Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much of its habitability to water. Understanding when and how water arrived on Earth is crucial for piecing together the story of life’s origins. 



Scientists have long debated whether water was present from the planet’s formation or if it arrived later through external sources. 



A recent study led by a Rutgers-New Brunswick scientist challenges existing theories, suggesting that water arrived much later than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-cycles-through-plants-with-unexpected-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previously believed</a>.



The findings indicate that Earth received water toward the final stages of its formation. This discovery could reshape scientific understanding of the conditions necessary for life.



By examining isotopes in Earth’s rocks and comparing them with meteorites, researchers have provided new insights into the timing and process of water’s arrival on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-life-s-origins">Timing of life’s origins</h2>



Scientists seek to pinpoint when key <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comets-may-have-delivered-water-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ingredients for life</a> first appeared on Earth. Water, energy, and a mix of organic chemicals known as CHNOPS - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - are essential for life to emerge. 



Determining when these components arrived can offer clues about the timing of life’s formation.



Katherine Bermingham is an associate professor in the <a href="https://eps.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a> at Rutgers and lead author of the study.



“When water was delivered to the planet is a major unanswered question in planetary science,” said Bermingham. “If we know the answer, we can better constrain when and how life developed.”



Her research suggests that water was not present during the early phases of Earth’s formation, as some theories propose. Instead, the planet acquired it much later through a process known as late accretion, when additional material from space continued to shape Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-the-building-blocks-of-planets">Examining the building blocks of planets</h2>



Bermingham specializes in cosmogeochemistry, a field that examines the chemical composition of planetary materials to understand their origins. 



By analyzing Earth rocks and extraterrestrial materials such as meteorites, she investigates how rocky planets, including Earth, formed and evolved.



In this study, Bermingham’s team used thermal ionization mass spectrometry, a precise method for measuring isotopic compositions. 



They developed a new analytical approach to examine isotopes of molybdenum, an element found in both Earth’s crust and meteorites.



Isotopes are variations of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, which gives them slightly different atomic masses while maintaining identical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical properties</a>.



“The molybdenum isotopic composition of Earth rocks provides us with a special window into events occurring around the time of Earth’s final core formation, when the last 10% to 20% of material was being assembled by the planet. This period is thought to coincide with the Moon’s formation,” explained Bermingham.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-meteorites-and-earth-rocks">Comparing meteorites and Earth rocks</h2>



To track Earth’s early chemical history, the team examined meteorite samples from the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Scientists classify meteorites into two main groups based on their place of origin in the solar system.



The first group, known as “CC” meteorites, likely formed in the outer solar system, where conditions were wetter. The second group, “NC” meteorites, originated in the inner solar system, where conditions were much drier. 



This study focused on meteorites from the NC group to compare their chemical composition with Earth rocks.



The researchers analyzed molybdenum isotopes in rocks from Greenland, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and Japan. 



These rocks date back to the time of the Moon’s formation and are believed to contain elements added to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-other-planets-collected-first-water-from-unexpected-source-planetesimals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> during this period.



By comparing the isotopic signatures of meteorites and Earth rocks, the team sought to determine whether the Moon-forming event delivered a significant amount of water to Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-water-may-have-arrived-late">Earth’s water may have arrived late</h2>



“Once we gathered the different samples and measured their isotopic compositions, we compared the meteorites’ signatures with the rock signatures to see if there was a similarity or a difference,” Bermingham said. “And from there, we drew inferences.”



The analysis revealed that the molybdenum composition of Earth rocks closely matched that of NC meteorites, which originated in the drier inner solar system. 



This finding suggests that Earth’s building blocks primarily came from a region of the solar system where water was scarce.



This contradicts a popular theory that a significant amount of Earth’s water arrived during the Moon-forming event. 



Instead, the study indicates that water was delivered in smaller amounts long after the Moon formed, during the later stages of planetary development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-source-of-earth-s-water">Rethinking the source of Earth’s water</h2>



“We have to figure out from where in our solar system Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-earths-building-blocks-contained-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> - the dust and the gas - came and around when that happened,” Bermingham said. “That’s the information needed to understand when the stage was set for life to begin.”



If most of Earth’s original material came from the drier inner solar system, then the Moon-forming event was likely not a major contributor of water. Instead, water must have arrived in smaller portions later. 



This conclusion challenges the idea that a single event provided Earth with the majority of its water. 



The study supports the view that water accumulated gradually over time, arriving through a combination of asteroid impacts and other processes occurring well after the planet had taken shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questions-about-life-s-early-conditions">Questions about life’s early conditions</h2>



“Our results suggest that the Moon-forming event was not a major supplier of water, unlike what has been thought previously,” Bermingham said. “These findings, however, permit a small amount of water to be added after final core formation, during what is called late accretion.”



This discovery raises new questions about how long it took for Earth to become habitable. If water arrived later than previously thought, then life may have taken longer to emerge. 



This could also have implications for understanding other planets, particularly those that scientists consider candidates for life.



By refining the timeline of Earth’s water history, this study contributes to a broader effort to understand planetary evolution. If water arrived late on Earth, then other planets might have followed a similar pattern. 



This could mean that life-supporting conditions take longer to develop than scientists once assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-in-the-search-for-earth-s-water">What’s next in the search for Earth’s water?</h2>



The study represents a step forward in unraveling Earth’s past, but it also highlights the many unanswered questions about the origins of water and life. 



Future research will likely focus on refining models of planetary accretion, analyzing additional meteorite samples, and exploring other isotopic markers that could provide further insights.



Other Rutgers contributors to the study include Linda Godfrey, an assistant research professor, and Hope Tornebene, a laboratory researcher in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 



The research continues to push the boundaries of planetary science, bringing us closer to understanding how Earth became a world capable of supporting life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703724005751?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</a>.



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Water arrived on Earth gradually over time, not in one big event

Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much of its habitability to water. Understanding when and how water arrived on Earth is crucial for piecing together the story of life’s origins. Scientists have long debated whether water was present from the planet’s formation or if it arrived later through external sources. A recent study led by a Rutgers-New Brunswick scientist challenges existing theories, suggesting that water arrived much later than previously believed. The findings indicate that Earth received water toward the final stages of its...

In a fascinating development, scientists have pioneered the creation of "artificial laboratory testicles," a breakthrough with the potential to significantly enhance our understanding of sex determination mechanisms and offer new solutions for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-sperm-count-directly-linked-to-mobile-phone-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male infertility</a>. 



This innovation, from Dr. Nitzan Gonen and her team at <a href="https://www.biu.ac.il/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bar-Ilan University</a>, comes at a crucial time, considering that male infertility affects one in twelve men globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneering-fertility-the-birth-of-artificial-testicles">Pioneering fertility: The birth of artificial testicles</h2>



The essence of this research lies in the development of testis organoids -- tiny, artificial organs that mimic the natural function of testicles, including sperm production and testosterone synthesis. 



These organoids are cultivated from real mouse testicular cells, marking a significant step forward in the field of reproductive medicine and research.



Historically, the lack of in vitro systems capable of accurately modeling the testis has been a significant barrier in understanding disorders of sex development (DSD) and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-ddt-alters-sperm-putting-children-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male infertility</a>. 



The creation of these artificial testicles by Dr. Gonen and her students -- Aviya Stopel, Cheli Lev, and Stav Dahari -- at the Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the <a href="https://nano.biu.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials</a>, ushers in a new era of possibilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-artificial-testicles">The science behind artificial testicles</h2>



The research team cultured the artificial testicles from immature testicular cells taken from neonatal mice. The breakthrough moment came when they observed tubule-like structures and a cellular organization within the organoids that closely resembled that of a natural testis. 



