The Universe contains many types of massive formations that shape our understanding of how stars and galaxies group together. Astronomers have long studied these sprawling patterns, which give valuable clues about where matter gathers and where it remains thinly spread. 



These features define how cosmic evolution unfolds and guide current theories of how the universe expands.



Recently, a team of experts announced a giant find. This collection of galaxy clusters surpasses previous giants by orders of magnitude.



This study adds fresh insights by demonstrating that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interstellar-tunnel-found-that-connects-our-solar-system-to-other-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic neighborhood</a> can still surprise us with unexpected details about how matter arranges itself across unimaginable distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-clusters-distribution">Galaxy clusters distribution</h2>



Hans Böhringer from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (<a href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/main" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPE</a>) coordinated the effort in collaboration with the Max Planck Institute for Physics (<a href="https://www.mpp.mpg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPP</a>) and teams in Spain and South Africa. 



Their work relied on the ROSAT X-ray satellite’s survey, which singled out clusters of galaxies by detecting the energetic radiation these huge clusters emit. 



These data allowed the researchers to build a three-dimensional map of our cosmic vicinity.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_3D-model_credit-MPE_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_3D-model_credit-MPE_1s.webp" alt="Three-dimensional representation of the Quipu superstructure. Credit: MPE" class="wp-image-1960534"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Three-dimensional representation of the Quipu superstructure. Credit: MPE</figcaption></figure>



“If you look at the distribution of the galaxy clusters in the sky in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light-years, you immediately notice a huge structure that stretches from high northern latitudes to almost the southern end of the sky,” explains Böhringer.



By tracing each cluster’s position in space, his team pinpointed how matter spreads out in swirling patterns of galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-quipu-superstructure">The Quipu superstructure</h2>



The researchers named this discovery “Quipu,” taking inspiration from the knotted string recording system once used by the Incas. 



Observed as a long strand with smaller threads branching off, the Quipu superstructure contains 68 galaxy clusters with a combined mass of about 2.4 × 10^17 solar masses. 



Its size of roughly 1.4 billion light-years makes Quipu the largest superstructure ever accurately measured, surpassing the Sloan Great Wall’s 1.1 billion light-years.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_illustration_credit-MPE_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/quipo_superstructure_illustration_credit-MPE_1s.webp" alt="Distribution of galaxies (color coding) and galaxy clusters (black dots) in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light years surrounding us. The five superstructures are marked: 1 Quipu, 2 Shapley, 3 Serpens-Corona Borealis and Hercules (overlapping in the sky), 4 Sculptor-Pegasus. The area enclosed by white lines is shadowed by the disk of the Milky Way. Credit: MPE" class="wp-image-1960536"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Distribution of galaxies (color coding) and galaxy clusters (black dots) in a spherical shell with a distance of 416 to 826 million light years surrounding us. The five superstructures are marked: 1 Quipu, 2 Shapley, 3 Serpens-Corona Borealis and Hercules (overlapping in the sky), 4 Sculptor-Pegasus. The area enclosed by white lines is shadowed by the disk of the Milky Way. Credit: MPE</figcaption></figure>



“This breaks the size record of all reliably measured cosmic structures,” note the researchers who compared the finding with other known formations. 



“The Quipu superstructure, end to end, is slightly longer than the <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/SDSS-3D-Universe-Map-Credit-Sloan-Digital-Sky-Survey-Team-NASA-NSF-DOE_fig2_357328983" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sloan Great Wall</a>,” says J. Richard Gott III at Princeton University, who helped discover the Sloan Great Wall. “Congratulations to them for finding it.” 



The name also reflects a connection to Chile, where many distance measurements took place, and where ancient quipus are showcased in Santiago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quipu-and-cosmological-principle">Quipu and cosmological principle</h2>



Across extremely large distances, matter is believed to spread out nearly evenly. At smaller scales of about a billion light-years, it collects in superclusters and leaves behind voids. 



This balance underpins the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-order-or-chaos-universe-expansion-may-follow-a-hidden-pattern/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmological principle</a>, which suggests that if we look far enough, the universe should appear uniform in every direction. 



Some experts argue these huge arrangements question that principle’s validity, with past findings triggering debates. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/great-sloan-wall_superstructure_SDSS_credit-MIT_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/great-sloan-wall_superstructure_SDSS_credit-MIT_1s.webp" alt="Sloan Great Wall of galaxies. SDSS 3D Universe Map Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Team, NASA, NSF, DOE." class="wp-image-1960531"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sloan Great Wall of galaxies is 1.1 billion light years long. SDSS 3D Universe Map Credit: Sloan Digital Sky Survey Team, NASA, NSF, DOE.</figcaption></figure>



“Making observations in too small a part of the universe, which has been done earlier on, can be misleading,” says Böhringer. 



