This,Man-made,Vehicle,Reached,A,Record,Speed,Of,635,Thousand

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is set to achieve its most dangerous feat yet tomorrow, December 24, 2024. After a six-year journey of spiraling closer to the star at the heart of our solar system, the spacecraft is expected to come within 3.8 million miles of the Sun’s surface. 



This tiny distance in cosmic terms lets scientists capture a new type of information, revealing secrets about solar winds, extreme heat, and magnetic fields.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-probe-on-the-sun-s-doorstep">Solar probe on the Sun's doorstep</h2>



Engineers have spent years carefully adjusting <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/parkersolarprobe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parker’s flight path</a> using multiple Venus gravity assists. These flybys reshape the spacecraft’s orbit and tighten its looping path around the Sun. “This is one example of NASA’s bold missions, doing something that no one else has ever done before to answer longstanding questions about our universe,” explained <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/people/dr-arik-posner/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arik Posner</a>, Parker Solar Probe program scientist at NASA Headquarters, describing this mission’s significance.



Ever since the launch in 2018, Parker’s main goal has been to study the Sun’s outer atmosphere, known as the corona. Tomorrow’s approach, often called <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/perihelion.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perihelion</a>, marks a new milestone in that quest. The probe moves at speeds around 430,000 miles per hour, faster than any other spacecraft. At such high velocity, it can swing around our star without getting swallowed. Even so, mission managers won’t receive immediate updates once Parker hits its closest point because signals cannot travel through the intense solar environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-heat-and-lasting-protection">Extreme heat and lasting protection</h2>



What sets Parker apart is its resilient heat shield. This 4.5-inch-thick carbon-composite barrier enables the spacecraft’s instruments to continue functioning in an environment where temperatures can reach roughly 2,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Despite the harsh surroundings, the precious science instruments remain near room temperature, thanks to expert engineering by Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (<a href="https://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APL</a>).



During every close approach, Parker is pelted by gusts of solar wind and bathed in radiation. Still, it keeps sending back readings about magnetic fields, <a href="https://www.plasmacoalition.org/plasma_writeups/solar_plasmas.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plasma</a> behavior, and energetic <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/solar-radiation-storm#:~:text=Solar%20radiation%20storms%20occur%20when,of%20the%20speed%20of%20light." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a>. The probe’s data illuminates reasons behind the corona’s blazing heat, which can climb into the millions of degrees, significantly hotter than the visible surface of the Sun. Such puzzling behavior has fascinated scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chasing-the-solar-wind-s-origins">Chasing the solar wind’s origins</h2>



Solar wind, a stream of charged particles flowing away from the Sun at speeds topping one million miles per hour, plays a major role in <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/sun/what-is-the-solar-wind/">space weather</a>. 



By skimming through the corona, Parker records fresh evidence of how these particles speed up and scatter across the solar system. The answers may help experts forecast disturbances that affect satellites and astronaut safety. Surges of these charged particles can disable communication systems or even disrupt power grids on Earth.



For researchers, big questions remain. How does the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/sun/what-is-the-solar-wind/">solar wind</a> pick up its pace so dramatically? Is there a specific region in the corona that triggers bursts of fast-moving particles? 



Parker’s measurements bring us closer to unraveling these mysteries. Officials at NASA say that by tomorrow’s approach, new layers of data will help them see patterns not possible to detect from a greater distance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-probe-and-the-sun-s-active-cycle">Solar probe and the Sun's active cycle</h2>



The Sun moves through an 11-year activity cycle. Right now, it is in an active phase, meaning increased sunspots, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secondary-peak-extreme-geomagnetic-solar-storm-expected-today/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar flares</a>, and <a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/coronal-mass-ejections" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejections</a>. 



Researchers are tracking not only Parker’s journey but also the Sun’s changing patterns. Sometimes these outbursts interact with Earth’s magnetosphere and spark colorful auroras, even in places unused to such displays. And although most solar weather events are harmless for life on Earth, severe storms can interfere with GPS systems or satellites.



This is why Parker’s findings are so relevant. Gaining a better understanding of how energetic solar events begin could lead to timelier warnings, giving operators on Earth a heads-up to power down sensitive instruments or adjust satellite orbits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paying-tribute-to-eugene-parker">Paying tribute to Eugene Parker</h2>



In 2017, NASA renamed the probe after <a href="https://news.uchicago.edu/story/eugene-parker-legendary-figure-solar-science-and-namesake-parker-solar-probe-1927-2022">Dr. Eugene N. Parker</a>, the first person to predict the solar wind in the 1950s. He introduced key ideas about how stars interact with their surroundings. The mission’s name honors his influential work. Dr. Parker passed away in 2022, but his legacy continues. 



The data this spacecraft is sending back not only expands knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracing-solar-wind-directly-to-its-source-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar physics</a> but also shows how correct Dr. Parker’s early theories were.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-setting-solar-probe-flyby">Record-setting Solar Probe flyby</h2>



Mission operations expect Parker to reach perihelion at 6:53 a.m. EST on December 24. 



At that time, the spacecraft will run autonomously, and engineers at APL will wait until December 27 for a beacon tone confirming a safe passage around the Sun. “No human-made object has ever passed this close to a star, so Parker will truly be returning data from uncharted territory. We’re excited to hear back from the spacecraft when it swings back around the Sun,” explained <a href="https://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/Show-Article.php?articleID=205" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nick Pinkine</a>, Parker Solar Probe mission operations manager. 



When that update arrives, scientists will study Parker’s recent measurements to identify potential clues about solar wind origins and coronal heating. Each orbit is another chance to witness the scorching conditions near our star. At the same time, the probe helps refine predictions about solar eruptions that might drive future storms toward Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Beyond the scientific breakthroughs, Parker’s success can have practical benefits for technology we rely on every day. Our society depends on GPS signals and stable power systems, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">major solar events</a> can disrupt both. By learning how to anticipate strong solar winds or flares, experts might one day keep satellites out of harm’s way or shield power grids from unexpected surges.



Tomorrow’s close approach continues a streak of remarkable achievements for NASA. As Parker zips through the corona, it gathers observations that no other mission could obtain. The craft appears ready for another sizzling pass, thanks to the robust thermal design and careful planning. 



Whether it’s helping forecast solar tempers or refining our knowledge of basic astrophysical processes, Parker remains on track to change the way we see the Sun.