These structures are akin to the seminiferous tubules in a real testicle, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm production</a> occurs.



One of the most promising aspects of this research is the longevity of the organoids in vitro, which were successfully cultured for nine weeks. 



This duration is theoretically sufficient for completing the sperm production and hormone secretion processes, which, in mice, takes approximately 34 days. This longevity suggests that these processes could potentially occur in vitro.



While Dr. Gonen remains cautious about whether the model will actually produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-alcohol-has-a-significant-negative-impact-on-a-fathers-sperm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm cells</a>, early signs of meiosis -- the process leading to the production of gametes -- have been observed. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-hope-with-testicular-organoids">Cultivating hope with testicular organoids</h2>



This development is crucial as it hints at the organoids' capability to produce sperm cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes needed for fertilization.



This research also highlights the adaptability of organoids, which typically resemble embryonic-stage organs. 



Dr. Gonen's team has successfully created conditions allowing the organoids to mature, demonstrating that even testicles grown from embryonic cells can develop clear sperm tubes. However, attempts to grow organoids from adult mice testis were not successful.



Dr. Gonen emphasizes the potential of artificial testicles as a model for fundamental research into testicle development and function, with possible therapeutic applications for sexual development disorders and infertility. 



The future of this research is particularly promising, with plans to produce organoids using human samples. This could revolutionize fertility treatments, especially for children undergoing cancer treatment, who are unable to produce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-improves-sperm-quality-and-fertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viable sperm</a>. 



By freezing samples from these children, there's hope that fertile sperm can be grown in vitro, offering a new pathway to parenthood for those affected by infertility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-testicles-the-future-of-fertility">Artificial testicles: The future of fertility</h2>



In summary, Dr. Nitzan Gonen and her team's pioneering creation of artificial testicles in the laboratory represents a monumental stride in the battle against male infertility, offering new hope to millions of men worldwide. 



By successfully mimicking the natural processes of testicular function through organoid technology, this research deepens our understanding of sex determination and reproductive health while offering revolutionary new treatments for men around the world. 



As we stand on the brink of potential fertility breakthroughs, the implications of this study extend far beyond the laboratory, promising to transform the lives of individuals and families across the globe, marking a new era in medical science and reproductive health.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.ijbs.com/v20p1024.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Biological Sciences</a>.



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'Artificial testicles' created in a lab will eventually produce sperm

In a fascinating development, scientists have pioneered the creation of...

Scientists have taken a giant step in understanding human genes. The <a href="https://allofus.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">All of Us program</a> just released a huge amount of data, including 275 million new genetic variants, that could change how we think about health and illness. 



Instead of medicine being the same for everyone, imagine treatments designed specifically for you, based on your unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-genes-that-help-fruit-adapt-to-droughts/">genes</a>.&nbsp;



That's the future the All of Us program is working towards. They have released genetic information from over 245,000 people, building the groundwork for healthcare as unique as you are.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-basis-of-diseases">Genetic basis of diseases</h2>



When someone gets sick, their genes can sometimes play a role. These genes, the blueprints for our bodies, hold instructions in the form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-vacuumed-animal-dna-from-a-forest-and-the-results-are-amazing/">DNA</a>. Sometimes, there are tiny mistakes or changes in this DNA called mutations.&nbsp;



These mutations can affect how genes function, leading to disease or increasing the risk of developing certain health problems. Understanding this "genetic basis" of diseases is crucial for several reasons.



Doctors can use genetic testing to confirm diagnosis for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-u-s-is-alarmingly-unprepared-for-zoonotic-diseases/">diseases</a> with known genetic causes, allowing for faster and more accurate interventions. They can also use it to assess someone's or a family's risk of developing certain diseases, enabling preventative measures or early treatment.&nbsp;



Recent studies have already found some examples of how different genes can impact disease risk. For example, a gene called APOL1 is linked to kidney problems in people with African ancestry. Additionally, a new type of medicine for high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-cholesterol-may-increase-the-risk-of-dementia/">cholesterol</a> was discovered by studying the genes of people in Dallas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-all-of-us-program">All of Us program</h2>



The study sought to gather information from over a million people across the US, especially those typically left out of medical research. They explained the goals and got permission to use people's genetic info and medical records.



Volunteers gave samples like blood or saliva. These were analyzed to get their full genetic makeup or specific variations. Medical records were also added to this genetic data. This connection allowed researchers to see how genes, health outcomes, and medical history were linked over time.



Researchers then used sequencing techniques to find differences in people's genetic code compared to a standard. These differences were then studied to see how they might affect genes and proteins, and if they were linked to any known diseases.



Since people come from different backgrounds, the study analyzed the genetic data from various ancestries. This helped ensure the findings were accurate and applied to many groups, not just one. It also showed how gene-disease links might differ depending on ancestry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity">Genetic diversity</h2>



The program identified a staggering 1 billion genetic variants, with over 275 million of them never seen before. This highlights that humans are super diverse. This diversity is key to understanding why people get sick and how to tailor treatments to their unique genes, a concept known as personalized medicine.&nbsp;



Finding so many previously unknown variations significantly expands our knowledge of human DNA. This is especially important for figuring out how genes contribute to diseases and identifying potential targets for treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coding-variants">Coding variants</h2>



Changes in genes that affect proteins, which control how our bodies function, are particularly interesting. These "coding variants" can directly impact health and disease. Finding many previously unknown coding variants shows there are gaps in our current genetic databases, especially for groups that haven't been studied as much. This program's findings help fill those gaps and improve our understanding of human genetic diversity.



It's also important to differentiate between rare and common variations. Most of the coding variants found are rare, meaning fewer than 1% of people have them. This emphasizes the importance of studying large and diverse groups to capture all the variations. Rare variations can be especially helpful for understanding rare diseases or why some groups are more susceptible to certain common diseases.



Furthermore, the program analyzed how disease-causing or likely disease-causing variations are distributed across different ancestral groups. The knowledge is crucial for developing more inclusive and effective healthcare strategies that consider the specific genetic risks of different ancestries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-the-study">Importance of the study</h2>



This study did even more than just find new genetic information. It showed that the data collected by the All of Us program is really reliable, because the researchers were able to confirm already known links between genes and diseases, even in a group of people with many different backgrounds. This means the data can be used to find even more genes that cause diseases.



The way the study was done is a perfect example of how personalized medicine could work. They combined people's genes with their medical records, which could help doctors give treatments that are best for each individual, based on their own unique DNA. This could lead to much better healthcare in the future.



"Sequencing diverse populations can lead to new drug targets that are relevant to everyone. It can also help uncover disparities that lead to specific treatments for people that are experiencing higher burdens of disease or different diseases," said Dr. Josh Denny, a study author and its chief executive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-initiative">Public initiative</h2>



The All of Us Research Program wants to make genetic data easily accessible to scientists, fueling discoveries and improving healthcare.



The program gives researchers a secure online space to analyze the data. Partnering with universities streamlines access even more. This saves money and lets everyone, even those without expensive computers, join the research.