Another point comes from an ambiguous definition of the principle. “There is not yet one definition of the cosmological principle that every cosmologist agrees on,” says Alexia Lopez at the <a href="https://www.uclan.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Central Lancashire</a> in the UK. 



Meanwhile, Seshadri Nadathur at the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> notes that “some of those galaxies may drift apart from each other instead of collapsing in on themselves, in which case, according to some interpretations, it’s not really a bound structure.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-measurements-and-consequences">Cosmic measurements and consequences</h2>



Quipu’s existence highlights how vast formations can shape calculations of cosmic expansion rates and the properties of primordial radiation left over from the early universe. 



Astronomers pay close attention to features like superclusters because they alter light paths and influence how we determine important parameters such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unknown-factors-are-accelerating-the-expansion-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble constant</a>. 



Small discrepancies can add up when researchers aim for precise numbers in modern cosmological studies.



“Even if these are only corrections of a few percent, they become increasingly important as the accuracy of cosmological observations increases,” emphasizes Gayoung Chon from the Max Planck Institute for Physics. 



This structure offers a reminder that the cosmos presents patterns on many scales. Those patterns appear to affect how we interpret data on the universe’s origin and shape the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution of galaxies</a> in our vicinity and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quipu-and-the-incas">Quipu and the Incas</h2>



The Incas once managed vast territories using quipus, a system of knotted strings that helped track resources and information. 



Each knot arrangement acted like a code, revealing essential data in a form that required no written script.



Quipu’s naming borrowed that image of intertwined threads. 



Researchers see it as a nod to humanity’s long history of gathering knowledge, whether through knotted strings or advanced telescopes that trace the distribution of galaxies across cosmic depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



The discovery underscores how ongoing surveys might uncover more structures. 



Scientists are keen to see if similar patterns exist in parts of the sky that remain less charted, which could either confirm current theories or reveal new gaps in our understanding.



Future maps will rely on technology to gather clearer data from remote regions. 



These efforts reflect a human wish to capture our place in the universe, searching for the patterns that connect everything from particles to vast congregations of galaxies.



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Featured image: The open cluster Westerlund 1 is located roughly 12,000 light-years away in the southern constellation Ara (the Altar) where it resides behind a huge interstellar cloud of gas and dust. Credit: <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.19236" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a>.



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Largest structure ever found in the universe is 1.4 billion light years long

The Universe contains many types of massive formations that shape our understanding of how stars and galaxies group together. Astronomers have long studied these sprawling patterns, which give valuable clues about where matter gathers and where it remains thinly spread. These features define how cosmic evolution unfolds and guide current theories of how the universe expands. Recently, a team of experts announced a giant find. This collection of galaxy clusters surpasses previous giants by orders of magnitude. This study adds fresh insights by demonstrating that our cosmic...

The Mediterranean diet, a culinary symphony of flavors and textures, has long been hailed for its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a>. But could this delectable diet truly be a fountain of youth, a secret weapon against mortality in women?



A recent study from <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> has revealed that women who embrace the Mediterranean diet may unlock a remarkable 23% reduction in their risk of death from all causes. This is a staggering statistic that has captivated the medical community and food enthusiasts alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mediterranean-diet">The Mediterranean diet</h2>



The Mediterranean diet is not just a diet; it's a lifestyle, a celebration of vibrant, wholesome foods that nourish the body and soul.&nbsp;



The diet focuses on plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes. Olive oil is the primary fat source, promoting heart health.



But the Mediterranean diet is more than just its ingredients; it's a philosophy of moderation and balance. Fish, poultry, dairy, and eggs are enjoyed in moderation, while red meat, sweets, and processed foods are reserved for special occasions. It's a way of eating that honors tradition, seasonality, and the sheer joy of food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-s-lifesaving-code">Diet's lifesaving code</h2>



The Brigham and Women's Hospital study followed over 25,000 initially healthy U.S. women for up to 25 years. The results were nothing short of astonishing.&nbsp;



Women who adhered more closely to the Mediterranean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-diet-puts-the-brakes-on-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> experienced a significant reduction in their risk of death, particularly from cancer and cardiovascular disease, the leading causes of death in women worldwide.



But what is it about this diet that makes it such a potent elixir of life? The researchers delved deeper, analyzing a panel of 40 biomarkers representing various biological pathways and clinical risk factors.&nbsp;



They discovered a symphony of changes within the women's bodies. Metabolism revved up, inflammation subsided, insulin resistance improved, and levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (a type of fat linked to heart disease) decreased.