Learn more about <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/parker-solar-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA's Parker Solar Probe here...</a>



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Spacecraft flew through the Sun's atmosphere today for the first time ever

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe is set to achieve its most dangerous feat yet tomorrow, December 24, 2024. After a six-year journey of spiraling closer to the star at the heart of our solar system, the spacecraft is expected to come within 3.8 million miles of the Sun’s surface. This tiny distance in cosmic terms lets scientists capture a new type of information, revealing secrets about solar winds, extreme heat, and magnetic fields. Solar probe on the Sun's doorstep Engineers have spent years carefully adjusting Parker’s flight path...

Although fog is a common weather phenomenon, it is also quite mysterious. Fog has long been a subject of intrigue and concern, particularly in areas of complex terrain like mountainous regions.&nbsp;



It is a major hazard to transportation, yet meteorologists struggle to predict fog formation with the accuracy they've achieved for other weather events.&nbsp;



A recent study from the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>, led by Professor Zhaoxia Pu, is shedding new light on this issue. This research, part of the Cold Fog Amongst Complex Terrain (CFACT) project, aims to deepen our understanding of fog formation, with the goal of improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-is-becoming-more-difficult-to-predict/">forecasting</a> methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenge-of-predicting-fog">The challenge of predicting fog</h2>



Fog forms close to the ground, influenced by air temperature, humidity, and the terrain itself. Yet, its prediction remains a challenge.&nbsp;



The physical processes that result in fog are complex, making it harder to forecast than precipitation, wind, and other stormy events.



“Our understanding is limited. In order to accurately forecast fog we should better understand the process that controls fog formation,” said Professor Pu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cfact-project">The CFACT project</h2>



The CFACT project, funded by a $1.17 million grant from the National Science Foundation, involves a team from the University of Utah's Department of Atmospheric Sciences, including Gannet Hallar and Sebastian Hoch, Eric Pardyjak from the Department of Mechanical Engineering, scientists from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and Dr. Ismail Gultepe from Ontario Tech University, Canada.&nbsp;



The project's primary objective is to investigate the life cycle of cold fog in mountain valleys, particularly in the Heber Valley, located about 50 miles southeast of Salt Lake City.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dangers-of-fog">The dangers of fog</h2>



Improving fog forecasting is particularly important for public safety. Fog significantly reduces visibility, posing dangers to all forms of transportation. 



It is the second leading cause of aircraft accidents after high winds and is responsible for numerous automobile crashes and disruptions in ferry operations.&nbsp;Between 1995 and 2004, fog-related accidents in the United States resulted in 13,720 deaths. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



The researchers used the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model, which processes meteorological observations for weather predictions.



“Fog involves a lot of physics processes so it requires a computer model that can better represent all these processes,” explained Professor Pu.&nbsp;



“Because fog is clouds near the ground, it requires a high-resolution model to resolve it, so we need models at a very fine scale, which are computationally very expensive. The current models (relatively coarser in resolution) are not capable of resolving the fog processes, and we need to improve the models for better fog prediction.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-heber-valley-nbsp">The Heber Valley&nbsp;</h2>



The Heber Valley, with its typical mountain valley topography, served as the ideal location for this research. Over seven weeks in the winter of 2022, the team collected data from two major stations equipped with 100-foot towers and various instruments.&nbsp;



These stations, located near Deer Creek Reservoir and along the Provo River, gathered data on humidity, wind, visibility, temperature, snow depths, and soil moisture. Multiple satellite sites also contributed to the data collection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensive-observation-periods-nbsp">Intensive observation periods&nbsp;</h2>



The team conducted nine intensive observation periods (IOPs) over 24-hour periods. These IOPs included high-frequency radiosonde profiles, tethered balloon profiles, remotely sensed thermodynamic and wind profiles, surface meteorological observations, and microphysical and aerosol measurements.&nbsp;



The variety of non-fog IOPs provided insights into near-surface inversion, ice crystal formation, moisture advection and transportation, and stable boundary layers over complex terrain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



This comprehensive study is ongoing, but it has already begun to unravel the complexities of fog formation in mountain valleys. By understanding the meteorological conditions and physical processes involved, the researchers hope to improve fog prediction models.&nbsp;



Such advancements would not only contribute to scientific knowledge but also significantly enhance public safety by reducing the risks associated with this elusive weather phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-dangers-of-fog">More about the dangers of fog</h2>



Fog, although a natural and often visually striking phenomenon, poses several significant dangers, particularly in the context of transportation and outdoor activities. Here are some of the key risks associated with fog:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-visibility">Reduced visibility</h3>



The most immediate danger of fog is the significant reduction in visibility. This can be especially hazardous for drivers, pilots, and mariners, as it becomes difficult to see other vehicles, obstacles, or navigational markers. Reduced visibility increases the risk of accidents and collisions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transportation-accidents">Transportation accidents</h3>



Due to decreased visibility, fog is a major factor in transportation accidents. It can lead to multi-vehicle pile-ups on roads and highways.&nbsp;



In aviation, fog can disrupt airport operations, leading to flight delays, diversions, or accidents during takeoff and landing. In maritime contexts, fog can cause collisions between ships or with shore installations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disorientation-and-confusion">Disorientation and confusion</h3>



In outdoor settings, especially in unfamiliar terrain, fog can cause disorientation. Hikers, for instance, might lose their sense of direction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-issues">Health issues</h3>



Fog may exacerbate health issues, especially in urban areas where it traps pollutants and reduces air quality. This is particularly risky for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic bronchitis.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



Dense fog may have a significant economic impact due to delayed transportation services. It can disrupt supply chains, lead to flight and shipping cancellations or delays, and affect businesses dependent on timely transportation.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-impact">Agricultural impact</h3>



In some cases, fog impacts agriculture. Persistent fog can deprive plants of sunlight, affecting their growth. It can also contribute to the spread of fungal diseases in certain crops.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0030.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</a>. 



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Scientists are unraveling the mysteries of fog formation

Although fog is a common weather phenomenon, it is also...

A new study led by <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/">EPFL</a> Professor Christian Heinis heralds a new era in <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drug development</a>, particularly for oral peptides. 



The research bridges a critical gap in pharmaceuticals, especially in treating diseases where protein targets have been elusive to oral drug therapy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-development-barriers">Drug development barriers</h2>



For years, the pharmaceutical industry has struggled with the challenge of developing oral drugs that effectively target specific proteins.&nbsp;



Traditional small molecules often fall short in binding to proteins with flat surfaces or require specificity for certain protein homologs. Larger biologics, although capable of targeting these proteins, typically require injection, posing limitations in terms of patient convenience and accessibility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cyclic-peptides">Cyclic peptides</h2>



The EPFL team has made a significant breakthrough in creating a new class of orally available drugs. The research primarily revolves around cyclic peptides, molecules known for their strong affinity and specificity in binding to challenging disease targets.