With such diverse data, scientists can dig into the roots of diseases, see how genes affect different people, and pave the way for personalized medicine for all.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-research-program">More about the research program</h2>



The All of Us Research Program, initiated in 2015 with $130 million funding under Barack Obama's presidency, is a groundbreaking initiative aimed at tailoring medical care to individuals.&nbsp;



This ambitious project seeks to collect genetic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-public-health/">health</a> data from one million volunteers to accelerate health and medical breakthroughs, thereby enabling individualized prevention, treatment, and care.&nbsp;



Managed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the program is bilingual, offering materials in both Spanish and English, to ensure broad accessibility and inclusivity.&nbsp;



With a focus on diversity, All of Us aims to include participants from traditionally underrepresented groups, making significant strides in personalized medicine and healthcare.



The research is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06957-x%20%20%E2%80%8C" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature.</a>



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Landmark study reveals 275 million new genetic variants

Scientists have taken a giant step in understanding human genes....

Ever hear a song, and suddenly you're back at that concert, feeling goosebumps? Or imagine a whole scene when a certain beat drops? It's not magic -- it's science. University of California San Francisco (<a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF</a>) scientists wanted to know how our brain understands and "guesses" <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-that-listen-to-music-grow-faster-and-healthier/">music</a> flow. 



The analysis reveals that music is not just notes on a page but a narrative that our brains create while listening.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-brain-response-to-music">Tracking brain response to music</h2>



Participants from the study volunteered to have their brains scanned while listening to music. They had epilepsy and were already undergoing brain monitoring as part of their treatment.&nbsp;



The researchers played them short musical snippets called "phrases" with different note patterns. Some phrases were predictable, repeating familiar patterns, while others surprised them with unexpected notes.



To track their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-fan-or-fanatic-study-reveals-the-brain-activity-behind-fanaticism/">brain activity</a>, the researchers used a special technique called "high-density electrocorticography" (ECoG). This involves placing many tiny electrodes directly on the scalp, allowing for precise measurements of electrical activity in different areas. It's like having many tiny microphones listening to different parts of your brain.



By comparing the brain activity with the predictable and unpredictable phrases, the researchers could see which brain regions were more active when people anticipated the next note and which were active when they were surprised.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-areas-for-pitch-and-melody">Distinct areas for pitch and melody</h2>



The researchers found that while some parts of the brain handle pitch and pitch changes similarly for music and speech, music has its own special way of handling "expectations."&nbsp;



While our brains use similar areas to understand both music and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-can-predict-human-speech-before-we-say-a-word/">speech</a>, there's a key difference. Music triggers unique "prediction zones" that speech does not. This means our brains are wired to anticipate what's coming next in a song, much more so than in a conversation.



Study co-author Dr. Edward Chang is a chair of neurosurgery and a member of the <a href="https://weill.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weill Institute for Neurosciences</a> at UCSF.



"We found that some of how we understand a melody is entwined with how we understand speech, while other important aspects of music stand alone," explained Dr. Chang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Why is this special ability important? Because unlike speech, where meaning comes from grammar and vocabulary, music's meaning and power lie in its emotional impact and unique patterns. 



Our brains naturally crave and respond to these patterns, creating the strong memories and feelings music often evokes.



This also explains why music transcends <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-in-all-cultures-offer-small-acts-of-kindness-to-strangers/">cultures</a> and languages. Even without words, we can connect to the emotions of a melody because our brains are primed to appreciate its structure and patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-cultural-background">Influence of cultural background</h2>



While our brains process the basic sounds of music (pitch and changes) similarly across cultures, anticipating what comes next in music (melodic expectation) might be a different story. The study suggests this ability could be influenced by the music we are exposed to throughout our lives.



Think of it this way: if you grew up listening to Western classical music, your brain might expect certain melodic patterns based on that tradition. However, someone raised on Indian ragas would have different expectations based on their musical experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-as-brain-therapy">Music as brain therapy</h2>



Music's effect on our brains holds promise for improving various neurological and mental health conditions. The research knowledge is exciting because it highlights music's potential for targeted therapies.



In the future, doctors could use music to activate brain areas vital for emotional control, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxytocin-holds-the-keys-to-both-your-heart-and-your-memory/">memory</a>, and movement in patients recovering from brain injuries or with mental health issues. By stimulating these areas with music, we could encourage "rewiring" of the brain, aiding recovery.



The study also opens doors for personalized music therapy based on individual needs. For example, understanding how expectations in music work could help design therapy to improve attention and memory or even ease anxiety and depression through music's emotional pull.&nbsp;



Engaging patients in making their own music or using their preferred songs in therapy could be especially powerful, as it taps into the brain's prediction abilities, potentially leading to stronger benefits.



Further research is needed to fully unlock music therapy's potential, but this study paints a promising picture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Understanding how our brains react to music holds exciting potential across various fields. In education, learning how brains absorb musical patterns could improve teaching methods, making music learning more natural and effective.&nbsp;



Additionally, music's unique ability to engage specific brain areas makes it a promising tool for cognitive training, potentially bolstering memory, attention, and auditory skills in various populations.



Looking at creativity, insights into how we anticipate musical sequences could foster innovation. Programs could stimulate improvisation and composition by tapping into the brain's natural prediction mechanisms, unlocking new avenues for creative expression.



This understanding can even influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-reading-technology-transforms-thoughts-into-text/">technology</a>. By mimicking the brain's way of processing music, AI systems could compose or recommend music that resonates more deeply with our emotions and preferences.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-studying-music-and-the-brain">Future directions for studying music and the brain</h2>



For athletes and performers, strategically using music can optimize their mental state before important events, boosting focus and reducing anxiety.



"It's obvious that exposure to music enriches our social, emotional and intellectual lives and has potential to treat a broad range of conditions.To understand why music is able to confer all these benefits, we need to answer some fundamental questions about how music works in the brain," said study lead author Dr. Narayan Sankaran.



Long-term studies following individuals over time could provide valuable data on how the processing of musical expectations and pitch might change with aging, experience, or cognitive decline.



So next time you listen to or play music, remember, it's not just your ears having fun - your brain is having a party, too.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk0010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances.‌</a>



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Music triggers unique 'prediction zones' in the brain

Ever hear a song, and suddenly you're back at that...

The threat of potassium depletion in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soils-contribute-to-climate-crisis-by-releasing-nitrous-oxide/">agricultural soils</a>, a crucial nutrient for plant growth, is emerging as a significant concern for global food security. This is the conclusion of new research led by <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University College London</a> (UCL).



The study reveals a critical imbalance that is happening on a global scale. More potassium is being removed from soils than replenished, posing a risk to crop yields and, consequently, food supplies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-potassium-in-soil-is-significant-threat">Lack of potassium in soil is significant threat</h2>



Potassium aids in essential plant functions such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/">photosynthesis</a> and respiration. Its absence can severely limit growth, affecting food production.&nbsp;



Traditionally, farmers combat potassium depletion with potassium-rich fertilizers. However, challenges like supply constraints and environmental concerns underscore the complexity of this solution.



The researchers identified an alarming global trend of potassium deficiency. They found that about 20% of agricultural soils worldwide are severely lacking this nutrient. 



The situation is particularly dire in regions with intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seaweed-farming-could-boost-food-security-slow-climate-change/">farming</a> practices, including 44% of soils in South-East Asia, 39% in Latin America, 30% in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 20% in East Asia.



Professor Mark Maslin (UCL Geography), a co-author of the study, emphasized the critical nature of this issue.&nbsp;



“Potassium is critical to sustaining the crop yields that keep the world fed, and its depletion poses a significant threat to the food security of millions of people around the world," said Maslin. "This is an overlooked issue that needs to be addressed with a range of actions as the world population continues to grow.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-source-of-potassium-soil-fertilizer">Key source of potassium soil fertilizer</h2>



The study highlights the market's volatility for potash, a key source of potassium fertilizer. Potash is dominated by a few countries, leading to price surges and supply disruptions.&nbsp;



Notably, the situation was exacerbated by geopolitical tensions, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This led to sanctions affecting potash exports from Russia and Belarus, significant global suppliers.