"Our research provides significant public health insight: even modest changes in established risk factors for metabolic diseases - particularly those linked to small molecule metabolites, inflammation, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, obesity, and insulin resistance - can yield substantial long-term benefits from following a Mediterranean diet," said study lead author Dr. Shafqat Ahmad.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-transforms-our-biology">Mediterranean diet transforms our biology</h2>



The study's findings suggest that the Mediterranean diet doesn't just mask symptoms of disease; it actively reshapes our biology, fortifying our bodies against the ravages of time. It's like a symphony conductor, orchestrating a harmonious interplay of metabolic processes that promote longevity.



"For women who want to live longer, our study says watch your diet! The good news is that following a Mediterranean dietary pattern could result in about one quarter reduction in risk of death over more than 25 years with benefit for both cancer and cardiovascular mortality, the top causes of death in women (and men) in the US and globally," said senior author Dr. Samia Mora.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-word-of-caution-nbsp">A word of caution&nbsp;</h2>



While the study's findings are undoubtedly exciting, it's important to note that the analysis focused primarily on middle-aged and older well-educated female health professionals who were predominantly non-Hispanic and white. Further research is needed to determine whether the results can be generalized to other populations.



Nevertheless, the implications are profound. The study serves as a clarion call to prioritize healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a> as a cornerstone of preventative medicine.



The Mediterranean diet, with its emphasis on whole, unprocessed foods and its symphony of flavors, offers a delicious and sustainable path to a healthier life in both men and women.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-the-mediterranean-lifestyle">Embracing the Mediterranean lifestyle</h2>



So, how can you incorporate the Mediterranean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> into your own life? It's simpler than you might think. 



Start by filling your plate with colorful fruits and vegetables, choosing whole grains over refined ones, and drizzling your food with olive oil instead of butter or margarine. Enjoy fish and poultry in moderation, and savor red meat as an occasional treat.



Ultimately, the Mediterranean diet is not just a diet; it's a celebration of life, a culinary adventure that nourishes your body and soul. Embrace it, and you may just unlock the secret to a longer, healthier, and more vibrant life.



The study is published in the esteemed journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2819335" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA</a>.



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Mediterranean diet may be a "fountain of youth" for women

The Mediterranean diet, a culinary symphony of flavors and textures,...

Although <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> have been recognized as a major threat for some time, immediate action is now crucial to address this global issue. This conclusion comes from 88 experts, representing 101 organizations across 47 countries, in their article ‘Curbing the major and growing threats from invasive alien species is urgent and achievable,’ published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02412-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature, Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>. 



The paper, led by Professor Helen Roy from the <a href="https://www.ceh.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Center for Ecology &amp; Hydrology</a> and the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, is based on findings from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) <a href="https://www.ipbes.net/ias" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thematic assessment report</a> on invasive alien species and their control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-perspective-on-biological-invasions">Global perspective on biological invasions </h2>



“The paper brought together the entire expert team of the IAS assessment, with this diverse group spanning many disciplines with perspectives from around the world drawing the same conclusion about the need for urgent action on the major and growing threat of invasive alien species,” Roy explained.



“With the number of invasive alien species set to rise, the IPBES invasive alien species assessment provides the evidence-base and options to inform immediate and ongoing action. To achieve this there is a need for collaboration, communication, and cooperation, not only across borders but within countries.”



“Interdisciplinarity is key to the success of IPBES assessments,” added Peter Stoett from <a href="https://ontariotechu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ontario Tech University</a>, the co-chair of the IPBES IAS assessment. “It was wonderful to see social science and humanities experts interacting with invasion biologists and other natural scientists, in a community-building process that will inform policy decisions moving forward.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-threats-from-invasive-species-nbsp">Increasing threats from invasive species&nbsp;</h2>



The threats from invasive species are expected to increase. Every year, around 200 new alien species are introduced globally by human activities to regions where they were not previously found.&nbsp;



Even without human introduction, established alien species will continue to expand their geographic ranges naturally, impacting new areas. Simple projections based on current impacts likely underestimate the future consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-biodiversity-loss-nbsp">The role of biodiversity loss&nbsp;</h2>



Interactions among various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-could-cause-dramatic-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity loss</a> drivers amplify biological invasions. No single driver acts independently. Climate change, for example, facilitates the establishment and spread of invasive alien species into previously inhospitable regions, including the Arctic and Antarctic. 



In mountainous regions, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, combined with other biodiversity loss factors, has enabled invasive species to expand their ranges into higher elevations twice as quickly as native species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-invasions-can-be-mitigated-nbsp">Biological invasions can be mitigated&nbsp;</h2>



The IPBES assessment provided the first comprehensive global synthesis of evidence, concluding that biological invasions pose a significant threat but can be mitigated with urgent, cross-sectoral cooperative action.&nbsp;



Developing management actions with multiple stakeholders, including government and private sectors, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities, will be crucial for addressing biological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasions</a> successfully.