“There are many diseases for which the targets were identified but drugs binding and reaching them could not be developed,” said Heinis. “Most of them are types of cancer, and many targets in these cancers are protein-protein interactions that are important for the tumor growth but cannot be inhibited.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-solutions-nbsp">Challenges and solutions&nbsp;</h2>



Developing cyclic peptides as oral drugs has historically been difficult due to their rapid digestion or poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.&nbsp;



“Cyclic peptides are of great interest for drug development as these molecules can bind to difficult targets for which it has been challenging to generate drugs using established methods,” explained Heinis. “But the cyclic peptides cannot usually be administered orally - as a pill - which limits their application enormously.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-thrombin">Targeting thrombin</h2>



The research was focused on the enzyme thrombin, a key player in blood coagulation and a critical disease target for preventing thrombotic disorders.&nbsp;



The team developed a novel two-step combinatorial synthesis strategy to create a vast library of cyclical peptides with enhanced metabolic stability when taken orally.



“We have now succeeded in generating cyclic peptides that bind to a disease target of our choice and can also be administered orally,” said Heinis. “To this end, we have developed a new method in which thousands of small cyclic peptides with random sequences are chemically synthesized on a nanoscale and examined in a high-throughput process.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synthesis-and-screening-nbsp">Synthesis and screening&nbsp;</h2>



The synthesis process involves two key steps in the same reactive container, simplifying the procedure. Initially, linear peptides are synthesized and then cyclized using bis-electrophilic linkers to form stable thioether bonds. Subsequently, these peptides undergo acylation, diversifying their molecular structure.



This technique, bypassing intermediate purification steps, allows for direct high-throughput screening in the synthesis plates. The combination of synthesis and screening paves the way for identifying candidates with high specificity for disease targets, like thrombin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



Manuel Merz, a PhD student leading the project, successfully generated a library of 8,448 cyclic peptides with high affinity for thrombin.&nbsp;



Notably, when tested on rats, these peptides exhibited an oral bioavailability of up to 18%, a remarkable improvement over the typical bioavailability of less than 2% for orally administered cyclic peptides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The breakthrough study sets the stage for treating a variety of diseases that have been challenging to address with conventional oral drugs. The versatility of this method promises applications across a broad spectrum of proteins, potentially leading to significant advancements in areas with unmet medical needs.



The team plans to expand their approach to more challenging disease targets, like protein-protein interactions. By automating further steps, they aim to synthesize and study even larger libraries of molecules.



“To apply the method to more challenging disease targets, such as protein-protein interactions, larger libraries will likely need to be synthesized and studied,” said Merz. “By automating further steps of the methods, libraries with more than one million molecules seem to be within reach.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41589-023-01496-y">Nature Chemical Biology</a>.



Image Credit: Christian Heinis/EPFL



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Oral peptides pave the way for new drug development

A new study led by EPFL Professor Christian Heinis heralds...

A recent international study has shed light on the specific exercise routines linked to significantly reduced mortality rates.&nbsp;



This research, spanning across four nations and delving into the health habits of half a million Americans, unveils a precise workout regimen that could potentially cut one’s risk of premature death in half.



<h2 id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The team of researchers from Spain, Australia, Canada, and Denmark meticulously examined medical records and survey responses of healthy Americans aged 18 and above.&nbsp;



The experts analyzed data and death records to determine the optimal time and type of exercise that would reduce the risk of mortality from various causes.



<h2 id="h-the-perfect-workout">The perfect workout</h2>



The researchers discovered that a blend of moderate to intense cardiovascular activities, complemented by weight training, may be the perfect workout routine.&nbsp;



This weekly routine includes one hour and 15 minutes of moderate activities like brisk walking, a minimum of two and a half hours of more intense exercises such as running or swimming, and at least two sessions dedicated to muscle-strengthening activities like weightlifting.&nbsp;



Remarkably this regimen was associated with a 50 percent lower risk of death from any cause.



However, the researchers emphasize that any physical activity, even in smaller doses, is vastly superior to a sedentary lifestyle. They pointed to a recent study which revealed that a brisk 11-minute daily walk could cut early death risks by nearly a quarter.



<h2 id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



This groundbreaking study hinged on data sourced from 22 iterations of the US National Health Interview Survey, spanning from 1997 to 2018.&nbsp;



The survey's participants, predominantly female and white, had an average age of 46. After analyzing their exercise patterns, the researchers compared this data with the causes of their deaths.&nbsp;



Those with conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and stroke, or those who passed away within the initial two years of the survey's follow-up, were intentionally excluded from the analysis.



The researchers split physical activity regimens into 48 categories, including every conceivable blend of moderate aerobic, vigorous aerobic, and muscle-strengthening exercises.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-greatest-risk-reduction">Greatest risk reduction</h2>



The experts found that the "highest statistically significant risk reduction" was tied to 75 minutes of moderate aerobic activities, over 150 minutes of intense aerobic exercises, and a minimum of two muscle-strengthening sessions weekly.



Interestingly, this challenges the World Health Organization's current recommendations, which lean towards more moderate exercise and less vigorous activity.



<h2 id="h-reducing-the-risk-of-heart-attack-stroke-and-cancer">Reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer</h2>



The experts also discovered exercise patterns tied to specific causes of death. To combat risks from heart disease or stroke, two and a half to almost four hours of moderate exercise, combined with a little over an hour of intense activity and two muscle-strengthening sessions, led to a staggering 70 percent drop in risk.&nbsp;



Conversely, for cancer-related mortality, more than five hours of moderate exercise, coupled with one hour and 15 minutes of vigorous activity and two muscle-strengthening sessions, reduced the risk by 56 percent.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2807854?guestAccessKey=5d4ae503-89fb-434a-97f1-6f57e87fec5b&amp;utm_source=For_The_Media&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=ftm_links&amp;utm_content=tfl&amp;utm_term=080723">JAMA Internal Medicine</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 id="h-physical-activity-and-mental-health">Physical activity and mental health&nbsp;</h2>



Physical activity also has a range of benefits for mental health. It is directly related to improved overall well-being.



<h3 id="h-mood-enhancement">Mood enhancement</h3>



Physical activity releases endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. It can help alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety.