“The volatility of potash prices has major implications across the global food system. Access to potassium is vital for farmers to maintain their crop yields, but the recent high cost of potash makes it more difficult for the most vulnerable to obtain,” said co-author Peter Alexander, a geoscientist at the University of Edinburgh.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-risks-to-food-security-nbsp">Mitigating risks to food security&nbsp;</h2>



To combat these challenges and mitigate the risk to food security, the researchers propose several recommendations. They are calling for national capabilities to manage price fluctuations, research on soil potassium levels, and the evaluation of potash mining's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-and-destructive-environmental-impact-of-bitcoin-mining/">environmental impact</a>. 



In addition, the team recommends the development of a global circular potassium economy. Furthermore, the experts call for increased intergovernmental cooperation to coordinate policies on potassium management.



“The environmental impact of potash mining and use in agriculture is something that needs greater scrutiny. There’s much that we still don’t understand about the effects that artificial potassium enrichment has on nearby ecosystems," said study lead author Will Brownlie of the UK Center for Ecology &amp; Hydrology.



"By wisely handling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium together, we can reap multiple benefits, prevent pollution, boost crop yields, and minimize nutrient loss. It's about coordinating our approach for better farming outcomes."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00929-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Food</a>.



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Potassium depletion in agricultural soils threatens food security

The threat of potassium depletion in agricultural soils, a crucial...

Macro,Shot,Of,A,Person,With,Medical,Gloves,And,Tweezers

Scientists have revealed the presence of microplastics in human placenta tissue, a discovery that raises significant concerns about the potential health implications for both present and future generations. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-exposure-linked-to-changes-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a>, those minuscule fragments of plastic less than five millimeters in size, are now ubiquitous in our environment -- and alarmingly, in almost every part of the human body tested so far.



In a disturbing study conducted by the <a href="https://hsc.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New Mexico Health Sciences</a>, Matthew Campen, PhD, a Regents’ Professor at the UNM Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, meticulously analyzed placenta samples from 62 individuals. 



Astonishingly, every placenta sample contained microplastics, with concentrations varying widely from 6.5 to 790 micrograms per gram of tissue. 



"Although these numbers might appear insignificant at first glance, the health effects of a steadily increasing volume of microplastics in our environment are potentially profound," Campen expressed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-invaders-microplastics-in-human-placentas">Invisible invaders: Microplastics in human placentas</h2>



This investigation utilized an innovative analytical approach, combining saponification and ultracentrifugation with pyrolysis, to quantify <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-are-exposed-to-microplastics-before-theyre-even-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> in human tissues accurately. 



The most prevalent polymer found was polyethylene, constituting 54% of the total plastics detected. Other significant polymers included polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and nylon, each accounting for about 10% of the total, alongside a mixture of nine other polymers.



Marcus Garcia, PharmD, a postdoctoral fellow in Campen’s laboratory, highlighted the advancement this method represents, enabling researchers to move beyond mere particle counting to precise quantification of microplastic content in human placenta tissues. 



This leap forward is critical in understanding the full scope of microplastic pollution and its implications for human health.



The proliferation of plastic use since the 1950s has led to an environmental crisis, with a staggering amount of plastic waste -- much of which breaks down into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> -- permeating our ecosystems. 



“That ends up in groundwater, and sometimes it aerosolizes and ends up in our environment,” Garcia said. “We’re not only getting it from ingestion but also through inhalation as well. It not only affects us as humans, but all off our animals -- chickens, livestock -- and all of our plants. We’re seeing it in everything.”



The durability of plastics, with some types having a half-life of up to 300 years, means that microplastics accumulating in the environment and our bodies are remnants from decades past. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-placenta-tissue-and-modern-maladies">Microplastics, placenta tissue, and modern maladies</h2>



Despite their historical assumption as biologically inert, recent evidence suggests that microplastics, especially those small enough to cross cellular membranes, may pose significant health risks. 



Campen pointed out the correlation between increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-how-microplastics-are-harming-global-soil-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic concentrations</a> in human tissues and a rise in health issues such as inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer in younger populations, and declining sperm counts.



The study's findings, particularly the detection of microplastics in placental tissue -- a structure that forms and grows within a mere eight months -- underscore the urgency of addressing plastic pollution. 



Campen and his team are planning further research to explore the health impacts of microplastics, but the need for immediate action is clear.



As the production of plastics continues to escalate, with projections suggesting a potential doubling every 10 to 15 years, the situation appears increasingly dire. 



“It’s only getting worse, and the trajectory is it will double every 10 to 15 years,” he said. “So, even if we were to stop it today, in 2050 there will be three times as much plastic in the background as there is now. And we’re not going to stop it today.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-challenge-mobilizing-against-microplastics">Global challenge: Mobilizing against microplastics</h2>



In summary, the pervasive presence of microplastics in human placenta tissue serves as a stark wake-up call to the global community about the extent of plastic pollution and its potential implications for human health. 



This important research shines a bright spotlight on the invisible threat that microplastics pose to our bodies and emphasizes the urgent need for collective action to mitigate plastic waste and explore sustainable alternatives. 



By confronting the realities of our reliance on plastics and pushing for innovative solutions, we can safeguard the health of current and future generations against the insidious spread of microplastics in our environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/toxsci/kfae021/7609801?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Toxicological Sciences</a>.



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Microplastics discovered in every human placenta tested after birth

Scientists have revealed the presence of microplastics in human placenta...

A,Woman,On,A,Diet,,Fasting,,Head,Down,Sitting,Next

Periodic cycles of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) offer remarkable health benefits, including a reduction in immune system aging, insulin resistance, and liver fat. 



This innovative dietary approach not only contributes to a lower biological age but also opens a new frontier in nutrition-based health intervention.



The study, led by the <a href="https://gero.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology</a>, builds upon existing research to underscore the significant advantages of FMD. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-mimicking-diet-a-scientific-breakthrough">Fasting-mimicking diet: A scientific breakthrough</h2>



The fasting-mimicking diet, lasting five days, is rich in unsaturated fats while being low in calories, proteins, and carbohydrates. 



Designed to emulate the effects of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional water fast</a> without foregoing essential nutrients, FMD facilitates adherence and completion of the fasting period. 



The brainchild of <a href="https://gero.usc.edu/faculty/longo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Valter Longo</a> of the USC Leonard Davis School, this diet strategy has now been validated for its efficacy in human health improvement.



Professor Longo, the senior author of the study, emphasizes the novelty of FMD as a food-based intervention that does not necessitate ongoing dietary or lifestyle modifications. 



"This is the first study to show that a food-based intervention that does not require chronic dietary or other lifestyle changes can make people biologically younger, based on both changes in risk factors for aging and disease and on a validated method developed by the Levine group to assess biological age,” Longo explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multifaceted-benefits-of-fasting-mimicking-diet">Multifaceted benefits of fasting-mimicking diet</h2>



Historical research by Longo's team has documented the diverse benefits of short, periodic FMD cycles, including stem cell regeneration, reduced chemotherapy side effects, and diminished signs of dementia in animal models. 



Furthermore, FMD has shown promise in lowering the risk factors for various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-and-feeding-cycle-is-crucial-for-healthy-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-related diseases</a> in humans, such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease.



