speak the language. 



That's been the challenge for scientists studying whale communication. Now, thanks to ingenious research, we are finally getting a fascinating peek inside of whale communication



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whales">Humpback whales</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humpback whales</a>, the acrobatic giants of the ocean, are essential to maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. These whales, celebrated for their breathtaking breaches and haunting songs, travel the globe, contributing to the well-being of our oceans. 



By understanding their crucial ecological roles, we gain a deeper appreciation for the importance of protecting these incredible animals. As apex predators, humpback whales regulate populations of krill and small fish, preventing these species from overgrazing on plankton, the vital foundation of the marine food chain. 



Additionally, whale movement and nutrient-rich waste promote phytoplankton growth, which is key to supporting marine food webs and absorbing massive amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide. 



Humpback whales also showcase intelligence and influence fish behavior with their cooperative "bubble net feeding" techniques. Beyond their ecological roles, humpback whales support complex marine ecosystems, and the study of these whales expands our knowledge of the oceans. Furthermore, whale watching provides sustainable, non-lethal economic benefits to coastal communities. 



However, humpback whales are vulnerable to entanglement in fishing gear, ship strikes, noise pollution, and the long-term effects of climate change. Proactive solutions include regulations to reduce human impacts, the creation of protected areas to safeguard critical habitats, and continued research, such as acoustic tagging, to inform the most effective conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-suction-cup-tags">Suction cup tags</h2>



For years, whale researchers relied on techniques like dropping giant microphones into the ocean. It revealed a vast soundscape, but left an important question unanswered: Which whale is singing which part of this underwater opera?



Then, about twenty years ago, biologists invented suction cup tags. These gadgets stick right onto a whale, recording its movements and any sounds it makes. 



Recently, a team of biologists at <a href="https://www.syracuse.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Syracuse University</a>, led by Professor Susan Parks, has taken this technology to the next level. The goal was to understand not just what whales say, but how their communication networks function. This new knowledge could be key to protecting these awe-inspiring giants. 



Their secret weapon? Tagging lots of whales in the same pod at the same time. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acoustic-tagging-and-whale-communication">Acoustic tagging and whale communication</h2>



"By simultaneously tagging all whales in a group, we were able to compare how loudly calls were recorded across tags to infer who was calling," explained study co-author Julia Zeh. "This, in turn, lets us look at individual and group-level communication in ways that we couldn't before."



The trick lies in the volume. Imagine each whale's tag is like its own personal megaphone. If Whale A hollers, its own megaphone picks up the loudest blast, while the sounds fade a little bit on Whale B and Whale C's megaphones. 



Now, even though we're still hearing a chorus of whale songs, we can start to understand which whale is taking a solo, and who's harmonizing in the background.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-whale-communication">Decoding whale communication</h2>



The Syracuse team analyzed nearly 50 hours of recordings - a massive task of figuring out which whale said what. While we still don't have a whale-to-English dictionary, scientists believe these calls might be about coordinating feeding, keeping the group together, or even just casual whale gossip.



"This information can give us insight into how whales coordinate behaviors, how their calls relate to what they're doing, what types of calls they use, and what information they might exchange in group communication," said Zeh.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-whale-communication-for-conservation">Understanding whale communication for conservation</h2>



Of course, it's not just about satisfying our curiosity. Once we can pinpoint which whale is vocalizing, scientists can start analyzing differences between individuals. Do youngsters have a special "baby talk"? Do females and males have distinct calls?



This knowledge has massive implications for whale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-whale-shark-day-protecting-the-gentle-giants-of-the-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>. It helps get more accurate population counts and track the health of individual whales.



"Having information from tag data about call rates and timing can improve count estimates," said Zeh. "For example, having 10 calls doesn't necessarily mean there are 10 whales, but potentially two whales calling back and forth, or one whale producing sequential calls."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



By developing an accurate "caller ID" for humpback whales, scientists have set the stage to potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conversation-with-humpback-whale-gives-seti-team-ideas-on-how-to-talk-to-aliens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decipher</a> their intricate language.