<h3 id="h-stress-reduction">Stress reduction</h3>



Exercise reduces levels of the body's stress hormones, such as adrenaline and cortisol. It also stimulates the production of endorphins.



<h3 id="h-improved-sleep">Improved sleep</h3>



Regular physical activity can help you fall asleep faster and enjoy deeper sleep. Sleep is crucial for mental well-being.



<h3 id="h-boosted-self-esteem">Boosted self-esteem</h3>



Meeting exercise goals or challenges, even small ones, can boost your self-confidence. Getting in shape can also make you feel better about your appearance.



<h3 id="h-brain-health">Brain health</h3>



Physical activity increases the heart rate, which pumps more oxygen to the brain. It also aids the release of hormones that provide an excellent environment for the growth of brain cells.



<h3 id="h-cognitive-function">Cognitive function</h3>



Exercise stimulates the growth of new connections between cells in many important cortical areas of the brain, enhancing memory and cognitive functions.



<h3 id="h-reduction-in-anxiety">Reduction in anxiety</h3>



The chemicals released during and after exercise can help people with anxiety disorders calm down.



<h3 id="h-combat-addiction">Combat addiction</h3>



Exercise can help in addiction recovery. The brain releases dopamine, the "reward chemical," in response to any form of pleasure, including substance use. However, exercise can help recreate this dopamine "high" in a healthier way.



<h3 id="h-increased-social-interaction">Increased social interaction&nbsp;</h3>



Joining a fitness group or a gym can provide a social outlet, which can benefit mental well-being.



<h3 id="h-meditative-aspects">Meditative aspects</h3>



Activities like running or swimming can have a meditative effect on the mind, providing a mental "break" and reducing day-to-day worries.



While physical activity is beneficial for mental health, it's important to note that individuals with mental health issues should consult with professionals about the most effective treatments. Exercise can complement but not replace traditional forms of therapy or medication in certain cases.



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This exercise routine can cut your risk of death in half

A recent international study has shed light on the specific...

It's the beginning of a new year, and many people will carry with them a laundry list of resolutions and unreasonably high expectations into 2024. However, if we just listen to the experts, this could be the year that we set realistic goals and actually follow through with them.



According to research, around 40 percent of Americans make New Year's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-resolutions-better-parenting-and-family-health-are-top-priorities/">resolutions</a>, but only around nine percent of them will reach these goals.



Many experts agree that the biggest reason our resolutions fail is because the goals we are setting are not very specific. For example, making a resolution to lose weight is too general and does not include a plan of action or a way to track your progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-resolutions-don-t-work">Why resolutions don't work</h2>



Beyond setting goals that are too broad, people are often setting too many goals. In an article for Entrepreneur, Biztuition CEO Julie Christopher explained why New Year's resolutions often do not work and can actually make matters worse.



"Unfortunately, most of us create too much resistance by injecting too many resolutions and goals into our minds,” said Christopher. “This process results in setting too many expectations and creating unrealistic goals. We end up with a long list of trying to do everything at once, relying on our emotions to keep us motivated until we achieve them.”



“Change just one of your habits that creates the most change. I discovered that making just one small change in your daily repetitive routine is a crucial step to alleviate the resistance that comes with change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expectations-of-others">The expectations of others</h2>



Psychotherapist Jonathan Alpert, author of “Be Fearless: Change Your Life in 28 Days,” pointed out that many of us have a tendency to make New Year's resolutions that are influenced by the expectations of others and do not reflect what we actually want.



“Goals need to be made for the individual,” Alpert told Business Insider. “So often, people seem to be influenced by their friends, their family, what they see in society. I think it's important for people to set goals that are for themselves and unique to themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-meaningful-resolutions">Lack of meaningful resolutions </h2>



Dr. Karen Lawson is the director of the Integrative Health Coaching program at the University of Minnesota’s Center for Spirituality &amp; Healing.



“Many people don’t make their own resolutions out of what’s most meaningful and desirable for them but they set it out of what other people told them they need to do out of fear or guilt,” Dr. Lawson told CBS News. “So the motivation doesn’t come from within but comes from the outside and that doesn’t tend to lead to success.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acknowledge-a-setback-and-move-on">Acknowledge a setback and move on</h2>



Dr. Lawson also emphasized the importance of being compassionate with ourselves and celebrating our successes along the way. She said that it is best to simply acknowledge when we have a setback and move on.



“People on the whole tend to be harder on themselves than they are with other people. They tend to beat themselves up,” said Dr. Lawson. “So when we have a day when we fall down on the diet, instead of telling yourself that you’re weak or bad, tell yourself that you had a bad day and that tomorrow’s a new day to start over.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blank-slate-of-a-new-year">The blank slate of a new year</h2>



According to <a href="https://www.uwhealth.org/">UW Health</a> psychologist Shilagh Mirgain, the blank slate of a new year can be a great opportunity for people to reset and create a different kind of future for themselves. Dr. Mirgain <a href="https://www.uwhealth.org/news/setting-goals-instead-resolutions-key-to-better-2022">provided the following steps</a> to help people create meaningful goals instead of basic resolutions:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reflect-on-the-past-year">Reflect on the past year</h3>



Identify and examine what went right and what was challenging by asking yourself what you want to bring with you into the new year? What do you want to leave behind? What brings you joy and a sense of fulfillment? What would make you a healthier you?



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-envision-your-best-year">Envision your best year</h3>



Picture your life one year from now and envision how you want to feel. You could write it down as a day in the life of you – who are you around, how is your work life, how do you experience your body and your health, finances, emotions, spirit. Consider picking one word that captures this image as your intention for the 12 months ahead.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-set-some-realistic-goals">Set some realistic goals</h3>



Set a few goals that you want to work towards. Goals are about who you are becoming and not about just giving yourself more to do. Goals need to be for you, it’s your life. If you are doing it for someone else, take it off your list.&nbsp;



Goal-setting should be energy giving not energy draining and should excite you enough to make these goals happen. Once you are clear about your goal, break it down into measurable steps. Think about creating daily, weekly, or monthly action steps that move you in the direction of your larger vision for the year.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plan-and-anticipate-obstacles">Plan and anticipate obstacles</h3>



Plan for the challenges that could arise so you can anticipate how you will overcome them. Have a support team in place to encourage you when you feel like giving up. The main reasons people fail include a failure to plan for setbacks, having unrealistic expectations for their goals and not making a commitment to what they are working towards.&nbsp;



Revisit your goals from time to time to keep them top of mind, celebrate successes, adjust accordingly and recommit to action steps to stay on track.