This recent study ventured into previously unexplored territory, investigating the impact of FMD on aging, biological age, liver fat, and immune system aging in humans. 



Conducted on two clinical trial populations ranging in age from 18 to 70, the study required participants to follow the FMD for five days, followed by a standard diet for the remainder of the month. 



The diet consists of plant-based soups, energy bars, drinks, snacks, tea, and a supplement rich in essential nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-overall-health-aging-and-disease">Impact on overall health, aging and disease</h2>



The findings were compelling. Participants adhering to the FMD showcased significant health improvements, including lower diabetes risk factors such as reduced insulin resistance and HbA1c levels. 



MRI scans further confirmed reductions in abdominal and liver fat, indicators of a decreased risk for metabolic syndrome. Notably, the FMD cycles enhanced the lymphoid-to-myeloid ratio, suggesting a rejuvenated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-just-what-you-eat-but-when-fasting-improves-mood-and-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a>.



A comprehensive analysis revealed that, on average, participants experienced a reduction in biological age by 2.5 years, underscoring the diet's potential for age reversal. 



"This study shows for the first time evidence for biological age reduction from two different clinical trials, accompanied by evidence of rejuvenation of metabolic and immune function," Longo adds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fmd-s-place-in-future-healthcare">FMD's place in future healthcare</h2>



The collaboration between first authors Sebastian Brandhorst, USC Leonard Davis research associate professor, and Morgan E. Levine, founding principal investigator of Altos Labs and USC Leonard Davis PhD alumna, further solidifies the FMD's standing as a viable, short-term dietary intervention. 



This approach not only mitigates disease risk but also enhances overall health without the need for extensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle alterations</a>.



Professor Longo concludes with a call to action for healthcare professionals, encouraging the broader recommendation of FMD cycles to patients at risk and the general population eager for improved health and vitality. 



“Although many doctors are already recommending the FMD in the United States and Europe, these findings should encourage many more healthcare professionals to recommend FMD cycles to patients with higher than desired levels of disease risk factors as well as to the general population that may be interested in increased function and younger age,” Longo said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-mimicking-diet-a-new-era-in-nutrition">Fasting-mimicking diet: A new era in nutrition</h2>



In summary, the fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) emerges as a revolutionary approach in the quest for longevity and health enhancement, offering a scientifically validated pathway to reduce biological age and mitigate risk factors associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-helps-the-body-fight-inflammation-and-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic diseases</a>. 



Grounded in rigorous research and clinical trials, FMD paves the way for a future where dietary intervention becomes a cornerstone of preventive healthcare. 



By demonstrating significant improvements in immune system function, metabolic health, and overall vitality, FMD empowers individuals to take proactive steps towards achieving a healthier, more vibrant life without the need for drastic lifestyle changes. 



As the evidence mounts, the call for healthcare professionals to embrace and recommend FMD grows louder, heralding a new era in nutrition and wellness.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45260-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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‘Fasting-mimicking' diet offers same benefits of fasting while you continue to eat

Periodic cycles of a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) offer remarkable health...

Smiling,African,American,Father,And,Daughter,Play,Computer,Games,During

In recent research that challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-violent-video-games-impact-the-human-mind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common criticisms</a> of video gaming, findings suggest that gaming may actually improve brain functions by enhancing certain cognitive abilities. 



Conducted by the <a href="https://lero.ie/lero-esport-science-research-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lero Esports Science Research Lab</a> at the University of Limerick, the study sheds light on the potential cognitive advantages regular gamers hold over non-gamers, particularly in areas such as attention and memory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-video-gaming-and-brain-health">Studying video gaming and brain health</h2>



The study meticulously analyzed the cognitive performance of 88 young adults, evenly divided between regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-can-help-boost-childrens-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gamers</a> -- who engage in over seven hours of action-based video games weekly -- and non-gamers. 



Through a series of tasks designed to measure various cognitive functions, including reaction time, executive function, working memory, and visuospatial memory, researchers embarked on an exploration of how gaming habits might influence cognitive capabilities.



The tasks included a simple reaction time test, a complex activity requiring participants to switch responses between numbers and letters, and a maze task aimed at assessing visuospatial memory. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leveling-pp-gamers-outshine-in-cognitive-tests">Leveling pp: Gamers outshine in cognitive tests</h2>



The findings were revealing: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-games-do-not-harm-childrens-cognitive-abilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gamers</a> outperformed their non-gaming counterparts, completing the number-letter switching task and the maze activity 12.7% and 17.4% faster, respectively.



Dr. Adam Toth of the University of Limerick and Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, and co-author of the study, emphasized the significance of these findings. 



Toth stated, "The regular playing of video games is often criticized and seen as unhealthy, but our research shows that gamers may enjoy some cognitive benefits over the wider population, particularly relating to attentiveness and memory."



Echoing Dr. Toth's sentiments, Dr. Mark Campbell, another contributor to the research, highlighted the broader implications of their findings. 



“In line with previous work out of our lab, this research may have implications in sectors where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playing-action-video-games-can-improve-reading-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive performance</a> is paramount, such as surgery, and air traffic control, where video game play could be encouraged to help develop the elite cognitive performance required," Campbell explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-fatigue-in-gamers-vs-non-gamers">Cognitive fatigue in gamers vs. non-gamers</h2>



Further exploring the realm of cognitive endurance, the study also delved into whether gamers are less susceptible to cognitive fatigue -- a decline in performance over time due to sustained mental exertion -- compared to non-gamers. 



By assigning some participants an additional, concentration-intensive task before reevaluating them on the initial cognitive tests, researchers aimed to induce cognitive fatigue and observe its effects. 



Interestingly, both gamers and non-gamers experienced a similar decline in performance, indicating no significant difference in their levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interactive-screen-time-has-a-big-impact-on-sleep-among-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive fatigue</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-future-where-video-gaming-trains-our-brains">A future where video gaming trains our brains</h2>



In summary, this somewhat surprising research challenges prevailing stereotypes about video gaming while opening new doors to potential applications in professional fields requiring high levels of cognitive function. 



By demonstrating that regular engagement with video games can lead to quicker decision-making and problem-solving skills, it suggests a reevaluation of gaming's role in cognitive development and professional training programs. 



As the dialogue around video gaming and its effects continues to evolve, studies like this provide valuable insights into the positive aspects of gaming and its potential contributions to cognitive enhancement. 



The full study was published in the <a href="https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20448295" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Journal of Psychology</a>.



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Video gaming actually improves brain functions at any age

In recent research that challenges common criticisms of video gaming,...

Ever thought of eating a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-disease-threatens-banana-production-in-africa/">banana</a> and helping the planet at the same time? Well, it might not be as unbelievable as it sounds.



Scientists at <a href="https://www.sdstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">South Dakota State University</a> have figured out a way to turn those banana peels you toss in the bin into something amazing – a solution to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/game-changing-invention-converts-both-co2-and-plastic-waste-into-renewable-energy/">plastic waste</a> problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-bananas">Why bananas?</h2>



Bananas are a common fixture on dinner tables around the world. However, there are millions of tons of peels that get discarded annually and go unnoticed.&nbsp;



Dr. Srinivas Janaswamy, the lead author of the study, posed a thought-provoking question: "Many of us consume at least one banana a day. After enjoying the delicious fruit, we discard the peel. What if we could find a use for the peel that helps eliminate plastic waste?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-packaging">Sustainable packaging</h2>



The banana peel usually ends up in the trash. This readily available "leftover" is ideal for creating sustainable packaging thanks to its unique composition.