“This is not only the most comprehensive global assessment on invasive alien species to date, but also the selection of experts and the evidence gathering was done under the highest standards of inclusivity, resulting in a report which provides critical insights for all stakeholders,” said Aníbal Pauchard, co-chair of the IPBES IAS assessment and expert in biological invasions at the <a href="https://www.udec.cl/pexterno/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Concepción</a>, Chile.



Coordinating bodies like the <a href="https://nonnativespecies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Non-Native Species Secretariat</a> can ensure effective collaboration among diverse stakeholder groups. For example, the response to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-unique-defense-tactics-against-asian-hornets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian hornet</a> (Vespa velutina) incursions in the UK involved multiple stakeholders working together to ensure rapid information flow and effective nest control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-and-community-engagement-nbsp">Public awareness and community engagement&nbsp;</h2>



According to the experts, public engagement through awareness campaigns, education, and community science platforms is essential for managing biological invasions. Community science initiatives, supported by digital identification tools, are critical for the rapid detection of invasive species.&nbsp;



For instance, records submitted by the public through the <a href="https://www.brc.ac.uk/app/asian-hornet-watch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asian Hornet Watch app</a> in the UK significantly contributed to early warning and rapid response efforts for Vespa velutina.



The study emphasizes the urgent need for immediate and concerted global efforts to address the rising threat of invasive alien species. This coordinated action is both necessary and achievable, with the right strategies in place.



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Growing threat of invasive species requires immediate action

Although invasive species have been recognized as a major threat...

When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bamboo-plants-shows-great-potential-to-become-the-next-big-renewable-energy-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> draw water from their roots to nourish their stems and leaves, they produce an electric potential that could be harnessed as a renewable energy source. 



However, like all living things, plants are subject to a circadian rhythm - the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-biological-clocks-grow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological clock</a> that runs through day and night cycles and influences biological processes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioelectricity-in-plants">Bioelectricity in plants</h2>



In plants, this daily cycle includes capturing light energy for photosynthesis and absorbing water and nutrients from the soil during the day and slowing its growth processes at night.&nbsp;



A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indian Institute of Technology</a> (IIT) Kharagpur has detailed how biological processes produce voltage in plants and the impact of the cyclic day and night changes on this voltage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-energy-from-plants">Sustainable energy from plants</h2>



“This streaming potential, essentially a consequence of the natural energy gathered in the plant, offers a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-could-be-powered-entirely-by-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> source that is continuous and can be sustainable over long periods,” said senior author Suman Chakraborty, a mechanical engineer at IIT. 



“The question we wanted to answer was how much potential it can produce, and how is electric potential influenced by the plant’s biological clock?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rhythm-nbsp-of-energy-flow-in-plants">The rhythm&nbsp;of energy flow in plants</h2>



To find out, the scientists inserted electrodes into the stems of water hyacinths and attached reservoirs with electrodes to pieces of lucky bamboo to closely examine how electrical potential changes depending on types of ions, ion concentration, and the pH of the fluid flowing through the plants.



“Our eureka moment was when our first experiments showed it is possible to produce electricity in a cyclic rhythm and the precise linkage between this and the plant’s inherent daily rhythm,” Chakraborty said. “We could exactly pinpoint how this is related to water transpiration and the ions the plant carries via the ascent of sap.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-streaming-potential-nbsp">Electric streaming potential&nbsp;</h2>



The study quantified the voltage response originating from the movement of ions through the plant’s pathways that align uniquely with the plant’s daily rhythms.&nbsp;



The authors discovered plants can actively moderate the flow of fluid or sap in sync with the day and night cycles. They also found the electric streaming potential increases with decreased concentration of ions or increased pH in the fluid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-can-help-address-the-energy-crisis-nbsp">Plants can help address the energy crisis&nbsp;</h2>



“We not only rediscovered the plant’s electrical rhythm, articulating it in terms of voltages and currents, but we also provided insight into potentially tapping electrical power output from plants in a sustainable manner with no environmental impact and no disruption to the ecosystem,” Chakraborty explained.&nbsp;



“The findings could help develop biomimetic, nature-inspired systems that can address the global energy crisis with an eco-friendly, sustainable solution in which planting a tree not only relieves the crises of climate change and declining environmental quality, but also provides a way to harness electricity from it,” he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-voltage-in-plants">Electric voltage in plants</h2>



Electric voltage in plants refers to the bioelectric potentials that occur naturally within plant tissues. These electrical signals are part of the way plants manage internal processes and respond to their environment.&nbsp;



The existence of voltage differences in plants is due to ion gradients across cellular membranes, much like the bioelectric processes in animal and human cells.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-signals">Stress signals</h3>



For instance, when a plant is injured or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stressed</a> by environmental factors like cutting or burning, changes in electric potential can be detected. 