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How to set realistic goals and achieve them in 2024

It's the beginning of a new year, and many people...

The holiday season, often hailed as "the most wonderful time of the year," paradoxically emerges as a period of heightened stress and neglect of personal health, according to the results of a new survey by the <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Heart Association</a>. 



The study highlights a worrying trend: the significant impact of holiday stress on healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/">habits</a>, a stark contrast to the festive cheer typically associated with this time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-new-insights">Alarming new insights</h2>



The American Heart Association's survey, conducted in December 2023 with U.S. adults nationwide, reveals startling insights into how holiday stress affects health and well-being.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressure">Pressure</h3>



A striking 63% of respondents find that the holiday season is more stressful than tax season, indicating the extensive pressure that is felt by individuals.



"Balancing work, family, finances and everyday obligations, while trying to fit in festive events that make this time of year special becomes overwhelming and induces chronic stress for many," says the report.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-holiday-stress">Post-holiday stress</h3>



More than half (51%) of Americans report it takes them weeks to de-stress after the holidays. This statistic is even more pronounced among mothers, with over a quarter indicating a recovery time of one month or more.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regrets-nbsp">Regrets&nbsp;</h3>



More than 70 percent of participants regret not taking time to relax and enjoy the season, highlighting a common pitfall of getting caught up in holiday preparations and activities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neglect-of-healthy-habits">Neglect of healthy habits</h3>



The top three things that respondents have trouble prioritizing during the holiday season are eating, sleeping, and exercising. Overall, 69% report not eating well, 64% say they fail to exercise regularly, and 56% lack adequate sleep during the holidays.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-neglect">Self-neglect</h3>



Alarmingly, 79% admit to being so focused on creating special moments for others that they overlook their own needs during the holidays.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-of-holiday-stress">Ripple effects of holiday stress</h2>



Dr. Glenn N. Levine is a volunteer with the American Heart Association and chair of the 2021 Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection scientific statement. He warns of the long-term health impacts of chronic stress.&nbsp;



“Chronic stress can negatively impact both your long-term mental and physical health in many ways if left unmanaged,” said Dr. Levine. “The holidays are an easy time to justify putting off healthy habits, but it’s important to manage chronic stress and other risk factors to stay healthy during the holiday season and into the New Year.”



The survey results resonate with his caution, suggesting that the holiday-induced stress may have deeper and more lasting implications than previously thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-managing-holiday-stress">Tips for managing holiday stress</h2>



Recognizing the challenges, the American Heart Association offers practical advice to manage holiday stress:



<ul>
<li>Eat smart – Eat reasonable portions and think about what colorful fruits and vegetables you can add to your plate versus foods to avoid.</li>



<li>Move more – Physical activity is one of the best ways to manage stress, so aim to take a short walk each day. Any amount of movement counts.</li>



<li>Sleep well – Quality sleep can influence your mood, eating habits, memory and more. Experiment with setting an alarm reminding you to silence your phone notifications and wind down.</li>
</ul>



According to the report, connecting with others is one of the most important aspects of the holiday season:



"Whenever you or a loved one begins to feel stressed, make sure to express your feelings and lean upon each other for support, so you can enjoy the holidays together with lighter, healthier hearts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthier-holidays-ahead">Healthier holidays ahead</h2>



The analysis serves as a crucial reminder of the need to balance holiday cheer with personal well-being. By adopting simple, healthy habits and maintaining open communication, individuals can navigate the holiday season without stress.



The AHA's <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living">Healthy for GoodTM initiative</a> provides further resources and tips at heart.org/stress to support individuals in managing holiday stress and maintaining heart-healthy habits.



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Holiday stress can take a major toll on health and well-being

The holiday season, often hailed as "the most wonderful time...

A new study has upended long-held views on the economic practices of the first high mountain settlers during the Early Neolithic period, approximately 6,500 to 7,500 years ago.&nbsp;



Traditional assumptions had limited these ancient communities to seasonal occupancy and a heavy reliance on wild resources, particularly focusing on the role of sheep and goat transhumance. However, a study now reveals a broader spectrum of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-longhorned-tick-invasion-threatens-livestock-in-ohio/">livestock</a> activities in these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-neolithic-livestock-practices-nbsp">Early Neolithic livestock practices&nbsp;</h2>



A collaborative effort by experts from the Archaeozoology Laboratory and High Mountain Archaeology Group at <a href="https://www.uab.cat/web/universitat-autonoma-de-barcelona-1345467954774.html">Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a> (UAB), the University of Évora (HERCULES Laboratory), the Milà i Fontanals Institution-CSIC, and the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of the Government of Aragon has shed light on the livestock practices of the Early Neolithic era.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Focusing on the archaeological site of Coro Trasito in Sobrarbe, Aragon, this study is the first of its kind to characterize the feeding strategies and management of domesticated animals in high mountain environments.



The research team used a novel approach, combining stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis in bone collagen with archaeozoological analysis. This technique allowed them to assess animal ecology, management strategies, and feeding practices of the earliest societies in these regions, situated over 1,500 meters above sea level.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



The findings challenge previous assumptions, demonstrating varied management and feeding strategies among different flocks.



Contrary to the previous belief that these high mountain settlers relied primarily on wild resources, the study reveals a small but diverse collection of domesticated animals, including cows, goats, sheep, and pigs (Bos taurus, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, and Sus domesticus).&nbsp;



These animals were mainly used for meat and milk production, highlighting a nuanced approach to livestock rearing. Notably, the researchers discovered a significant rise in the economic importance of pigs (Sus domesticus) during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-management-practices">Feeding management practices</h2>



Furthermore, the team found evidence of different feeding management practices, including the use of varied pastures and possibly surplus agricultural products.&nbsp;



These findings indicate that livestock practices at the Coro Trasito site were well-established and intricately linked to agricultural practices from the onset of the Neolithic era. The study also reveals how these flocks were adapted to the environmental conditions of their surroundings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-economic-system-nbsp">Broader economic system&nbsp;</h2>



The results of the archaeozoological, isotopic and archaeological analyses reveal that the inhabitants of the Coro Trasito cave made use mainly of domestic resources, noted the researchers.



"Furthermore, the presence of transformation activities related to dairy and fat products, and the existence of storage structures within the cave indicates the complexity of neolithisation processes in the central Pyrenees and how these areas were quickly integrated into a broader economic system."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fearc.2023.1309907" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Early Neolithic mountain settlers used complex farming methods

A new study has upended long-held views on the economic...