The breakthrough research ignites a thrilling new era in marine biology. The ability to link whale vocalizations to specific actions opens the door to building a comprehensive whale language dictionary. 



This extraordinary tool would fundamentally change how we understand these magnificent animals and bolster conservation efforts. By deciphering their communication, we could create targeted strategies to reduce threats and ensure the health of whale populations for generations to come.



This remarkable progress reflects the relentless pursuit of scientific exploration. From simple surface observations to deploying cutting-edge technology that tracks whales' movements and sounds, we continue to shed light on these enigmatic creatures. It's a testament to the tireless dedication of scientists driven by a deep sense of wonder and unwavering commitment to preserving the natural world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231608" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Acoustic tagging helps decode whale communication

Whales are the oceans' own social butterflies. Their clicks, whistles,...

Davy,Sound,On,The,Coast,Of,Northeast,Greenland.

The 79° N Glacier in northeast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-a-greener-greenland-reveals-shocking-reality-of-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>, is showcasing alarming signs of climate change with dramatic ice loss. Researchers at the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> have observed dramatic glacier thinning, with a loss of over 160 meters (525 feet) since 1998.



This rapid decline is attributed to warm ocean currents eroding the glacier from beneath and elevated air temperatures forming surface lakes. These lakes intensify the melt as their waters drain through vast channels in the ice into the ocean. 



Remarkably, one such channel found was 500 meters (1,640 feet) tall, standing under ice that was just 190 meters (624 feet) thick, starkly highlighting climate change's impact on this crucial glacier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-79-n-glacier-in-greenland">Studying the 79° N Glacier in Greenland</h2>



AWI scientists have conducted extensive research in this remote area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>, establishing a base camp for operations. They used helicopters to deploy autonomous measuring devices to the glacier's most inaccessible parts.



Subsequently, ground, aircraft radar, and satellite data have informed a study in The Cryosphere journal, exploring the glacier's condition and how global warming impacts ice tongue stability. These findings are crucial for predicting the future of ice shelves in both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-absorbs-more-methane-than-it-emits-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a> and Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacial-melt-dynamics">Understanding glacial melt dynamics</h2>



Dr. Ole Zeising, an AWI glaciologist and study's lead author, described their approach.



“Since 2016, we have been using autonomous instruments to carry out radar measurements on the 79° N-Glacier, from which we can determine melt and thinning rates," Zeising explained. 



“In addition, we used aircraft radar data from 1998, 2018 and 2021 showing changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-ice-shelves-have-lost-over-35-percent-of-their-volume/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice thickness</a>. We were able to measure that the 79° N-Glacier has changed significantly in recent decades under the influence of global warming," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warm-ocean-currents-and-atmospheric-conditions">Warm ocean currents and atmospheric conditions</h2>



The study highlights the drastic effects of warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> and atmospheric warming on the glacier's ice tongue. 



It reveals high melt rates and the emergence of large channels beneath the ice, likely resulting from lake water draining through the glacier. Consequently, the glacier has significantly thinned over recent decades.



Interestingly, melt rates have declined since 2018, possibly from cooler ocean currents, highlighting glacier sensitivity to environmental shifts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-collapse">Preparing for the collapse</h2>



Prof. Dr. Angelika Humbert noted the glacier's unusually quick adaptation to these changes. Consequently, she emphasized the complexity of glacier dynamics.



“We expect that this floating glacier tongue will break apart over the next few years to decades. We have begun to study this process in detail to gain maximum insight into the course of the process," explained Humbert. 



"Although there have been several such disintegrations of ice shelves, we have only been able to collect data subsequently. As a scientific community, we are now in a better position by having built up a really good database before the collapse," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-future-holds-for-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">What the future holds for Greenland's 79° N Glacier</h2>



Looking ahead, scientists predict that <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mysterious-arc-joins-ice-on-a-fjord-in-western-greenland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>'s 79° N Glacier's floating tongue may break apart in the coming years or decades. 



