The Universe contains many types of massive formations that shape our understanding of how stars and galaxies group together. Astronomers have long studied these sprawling patterns, which give valuable clues about where matter gathers and where it remains thinly spread. 



These features define how cosmic evolution unfolds and guide current theories of how the universe expands.



Recently, a team of experts announced a giant find. This collection of galaxy clusters surpasses previous giants by orders of magnitude.



This study adds fresh insights by demonstrating that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interstellar-tunnel-found-that-connects-our-solar-system-to-other-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic neighborhood</a> can still surprise us with unexpected details about how matter arranges itself across unimaginable distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-clusters-distribution">Galaxy clusters distribution</h2>



Hans Böhringer from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (<a href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/main" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPE</a>) coordinated the effort in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute for Physics (<a href="https://www.mpp.mpg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPP</a>) and teams in Spain and South Africa. 



Their work relied on the ROSAT X-ray satellite’s survey, which singled out clusters of galaxies by detecting the energetic radiation these huge clusters emit. 



These data allowed the researchers to build a three-dimensional map of our cosmic vicinity.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_3D-model_credit-MPE_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_3D-model_credit-MPE_1s.webp" alt="Three-dimensional representation of the Quipu superstructure. Credit: MPE" class="wp-image-1960534"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Three-dimensional representation of the Quipu superstructure. Credit: MPE</figcaption></figure>



“If you look at the distribution of the galaxy clusters in the sky in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light-years, you immediately notice a huge structure that stretches from high northern latitudes to almost the southern end of the sky,” explains Böhringer.



By tracing each cluster’s position in space, his team pinpointed how matter spreads out in swirling patterns of galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-quipu-superstructure">The Quipu superstructure</h2>



The researchers named this discovery “Quipu,” taking inspiration from the knotted string recording system once used by the Incas. 



Observed as a long strand with smaller threads branching off, the Quipu superstructure contains 68 galaxy clusters with a combined mass of about 2.4 × 10^17 solar masses. 



Its size of roughly 1.4 billion light-years makes Quipu the largest superstructure ever accurately measured, surpassing the Sloan Great Wall’s 1.1 billion light-years.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_illustration_credit-MPE_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_illustration_credit-MPE_1s.webp" alt="Distribution of galaxies (color coding) and galaxy clusters (black dots) in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light years surrounding us. The five superstructures are marked: 1 Quipu, 2 Shapley, 3 Serpens-Corona Borealis and Hercules (overlapping in the sky), 4 Sculptor-Pegasus. The area enclosed by white lines is shadowed by the disk of the Milky Way. Credit: MPE" class="wp-image-1960536"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Distribution of galaxies (color coding) and galaxy clusters (black dots) in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light years surrounding us. The five superstructures are marked: 1 Quipu, 2 Shapley, 3 Serpens-Corona Borealis and Hercules (overlapping in the sky), 4 Sculptor-Pegasus. The area enclosed by white lines is shadowed by the disk of the Milky Way. Credit: MPE</figcaption></figure>



“This breaks the size record of all reliably measured cosmic structures,” note the researchers who compared the finding with other known formations. 



“The Quipu superstructure, end to end, is slightly longer than the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/SDSS-3D-Universe-Map-Credit-Sloan-Digital-Sky-Survey-Team-NASA-NSF-DOE_fig2_357328983" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sloan Great Wall</a>,” says J. Richard Gott III at Princeton University, who helped discover the Sloan Great Wall. “Congratulations to them for finding it.” 



The name also reflects a connection to Chile, where many distance measurements took place, and where ancient quipus are showcased in Santiago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quipu-and-cosmological-principle">Quipu and cosmological principle</h2>



Across extremely large distances, matter is believed to spread out nearly evenly. At smaller scales of about a billion light-years, it collects in superclusters and leaves behind voids. 



This balance underpins the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-order-or-chaos-universe-expansion-may-follow-a-hidden-pattern/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmological principle</a>, which suggests that if we look far enough, the universe should appear uniform in every direction. 



Some experts argue these huge arrangements question that principle’s validity, with past findings triggering debates. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/great-sloan-wall_superstructure_SDSS_credit-MIT_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/great-sloan-wall_superstructure_SDSS_credit-MIT_1s.webp" alt="Sloan Great Wall of galaxies. SDSS 3D Universe Map Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Team, NASA, NSF, DOE." class="wp-image-1960531"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sloan Great Wall of galaxies is 1.1 billion light years long. SDSS 3D Universe Map Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Team, NASA, NSF, DOE.</figcaption></figure>



“Making observations in too small a part of the universe, which has been done earlier on, can be misleading,” says Böhringer. 



Another point comes from an ambiguous definition of the principle. “There is not yet one definition of the cosmological principle that every cosmologist agrees on,” says Alexia Lopez at the <a href="https://www.uclan.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Central Lancashire</a> in the UK. 



Meanwhile, Seshadri Nadathur at the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> notes that “some of those galaxies may drift apart from each other instead of collapsing in on themselves, in which case, according to some interpretations, it’s not really a bound structure.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-measurements-and-consequences">Cosmic measurements and consequences</h2>



Quipu’s existence highlights how vast formations can shape calculations of cosmic expansion rates and the properties of primordial radiation left over from the early universe. 



Astronomers pay close attention to features like superclusters because they alter light paths and influence how we determine important parameters such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unknown-factors-are-accelerating-the-expansion-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble constant</a>. 



Small discrepancies can add up when researchers aim for precise numbers in modern cosmological studies.



“Even if these are only corrections of a few percent, they become increasingly important as the accuracy of cosmological observations increases,” emphasizes Gayoung Chon from the Max Planck Institute for Physics. 



This structure offers a reminder that the cosmos presents patterns on many scales. Those patterns appear to affect how we interpret data on the universe’s origin and shape the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of galaxies</a> in our vicinity and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quipu-and-the-incas">Quipu and the Incas</h2>



The Incas once managed vast territories using quipus, a system of knotted strings that helped track resources and information. 



Each knot arrangement acted like a code, revealing essential data in a form that required no written script.



Quipu’s naming borrowed that image of intertwined threads. 



Researchers see it as a nod to humanity’s long history of gathering knowledge, whether through knotted strings or advanced telescopes that trace the distribution of galaxies across cosmic depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



The discovery underscores how ongoing surveys might uncover more structures. 



Scientists are keen to see if similar patterns exist in parts of the sky that remain less charted, which could either confirm current theories or reveal new gaps in our understanding.



Future maps will rely on technology to gather clearer data from remote regions. 



These efforts reflect a human wish to capture our place in the universe, searching for the patterns that connect everything from particles to vast congregations of galaxies.



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Featured image: The open cluster Westerlund 1 is located roughly 12,000 light-years away in the southern constellation Ara (the Altar) where it resides behind a huge interstellar cloud of gas and dust. Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19236" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>.



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Largest structure ever found in the universe is 1.4 billion light years long

The Universe contains many types of massive formations that shape our understanding of how stars and galaxies group together. Astronomers have long studied these sprawling patterns, which give valuable clues about where matter gathers and where it remains thinly spread. These features define how cosmic evolution unfolds and guide current theories of how the universe expands. Recently, a team of experts announced a giant find. This collection of galaxy clusters surpasses previous giants by orders of magnitude. This study adds fresh insights by demonstrating that our cosmic...

Many of Jupiter's moons have long captivated our imagination. Nestled in the shadow of the gas giant, Europa is believed to harbor a massive, hidden ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/europa_jupiter-moon_hidden-ocean_ice-cracks_NASA_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beneath its icy shell</a>, a tantalizing prospect for life beyond Earth. 



Now, thanks to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Juno spacecraft, we have a fresh, high-definition look at this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiter-and-the-moon-will-share-a-cosmic-kiss-on-valentines-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enigmatic world</a>, and it's revealing more than we ever imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-s-deep-ocean-and-icy-shell">Europa's deep ocean and icy shell</h2>



Europa, one of Jupiter's largest moons, has fascinated scientists for decades. Its icy surface, unique geological features, and potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-may-exist-on-one-of-jupiters-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harboring life</a> make it a prime target for exploration. 