These changes often serve as signals that can propagate to other parts of the plant, initiating physiological responses such as the healing of wounds, changes in growth, or defensive mechanisms against pests and diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-communication-nbsp">Plant communication&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, some research suggests that these electrical signals may help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants communicate</a> distress or physiological states between different parts of themselves, or even with other plants, though this area of study is still quite exploratory.



These bioelectric phenomena are instrumental for understanding how plants interact with their environment and manage their internal functions without a nervous system, highlighting the complexity and adaptability of plant life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0195088" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics of Fluids</a>.



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Bioelectric future: Harnessing the natural energy of plants

When plants draw water from their roots to nourish their...

The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sharks-important-deserve-protections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a> we recognize today as apex predators of the open ocean evolved from stout, bottom-dwelling ancestors. The transformation of sharks has been linked to a period of intense global warming 93 million years ago - a significant volcanic event that drastically increased carbon dioxide levels and ocean temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-fin-shape-helped-sharks-adapt">Changes in fin shape helped sharks adapt</h2>



<a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> researchers, through extensive measurements of both living and fossilized sharks, discovered that in response to this climate shift, some sharks developed elongated pectoral fins. This adaptation facilitated their transition from benthic zones to open waters, improving their swimming efficiency and speed.



“The pectoral fins are a critical structure, comparable to our arms,” said lead author Phillip Sternes, a UCR biology doctoral student. “What we saw upon review of a massive data set, was that these fins changed shape as sharks expanded their habitat from the bottom to the open ocean.”



Longer pectoral fins made shark movements more efficient. “Their fins are comparable to the wings of commercial airplanes, long and narrow, to minimize the amount of energy needed for movement,” Sternes added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-swimming-speeds-nbsp">Greater swimming speeds&nbsp;</h2>



The experts also found that open-water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shocking-shark-mortality-rates-are-on-the-rise-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a> developed greater speed compared to their bottom-dwelling counterparts. 



“Shark muscle is very sensitive to temperature,” explained co-author Tim Higham, a professor of biology at the same university. “The data helped us make a correlation between higher temperatures, tail movement, and swimming speeds.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-into-open-waters">Shifting into open waters</h2>



Currently, most sharks are bottom dwellers, residing in the benthic zone. These sharks are typically slimmer, flatter, and medium-sized predators. Only about 13% of modern sharks are agile, open-water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-eddies-help-marine-predators-find-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>. 



The researchers speculate that declining oxygen levels at the sea bottom during the Cretaceous period may have driven ancient sharks to evolve and inhabit the open waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-rise-and-shark-evolution-nbsp">Temperature rise and shark evolution&nbsp;</h2>



The average sea surface temperature today is around 68 degrees Fahrenheit, but during the Cretaceous period, it was much higher, averaging about 83 degrees. This temperature rise and the subsequent evolutionary changes in sharks occurred over a span of one to two million years.



“We had pretty warm open-sea surface temperatures throughout the era, and then a distinct spike that took place over a one- or two-million-year period,” said co-author Lars Schmitz, an associate professor of biology at <a href="https://www.cmc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Claremont McKenna College</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-how-sharks-will-adapt">Predicting how sharks will adapt</h2>



While historical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-global-warming-is-to-blame-for-increase-in-shark-attacks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> drove evolutionary changes in some species, it led to the extinction of others. The current rapid pace of global warming makes it difficult to predict how sharks and other marine life will adapt. 



Some sharks, like tropical tiger and bull sharks, are beginning to migrate farther north, but it remains uncertain whether threatened species will adapt quickly enough to survive.



“The temperature is going up so fast now, there is nothing in the geologic record I am aware of that we can use for a true comparison,” Sternes concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-modern-sharks-adapt-to-temperature-rise">How modern sharks adapt to temperature rise</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-populations-are-rebounding-in-the-northwest-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sharks</a> are adapting to rising ocean temperatures in various ways due to their ectothermic nature, which makes them reliant on environmental temperatures for body heat regulation. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-habitats">Shifting habitats</h3>



Many species are migrating poleward or to deeper, cooler waters, seeking more suitable climates. This shift in habitat can disrupt local ecosystems, given sharks' roles as apex predators or significant ecological players.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-nbsp">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



The reproductive and growth cycles of sharks are also being affected, with some species experiencing accelerated growth but reduced fertility and offspring survival under warmer conditions.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-behavior-nbsp">Shark behavior&nbsp;</h3>



Behaviorally, sharks might adjust their activity patterns, including hunting at different times, possibly becoming more nocturnal to escape the heat of the day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-stress">Immune stress</h3>



Physiological stress is another significant impact, as continuous exposure to higher temperatures can weaken sharks' immune systems, increasing susceptibility to diseases.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-availability-nbsp">Food availability&nbsp;</h3>



Additionally, changes in the distribution and abundance of prey due to temperature shifts can lead to food shortages, forcing sharks to adapt their diets and potentially impacting their overall survival.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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How sharks survived a drastic spike in global temperatures

The sharks we recognize today as apex predators of the...