This study seeks to understand ice shelf disintegration dynamics, historically challenging to study in real-time. 



Creating a comprehensive database beforehand will better prepare scientists to grasp and potentially mitigate the consequences of these environmental shifts.



The situation of the 79° N Glacier serves as a critical wake-up call regarding the urgent need to address climate change. It highlights the interconnectedness of our planet's systems. 



Additionally, it underscores the profound impacts human activity can have on even the most remote and seemingly stable natural structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">More about Greenland’s 79° N Glacier</h2>



As discussed above, the 79° N Glacier, also known as Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, stands as a sentinel at the frontier of climate research and glacial study. 



This glacier, remarkable both for its size and its significance to the Arctic environment, continues to draw the attention of scientists and environmentalists around the globe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-significance">Geological significance</h3>



The 79° N Glacier is a prominent feature of Greenland's northeastern coast. It flows directly into the Arctic Ocean, making it one of the largest glaciers contributing to the North Atlantic's icebergs. 



Along with its neighbor, the Zachariae Isstrom, it forms a critical part of the Greenland ice sheet's dynamics, playing a significant role in global sea-level rise projections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-indicator">Climate change indicator</h3>



As an active indicator of climate change, the 79° N Glacier has been under intense scrutiny. Scientists monitor its ice flow rates, melt patterns, and calving events to understand better the impacts of global warming on polar ice masses. 



Recent studies, like the one discussed previously by AWI, have shown accelerated ice loss from this glacier, signaling significant environmental transformations in the Arctic.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-exploration">Research and exploration</h3>



The glacier is a hub for cutting-edge research and exploration. Teams from various international institutions embark on expeditions to drill ice cores, deploy satellite technology, and use underwater robotics to study the glacier's behavior and its contribution to global sea level rise. These efforts are crucial for predicting future changes and developing strategies to mitigate climate impacts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">Conservation of Greenland's 79° N Glacier</h3>



The 79° N Glacier in Greenland is a critical piece of the puzzle in understanding global climate dynamics. Through the continued efforts of the scientific community, the glacier serves as both a barometer for the changing climate and a beacon for action against the global challenge of climate change. 



As we move forward, the story of the 79° N Glacier will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping our approach to environmental preservation and our understanding of the Earth's delicate balance.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/18/1333/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Cryosphere</a>.



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Another massive Greenland glacier is rapidly melting

The 79° N Glacier in northeast Greenland, is showcasing alarming...

A team of scientists led by <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> has traced the origins of the Bengal cat's eye-catching coat to domestic cat genes selectively bred for their exotic appearance. It was previously assumed that the markings of the Bengal cat were linked to the wild genes of the Asian leopard cat.



The research suggests that the marbled and spotted patterns, as well as the iridescent sheen of Bengal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exotic-cats-have-surprising-voice-recognition-ability/">cats</a>, which make them resemble small jungle cats, are in fact the result of aggressive selection for certain domestic cat genes after initial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-wildcats-avoided-breeding-with-domestic-cats-for-2000-years/">breeding</a> with wild cats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-appearance-of-the-bengal-cat-nbsp">Distinctive appearance of the Bengal cat&nbsp;</h2>



“Most of the DNA changes that underlie the unique appearance of the Bengal cat breed have always been present in domestic cats,” said study senior author Gregory Barsh, an emeritus professor of genetics, shedding light on the true genetic source of the Bengal cat's distinctive look. “It was really the power of breeding that brought them out.”