Europa's surface is covered by a thick layer of ice, estimated to be about 10-15 miles (15-25 kilometers) thick. Beneath this ice, scientists believe there is a vast ocean of liquid water, possibly containing twice as much water as all of Earth's oceans combined. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geological activity and surface features</h3>



Europa’s icy shell displays a variety of geological features, including:



<ul>
<li>Ridges and bands: Long, linear cracks and ridges crisscross the surface, some stretching for thousands of miles.</li>



<li>Chaos terrain: Regions where the surface ice appears to be broken and re-frozen in a chaotic jumble.</li>



<li>Impact craters: Few in number, suggesting a relatively young and dynamic surface that is frequently resurfaced.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-europa-s-wandering-poles-above-liquid-ocean">Europa's wandering poles above liquid ocean</h2>



Europa is not a static, frozen ball. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amalthea-jupiter-tiny-moon-captured-juno-spacecraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juno's images</a> support the theory of "true polar wander," a phenomenon where the moon's icy shell shifts and slides over the liquid ocean below. This is like a giant jigsaw puzzle slowly rearranging itself, with new cracks and ridges forming over time.



"True polar wander occurs if Europa's icy shell is decoupled from its rocky interior, resulting in high stress levels on the shell, which lead to predictable fracture patterns,"&nbsp;explains Candy Hansen, a Juno co-investigator who leads planning for the JunoCam.



These shifting plates could have implications for the potential habitability of Europa. The movement of the ice could bring nutrients and energy from the ocean to the surface, creating conditions that might support life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-platypus-region">"The Platypus" region</h2>



One of the most intriguing features captured by Juno is a chaotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/europa_jupiter-moon_shifting-ice_closeup_Juno_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">region nicknamed "the Platypus."</a> 



This area has a jumbled landscape with ridges, hummocks, and dark stains. These characteristics hint at recent surface activity and the potential presence of subsurface water.



The Platypus isn't the only sign of activity on Europa. Juno also captured images that appear to show plume deposits. 



These deposits might indicate that water vapor is erupting from the ocean below the ice. These plumes could provide a direct way to sample the moon's subsurface and search for signs of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-juno-s-research-on-europa">Future of Juno's research on Europa</h2>



Juno's flyby of Europa was brief, but it provided a wealth of information to ponder. It's also a tantalizing preview of what's to come. 



"These features hint at present-day surface activity and the presence of subsurface liquid water on Europa,"&nbsp;said Heidi Becker, lead co-investigator for the Stellar Reference Unit on Juno.&nbsp;



"The SRU’s image is a high-quality baseline for specific places NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/europa-clipper/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa Clipper mission</a> and European Space Agency’s (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>’s) <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Juice missions</a> can target to search for signs of change and brine," Becker concluded.



These missions will carry a suite of instruments designed to study Europa's composition, surface features, and potential for life. They will map the moon's surface in unprecedented detail, search for plumes of water vapor, and even attempt to sample the subsurface ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eternal-fascination-of-europa">Eternal fascination of Europa</h2>



Europa has always been a source of wonder and speculation. It's a world that challenges our understanding of where life can exist. 



The images from Juno have only deepened this fascination. They reveal a dynamic and active moon. Europa has a hidden ocean that could hold the keys to some of the biggest questions in science.



The journey to Europa is just beginning, and it promises to be a thrilling one. As we continue to explore this distant world, we may find that we're not alone in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>, that life can thrive in the most unexpected places. 



Europa, once a mysterious moon, is now a beacon of hope in our quest to understand the cosmos and our place within it.



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New evidence that Europa is covered by a deep ocean beneath a shifting icy shell

Many of Jupiter's moons have long captivated our imagination. Nestled...

In the world of science, it's not every day that a new "rule of biology" emerges. These rules, or biological laws, are like the fundamental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">truths</a> of the living world. They describe stability or instability patterns and behaviors that are consistently observed throughout life.



One such rule is Allen's rule,&nbsp;which explains why animals in colder climates have shorter limbs than their counterparts in warmer regions.&nbsp;Now,&nbsp;John Tower,&nbsp;a professor of biological sciences at <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Dornsife</a>,&nbsp;is proposing a new rule that challenges our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> works.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selectively-advantageous-instability-of-life">Selectively advantageous instability of life</h2>



Tower's rule revolves around a concept called "selectively advantageous instability," or SAI.&nbsp;This concept suggests that a certain level of instability in biological components,&nbsp;such as proteins and genetic material,&nbsp;can actually be beneficial to cells.



This might seem counterintuitive.&nbsp;We often associate stability with health and well-being.&nbsp;After all,&nbsp;stable systems require less energy and resources to maintain.&nbsp;Hexagons,&nbsp;for example,&nbsp;are a common shape in nature because they are inherently stable and efficient.



But Tower argues that instability is just as fundamental to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> as stability.&nbsp;"Even the simplest cells contain proteases and nucleases and regularly degrade and replace their proteins and RNAs,&nbsp;indicating that SAI is essential for life," Tower explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-instability-and-life">Evolution, instability and life</h2>



So,&nbsp;how does instability play a role in the scheme of life?&nbsp;Tower believes that SAI is a driving force in evolution.



As cells build and break down unstable components,&nbsp;they essentially exist in two states:&nbsp;one with the unstable component present and one without it.&nbsp;Natural selection can act differently on these two states.&nbsp;



This can lead to a situation where both a normal gene and a mutated version of that gene are maintained in the same population,&nbsp;as each gene might be advantageous in a different state.



This genetic diversity,&nbsp;driven by instability,&nbsp;is what allows cells and organisms to adapt and evolve over time in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.&nbsp;It's like a constant dance between stability and instability,&nbsp;where the right balance can lead to incredible resilience and adaptability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-side-of-instability">Dark side of instability</h2>



While SAI can enhance adaptability and evolution, it has a downside. The process of constantly creating and replacing unstable components within cells demands significant energy. This energetic cost can strain cellular resources, potentially leading to inefficiencies over time. 



Tower suggests that SAI could be a key factor in aging.&nbsp;"Creating and then replacing the unstable components within cells comes at the cost of materials and energy.&nbsp;Breaking it down may also require additional energy," he says.



Additionally, SAI allows for the coexistence of normal and mutated genes within the same cell population. While this genetic diversity can be beneficial, it also poses risks. 



If a harmful mutated gene persists alongside a normal gene, it can have detrimental effects. These harmful mutations might contribute to cellular damage and dysfunction, accelerating the aging process. 



Over time, the accumulation of such harmful mutations can impair cell function, leading to age-related decline in tissue and organ systems. 



Thus, while SAI promotes adaptability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-species-adaptability-shapes-long-term-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a> in changing environments, it also introduces vulnerabilities that can impact the aging process and overall cellular health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-evolution-and-aging">Beyond evolution and aging</h2>



The implications of SAI extend far beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dinosaurs-influence-human-aging-65-million-years-after-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution and aging</a>. It has the potential to shed light on a wide range of biological phenomena, from chaos theory and criticality to Turing patterns and even "cellular consciousness."



"Science has been fascinated lately with concepts such as chaos theory,&nbsp;criticality,&nbsp;Turing patterns and 'cellular consciousness,'" says Tower.&nbsp;"Research in the field suggests that SAI plays an important role in producing each of these phenomena."



Tower believes that SAI is so widespread in biology and has such far-reaching consequences that it could be considered a new rule of biology.&nbsp;This rule challenges our traditional view of stability and highlights the importance of embracing instability in our understanding of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-the-paradox">Embracing the paradox</h2>



The idea that instability is essential for life might seem paradoxical,&nbsp;but it's a reminder that life is a dynamic and ever-changing process.&nbsp;It's a constant dance between order and chaos,&nbsp;stability and instability.&nbsp;And it's this delicate balance that allows life to thrive and evolve.