The Euclid space telescope has made a remarkable discovery, identifying seven new rogue planets, shedding light on these dark, starless worlds that drift freely through the universe.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trillions-of-rogue-planets-nbsp">Trillions of rogue planets&nbsp;</h2>



Unlike planets bound to stars, rogue planets do not experience days or years, existing in perpetual night. Despite their isolation, scientists believe these planets might host life and estimate their number in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-rogue-planets-may-be-wandering-alone-in-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trillions</a> within the Milky Way.



The <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> recently released the first scientific results from the Euclid mission, which launched in July. Among these findings were seven new free-floating gas giants, each at least four times the mass of Jupiter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-a-needle-in-a-haystack-nbsp">Finding a needle in a haystack&nbsp;</h2>



The planets are located in the Orion Nebula, the nearest star-forming region to Earth, about 1,500 light-years away. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-batch-of-brilliant-images-from-the-euclid-mission-live-up-to-the-hype/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid telescope</a> also confirmed the existence of dozens of previously detected rogue planets. According to Spanish astronomer Eduardo Martin, this is likely just the “tip of the iceberg.”



Because rogue planets do not reflect the light of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star</a>, detecting them is challenging, akin to “finding a needle in a haystack,” as Martin put it.&nbsp;



Younger planets, such as those discovered by Euclid, are slightly easier to spot due to their higher temperatures. Some research suggests there may be around 20 rogue planets for every star, potentially translating to trillions of such planets in our galaxy alone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-rogue-planets-nbsp">Fascinating rogue planets&nbsp;</h2>



Gavin Coleman, an astronomer at <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, who was not involved in the Euclid research, highlighted the fascination with these rogue planets.&nbsp;



“We've all grown up with the sun in the sky, and so to think of a planet just drifting through space with no star on its horizon is fascinating.” 



Interestingly, not all rogue planets wander alone. Some, like the four confirmed by Euclid, are binary systems, where two planets orbit each other.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-life">Potential for life</h2>



The potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-habitability-of-a-planet-is-affected-by-the-location-of-its-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a> of rogue planets has significant implications in the search for extraterrestrial life. “Some of our closest neighbors are likely rogue planets,” Martin said.&nbsp;



These planets are believed to be cold, with any life-supporting energy coming from within rather than from a star. On Earth, geothermal vents allow life to thrive in darkness, suggesting a similar possibility for rogue planets. However, Coleman noted that this extreme isolation would likely only support bacterial and microbial life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worlds-without-a-nearby-star">Worlds without a nearby star</h2>



While rogue planets traverse a lonely path, they avoid some hazards associated with being near a star. For example, when the sun becomes a red giant, it will expand and potentially destroy the Earth. Rogue planets do not face this risk.&nbsp;



“These things will last forever. If you don't mind the cold temperatures you could survive on these planets for eternity,” said Conselice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-rogue-planets-nbsp">Formation of rogue planets&nbsp;</h2>



Euclid's findings also provide insights into the formation of rogue planets. Some may have formed in the outer regions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-six-planet-star-system-moves-in-strange-perfect-synchrony/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar systems</a> before being ejected, while others might be a natural byproduct of the star-formation process.&nbsp;



This connection between stars and planets suggests a close relationship in their formation, although there are no firm answers yet.



This groundbreaking discovery by the Euclid space telescope offers a glimpse into the dark, lonely worlds of rogue planets, enhancing our understanding of the universe and opening new avenues for the study of planetary formation and the potential for life beyond Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-rogue-planets-nbsp">More about rogue planets&nbsp;</h2>



The existence of rogue planets came into consideration as astronomers discovered more about planetary formation and dynamics. 



As previously mentioned, these planets may have formed around a star and were later ejected from their original solar systems due to gravitational disturbances, often caused by close encounters with other planets or stars. 



Alternatively, some theories suggest that rogue planets could have formed in isolation within a star-forming cloud but failed to accrete enough mass to ignite into stars themselves.



Rogue planets are difficult to detect because they don't emit light like stars and don't reflect light from a host star.&nbsp;



However, techniques such as gravitational microlensing - where the gravity of the rogue planet bends the light from a distant star behind it - have allowed astronomers to spot these elusive objects.&nbsp;



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Dark worlds: Seven new rogue planets discovered by Euclid

The Euclid space telescope has made a remarkable discovery, identifying...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heart disease</a> is the leading cause of death among men, and a new study led by <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> and the <a href="https://www.luriechildrens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ann &amp; Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago</a> suggests that fatherhood may increase this risk. 