An international team of researchers has identified a strong link between regular exercise and enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/regular-daytime-napping-increases-brain-health/">brain health</a>.



The study was conducted by clinical researchers from the Pacific Neuroscience Institute's Brain Health Center at <a href="https://www.providence.org/locations/socal/saint-johns-health-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Providence Saint John's Health Center</a>.



The comprehensive research involved extensive MRI brain scans from 10,125 individuals at Prenuvo imaging centers. The results shed light on the profound impact of regular exercise on our brain's structure and function.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enlarged-brain-areas-nbsp">Enlarged brain areas&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found a correlation between physical activities such as walking, running, or sports, and an increase in the size of critical brain areas involved in memory and learning. 



The research highlights a notable enlargement in gray matter, crucial for processing information, and white matter, which serves as the communication hub between different brain regions.&nbsp;



Additionally, the hippocampus, a vital area for memory, showed significant expansion in those who regularly engaged in physical exercises.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-positive-effects-on-brain-health">Positive effects on brain health</h2>



"Our research supports earlier studies that show being physically active is good for your brain. Exercise not only lowers the risk of dementia but also helps in maintaining brain size, which is crucial as we age," said lead researcher Dr. Cyrus A. Raji.



"We found that even moderate levels of physical activity, such as taking fewer than 4,000 steps a day, can have a positive effect on brain health," said study co-author Dr. David Merrill, director of the PBHC. "This is much less than the often-suggested 10,000 steps, making it a more achievable goal for many people."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-larger-brain-volumes-nbsp">Larger brain volumes&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Dr. Somayeh Meysami is an assistant professor of Neurosciences at Saint John's Cancer Institute and the Pacific Brain Health Center.



"Our research links regular physical activity to larger brain volumes, suggesting neuroprotective benefits. This large sample study furthers our understanding of lifestyle factors in brain health and dementia prevention," said Dr. Meysami.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modifiable-risk-factors-for-alzheimer-s">Modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's</h2>



The research builds upon a 2020 Lancet Study that identified about a dozen modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease, including physical activity. It also extends previous work by the same group, which connected caloric burn from leisure activities to improved brain structure.



"This study demonstrates the influence of exercise on brain health imaging and when added to other studies on the role of diet, stress reduction and social connection offer the proven benefits of drug-free modifiable factors in substantially reducing Alzheimer's disease," said George Perry, Editor-in-Chief of the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230740" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



"With comprehensive imaging scans, our study underscores the interconnected synergy between the body and the brain. It echoes the knowledge of past generations, showcasing that increased physical activity is a predictor of a healthier aging brain," said study senior author Dr. Attariwala.



The research offers a compelling argument for the power of regular exercise as an easy and effective way to maintain brain health.&nbsp;



Whether it's a daily walk or engaging in a favorite sport, the study confirms that staying active has lasting benefits for our cognitive well-being, potentially transforming our approach to aging and brain health maintenance.



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Regular exercise makes your brain bigger

An international team of researchers has identified a strong link...

A new study led by an anthropologist from the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Davis</a>, is shedding light on the origins of archery in the Americas and its societal impact.&nbsp;



The research challenges previous notions by suggesting that archery <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-can-improve-technology/">technology</a> in the Andes emerged around 5,000 years ago, rather than the previously believed 3,000 years ago. 



This finding was based on the analysis of 1,179 projectile points from the Lake Titicaca Basin in the Andes mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expansion-of-exchange-networks">Expansion of exchange networks</h2>



“This is among the first instances in which Andean archaeologists have investigated social complexity through the quantitative analysis of stone tools,” said corresponding author Luis Flores-Blanco, a doctoral student in Anthropology at UC Davis.&nbsp;



The study indicates that the adoption of bow-and-arrow technology coincided with the expansion of exchange networks and the increasing tendency of people to live in villages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-social-complexity">Increasing social complexity</h2>



Traditionally, researchers have focused on monumental architecture and ceramics to investigate increasing social complexity in the region.



However, this study shifts the focus to projectile points, which are typically associated with foraging communities.



The research team examined over a thousand projectile points spanning 10,000 years. They all originated from the Lake Titicaca Basin. 



Flores-Blanco highlighted the basin’s historical significance, noting its elevation of 12,500 feet and its role in the domestication of plants like the potato. 



The region was also a significant territory for the Tiwanaku civilization and the Inca Empire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-on-archery-in-the-americas">New insights on archery in the Americas </h2>



The team’s analysis involved measuring the length, width, thickness, and weight of each projectile, noting that older points were larger. 



A noticeable decrease in size occurred around 5,000 years ago during the Terminal Archaic period, suggesting a shift from spear-throwing to bow-and-arrow technology.



Additionally, the researchers compared their archery data with American archaeological information regarding settlement sizes, raw material availability, and cranial trauma data from the region. 



They observed that during the Terminal Archaic period, settlement sizes increased, but the number of settlement sites decreased. Interestingly, despite access to unique materials, there was a lack of evidence of social violence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



According to Flores-Blanco, the introduction of bow-and-arrow technology could have played a role in maintaining social norms crucial to the development of new social institutions like obsidian exchange hubs and the expansion of village residences.



This research not only offers new insights into the technological advancements of ancient Andean civilizations but also suggests a deeper, more nuanced understanding of how these societies evolved and interacted.



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.10.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quaternary International</a>.



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How the rise of archery changed life in the Americas

A new study led by an anthropologist from the University...

Researchers have uncovered alarming vulnerabilities in coastal communities, stemming from accelerating sea level rise. This phenomenon, primarily driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-is-global-warming-affecting-the-human-brain/">global warming</a>, poses a significant risk to these regions, with minority and disadvantaged populations facing the brunt of its impact.