"Even the simplest cells contain proteases and nucleases and regularly degrade and replace their proteins and RNAs,&nbsp;indicating that SAI is essential for life," Tower notes. 



So,&nbsp;while stability might seem like the ideal state,&nbsp;it's the instability that keeps life moving forward.&nbsp;It's the spark that ignites evolution,&nbsp;the engine that drives adaptation,&nbsp;and the force that shapes the diversity of life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fragi.2024.1376060/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Aging</a>.



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New rule of biology: Instability is key to evolution and life

In the world of science, it's not every day that...

Woman,Using,Smart,Phone,While,Standing,With,Electric,Push,Scooter

Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save the planet from climate change? It's a question that might make you want to hurl your smartphone into the nearest recycling bin, but it's a pressing concern raised by Dr. Hamish van der Ven, a professor at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a>, and his colleagues.



Their assertion? Our beloved generative AI tools, like the ever-so-helpful ChatGPT, along with our social media habits, could be dousing the flames of our climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a> efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digital-impact">Digital impact</h2>



<a href="https://forestry.ubc.ca/faculty-profile/hamish-van-der-ven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. van der Ven</a> argues that the typical view of technology's role in climate change is too narrow. "Most analysis that we've seen to date focuses on counting the direct emissions associated with the life cycle of tech products," he says. 



We're all familiar with energy-guzzling server farms and the digital gold rush of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-hidden-and-destructive-environmental-impact-of-bitcoin-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bitcoin mining</a>. However, the UBC professor points out another issue. There's a less obvious villain lurking in the shadows.



"There is very little examination of the adverse and indirect impacts of generative AI and social media on the climate," Dr. van der Ven warns. 



He's referring to the way these technologies shape our behavior, our attitudes, and ultimately, our response to the looming crisis of climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/38-trillion-dollars-per-year-economic-losses-expected-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-distraction-from-climate-issues">Social media distraction from climate issues</h2>



Ever found yourself mindlessly scrolling through social media, your eyes glazing over as you absorb an endless stream of news, memes, and targeted ads? That's the first part of the problem, according to Dr. van der Ven.



"In offering always new, ever-changing content, social media platforms can take attention away from slower-moving issues," he explains. Climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-increased-premature-birth-risk-by-60/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>, unfortunately, falls into the "slow-moving" category, and our short attention spans, honed by the digital age, might not be up to the task.



But it gets worse. "The other side of that is constant exposure to negative news on social media may also erode optimism and increase feelings of hopelessness," Dr. van der Ven points out. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panic-driven-doom-gloom-climate-change-messages-do-not-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doom-scrolling</a> our way through the latest climate disasters can leave us feeling paralyzed and defeated, exactly the opposite of the mindset needed to tackle this global challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-generative-ai">Generative AI</h2>



As for generative AI, it might be a double agent. Sure, it can help us craft eloquent emails and whip up creative content, but Dr. van der Ven cautions that our growing reliance on it could have unintended consequences.



"As people become more dependent on it, we could find our capacity for creativity and forward-thinking solutions decreasing," he observes. Could our digital assistants be dulling our own problem-solving skills? It's a disturbing thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misinformation-on-social-medial-and-climate-change">Misinformation on social medial and climate change</h2>



The researchers also highlight another concern. Both social media and AI can amplify false or biased information. This makes climate change discussions more complicated. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Misinformation</a> can disrupt public understanding and support for climate action. It can hinder effective policy-making and delay critical measures needed to address climate change. 



By spreading incorrect information, these technologies can create confusion and skepticism, making it harder to mobilize collective efforts and implement effective solutions. 



This amplification of misinformation poses a significant challenge to achieving meaningful progress in combating climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautious-optimism-and-critical-thinking">Cautious optimism and critical thinking</h2>



So, are we doomed to a future of digital distraction and AI-induced apathy? Not necessarily. But Dr. van der Ven and his colleagues urge us to take a more critical look at the role of technology and social media in the fight against climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-increase-the-value-of-solar-panels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change</a>.



"We urge more skepticism about individuals and businesses that position digitalization as a solution to the climate crisis," he says. We need to ask tough questions and demand evidence-based answers, rather than simply accepting the promises of tech evangelists.



The researchers call for more research into the indirect effects of internet-enabled technologies. They urge us to move beyond the simple tally of emissions. We need to delve into the complex ways these tools shape our thoughts and actions.



"Only through fact-based analysis can we achieve a more holistic understanding of the internet's true impact on the climate," Dr. van der Ven concludes.



So, the next time you find yourself lost in a digital rabbit hole, remember that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> crisis demands our attention, our creativity, and our collective action. Don't let the glow of the screen blind you to the urgency of the moment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://direct.mit.edu/glep/article/doi/10.1162/glep_a_00747/120588/Generative-AI-and-Social-Media-May-Exacerbate-the" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Environmental Politics</a>.



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Gen AI and social media divert people's attention from climate crisis

Are we too busy scrolling on social media to save...

Radio,Telescope,And,Milky,Way

Have you ever looked up at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">night sky</a> and wondered about the vastness of the universe? What if some of the universe's oldest stars are right in our galactic backyard?



A team of MIT researchers, including undergraduate students, has discovered three stars right here in the Milky Way that date back 12 to 13 billion years. That's almost as old as the universe itself, which is estimated to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">13.8 billion years old</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milky-way-s-past">Milky Way's past</h2>



How did they find these ancient stellar relics? It all started in a classroom. Professor Anna Frebel, a physics professor at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, launched a new course in the fall of 2022 called "Observational Stellar Archaeology." 



In this course, students learned how to analyze the light emitted by stars to determine their age and composition.



The students then applied their newfound knowledge to a treasure trove of star data that Professor Frebel had collected over the years using the <a href="https://www.lco.cl/magellan-telescopes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Magellan-Clay telescope</a>. They were particularly interested in finding stars that formed shortly after the Big Bang when the universe was still in its infancy.



These early stars would have a very different chemical composition than younger stars like our sun. They would contain lower amounts of heavier elements like strontium and barium because these elements were not yet abundant in the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sass-stars-in-the-universe">SASS stars in the universe </h2>



The students' search paid off. They identified three stars with spectra indicating low abundances of heavier elements, suggesting they were indeed ancient. These stars have been dubbed "SASS" stars, which stands for "Small Accreted Stellar System" stars.



“These oldest stars should definitely be there, given what we know of galaxy formation,”&nbsp;says Professor Frebel.&nbsp;“They are part of our cosmic family tree. And we now have a new way to find them.”



Why "Small Accreted Stellar System"? The researchers believe these stars once belonged to their own small galaxies that were later absorbed by the Milky Way. In other words, they are cosmic immigrants that have found a new home in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clue-to-the-stars-origins-in-the-universe">Clue to the stars' origins in the universe</h2>



But how did these stars end up in the Milky Way? The answer lies in their unusual motion. 



Most stars in the Milky Way's disk orbit in the same direction, like cars on a racetrack. However, the SASS stars are moving in the opposite direction, a phenomenon known as "retrograde motion." This suggests they were captured from another galaxy that was moving in a different direction.



“The only way you can have stars going the wrong way from the rest of the gang is if you threw them in the wrong way,” Professor Frebel explains. 



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/retrograde-motion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retrograde motion</a>, combined with their ancient chemical composition, provides strong evidence that the SASS stars are indeed cosmic relics from a time when the universe was much younger.



“Interestingly they’re all quite fast -- hundreds of kilometers per second, going the wrong way,” Frebel says. “They’re on the run! We don’t know why that’s the case, but it was the piece to the puzzle that we needed, and that I didn’t quite anticipate when we started.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-window-into-the-early-universe">New window into the early universe</h2>



The discovery of the SASS stars opens up exciting possibilities for studying the early universe.



These stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remnants</a> from a period when galaxies were just beginning to form. By analyzing their composition and motion, we can gain insights into galaxy evolution. This research helps us understand how the universe has transformed over billions of years.



The chemical makeup of these stars provides information about the conditions of the early universe. Their movements offer clues about the history of their host galaxies. This can shed light on the processes that shaped the Milky Way and other galaxies.



“Now we can look for more analogs in the Milky Way, that are much brighter, and study their chemical evolution without having to chase these extremely faint stars,”&nbsp;Professor Frebel says.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-stellar-archaeology">Future of stellar archaeology</h2>



This discovery is just the beginning. The researchers plan to continue their search for more SASS stars, and they hope to inspire a new generation of scientists to explore the mysteries of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-butterfly-iras-23077-discovery-flips-planet-formation-understanding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmos</a>.



“It’s been awesome to work with three women undergrads. That’s a first for me… It’s really an example of the MIT way. We do. And whoever says, ‘I want to participate,’ they can do that, and good things happen," Professor Frebel notes,



So, the next time you look up at the night sky, remember that some of the universe's oldest stars are closer than you think. They are a testament to the vastness of time and the enduring mysteries of the cosmos.



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/530/4/4712/7667655" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>.



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Newly discovered stars in the Milky Way are as old as the universe

Have you ever looked up at the night sky and...

Is music truly a universal language?&nbsp;Do the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-triggers-unique-prediction-zones-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melodies</a> we hum and the rhythms we tap our feet to resonate with a deeper connection that transcends cultural boundaries?



An ambitious new study aimed to unravel this mystery. It embarked on a global journey, uniting 75 researchers from 46 countries. Each researcher contributed their unique musical heritage. Together, they created a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-gives-rise-to-unique-physical-sensations-in-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harmonious</a> pattern of human expression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-s-musical-traditions">World's musical traditions</h2>



This unprecedented collaboration brought together experts from diverse fields, including ethnomusicology, music psychology, linguistics, and evolutionary biology. 



Researchers from all over the world recorded themselves singing, playing instruments, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reciting</a> lyrics in their native languages. They created an impressive collection of 55 distinct musical traditions. 



The study captured a rich and varied soundscape. It showcased the rhythmic drumming of Senegal's Latyr Sy and also highlighted the soulful melodies of Hindustani classical singer Dr. Shantala Hegde.



Overall, the researchers' musical repertoire included well-known tunes like "Scarborough Fair" and "Bella Ciao" as well as lesser-known gems such as the Japanese folk song "Ōmori Jinku" and the Māori love song "Pōkarekare Ana." 



This diverse collection of musical expressions provided valuable insights into the universal nature of musical traditions and their role in human societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-patterns-in-music-s-language">Patterns in music's language</h2>



Through meticulous analysis of the audio recordings,&nbsp;the researchers discovered striking similarities across the diverse musical samples.&nbsp;In general,&nbsp;songs and instrumental melodies tended to have slower rhythms than speech,&nbsp;while their pitches were consistently higher and more stable.



These findings provide compelling evidence for the existence of cross-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-causes-similar-emotional-experiences-and-sensations-in-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultural</a> regularities in music,&nbsp;suggesting that certain musical patterns may be deeply ingrained in the human psyche.



Dr.&nbsp;Patrick Savage,&nbsp;a psychologist and musicologist at the <a href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Auckland</a> and senior author of the study,&nbsp;believes that these regularities could be linked to the social function of music.&nbsp;



"Slow,&nbsp;regular,&nbsp;predictable melodies make it easier for us to sing together in large groups," Dr. Savage explains.&nbsp;"Music may have evolved as a way to strengthen social bonds and promote group cohesion."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-as-a-social-glue">Music as a social glue</h2>



This hypothesis aligns with our understanding of music's ability to unite people. Throughout history, music has played a central role in fostering social connections and creating a sense of shared identity. 



From ancient tribal rituals to modern-day concerts, music has always been a powerful tool for bringing people together.



The study's findings suggest that this power may partly stem from the predictable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-are-born-with-the-ability-to-recognize-the-beat-in-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns</a> in music, making it easy to synchronize with and participate in. These patterns facilitate collective activities like singing and dancing, which are crucial for social bonding. 



When we engage in these musical activities, we tap into a fundamental instinct for connecting with others. This process helps reinforce our sense of belonging to a larger community, making music a vital element in social cohesion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-music-s-language">Future directions for music's language</h2>



While the study's findings are undoubtedly significant, the researchers acknowledge that there is still much to learn about the universal language of music. They hope their work will inspire further research into the cultural and biological factors that shape our musical preferences and behaviors.



Future studies could explore the specific ways in which music facilitates social bonding in different cultures. Understanding these cultural practices could reveal how music strengthens community ties and fosters a sense of belonging. 



Additionally, researchers could investigate the neural mechanisms underlying our ability to perceive and respond to musical patterns. This exploration could provide insights into how our brains process music and why certain patterns resonate with us universally. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-the-power-of-music">Celebrating the power of music</h2>



The study's video showcases researchers singing, speaking, and playing instruments from their diverse cultures. This highlights the unifying power of music. It reminds us that music remains a vital source of cultural expression. Even in our interconnected world, music fosters social connection.



Whether singing along to a favorite pop song or swaying to a traditional dance, we engage in a global chorus. Even tapping our toes to a catchy beat unites us. This musical participation transcends borders. It brings us together in our shared humanity.



This research shows how music fosters a sense of community and belonging. It bridges cultural differences and brings people together through a shared love of musical expression. 



<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4eNNrdcfDM" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The study and its visual representation</a> highlight music's enduring importance. Music helps maintain cultural identity and promotes social cohesion in our diverse and interconnected world.



"We're trying to shed light on the cultural and biological evolution of two systems that make us human: music and language," Dr. Savage notes. 



The study's findings offer a tantalizing glimpse into the intricate relationship between these two fundamental aspects of human communication, paving the way for a deeper understanding of what it means to be human.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adm9797" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Similar patterns in music and language found across all cultures

Is music truly a universal language?&nbsp;Do the melodies we hum...

Happy,Young,Woman,Choosing,Meat,From,Glass,Cabinet,In,Grocery

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors that influence our purchasing decisions are as diverse as they are complex. 



Recent research dives into the intricate web of considerations that shape our selections when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">meat and d</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">iry products</a>, revealing a thought-provoking hierarchy of priorities.



The study was conducted across five countries -- Czechia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. It was led by Dr Andy Jin from the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a>. Jin, along with his colleagues, sought to identify the attributes that hold the most sway over consumers as they navigate the grocery aisles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hierarchy-of-importance">Hierarchy of importance</h2>



In an online survey, 3,192 participants were asked to rate the importance of 18 different factors on a scale from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). 



These factors encompassed a wide range of attributes, including freshness, quality/taste, healthy eating, nutrition, price, processing, special offers, convenience of use/preparation, and familiarity of brand.



Interestingly, the study found that across all surveyed countries, consumers consistently prioritized freshness, quality/taste, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-concerns-more-people-than-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a> as the most important attributes. 



"Our study highlights the complex interplay of factors that influence consumer behavior when buying meat and dairy products," Dr. Jin explained. 



"Consumers indicated that information related to animal welfare, food safety, and health and nutrition was considered more important than environmental sustainability when making food choices," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-choices-and-the-sustainability-conundrum">Food choices and the sustainability conundrum</h2>



While environmental factors such as food miles, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, and organic production were deemed less important in influencing purchasing decisions, sustainability labels were still perceived as helpful among consumers. 



This finding suggests that while consumers may not prioritize sustainability as highly as other factors, they still value the information provided by these labels.