With contributions from Bengal cat breeders, the study involved a detailed genetic analysis of nearly 1,000 Bengal cats over a period of 15 years. The findings not only illuminate the specific origins of the Bengal cat’s coat but also contribute to a broader understanding of how genetics encode appearance and how various genes interact to produce an array of colors, patterns, and physical traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-visually-striking-breed-of-cats">A visually striking breed of cats</h2>



The initial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/german-shepherd-health-breeding/">breeding</a> of wild Asian leopard cats with domestic cats, conducted by biologist Jean Mills from the 1960s through the 1980s, aimed to create a visually striking new breed.&nbsp;



Through successive generations, breeders selectively enhanced cats with desired physical attributes and temperaments, leading to the official recognition of the Bengal cat as a distinct breed by the <a href="https://www.tica.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Cat Association</a> in 1986.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity-to-explore-genetic-variation">Unique opportunity to explore genetic variation</h2>



While the experts’ previously identified genes responsible for coat color variations in tabby cats and unique markings in Abyssinian cats, research on Bengal cats represents a unique opportunity to explore genetic variation and its influence on form, color, and pattern.&nbsp;



“The big-picture question is how genetic variation leads to variation in appearance,” Barsh said.



“This is a question that has all kinds of implications for different species, but we think that cats offer an especially tractable way to study it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-widespread-assumptions">Challenging widespread assumptions</h2>



Surprisingly, the team's genetic analysis of 947 Bengal cat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/">genomes</a> revealed that the breed's exotic appearance did not directly inherit any specific parts of the Asian leopard cat genomes.&nbsp;



This finding challenged the widespread assumption among breeders and owners that the Bengal cat's distinctive looks were derived from leopard cats. Instead, the study demonstrated that these aesthetic traits resulted from variations in genes already present in domestic cats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-glitter-effect-in-some-bengal-cats">The glitter effect in some Bengal cats </h2>



Furthermore, the scientists delved into the genetic basis of the "glitter" effect seen in about 60% of all Bengal cats, characterized by their exceptionally soft, gold-iridescent fur. This trait was linked to a mutation in the Fgfr2 gene, originating not from leopard cats but from domestic ones, and is nearly specific to Bengal cats.&nbsp;



This particular mutation uniquely reduces, rather than eliminates, the activity of the protein encoded by Fgfr2, offering insights into how gene variations can subtly influence appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charcoal-bengal-cats-nbsp">Charcoal Bengal cats&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, the team investigated the genetics behind "charcoal" Bengals, a subset with darker coloring, uncovering a leopard cat gene related to the charcoal color. However, this gene only led to the charcoal appearance when combined with domestic cat genomes, an instance of genomic incompatibility illustrating the complex interplay between genes of distantly related species within hybrid animals.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-reduces-vulnerability-to-climate-change/">Hybridization</a> between different species can happen naturally and is responsible for the small amount of Neanderthal DNA found in many human genomes. But the wild leopard cat and the domestic cat are more different from each other than humans are from chimpanzees, and it’s remarkable to see how DNA from these distantly related species can exist and work together in a popular companion animal,” Barsh explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-refined-breeding-strategies-nbsp">More refined breeding strategies&nbsp;</h2>



These findings enrich breeders' understanding, enabling more refined breeding strategies for new colors and patterns, while highlighting the potency of artificial selection.&nbsp;



“Breeders are extremely interested in our data,” said lead author Christopher Kaelin, a professor of genetics at Stanford. “They not only want to contribute their cats’ DNA but they also want to be involved and help analyze data and hear about our results. It’s been a great collaboration and a true example of citizen science.”



This study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.075">Current Biology</a>, offers both valuable information for cat lovers and for scientists interested in processes such as hybridization and selection.&nbsp;



“Human DNA of European or Asian ancestry contains a small fraction of Neanderthal DNA that was caused by hybridization between the two species after humans migrated out of Africa. In some ways, Bengal cats are similar, except the distance between the two hybridizing species is much greater and the time since hybridization is much less,” Barsh concluded.



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Bengal cats' wild appearance is surprisingly tied to domestic cats

A team of scientists led by Stanford University has traced...

Sea-buckthorn,,Sea,Buckthorn,Oil

In the search for the next superfood, Canadian sea buckthorn berries are emerging as a powerful contender. Additionally, they show promising benefits for managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-significantly-reduce-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> and obesity.



A recent study focused on this underexplored shrub reveals its rich antioxidant content and significant potential for health benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-untapped-potential-of-sea-buckthorn">The untapped potential of sea buckthorn</h2>



Originating from the coasts of northwestern Europe and the temperate regions of central Asia, sea buckthorn is a thorny, deciduous plant renowned for the nutritional and medicinal properties of its berries and leaves. 