“Emerging literature links fatherhood to men's health, but lacks comprehensive assessment of health outcomes, especially among multi-ethnic populations,” wrote the study authors.



“Our objective was to evaluate the associations of fatherhood (age at onset and status) with cardiovascular health (CVH) scores, incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), CVD death and all-cause mortality, examining differences by race/ethnicity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fatherhood-and-heart-health">Fatherhood and heart health</h2>



The analysis, involving 2,814 men aged 45 to 84, revealed that fathers had worse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crucial-discoveries-will-improve-cardiovascular-disease-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a> compared to nonfathers. The assessment was based on diet, physical activity, smoking habits, weight, blood pressure, and blood levels of lipids and glucose.



“The changes in heart health we found suggest that the added responsibility of childcare and the stress of transitioning to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-fathers-experience-slight-shrinkage-of-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fatherhood</a> may make it difficult for men to maintain a healthy lifestyle, such as a healthy diet and exercise,” said corresponding author John James Parker, an internist, pediatrician, and assistant professor of pediatrics and general internal medicine at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradoxical-finding-on-death-rates">Paradoxical finding on death rates</h2>



The study revealed that despite worse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>, fathers had lower death rates than nonfathers. This paradoxical finding might be due to stronger social support systems for fathers, which have been linked to lower mortality rates. 



“Fathers may also be more likely to have someone as their future caretaker (i.e., their children) to help them attend medical appointments and manage medications and treatments as they get older,” Parker explained.



Additionally, the experts found that fathers had lower rates of depressive symptoms compared to nonfathers, which could also contribute to their lower death rates.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-study-population-nbsp">Diverse study population&nbsp;</h2>



The research included men who identified as Black, Chinese, Hispanic, or White, and found that Black fathers had lower death rates compared to Black nonfathers.&nbsp;



“Fatherhood may be protective for Black men,” Parker noted. “Maybe becoming a father helps promote a healthy lifestyle for Black men. Studying this association further could have important public health implications.”



The study is significant because it included a racially and ethnically diverse population, a feature often missing in previous research on fatherhood and heart health.&nbsp;



The team utilized data from the <a href="https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</a> (MESA) and also examined how the age at which men become fathers influences heart health and disease outcomes. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-fathers-and-heart-health">Young fathers and heart health</h2>



An important finding was that men who became fathers at a younger age (25 years and younger), particularly Black and Hispanic men, had worse heart health and higher death rates, indicating a need for focused public health attention.



“If you’re under 25, you may be less financially stable, your brain may be less mature, and, especially for racial and ethnic minorities, you may have lower-paying jobs with fewer benefits and limited leave policies,” Parker explained.&nbsp;



“All of this can make it harder to focus on your health. There are a lot of public health interventions for young mothers, but no one has ever really looked at young fathers in this way.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-for-fathers">Health implications for fathers</h2>



Recognizing the health implications for fathers is crucial. “A lot of times we focus on the health of mothers and children, and we don’t even think of fathers, but their health has a major influence on their family,” noted Parker.



Interestingly, the study found higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cigarettes-accelerates-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a> rates among fathers, which contrasts with other studies suggesting that many fathers quit smoking after having children. 



Parker suggested that older fathers might resume smoking later due to stress. “Either way, we should look at what’s happening with smoking rates because smoking is a leading cause of preventative death and if a father is smoking it will influence their families as well.”



Overall, the study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focus.2024.100231" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AJPM Focus</a>, underscores the need for more research and public health interventions targeted at fathers, particularly young and minority fathers, to improve their cardiovascular health and, consequently, the health of their families.



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Fatherhood takes a toll on heart health

Heart disease is the leading cause of death among men,...

Ever wondered how dogs can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-detect-human-stress-levels-sniffing-breath-compounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sniff</a> out a lost child or a hidden stash of drugs? Well, their noses are even more impressive in scent detection than you might think. 



A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>'s <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en/researchgroups/dogrisk-health-via-nutrition-epidemiology-and-disease-detection-dogs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DogRisk</a> research group and their partners has found that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">furry friends</a> can detect smells so faint that even the most sophisticated lab instruments can't pick them up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extraordinary-potential-of-dog-scent-detection">Extraordinary potential of dog scent detection</h2>



Dogs contribute their exceptional olfactory abilities to many fields. They help solve crimes, assist in search and rescue operations, and detect medical conditions. Their keen sense of smell allows them to track scents and find people, substances, or diseases that would otherwise stay hidden.



While previous research has already established the remarkable power of a dog's nose, a recent study has unveiled an even more astonishing aspect of their olfactory capabilities. 