"Every year, almost 36 million tons of banana peels are produced, most of which are disposed of as waste. The food processing industry discards a huge amount of banana peel in landfills while manufacturing chips, flour, juice, jam, baby food and other products made from bananas," said Dr. Janaswamy.&nbsp;



“Finding a more practical use for banana peels is important for providing financial benefits to the agricultural industry and preventing environmental pollution."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-peels-were-used">How the peels were used</h2>



Banana peels were given a new life in this study. First, dried peels were treated with chemicals to extract tiny cellulose fibers. These were then further broken down into even smaller "nanofibers" using a special blending technique.



To make the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-mulch-used-in-strawberry-production-leads-to-long-term-pollution/">plastic</a> like films, these nanofibers were mixed with a natural polymer and a stretchy additive. The mixture was spread into thin sheets and dried carefully to create films with consistent thickness and quality.



The researchers tested these films to measure their strength, flexibility, clarity, and ability to break down naturally.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peel-to-plastic">Peel to plastic</h2>



The experts dug into the properties of these innovative films, including thick they were and how well they blocked moisture. Thickness ranged from 0.057 to 0.090 millimeters. This indicated their potential as effective moisture barriers that could keep food fresh.



Strength and flexibility were also tested, important for films that need to handle bumps and bends. "The films of the banana peel fibers display tensile strength of more than 30 MPa, which certainly would be attractive for sack bags and related packaging applications," explained Dr. Janaswamy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-successful-results">Successful results</h2>



The big question: are these films eco-friendly? <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/">Biodegradability</a> tests showed they could break down by over 50% in just three weeks in soil, a major improvement over traditional plastics.



Other factors like moisture content, transparency, and how much water the film could absorb were also examined. These are all important for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-from-cigarettes-costs-over-26-billion-every-year/">packaging</a>, especially for food where keeping things fresh and visible is key.



"The films are strong and transparent, and more importantly, biodegrade within 30 days at 21% soil moisture content. The finding opens up new possibilities for banana peel and other fruit processing byproducts in designing and developing plastic-replacing biodegradable packaging," said Dr. Janaswamy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-and-future-directions">Study implications and future directions</h2>



The technique in this research not only gets rid of waste but also avoids using traditional plastic, which takes forever to decompose and harms the environment.



Dr. Janaswamy's team is still working on making their banana peel sheets even more flexible and figuring out how to produce them in large quantities for stores and companies to use.&nbsp;



"Our research involving green and recyclable chemicals is a promising economical and sustainable route to produce biodegradable films to replace petrochemical plastics and is thus an attractive contribution to the circular bioeconomy," he said.



The goal is to see these eco-friendly wraps on shelves everywhere, replacing plastic and helping us live greener lives.



This research shows how science and caring for the planet can work together. By using everyday things in smart ways, we can find solutions to big problems like plastic waste.&nbsp;



And who knows, maybe one day, thanks to science and some humble banana peels, our packaging won't just be useful, it will be good for the Earth too.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101400" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy</a>.



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Scientists turn banana peels into eco-friendly packaging

Ever thought of eating a banana and helping the planet...

Researchers from <a href="https://www.marshall.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marshall University</a> have identified a new species of ancient marine predator. The fossils provide valuable information about the diversity and evolution of marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-reptile-or-the-egg-come-first-scientists-have-changed-their-minds/">reptiles</a> in Earth's past.&nbsp;



The research, led by Robert O. Clark, reveals a new species of polycotylid plesiosaur known as Unktaheela specta. The marine predator roamed the inland seas of what is now the American Midwest approximately 80 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-reptiles-of-the-late-cretaceous-nbsp">Marine reptiles of the Late Cretaceous&nbsp;</h2>



Polycotylid plesiosaurs were a distinctive group of marine reptiles that adapted to life in the oceans of the Late Cretaceous.&nbsp;



They possessed a unique set of physical characteristics and behaviors, including a streamlined body for fast swimming, a diet of marine animals, and the remarkable ability to give birth to live young.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unrecognized-subgroup-of-plesiosaurs-nbsp">Unrecognized subgroup of plesiosaurs&nbsp;</h2>



The study not only introduces the world to Unktaheela but also illuminates the murky waters of plesiosaur taxonomy. The discovery of Unktaheela specta has led to the identification of a previously unrecognized subgroup within the plesiosaur family. The researchers have named the subgroup Dolichorhynchia.&nbsp;



This revelation led to the reclassification of two polycotylids previously grouped under the genus Dolichorhynchops. The species are now recognized as distinct genera named Martinectes and Scalamagnus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-unktaheela-specta">Significance of Unktaheela specta</h2>



Clark emphasized the significance of Unktaheela in understanding the evolutionary relationships within the polycotylid lineage.&nbsp;



"For years, which polycotylids were more closely related to which has been really tough for paleontologists to figure out," said Clark. "Unktaheela is exciting because it’s given us a better understanding of these relationships."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-adaptations-nbsp">Predatory adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



Measuring just 7.5 feet in length, Unktaheela specta stands out as the smallest known polycotylid. However, what it lacked in size, it made up for in predatory adaptations.&nbsp;



Unktaheela was a fast-swimming, short-necked plesiosaur with an elongated snout packed with numerous pointed teeth, large eyes, and a wide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skull-evolution-why-some-mammals-have-long-faces/">skull</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-hunting-strategy">Visual hunting strategy</h2>



The skull's architecture, featuring forward-angled eyes for binocular vision, a narrow snout for an unobstructed forward view, and a large, flat, bony ledge over each eye, draws striking parallels to those of predatory birds.&nbsp;



These features likely provided Unktaheela with an advantage as it hunted just beneath the water's surface, shading its eyes while stalking prey in the murky depths of the Western Interior Seaway, where it shared the waters with mosasaurs, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sex-ratio-of-green-sea-turtles-is-approaching-100-percent-females-due-to-pollution/">sea turtles</a>, sharks, and ammonites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-of-unktaheela-specta">Naming of Unktaheela specta</h2>



The choice of name for this new genus, Unktaheela specta, is a tribute to the horned water serpent of Native American Lakota lore, reflecting the distinct visual adaptations of the plesiosaur.&nbsp;



The fossils that led to the identification of this new species were discovered in the Late Cretaceous Sharon Springs Formation, spanning Wyoming and South Dakota, offering a tangible link to North America's ancient past.



This discovery not only marks a significant milestone in the study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/">marine reptiles</a> from the Cretaceous period but also highlights the intricate relationships within the plesiosaur family tree.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-polycotylid-plesiosaurs">More about polycotylid plesiosaurs</h2>



Polycotylid plesiosaurs were a group of marine reptiles that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 88 to 66 million years ago.&nbsp;



They were part of the broader Plesiosauria order, which is famous for their distinctive body plan featuring a small head, a long neck, a broad, turtle-like body, and four flippers. However, polycotylids diverged from this typical plesiosaur design in several interesting ways.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-shape-of-unktaheela-specta">Body shape of Unktaheela specta</h3>



Unlike their long-necked relatives, polycotylids had relatively short necks and more elongated, streamlined bodies.&nbsp;



This body shape suggests they were fast swimmers, possibly using their strong, flipper-like limbs in a manner similar to modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-movement-of-sea-lions-can-help-protect-them/">sea lions</a> and turtles to chase down prey, including fish and other marine animals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-adaptable-predators-nbsp">Highly adaptable predators&nbsp;</h3>



Polycotylids had a global distribution, with fossils found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. The wide distribution indicates that they were highly successful and adaptable marine predators.&nbsp;



Their teeth were sharp and conical, suitable for grasping slippery prey, and their jaws were strong. This suggests they could handle a variety of food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-strategy">Reproductive strategy</h3>



One of the most fascinating aspects of polycotylid plesiosaurs is evidence of live birth. A fossil discovered in Kansas, USA, shows a polycotylid mother and her unborn offspring, indicating that, unlike most reptiles, polycotylids gave birth to live young rather than laying eggs.&nbsp;



This finding provides crucial insight into the reproductive strategies of marine reptiles. Live birth would have been advantageous in the open ocean, since laying eggs on land could be risky.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123003403?dgcid=author">Cretaceous Research</a>.