The study, led by Professor Kelsea Best of <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>, sheds light on a critical aspect often overlooked in climate change assessments: the threat of isolation due to rising sea levels.&nbsp;



The experts report that as flooding intensifies, disadvantaged populations will be the ones to experience some of the most severe burdens of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disproportionate-risk">Disproportionate risk</h2>



A key finding of the research is the disproportionate risk faced by minority populations when sea levels rise above 4 feet. These groups are more likely to experience isolation, with their access to essential services like emergency care, schools, and grocery stores being severely disrupted.&nbsp;



This risk is further compounded for renters and older adults, highlighting the intersection between historical social inequalities and climate change vulnerabilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-community-risk-assessment-nbsp">Rethinking community risk assessment&nbsp;</h2>



According to Professor Best, the first step in better characterizing these threats is changing how researchers assess community risk, as most studies measure this by exclusively determining impacts via direct flooding. But concentrating on this sole measurement neglects more complex aftereffects of sea level rise, such as isolation, and reinforces inequality in coastal areas, said Best.&nbsp;



“We need to re-conceptualize how we measure who is burdened by sea level rise because there are so many ways that people might be burdened before their home is flooded."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-and-cascading-burdens-nbsp">Multiple and cascading burdens&nbsp;</h2>



"An estimated 20 million coastal residents in the U.S. will be at risk of inundation due to sea level rise (SLR) and/or storm surges by 2030, yet there is less evidence of how multiple and cascading burdens of SLR that are beyond direct inundation will affect disadvantaged populations," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



Notably, because people need access to essential places like grocery stores, public schools, hospitals and fire stations, the researchers argue that an inability to reach these places impacts individuals just as negatively as if they were living in inundated homes themselves, and should be documented as such.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-isolation-nbsp">Risk of isolation&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers overlayed OpenStreetMap road network data with NOAA's mean higher high water scenarios and recent census data. The analysis revealed that a group's risk of isolation is intricately linked to the specific layout of road networks and the location of vital services in relation to where at-risk individuals live.



The research team found that Hispanic populations are often overrepresented in those at risk of isolation, beginning at 4 feet of sea level rise, while Black populations face similar risks after 6 feet. In contrast, white populations are underrepresented in these risk assessments.&nbsp;



Professor Best emphasized the need for targeted adaptation resources and policies to support those historically marginalized, emphasizing that a 'one-size-fits-all' approach is insufficient and exacerbates existing inequities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-sobering-timeline-nbsp">A sobering timeline&nbsp;</h2>



The study presents a sobering timeline for the onset of isolation risks in coastal communities. Through a comparison of two long-term sea level rise scenarios, the researchers found that the isolating effects could manifest as early as 2090. This timeline underscores the urgency of addressing climate change and implementing adaptive measures.



“This timeline matters from a planning and adaptation perspective,” said Professor Best. “Part of why we included the temporal piece is to say this issue would not be as much of a problem if we had urgent, aggressive mitigation." 



“The effects of climate change are going to be further reaching and more cascading than might be directly obvious, and those effects are not going to be felt equitably. So we need to be thinking about those populations most at risk from the beginning and develop policies to support them.”&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43835-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.&nbsp;



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Burdens of climate change: Sea level rise and the risk of isolation 

Researchers have uncovered alarming vulnerabilities in coastal communities, stemming from...

A new study led by geoscientist Rebecca Hamilton at the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> is challenging long-held views on the ecological history of South East Asia. 



Contrary to the previous belief that dry savannahs dominated the region during the Last Glacial Maximum more than 19,000 years ago, the team discovered a varied landscape of closed and open forest types.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-tropical-forests">Resilience of tropical forests</h2>



The research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2311280120" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, has significant implications for understanding the resilience of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-biodiversity-found-in-ancient-asian-rainforest/">forests</a> to climate change.



Dr. Hamilton emphasizes the importance of this discovery in the context of accelerating climate change. She notes that maintaining a diversity of forest types is key to conserving the region’s ecosystems.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformation-of-forested-areas-nbsp">Transformation of forested areas&nbsp;</h2>



“Our work suggests that prioritizing protection of forests above 1,000 meters (‘montane forest’) alongside seasonally dry forest types could be important for preventing future ‘savannization’ of Asia’s rainforests,” she said.



Savannization refers to the transformation of forested areas into savannah ecosystems, characterized by open wooded plains. This process can be triggered by climate changes, human activities, or natural ecological shifts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



"The dominant paradigm is that large tracts of Southeast Asia’s lowland rainforests were replaced with a 'savanna corridor' during the cooler, more seasonal climates of the Last Glacial Maximum," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"This interpretation has implications for understanding the resilience of Asia’s tropical forests to projected climate change, implying a vulnerability to savannization."&nbsp;



"A savanna corridor is also an important foundation for archaeological interpretations of how humans moved through and settled insular Southeast Asia and Australia. Yet an up-to-date, multiproxy, and empirical examination of the palaeoecological evidence for this corridor is lacking."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paleoenvironmental-sites-nbsp">Paleoenvironmental sites&nbsp;</h2>



To investigate, the researchers analyzed records from 59 paleoenvironmental sites across tropical South East Asia. The team challenged the savannah model, which postulated a vast, uniform grassland expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum.&nbsp;



Instead, their analysis of pollen grains from lakes and other biochemical indicators revealed a coexistence of forests and expanding grasslands during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



“We put forward the idea that these seeming discrepancies can be reconciled if, during the cool and seasonal climate of the Last Glacial Maximum, montane forests (above 1,000m) persisted and expanded in high-elevation regions, while lowlands experienced a shift to seasonally dry forests, which have a naturally grassy understory,” Hamilton explained.



The research not only offers a revised perspective on the ecological past of South East Asia but also provides valuable insights into the potential resilience of the region’s tropical forests in the face of ongoing climate change. It highlights the critical need for preserving a diversity of forest landscapes to safeguard these ecosystems for the future.



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Forests of South East Asia are more resilient than previously thought

A new study led by geoscientist Rebecca Hamilton at the...

A new study has revealed that semaglutide, a drug commonly used for diabetes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/berberine-plant-derived-supplement-is-the-hot-new-weight-loss-trend/">weight loss</a>, may significantly reduce symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD).&nbsp;



This promising research was conducted by experts from the <a href="https://www.ou.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oklahoma</a> School of Community Medicine and Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-documented-evidence-in-humans-nbsp">First documented evidence in humans&nbsp;</h2>



The study was primarily focused on six patients undergoing weight loss treatment with semaglutide. Remarkably, all participants exhibited a substantial decrease in their alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) scores.&nbsp;



This decrease is the first documented evidence in humans that semaglutide can specifically mitigate AUD symptoms.



The study has sparked optimism among medical professionals and researchers. It highlights the potential of semaglutide to significantly impact the lives of individuals struggling with alcohol use disorder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-semaglutide">What is semaglutide?</h2>



Semaglutide is a medication primarily used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It works by mimicking a hormone called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels.&nbsp;



When semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors, it enhances the release of insulin, a hormone that lowers blood glucose levels, while also reducing the secretion of glucagon, a hormone that increases blood glucose levels. This dual action effectively helps in controlling blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ozempic-and-wegovy">Ozempic and Wegovy</h2>



Semaglutide has gained recent acclaim under the brand names Ozempic and Wegovy for its potential in promoting weight loss. The drug reduces appetite and food intake, which can lead to significant weight loss in some individuals. This has made it a subject of interest in the treatment of obesity.