The implications of this research extend beyond the realm of consumer behavior. Policymakers, producers, and retailers in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food industry</a>, who are striving to meet evolving consumer demands for more sustainable products, can glean valuable insights from these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-environmental-sustainability">Importance of environmental sustainability</h2>



When it comes to food, consumers play a crucial role in promoting sustainability through their purchasing decisions and eating habits. By making informed choices, individuals can support environmentally friendly practices, reduce waste, and contribute to a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-is-unsustainable-and-must-be-transformed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable food system</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Making eco-friendly food choices</h3>



Consumers can opt for products that have a lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, such as:



<ul>
<li>Organic produce: Organic farming methods avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-pollution-from-food-production-could-be-halved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a>, promoting healthier soil and ecosystems.</li>



<li>Sustainably sourced seafood: Choosing seafood from well-managed fisheries or responsible aquaculture farms helps prevent overfishing and protect marine habitats.</li>



<li>Products with minimal packaging: Selecting items with reduced or eco-friendly packaging minimizes waste and reduces the demand for single-use plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Local and seasonal food choices</h3>



Buying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/home-food-production-helped-combat-hunger-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">local and seasonal</a> produce offers several sustainability benefits:



<ul>
<li>Reduced transportation emissions: Local food travels shorter distances, cutting down on greenhouse gas emissions from transportation.</li>



<li>Supporting local economies: Purchasing from local farmers and producers helps maintain a thriving local economy and preserves agricultural land.</li>



<li>Minimizing food waste: Seasonal produce is more likely to be consumed before spoiling, reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-food-waste-greater-food-security-less-environmental-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adopting plant-based diets</h3>



Shifting towards a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> can significantly reduce an individual's environmental footprint:



<ul>
<li>Lower greenhouse gas emissions: Plant-based foods generally require less land, water, and energy to produce compared to animal-based products.</li>



<li>Reduced deforestation: Animal agriculture is a major driver of deforestation, habitat destruction, and biodiversity loss.</li>



<li>Improved resource efficiency: Plant-based diets use resources more efficiently, as crops are directly consumed rather than being used as animal feed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Minimizing waste through food choices</h3>



Consumers can adopt practices that minimize food waste, such as:



<ul>
<li>Proper meal planning: Planning meals in advance and buying only what is needed helps reduce food waste at home.</li>



<li>Storing food correctly: Proper storage techniques extend the shelf life of food, reducing the likelihood of spoilage.</li>



<li>Composting: Composting food scraps and other organic waste diverts waste from landfills and creates nutrient-rich soil for gardening.</li>
</ul>



By making sustainable food choices, consumers send a powerful message to producers, retailers, and policymakers. As more people prioritize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> in their purchasing decisions, it creates a demand for more environmentally friendly products and practices, ultimately driving positive change throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-from-attitudes-to-behavior">Bridging the gap: From attitudes to behavior</h2>



Dr Jin emphasizes that labels alone are not sufficient to change behavior, particularly for consumers who have low or no behavioral intention to buy sustainable meat or dairy products. 



He suggests, "These results should be translated into additional policy measures, such as nudges or behavioral interventions, helping individuals translate their attitudes into behavior and facilitating the choice of sustainably produced products."



The study underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to promoting sustainable food choices. 



While labels play a crucial role in providing information, they must be accompanied by targeted marketing strategies and policy initiatives that address the complex interplay of factors influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumer decisions</a>.



As we navigate the ever-evolving landscape of food choices, it is clear that the path to sustainability is not a straightforward one. 



By understanding the hierarchy of priorities that guide consumer behavior, we can work towards developing more effective strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices in the meat and dairy industry.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329324000818?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Quality and Preference</a>.



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Animal welfare is the biggest concern for people when making food choices

In the bustling world of consumer food choices, the factors...

In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has revealed the most distant black hole merger ever observed.



Astronomers utilized this advanced observatory to detect an ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_closeup_JWST_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merger of two galaxies</a>, along with their central <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black holes</a>, dating back to when the universe was a mere 740 million years old.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-black-hole-merger">Spectacular black hole merger</h2>



Historically, supermassive black holes have been identified in the majority of the massive galaxies in the local universe, including our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



These astronomical phenomena are believed to have significantly influenced the development of their host galaxies. Despite our extensive knowledge, the rapid and early growth of these black holes remains a mystery. 



The new findings, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, suggest that these growth processes began much earlier and progressed much faster than previously believed.



The recent observations by the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a> provide a glimpse into the early universe, showcasing the merger of two galaxies identified as <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/galaxy-system-ZS7_black-hole-merger_JWST_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">system ZS7</a>. 



This event is critical because it supports the theory that black holes experienced significant growth very early in the history of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-precise-measurement-of-our-expanding-universe-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-depths-of-space">Insights from the depths of space</h2>



The distinctive spectrographic features of massive, matter-accreting black holes have allowed astronomers to pinpoint them even in the distant universe. 



"We found evidence for very dense gas with fast motions in the vicinity of the black hole, as well as hot and highly ionized gas illuminated by the energetic radiation typically produced by black holes in their accretion episodes," said lead author Hannah Übler of the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> in the UK. 



She highlighted the role of Webb's sharp imaging capabilities, which enabled the team to spatially separate the two black holes involved in the merger.



Roberto Maiolino, another team member, noted the challenges in measuring the masses of these distant objects. He explained that while one of the black holes has a confirmed mass of 50 million times that of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the sun</a>, estimating the mass of the second, which is shrouded in dense gas, is more complex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-of-early-black-hole-mergers">Broader impact of early black hole mergers</h2>



These findings also hint at the role of mergers in the rapid growth of black holes during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-discovers-what-powered-the-reionization-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>. "Our findings suggest that merging is an important route through which black holes can rapidly grow, even at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-black-hole-ever-discovered-dates-back-to-the-dawn-of-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dawn</a>," Übler explained. 



This observation is supported by other discoveries of active, massive black holes in the distant universe, underscoring the significant impact these entities have had on galaxy evolution from the beginning.



Pablo G. Pérez-González, another key researcher on the team, compared the stellar mass of the studied system to that of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/starburst-spikes-seen-exploding-from-nebula-n79-are-1630-light-years-long/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Large Magellanic Cloud</a>, offering a perspective on the potential evolutionary paths of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-hubble-image-captures-two-merging-galaxies-in-arp-107/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merging galaxies</a> hosting supermassive black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-black-holes-with-lasers">Hunting black holes with lasers</h2>



The study also anticipates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-cosmic-object-detected-gravitational-wave-signal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational waves</a> that will be produced once the black holes complete their merger. 



Such events will be observable by future gravitational wave observatories, including the upcoming space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (<a href="https://lisa.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LISA</a>). 



"Webb's results are telling us that lighter systems detectable by LISA should be far more frequent than previously assumed," shared LISA Lead Project Scientist Nora Luetzgendorf of the European Space Agency. "It will most likely make us adjust our models for LISA rates in this mass range. This is just the tip of the iceberg."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-s-cycle-3-program">Webb's Cycle 3 program</h2>



The team has recently been awarded a new Large Programme in Webb's Cycle 3 of observations, to study in detail the relationship between massive black holes and their host galaxies in the first billion years. 



An important component of this program will be to systematically search for and characterize black hole mergers. This effort will determine the rate at which black hole merging occurs at early cosmic epochs. 



In addition, it will assess the role of merging in the early growth of black holes and the rate at which gravitational waves are produced from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visible-matter-dark-matter-evolved-together-big-bang/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">big bang</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuing-the-quest-to-understand-black-hole-mergers">Continuing the quest to understand black hole mergers</h2>



In summary, the discovery of the earliest known black hole merger, made possible by the Webb Telescope, marks a significant milestone in our understanding of the early Universe and the growth of supermassive black holes. 



This fascinating find highlights the rapid evolution of these cosmic giants while paving the way for future research into the relationship between black holes and their host galaxies. 



As astronomers continue to explore the mysteries of the cosmos, this discovery serves as a reminder of the incredible potential for new knowledge and the importance of pushing the boundaries of scientific inquiry. 