Image Credit: Robert Clark



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Ancient marine predator, Unktaheela specta, discovered in the American Midwest

Researchers from Marshall University have identified a new species of...

The reproductive strategies of giant sea spiders in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-experienced-the-most-intense-heat-wave-ever-recorded/">Antarctica</a> have eluded scientists for more than a century. These creatures have remained a puzzle in marine biology, particularly regarding their breeding behaviors.&nbsp;



A recent expedition by researchers from <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/">UH Mānoa</a> has shed new light on giant sea spiders. These insights could significantly impact our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/">marine life</a> and ecosystems not just in Antarctica, but globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-gigantism-nbsp">Polar gigantism&nbsp;</h2>



Sea spiders, scientifically known as pycnogonids, are marine invertebrates that bear a resemblance to the spiders found on land.&nbsp;



Most species of pycnogonids are diminutive, barely reaching the size of a fingernail. However, the sea spiders found in the Antarctic defy this norm, showcasing what is known as "polar gigantism."&nbsp;



This phenomenon leads to certain species in polar regions growing to sizes far exceeding those of their relatives in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/">warmer climates</a>. Some Antarctic sea spiders have leg spans that extend over a foot.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-breeding-behaviors-nbsp">Mysterious breeding behaviors&nbsp;</h2>



“In most sea spiders, the male parent takes care of the babies by carrying them around while they develop,” said lead researcher Professor Amy Moran. “What’s weird is that despite descriptions and research going back over 140 years, no one had ever seen the giant Antarctic sea spiders brooding their young or knew anything about their development.”



Professor Moran’s lab has been studying polar gigantism for more than a decade. The team embarked on a research expedition to the remote continent in October 2021. The goal was to uncover the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-threatens-turtle-breeding-grounds/">breeding</a> behaviors of these colossal sea spiders - a task that had baffled scientists for generations.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-discovery-in-sea-spiders">Remarkable discovery in sea spiders</h2>



The researchers, including PhD students Aaron Toh and Graham Lobert, collected groups of giant sea spiders that appeared to be mating. Upon transporting the specimens to observation tanks, the team made an amazing discovery.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ocwX9CvLu-3406424-12187" type="single"]</div>



Thousands of tiny eggs were produced by rwo different mating groups. In this case, one parent (presumably the male) anchored the eggs to the rocky seabed. Here, the eggs remained for several months, developing in isolation before hatching into minuscule larvae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-opportunity">Unique opportunity </h2>



“We were so lucky to be able to see this,” said Toh. “The opportunity to work directly with these amazing animals in Antarctica meant we could learn things no one had ever even guessed.”



Within weeks, microscopic algae had grown up over the eggs, providing the perfect camouflage. “We could hardly see the eggs even when we knew they were there, which is probably why researchers had never seen this before,” said Lobert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The study of giant sea spiders contributes valuable insights into the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of marine ecosystems.&nbsp;



By understanding how these creatures live, feed, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-prioritize-survival-over-reproduction/">reproduce</a>, scientists can gain a better understanding of the health and stability of ocean environments, which are increasingly under threat from climate change and human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-sea-spiders-nbsp">Giant sea spiders&nbsp;</h2>



Giant sea spiders inhabit the depths of oceans around the world. These fascinating creatures, despite their name, are not true spiders but belong to a distinct class of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-urbanization-shape-arthropod-communities/">arthropods</a>. They possess long, slender legs that can span up to about 27.5 inches in the largest species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-spider-body-structure">Sea spider body structure </h3>



Researchers study giant sea spiders for their unique physiological and biological characteristics. One of the most intriguing aspects of these sea creatures is their highly simplified body structure.&nbsp;



Their bodies consist of a small torso from which their long legs extend, and they have a proboscis that allows them to suck nutrients from their prey, which includes soft-bodied invertebrates like worms and jellyfish.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-circulatory-system-of-sea-spiders">Circulatory system of sea spiders</h3>



Another fascinating feature of the giant sea spider is its circulatory system. Unlike most animals, sea spiders pump blood and oxygen not only through their heart but also through a complex system that involves movement in their legs, a process that researchers are still trying to fully understand. This unique method of circulation helps them survive in the oxygen-poor depths of the ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-habitats">Diverse habitats</h3>



Giant sea spiders thrive in a variety of marine environments, from shallow coral reefs to the dark, cold abyss of the Antarctic waters. Their ability to adapt to such diverse conditions speaks to the evolutionary success of this ancient group of arthropods, which has existed for hundreds of millions of years.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4258">Ecology</a>.&nbsp;



Video Credit: UH Mānoa 



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Giant sea spiders have surprising breeding behaviors

The reproductive strategies of giant sea spiders in Antarctica have...

Woman,Hand,Holding,Knife,And,Fork,Cutting,Grilled,Beef,Steak

Scientists have discovered potential heart health risks associated with high-protein <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-protein-linked-to-healthier-aging-and-lower-risk-of-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>, particularly in relation to atherosclerosis -- a condition characterized by hardened and narrowed arteries.



The study, led by the <a href="https://www.medschool.pitt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine</a>, reveals a complex molecular mechanism by which excessive protein intake, specifically more than 22% of daily calories from protein, may elevate the risk of developing atherosclerosis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-too-much-protein-can-harm-your-heart">Why too much protein can harm your heart</h2>



The collaborative research, integrating small human trials with animal and cellular studies, highlights the significant role of the amino acid leucine, found abundantly in animal products like beef, eggs, and milk, in promoting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a>. 



Leucine was identified as a key player in activating immune cells that contribute to the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques, thereby increasing disease risk.



Babak Razani, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of cardiology at Pitt and a senior author of the study, cautions against the unbridled increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein consumption</a> in the pursuit of better metabolic health. 



“Our study shows that dialing up your protein intake in pursuit of better metabolic health is not a panacea. You could be doing real damage to your arteries,” said Razani, M.D., Ph.D. 



“Our hope is that this research starts a conversation about ways of modifying diets in a precise manner that can influence body function at a molecular level and dampen disease risks.”



This research builds on Razani’s <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-019-0162-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work in 2020</a>, which first indicated the link between high dietary protein and increased atherosclerosis risk in mice. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-petri-dishes-to-people-tracing-protein-s-effects">From petri dishes to people: Tracing protein's effects</h2>



Further investigation, in collaboration with Bettina Mittendorfer, Ph.D., a metabolism expert at the <a href="https://missouri.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Missouri</a>, Columbia, aimed to understand the underlying mechanisms and their relevance to humans.



The study's comprehensive approach, spearheaded by Xiangyu Zhang, Ph.D., and Divya Kapoor, M.D., first authors, alongside Mittendorfer's team, explored the impact of amino acids on disease progression through detailed experiments across cellular, mouse, and human models. 