The popularity of Ozempic and Wegovy has surged so quickly in the United States that some people are having trouble getting their prescriptions filled. According to one study, the number of prescriptions for these drugs quadrupled in two years, reaching about 9 million by the end of 2022.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-therapeutic-applications-nbsp">Potential therapeutic applications&nbsp;</h2>



The new study suggests that the potential applications of semaglutide may extend far beyond diabetes and obesity. Prior animal studies have already shown that semaglutide can decrease drug and alcohol consumption, and many patients using it for diabetes or weight loss have reported a diminished desire to consume alcohol.



"This research marks a significant step forward in our understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of semaglutide in the field of addiction medicine," said study lead author Dr. Jesse Richards, an expert in Obesity Medicine at the OU-TU School of Community Medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-trials-nbsp">Clinical trials&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Kyle Simmons is the paper’s senior author and professor of Pharmacology &amp; Physiology at OSU-Center for Health Sciences. He noted that this case series evidence paves the way for gold-standard placebo-controlled clinical trials such as the one he is currently conducting in Tulsa at the OSU Hardesty Center for Clinical Research and Neuroscience.&nbsp;



“This is an example of what can happen when our two R-1 research institutions in Oklahoma collaborate,” said Dr. Simmons. “With the publication of this case series in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, the stage is set for future clinical trials, such as the STAR studies, which can definitively tell us whether semaglutide is safe and effective for treatment of alcohol use disorder.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers emphasized the need for further investigation through larger, controlled studies to validate and expand upon these initial findings.&nbsp;



The study highlights a remarkable reduction in AUDIT scores among patients treated with semaglutide for weight loss, suggesting its potential utility in managing alcohol use disorder.



The findings pave the way for future investigations into glucagon-like peptide-1 medications, like semaglutide, for treating addictive behaviors.



The study is published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.23m15068" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</a>.



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Popular weight loss drug semaglutide reduces alcohol cravings

A new study has revealed that semaglutide, a drug commonly...

A new species of pit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-just-a-few-drops-of-viper-venom-call-kill-you/">viper</a> from Myanmar has been identified and described. The study was led by herpetologist Dr. Chan Kin Onn, formerly of the <a href="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum</a>, Singapore, and now with the <a href="https://biodiversity.ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas Biodiversity Institute and Natural History Museum</a>.



The discovery showcases the complexity and challenges in classifying species, particularly when encountering both cryptic species and highly variable individual species simultaneously.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-asian-pit-vipers-nbsp">Asian pit vipers&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Chan’s study focuses on the Asian pit vipers of the genus Trimeresurus, known for their wide range of morphological variation.&nbsp;



This genus includes species that are difficult to distinguish due to their similar appearance, as well as species that exhibit significant variation yet belong to the same species. The study highlights a particular pit viper in Myanmar that embodies this dual challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybrid-species-nbsp">Hybrid species&nbsp;</h2>



The newly discovered Ayeyarwady pit viper (Trimeresurus ayeyarwadyensis) is named after the Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar and presents an intriguing blend of characteristics from its sister species.&nbsp;



The redtail pit viper (Trimeresurus erythrurus), found along Myanmar’s northern coast, is typically green with no markings.&nbsp;



In contrast, the southern mangrove pit viper (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus) is known for its distinct dorsal blotches and variable coloration, but it never appears green.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ayeyarwady-pit-viper">Ayeyarwady pit viper</h2>



In central Myanmar, researchers found a unique population of pit vipers that seemed to combine features of both the redtail and mangrove pit vipers. Initially believed to be a hybrid population, genomic analysis by Dr. Chan revealed that this group was, in fact, a distinct species.



Adding to the intrigue, the Ayeyarwady pit viper displays considerable variability within its own populations. Some exhibit dark green colors with distinct blotches, easily distinguishable from the bright green, unmarked redtail pit viper. However, other populations of the Ayeyarwady pit viper closely resemble the redtail pit viper, being bright green with no blotches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-discovery">Significance of the discovery</h2>



Dr. Chan explained the significance of this finding: “This is an interesting phenomenon, where one species is simultaneously similar and different from its closest relative (the redtail pit viper). We think that at some point in the past, the new species may have exchanged genes with the redtail pit viper from the north and the mangrove pit viper from the south.”



The discovery of the Ayeyarwady pit viper not only adds to the biodiversity of the region but also provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history and complexity of species differentiation. This research underscores the dynamic nature of species classification and the ongoing efforts to understand the rich tapestry of life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about pit vipers</h2>



Pit vipers are a family of venomous snakes known scientifically as Crotalinae. They are characterized by a distinctive heat-sensing pit organ located between the eye and the nostril on each side of their head, which aids them in detecting warm-blooded prey even in the dark. This feature sets them apart from other types of snakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Size</h3>



These snakes are found primarily in the Americas and Asia. They vary greatly in size, from the relatively small hognose pit viper, which can be less than a foot long, to the large bushmasters, which can exceed 10 feet in length.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Venom</h3>



Pit vipers are known for their potent venom, which they use to immobilize and pre-digest their prey, which is typically small mammals, birds, and other reptiles. The venom composition varies among species and can cause significant tissue damage and disruption of blood clotting in the victims.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



The appearance of pit vipers is diverse. Many species have a robust and stocky build, and they often exhibit striking patterns and colors that help them blend into their natural environments. This camouflage is a key aspect of their hunting strategy, allowing them to lie in wait for unsuspecting prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



Reproduction among pit vipers varies, with some species laying eggs (oviparous) and others giving birth to live young (viviparous). In species that give birth to live young, the embryos are nourished in the mother's body.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological role</h3>



Pit vipers play an important role in their ecosystems as both predators and prey. They help control the populations of their prey species and are, in turn, preyed upon by larger animals, including birds of prey and mammals.



Despite their fearsome reputation, pit vipers are generally shy and avoid humans. However, they will defend themselves if threatened or stepped on, making them a significant source of snakebite injuries in their native regions. Their venom has also been a subject of medical research, contributing to the development of new drugs and antivenoms.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1186.110422" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a>.



Image Credit: Wolfgang Wüster



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New species of pit viper discovered in Myanmar

A new species of pit viper from Myanmar has been...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...