With the promise of future gravitational wave observations and ongoing studies using cutting-edge technology like the JWST, we stand on the brink of a new era in our understanding of the Universe and its most enigmatic inhabitants.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/531/1/355/7671512?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>.



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Most distant black hole merger ever witnessed found by Webb

In an unprecedented feat of cosmic observation, the James Webb...

The gut microbiota -- a diverse ecosystem of bacteria, viruses, and fungi within our digestive tract -- plays a crucial role in our health, influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than just digestion</a>. Recent research has revealed our microbiome's significant impact on cognitive functions, emotions, sense of fairness, and even our social behaviors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbiota-and-social-behavior">Gut microbiota and social behavior</h2>



Studies involving animals have provided compelling insights. For example, mice raised in sterile conditions, free of microbial life, exhibit difficulties in social interactions. This finding hints at a profound, essential link between our gut microbiota and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dance-of-dopamine-and-serotonin-influences-social-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social behavior</a>.



However, applying these animal-based findings to human health is complex. Researchers are still exploring the specific neuronal, immune, and hormonal pathways that enable the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-discover-how-our-gut-instincts-reach-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> to communicate with the brain. 



Although a correlation between the composition of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-hormones-in-the-gut-can-change-our-eating-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> and fairness has been noted, the exact mechanisms remain unclear, leaving scientists to continue unraveling this intricate relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-gut-brain-connection">Understanding the gut-brain connection</h2>



Hilke Plassmann of <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne University</a> and <a href="https://www.insead.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insead</a>, leading the Control-Interoception-Attention Team at the Paris Brain Institute, sheds light on potential pathways for this interaction. 



"The intestinal ecosystem communicates with the central nervous system via various pathways, including the vagus nerve," Plassmann notes. 



This communication might also involve biochemical signals that prompt the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-meditation-transforms-gut-microbes-for-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial for brain health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fairness-and-decision-making-from-the-gut">Fairness and decision-making from the gut</h2>



To explore whether the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-gamers-help-advance-gut-microbiome-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> directly influences decision-making, Plassmann and her team turned to the "ultimatum game," a behavioral test that measures responses to fairness. 



In this game, one player divides a sum of money between themselves and another player, who can reject the offer if it feels unfair, leaving both players with nothing. 



This scenario tests "altruistic punishment," where rejecting an unfair offer serves to uphold equality over personal gain.



The study involved 101 participants, split into two groups over seven weeks. One group received dietary supplements containing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-may-be-better-for-your-gut-than-probiotics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">probiotics and prebiotics</a>, while the other received a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/placebos-work-even-when-people-know-what-they-are-taking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">placebo</a>. Both groups played the ultimatum game at the start and end of the study period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-fairness-through-gut-health">Enhanced fairness through gut health</h2>



The findings were compelling. By the study's conclusion, the supplemented group significantly rejected more unequal offers, demonstrating an enhanced sensitivity to fairness, compared to the placebo group, which showed no change in behavior. 



Biological assessments provided further intrigue. Participants who initially had a greater bacterial imbalance showed the most pronounced changes in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-hardships-are-reflected-in-their-childs-gut-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> and the highest sensitivity to fairness after supplementation. 



Notably, these participants also exhibited a decrease in tyrosine levels, a precursor to dopamine, suggesting a potential biological mechanism at play.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-and-challenges-of-microbiota">Potential and challenges of microbiota</h2>



While it's premature to claim that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-of-infant-boys-can-enhance-cognitive-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut bacteria</a> can alter our rationality and openness to social considerations, Plassmann remains optimistic about the research directions. "These new results clarify which biological pathways we must look at," she remarks. 



The idea that dietary modifications could influence our decision-making and fairness by altering our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-gut-microbiome-is-shaped-by-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiota</a> opens up exciting possibilities for future research, emphasizing the need for careful exploration in this field.



This burgeoning area of study not only highlights the complexity of human biology but also points to innovative ways we might someday enhance our social interactions and mental health through dietary choices, guided by an understanding of our microbiota. 



The journey to fully understand the influence of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/appetite-control-intermittent-fasting-alters-gut-brain-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">internal ecosystems</a> on our behavior and decision-making continues, promising intriguing insights and potential interventions in the realms of psychology and neuroscience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-on-gut-microbiota">More on gut microbiota </h2>



Beyond decision making and fairness, the gut microbiota has been linked to numerous health conditions and diseases. Studies show it influences obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular health. 



An imbalance in gut bacteria, known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/christensenella-minuta-gut-bacteria-linked-obesity-different-men-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dysbiosis</a>, is associated with autoimmune diseases like Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Emerging evidence suggests a role in cancer development and response to therapies. 



Additionally, gut microbiota impacts mental health, with links to anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Diet, antibiotics, and lifestyle significantly affect the gut microbiome. 



Ongoing research aims to harness this knowledge for personalized medicine, probiotics, and dietary interventions to promote overall health and prevent disease.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/3/5/pgae166/7667795">PNAS Nexus</a>.



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Gut bacteria influence our social behavior and sense of fairness

The gut microbiota -- a diverse ecosystem of bacteria, viruses,...

Researchers have made significant strides in the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spatial-hearing-how-humans-know-where-sounds-come-from/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial</a> computing and holograms, developing cutting-edge augmented reality (AR) glasses -- a prototype headset that look and feel like a typical pair of glasses.



This device combines holographic imaging and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence (AI)</a> to project full-color, 3D images directly onto the lenses, creating a vivid augmented experience that is both lightweight and stylish, suitable for continuous wear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Big step for spatial computing</h2>



The technology was detailed in a recent study published in the journal Nature. Gordon Wetzstein, an associate professor of electrical engineering and a pioneer in spatial computing, spearheaded the project at the <a href="https://www.computationalimaging.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford Computational Imaging lab</a>. 



He described the AR glasses as a pair of everyday glasses that opens up a vibrant, enriched world for the wearer. 



"Our headset appears to the outside world just like an everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-wear-glasses-smarter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pair of glasses</a>, but what the wearer sees through the lenses is an enriched world overlaid with vibrant, full-color 3D computed imagery," Wetzstein noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ar-glasses-have-potential-in-many-industries">AR glasses have potential in many industries</h2>



Although still in the prototype stage, this technology has the potential to revolutionize numerous fields, from entertainment and gaming to educational training. 



Imagine playing video games where characters and environments <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-dead-people-have-the-right-to-forbid-their-digital-resurrection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">come to life</a> in your living room, creating an immersive experience like never before. 



Students could benefit from interactive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/real-life-star-trek-holodeck-created-for-robots-using-chatgpt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">educational tools</a>, learning complex subjects with visual aids that make lessons more engaging and easier to understand.



In professional settings, the impact could be profound. Envision a surgeon planning intricate procedures with enhanced visual guidance, allowing for more precise and safer operations. 



With AR glasses, they could see detailed, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-ten-scientific-breakthroughs-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">real-time 3D images</a> of the patient's anatomy overlaid on their view, aiding in navigation and decision-making during surgery.



Similarly, an airplane mechanic could train on the latest engines through immersive AR. Instead of relying solely on manuals or static images, mechanics could see step-by-step instructions and 3D models overlaid on the actual engine, improving training efficiency and accuracy. 



This hands-on, visual approach could reduce errors and increase the speed of learning new procedures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-technical-challenges">Overcoming technical challenges</h2>



The development team overcame significant engineering challenges to create these AR glasses, achieving a balance of form and function. 



Previous attempts at AR solutions often resulted in bulky headsets or poor 3D visuals that could cause eye strain or nausea. 



Gun-Yeal Lee, a postdoctoral researcher in the project, emphasized the uniqueness of their design, saying, "There is no other augmented reality system out there now with comparable compact form factor or that matches our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3D image</a> quality."



Traditional AR systems generally do not allow for direct viewing of the real world. Instead, they rely on external cameras to capture real-time images, which are then merged with digital content. 