“We have shown in our mechanistic studies that amino acids, which are really the building blocks of the protein, can trigger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleepless-nights-may-increase-heart-disease-risk-by-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> through specific signaling mechanisms and then also alter the metabolism of these cells,” Mittendorfer said. “For instance, small immune cells in the vasculature called macrophages can trigger the development of atherosclerosis.”



Their findings suggest that excessive protein intake disrupts the function of macrophages -- immune cells critical in clearing cellular debris -- leading to the worsening of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/portfolio-diet-a-plant-forward-strategy-to-reduce-heart-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atherosclerotic</a> conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-your-protein-sweet-spot-for-optimal-heart-health">Finding your protein 'sweet spot' for optimal heart health</h2>



Interestingly, the research also touches on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eat-well-live-longer-a-dash-of-protein-could-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential benefits</a> of "precision nutrition," hinting at diet personalization as a future avenue to explore for mitigating cardiovascular disease risk without forsaking the benefits of protein, like muscle maintenance and strength, especially in clinical settings.



Razani’s study prompts a reevaluation of protein-rich diets, especially those high in leucine, advocating for a balanced approach to nutrition that considers the holistic impact on cardiovascular health. 



The findings underscore the necessity of further exploration into the optimal protein intake that maximizes health benefits while minimizing risks, particularly for individuals at risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/late-night-habits-raise-the-risk-of-coronary-artery-calcification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a> and related conditions.



Moreover, Razani highlights the intriguing possibility that the differences in cardiovascular impacts between plant-based and animal-based proteins could be attributed to their varying leucine levels. 



“Perhaps blindly increasing protein load is wrong,” Razani said. “Instead, it’s important to look at the diet as a whole and suggest balanced meals that won’t inadvertently exacerbate cardiovascular conditions, especially in people at risk of heart disease and vessel disorders.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead-the-future-of-dietary-guidelines">Looking ahead: The future of dietary guidelines</h2>



In summary, this disturbing research illuminates the complex relationship between high dietary protein intake and increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atherosclerosis</a>, highlighting the pivotal role of the amino acid leucine in this process. 



By meticulously combining small-scale human trials with mouse and cell experiments, this study challenges the prevailing notion that more protein equates to better health and promotes nuanced dietary strategies aimed at optimizing cardiovascular health. 



The findings underscore the importance of moderation and balance in protein consumption, paving the way for future investigations into precision nutrition that could tailor dietary recommendations to individual health needs and potentially revolutionize how we approach diet and disease prevention.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00984-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Metabolism</a>.



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Eating too much protein greatly increases heart disease risk

Scientists have discovered potential heart health risks associated with high-protein...

Closeup,Of,Coffee,Fruit,In,Coffee,Farm,And,Plantations,In

Coffee is not just a boost in the morning, it's a big deal for the world. Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uniud.it/en/uniud-international?set_language=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Udine</a> have cracked the code on the genes that make our favorite morning drink, coffee, so delicious and resilient. 



The unique study behind Coffea arabica shines a light on how coffee survives and thrives. By understanding its genetic makeup, we can better protect our beloved coffee from threats like climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/">disease</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-genetic-secrets-of-coffee">Mapping the genetic secrets of coffee</h2>



The scientists wanted to map the coffee plant's blueprint. For this, they created DNA libraries from its leaves. Using advanced sequencing methods, they pieced together its genome like a puzzle.&nbsp;



The study then figured the genes' physical locations and predicted gene functions by comparing them to other plant genes. Finally, they compared the DNA of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-coffee-trade-is-increasingly-threatened-by-climate-change/">coffee plants</a>, finding variations that explain the evolution and key traits.



This detailed "coffee map" unlocks exciting possibilities: breeding better beans, boosting disease resistance, and enhancing the beloved beverage for generations to come.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-s-findings">Study’s findings</h2>



This revealed two distinct sections within the coffee plant's genetic makeup. These areas hinted at a tough past where the coffee plant had to fight to survive. It had scars like missing, extra, or mixed-up pieces of DNA, showing how it adapted and changed.



The coffee map also highlights how mixing genes (genetic diversity) and breeding with different plants (hybridization) helps coffee plants survive and adapt. One key player is the Timor hybrid, a natural mix of regular coffee (C. arabica) and a sturdier type (C. canephora, aka Robusta).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-resistance">Disease resistance</h2>



Hybridization helped regular coffee get valuable new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genes-identified-to-protect-crops-from-drought/">genes</a>, making it more diverse and stronger. The most important gift from the Timor hybrid is its resistance to disease.



Bugs like coffee leaf rust and coffee berry disease can wipe out entire farms, but these new genes give regular coffee better defenses. This means more coffee plants survive, leading to better harvests and a steadier supply of delicious coffee for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-variation">Genetic variation</h2>



Scientists also found several genetic variations in the plants. Previously, scientists believed specific DNA variations in coffee plants were anomalies.&nbsp;



However, this investigation revealed these seemingly random alterations played a key role in the plant's ability to adjust to different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-have-evolved-to-survive-harsh-environments/">environments</a> and stressors. It's actually how it keeps changing and adapting, which is good news for the future. Furthermore, by understanding its DNA, scientists can even create new coffee varieties that are extra tough!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



The lessons from the research go beyond coffee to highlight the critical importance of keeping and using the wide variety of genes found in crops worldwide.&nbsp;



With climate change making the earth hotter, habitats disappearing, and fewer types of many crops being grown, mixing different varieties and carefully planting diverse crops becomes essential for keeping people fed.&nbsp;



Having more genes in crops makes agriculture stronger and able to handle new problems, which helps ensure nutritious food for the growing global population.



So next time you savor a cup of coffee, remember - you're not just holding a beverage, but a testament to nature's resilience and a symbol of hope for a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/">sustainable future</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-coffee-plants">More about coffee plants</h2>



Coffee plants, belonging to the genus Coffea, are tropical evergreens that thrive in the warm climates of regions such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia. These plants produce the coffee beans that, once processed, become the coffee beverage enjoyed worldwide.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ideal-conditions-nbsp">Ideal conditions&nbsp;</h3>



Coffee plants generally prefer shaded conditions, with ideal temperatures ranging between 60°F and 70°F, and they require significant amounts of water to grow, though they must also have well-drained soil to prevent root rot.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development">Development</h3>



The plant itself can grow to heights of up to 30 feet if left unpruned, but farmers often keep them shorter to facilitate easier harvesting.&nbsp;



Coffee plants start bearing fruit, known as coffee cherries, three to four years after planting. These cherries typically contain two seeds, which are the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/">coffee beans</a>. The color of the cherries turns from green to red or yellow when they are ripe and ready for picking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvesting">Harvesting</h2>



Harvesting methods vary, including hand-picking, which ensures only ripe cherries are selected, and strip-picking, where all cherries are removed from a branch at once.&nbsp;



After harvesting, the beans undergo processing either through a dry method, where cherries are laid out to dry in the sun, or a wet method, which involves removing the pulp and fermenting the beans to remove the slimy layer of mucilage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivation">Cultivation</h2>



Following processing, the beans are roasted, a critical step that influences the flavor of the coffee. Roasting temperatures and times vary, allowing for a range of coffee types, from light to dark roasts.&nbsp;



Coffee cultivation plays a significant role in the economies of many countries, with millions of people involved in its farming, processing, and distribution. Coffee plants not only contribute to the global economy but also to cultural practices and social interactions around the world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44449-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Coffee plants fight climate change with a genetic weapon

Coffee is not just a boost in the morning, it's...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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