The plants contain high levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are crucial for heart health and cognitive function. Additionally, these parts of the plant are rich in vitamins E, B, and A - essential nutrients that support skin health, energy levels, and vision. 



The berries and leaves are also packed with polyphenols, antioxidants that protect against cellular damage and offer various health benefits. Despite its popularity in Asia and northwestern Europe, North America has yet to fully embrace this superfood.



Recent research led by Professor Fereidoon Shahidi at <a href="https://www.mun.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memorial University of Newfoundland </a>advances the understanding and promotion of sea buckthorn in North America. PhD student Renan Danielski emphasized the crop’s distinctive qualities and its potential for success in North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-closer-look-at-canadian-sea-buckthorn">A closer look at Canadian sea buckthorn</h2>



The experts meticulously analyzed the composition of sea buckthorn, with a particular focus on polyphenols. Consequently, the team's analysis of Canadian sea buckthorn compounds underscores their commitment to global comparison and market establishment in North America.



Professor Shahidi emphasized the importance of educating consumers about the cultivar's benefits, which could significantly enhance its market presence.



The research revealed that the pomace and seeds of sea buckthorn are rich in beneficial polyphenols, providing cardiovascular and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-milk-has-powerful-anti-inflammatory-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-inflammatory</a> benefits. 



Additionally, the team discovered that the berry's polyphenolic content varies by geography, with uniquely potent compounds in Newfoundland. This finding points to an exciting avenue for future research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-and-future-research">Health benefits and future research</h2>



The antidiabetic and anti-obesity potential of sea buckthorn extracts is particularly promising. Consequently, this opens up opportunities for more detailed investigations into how they work and their possible uses in therapy.



Furthermore, Danielski highlighted the need for more research on the positive effects of sea buckthorn <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=polyphenols&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> on human health. Should future animal and human studies validate these benefits, sea buckthorn may become key in combating conditions like diabetes and obesity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sustainable-and-health-enhancing-option">A sustainable and health-enhancing option</h2>



The findings from this study position sea buckthorn berries as a valuable source of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olive-varieties-contain-different-levels-of-antioxidants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a> in North America. As consumer interest in functional foods and nutraceuticals grows, sea buckthorn emerges as a sustainable and health-enhancing alternative. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sea buckthorn berries</h2>



Sea buckthorn berries are small, orange-yellow fruits that grow on shrubs of the genus Hippophae. These berries are known for their high nutrient content and have been used for centuries in traditional medicine across Europe and Asia.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vitamin content</h3>



They're particularly notable for their high vitamin C content, which can be several times higher than that of oranges. Sea buckthorn berries are also rich in various vitamins (like vitamins A, E, and B), minerals, antioxidants, and omega fatty acids (omega-3, -6, -7, and -9), making them a highly regarded superfood.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Common uses</h3>



The berries have a tart, tangy taste and can be eaten raw, though their sharp flavor may not be palatable to everyone. They're more commonly used in processed forms such as juices, oils, syrups, and supplements.&nbsp;



Sea buckthorn oil, extracted from the berries or seeds, is particularly valued in cosmetic and skin care products for its hydrating and rejuvenating properties.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health benefits&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond their nutritional benefits, sea buckthorn berries have been researched for their potential health benefits, which include supporting heart health, skin health, and immune function. The berries’ antioxidants may help reduce inflammation, combat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapes-provide-a-dietary-shield-to-protect-eye-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxidative stress</a>, and support overall health.



Cultivation of sea buckthorn plants is also environmentally beneficial, as the plants are hardy, resistant to pollution, and can help prevent soil erosion. This makes sea buckthorn an interesting plant both from an ecological and an agricultural standpoint.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.13386" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of Food and Agriculture</a>.



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Sea buckthorn berries have untapped potential as a superfood

In the search for the next superfood, Canadian sea buckthorn...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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