"The user sees a digitized approximation of the real world with computed imagery overlaid. It’s sort of augmented virtual reality, not true augmented reality," explained Lee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-holography-and-ai">Role of holography and AI</h2>



The breakthrough in developing these AR glasses came from utilizing holography, a technique known for its potential in creating 3D visuals since the 1940s but limited by its depth cues, often resulting in an underwhelming experience. 



The team's integration of AI improved these cues significantly, which, along with advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-leap-making-light-waves-stand-still-photonic-crystals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanophotonics</a> and waveguide display technology, allowed them to project holograms directly onto the lenses of the AR glasses. 



These holograms are generated by small displays mounted on the sides of the glasses and are then channeled through nanometer-scale etchings on the lenses to the wearer's eyes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-realism-and-comfort">Enhanced realism and comfort</h2>



The dual approach of stereoscopic and holographic imaging not only enhances the 3D effect but also increases the overall life-like quality of the images. 



"With holography, you also get the full 3D volume in front of each eye increasing the life-like 3D image quality," explained Brian Chao, another doctoral student involved in the project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-ar-glasses">Future of AR glasses</h2>



In summary, the improved realism and comfort of this AR technology mark a significant step forward in the development of AR glasses. 



Holographic displays have been touted as the pinnacle of 3D techniques for decades, yet commercial success has been elusive. 



Wetzstein remains optimistic about the future, suggesting that this innovation could be the breakthrough needed. 



"Holographic displays have long been considered the ultimate 3D technique, but it’s never quite achieved that big commercial breakthrough. Maybe now they have the killer app they’ve been waiting for all these years," Wetzstein reflected.



This novel approach could pave the way for widespread adoption of augmented reality in everyday life, offering an immersive experience without the drawbacks of previous systems.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07386-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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New AR glasses offer immersive 3D hologram experience

Researchers have made significant strides in the field of spatial...

Modern,And,Harmonious,Couple,Prepares,Their,Favorite,Recipe,And,Shares

A recent study from the prestigious Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 reveals an encouraging trend: global life expectancy is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expected to rise</a> by nearly five years by 2050, despite various global challenges. 



According to the findings published in The Lancet, life expectancy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-expectancy-drop-men-in-the-u-s-die-six-years-before-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">for males</a> is projected to increase by 4.9 years and for females by 4.2 years from 2022 to 2050.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-health-divide-global-progress-in-life-expectancy">Bridging the health divide: global progress in life expectancy</h2>



This increase in global life expectancy is most significant in regions currently experiencing lower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-in-the-us-now-live-6-years-longer-than-men-as-life-expectancy-gap-widens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life expectancies</a>, indicating a potential convergence in health outcomes worldwide. 



The study attributes this positive shift to effective public health initiatives that have significantly curtailed the spread and impact of diseases such as cardiovascular conditions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-expectancy-continues-to-decline-due-to-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a>, along with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ncds-and-their-impact-on-global-health">NCDs and their impact on global health</h2>



However, the study also highlights a concerning shift in the global disease burden from CMNNs to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 



This transition, influenced by factors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-childhood-obesity-can-cut-life-expectancy-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a>, high blood pressure, suboptimal diets, and smoking, poses significant challenges for future healthcare systems. 



As people live longer, the years they spend in poor health are also expected to increase. Despite a projected rise in global life expectancy to 78.1 years by 2050, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-quality-sleep-increases-life-expectancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy life expectancy</a> (HALE) is only expected to reach 67.4 years, reflecting an increase of 2.6 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



The study's comprehensive analysis covers global life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, cause-specific mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and more across 204 countries and territories from 2022 through 2050. 



Dr. Chris Murray, Chair of <a href="https://depts.washington.edu/healthms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health Metrics Sciences</a> at the University of Washington explained health inequalities between the rich and poor regions will persist, albeit to a lesser extent. 



"In addition to an increase in life expectancy overall, we have found that the disparity in life expectancy across geographies will lessen," said Dr Murray. "This is an indicator that while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-less-oxygen-could-extend-your-lifespan-by-50-or-more/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health inequalities</a> between the highest- and lowest-income regions will remain, the gaps are shrinking, with the biggest increases anticipated in sub-Saharan Africa."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-opportunities-for-policy-interventions">Opportunities for policy interventions</h2>



Dr. Murray also emphasizes the potential for policy interventions to expedite the reduction of global disease burdens by addressing behavioral and metabolic risk factors. Strategic actions targeting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/public-perception-of-old-age-has-shifted-to-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle choices</a> and health conditions can make a huge difference. 



For example, policies that promote <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-lower-the-risk-of-major-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier diets</a>, increased physical activity, and smoking cessation can reduce the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and other chronic conditions.



Improving access to healthcare and preventive services, like regular screenings and vaccinations, can also help identify and manage risk factors early. 



Governments can implement regulations to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-air-pollution-makes-people-lazy-resulting-in-poor-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution</a> and promote safer environments, further reducing health risks.



Such strategic actions could significantly influence the trajectory of global health, offering a brighter outlook for populations worldwide. 



By prioritizing these interventions, we can lower the incidence of non-communicable diseases, improve quality of life, and increase global healthy life expectancy. This approach can lead to more equitable health outcomes and a stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global health system</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-alternative-scenarios">Exploring alternative scenarios</h2>



The study further explores alternative scenarios that demonstrate the possible impacts of various public health interventions. 



Dr. Stein Emil Vollset, who leads the GBD Collaborating Unit, notes that interventions aimed at improving behavioral and metabolic risks could lead to a 13.3% reduction in the global disease burden by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. 



Additional scenarios focusing on safer environments and enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">childhood nutrition</a> and vaccination also show promising reductions in disease burdens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-health-and-longer-life-expectancy">Global health and longer life expectancy</h2>



Amanda E. Smith, Assistant Director of Forecasting at IHME, underscores the importance of continued progress and resource allocation in key areas such as environmental safety and childhood health. 



This focus is crucial not only for improving overall health but also for extending life expectancy in vulnerable populations. 



The study serves as a crucial reminder of the ongoing need to address and mitigate health risks that are increasingly prevalent due to behavioral and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eight-healthy-lifestyle-habits-could-extend-your-life-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a> factors.



The GBD 2021 study not only provides a comprehensive overview of future health trends but also offers a roadmap for potential interventions that could dramatically improve global health outcomes. 



By understanding and acting on these insights, global health leaders can better prepare for a future where longevity is accompanied by improved quality of life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)00685-8/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet</a>.



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Global life expectancy is projected to increase by 5 years by 2050

A recent study from the prestigious Global Burden of Disease...

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. 



A recent study highlights the vast distances these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a> cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young whale's journey in Mediterranean</h2>



Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a>, off the coast of Israel. 



Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their migration patterns and the challenges they face. 



Among the animals they studied, a young adult male sperm whale stood out due to its remarkable journey. This particular whale, previously spotted off the coast of southern France, exhibited an extraordinary range of travel. 



A dedicated team of researchers from Greenpeace, the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, observed a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-face-increasing-dangers-along-their-migration-routes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> pattern in this particular whale.



It covered the longest recorded distance for a sperm whale within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This unprecedented movement not only highlights the whale's incredible endurance but also underscores the interconnectedness of marine habitats across the region. 



The whale’s journey serves as a crucial data point, illustrating the vast distances these creatures travel and the various threats they encounter, including heavy maritime traffic, pollution, and noise, which pose significant risks to their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-whale-s-fight-for-survival">Young whale's fight for survival</h2>



The young whale's journey, filled with obstacles, underscores the perilous conditions marine animals endure. 



“Marine life in the Mediterranean faces numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> -- from fishing and pollution to noise and boat strikes,” explained Dr. Kirsten Thompson, from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter. 



She noted the whale likely navigated through either the Sicily Channel or the Strait of Messina -- both heavily trafficked and hazardous routes for deep-diving species like sperm whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-call-for-conservation">Unified call for conservation</h2>



This research transcends being a mere account of migration; it serves as a powerful call to action for the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



The study's findings revealed that the vocal patterns of whales off the Israeli coast matched those of whales across the Mediterranean. This match indicates a connected regional population, suggesting that these whales migrate and interact across vast distances. 



Such interconnectedness underscores the necessity for comprehensive conservation efforts that span national borders. Marine habitats face numerous threats, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, pollution, and maritime traffic, which endanger the lives of these majestic creatures. 



By highlighting the shared vocal patterns, the study on young whale across the Mediterranean emphasizes that protecting one region is insufficient. 



Effective conservation requires international collaboration and coordinated efforts to ensure the survival of these species. 



The research underscores the urgent need for protective measures and policy changes to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring a healthier environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-for-marine-safety">Innovative solutions for marine safety</h2>



Dr. Thompson suggested that installing listening devices in narrow and shallow seas could pioneer an alert system to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship strikes</a> -- a significant threat to whales. This technological intervention could form a protective barrier around these vulnerable giants of the sea.



“The Mediterranean is the busiest sea in the world, with rich wildlife and a high human population. Unfortunately, some species like these threatened whales are facing further industrial development, with oil and gas exploration and the construction of a new gas pipeline between the eastern basin and Italy,” Dr. Thompson added. 



She highlighted how such developments not only challenge EU environmental protection laws but also threaten the survival of marine wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-seas">Safeguarding our seas</h2>



The conclusions of this study of the young whale venturing across the Mediterranean Sea are based on visual-acoustic surveys conducted over a two-month period.



During that time, scientists captured multiple interactions with these magnificent creatures. The findings highlight the urgent need for further research to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-increase-in-shipping-traffic-threatens-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean effectively.



By chronicling the journey and challenges faced by a young whale, the researchers aim to illuminate the widespread issues impacting all marine inhabitants. 



The adoption of advanced monitoring technologies coupled with stringent conservation measures is essential for creating a safer environment for the region’s marine species. 



These efforts are vital not only for preserving biodiversity but also for upholding the ecological integrity of one of the world’s most historically important seas.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</a>.



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Young whale's epic voyage exposes perils of the Mediterranean

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she...

Have you ever wondered what goes on inside the mind of a sleepwalker? What thoughts, if any, occupy the consciousness of those with parasomnia as they navigate the world in a state between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/while-in-deep-sleep-humans-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep and wakefulness</a>? 



These are the complex questions that researchers at the <a href="https://nin.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience</a> have begun to explore in a recent study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parasomnia-and-the-waking-dreamscape">Parasomnia and the waking dreamscape</h2>



Led by Francesca Siclari, head of the dreams lab, the research team dove into the experiences and brain activity patterns of patients with parasomnia, a type of abnormal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-color-has-no-impact-on-our-internal-clocks-or-sleep-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleeping behavior</a> that can include sleepwalking. 



While most of us may imagine sleepwalkers as individuals wandering around with closed eyes and outstretched arms, the reality is usually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-we-sleep-study-reveals-new-clues-behind-this-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">much more complex</a>. 



Sleepwalkers typically have their eyes open and can engage in elaborate interactions with their environment, from sitting up in bed and appearing confused to moving around or even screaming with a fearful expression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevalence-and-impact-of-sleepwalking">Prevalence and impact of sleepwalking</h2>



Although parasomnias are more common among children, they still affect approximately 2-3% of adults on a regular basis. 



These episodes can be distressing for both the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sleep-day-2024-the-quest-for-a-well-rested-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleeper</a> and their bedpartner. 



"Affected individuals can hurt themselves or others during episodes and may later feel deeply embarrassed for what they did," Siclari explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-the-sleepwalking-brain-during-parasomnia">Inside the sleepwalking brain during parasomnia</h2>



To better understand what occurs in the brain during parasomnias, Siclari and her team have conducted a study focusing on patients who experience these episodes during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-dreams-help-us-organize-our-experiences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-REM sleep</a>. 



"It was commonly believed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-genes-control-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreams</a> only occur in one sleep stage: REM sleep. We now know that dreams can happen in other phases too," Siclari notes. 



"Those who experience parasomnias during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sleep-helps-us-process-our-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-REM sleep</a> sometimes report having dream-like experiences and sometimes appear completely unconscious (i.e., on automatic pilot)," she continued.



Measuring brain activity during a parasomnia episode is no easy task, as it requires the patient to fall asleep, experience an episode, and have their brain activity recorded while moving around. 



However, with the use of multiple electrodes and specific analysis techniques, Siclari's team has managed to obtain clean signals even when patients are in motion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triggering-parasomnias-in-the-lab">Triggering parasomnias in the lab</h2>



To study parasomnia episodes, Siclari's team employs a two-night recording process. On the first night, the patient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consistent-sleep-slows-down-aging-at-a-cellular-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleeps normally</a>. 



The second night, the patient is kept awake and only allowed to sleep the following morning. During this recording, a loud sound is played when the patient enters the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-may-be-the-best-strategy-to-boost-your-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sleep stage</a>, which can sometimes trigger a parasomnia episode. 



After the episode, the patient is asked about their mental state during the event.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dreamscapes-and-blank-slates">Dreamscapes and blank slates</h2>



The study revealed that in 56% of the episodes, patients reported <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dreams-keep-the-brain-from-becoming-too-familiar-with-everyday-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreaming</a> during the parasomnia. 



"It was often about an impending misfortune or danger. Some reported that they thought the ceiling was going to come down," Siclari explains. 



"One patient thought they'd lost their baby and was searching through the bedsheets, and stood up in bed to try to save ladybugs from gliding down the wall and dying," she noted



In contrast, 19% of the patients reported no experience at all, seemingly acting in a trance-like state. A small portion of patients mentioned having an experience but being unable to recall the details.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-activity-patterns-and-their-implications">Brain activity patterns and their implications</h2>



By comparing the measured brain activities across these three categories, Siclari's group found clear parallels. 



Patients who reported <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meaningful-dream-experiences-can-boost-your-work-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreaming</a> during the episode showed activations similar to those previously associated with dreaming, both immediately before and during the episode, when compared to patients who did not experience anything.



Siclari suggests that the patient's state at the moment of brain activation determines whether they will be completely unconscious or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-dreams-influence-our-perceptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experience a dream</a>. 



"If we activate the brain while they're likely already dreaming, they appear to be able to 'make something' of the activation, while when their brain is largely 'inactivated', simple behaviors seem to occur without experience," she explains. 



Interestingly, patients rarely mention the sound that triggered the parasomnia episode, instead focusing on some other form of impending danger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-home-and-away-the-future-of-parasomnia-research">Home and away: The future of parasomnia research</h2>



While this study represents a significant first step, there is still much to be explored in the field of parasomnia research. 



Siclari and her team hope to set up a system that allows more people to record their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-reset-sleep-restores-the-balance-between-order-and-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep at home</a>, where they may experience more complex and frequent episodes. 



They also plan to conduct similar studies on individuals who experience parasomnias during REM sleep.



By measuring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-does-the-brain-do-while-we-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a>, the researchers aim to better understand the neural systems involved in different types of parasomnias. 



This knowledge could eventually lead to more specific drug interventions, as current treatments often involve unspecific sleeping drugs that can have negative side effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-parasomnias-and-sleepwalking">Understanding parasomnias and sleepwalking</h2>



Siclari's work not only provides valuable insights into the complex world of parasomnias but also offers relief to those who experience these episodes. 



"These experiences are very real to the patients and most already felt relieved to be sharing them with us," she notes. "Similar to previous studies, our research clarifies what they are experiencing, which is educationally valuable."



As research in this field continues, we can look forward to a deeper understanding of the mysterious realm that lies between sleep and wakefulness, and the potential for more effective treatments for those who find themselves navigating this liminal space.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48337-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Awake in a dream: Exploring the depths of the sleepwalking mind

Have you ever wondered what goes on inside the mind...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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