The research delves deeper into the intricacies of scent detection, revealing that dogs possess the ability to discern minuscule concentrations of substances like eucalyptus hydrolate. 



This finding demonstrates that their sense of smell operates at a level of sensitivity far beyond what was previously understood, showcasing the extraordinary potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-with-dark-eyes-are-perceived-as-friendly-and-less-aggressive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine</a> scent detection in various applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-scent-used-in-dog-training">Common scent used in dog training</h2>



Eucalyptus hydrolate, a byproduct of eucalyptus oil production, is a common scent used in dog training and competitions. 



In this study, researchers trained 15 dogs with varying levels of scent-detection experience to distinguish between samples containing low concentrations of eucalyptus hydrolate and samples containing only water.



After a training period, the dogs were able to detect eucalyptus hydrolate in concentrations as low as 1 to 10 molecules per milliliter of water. To put that in perspective, a single yeast cell contains 42 million molecules.



This means that dogs can detect scents that are far below the detection threshold of even the most advanced analytical instruments used today.



“The dogs’ scent detection threshold initially varied from 1:10⁴–1:10²³ but narrowed down to 1:10¹⁷–1:10²¹ after a training period. In other words, the dogs needed 1 to 10 molecules per millilitre of water to detect the right sample,” noted Anna Hielm-Björkman, the principal investigator of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-standardized-scents-for-dogs">Importance of standardized scents for dogs</h2>



But there's more to this story than just impressive canine noses. The researchers also discovered that there's a huge variation in the quality of eucalyptus hydrolate products used in dog training. 



This means that some dogs, used to higher quality hydrolates, might underperform when presented with a lower quality one.



“This explains why many dogs used to commercial eucalyptus hydrolates showed unexpectedly poor results in the study. Their sense of smell is so precise that they did not identify the eucalyptus hydrolate used in the study to be same substance that they were familiar with," noted Soile Turunen, a visiting researcher from the University of Eastern Finland.



"This demonstrates the importance of using standardised nose work products in both training and sports competitions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-world-of-possibilities">A world of possibilities </h2>



The research highlights the remarkable scent detection capabilities of dogs, revealing their olfactory sense is more powerful than previously thought. This discovery paves the way for exciting new applications of their abilities.



For instance, dogs could detect diseases at their earliest stages, offering a proactive healthcare approach and combating health threats before they spread. Their enhanced detection <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skills</a> could also improve search and rescue operations, allowing dogs to locate survivors in disaster zones more accurately and efficiently.



The potential uses for dogs' extraordinary sense of scent detection are vast and varied, from medical diagnostics to emergency response. This research opens up a world of possibilities, showing that dogs' super sniffers can play a crucial role in addressing some of our most pressing challenges.



So, the next time you see a dog sniffing around, remember, there's more going on in that wet nose than meets the eye. They're not just smelling the roses; they're detecting the world on a molecular level.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/7/1083" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animals</a>.



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Dogs can detect scents better than the most advanced lab tools

Ever wondered how dogs can sniff out a lost child...

New research shows that maintaining good heart health isn't just about preventing disease - it could actually turn back the clock on your body's age.&nbsp;A recent study found that people who follow the <a href="https://www.heart.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Heart Association</a>'s Life's Essential 8 <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-lifestyle/lifes-essential-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">checklist</a> may have a biological age younger than their chronological age.



This revelation challenges the conventional notion of aging as an inevitable decline and opens up a world of possibilities for those seeking to maximize their well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-biological-age">What is biological age?</h2>



Biological age measures how old your body appears based on various factors, unlike chronological age, which is just the number of years you've lived. 



One key factor in determining biological age is DNA methylation. This is a process where chemical changes occur in your DNA, affecting how your genes are expressed. Think of it like tiny switches that can turn your genes on or off. This process can influence many aspects of your health and aging.



In simple terms, biological age reflects the wear and tear on your body at a cellular level. While genetics have a strong influence on biological age, lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oxytocin-holds-the-keys-to-both-your-heart-and-your-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress levels</a> can have a significant impact too. For example, a healthy lifestyle can help keep your cells younger, reducing your biological age.



So, even if two people are the same chronological age, their biological ages might differ due to differences in their lifestyles and genetic predispositions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-s-essential-8-roadmap-to-a-younger-you">Life's essential 8: Roadmap to a younger you</h2>



The Life's Essential 8 checklist provides eight key areas for improving heart health:



<ol>
<li>Eating a healthy diet:&nbsp;Focus on fruits,&nbsp;vegetables,&nbsp;whole grains,&nbsp;lean protein,&nbsp;and healthy fats.</li>



<li>Being physically active:&nbsp;Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-aging-related-fat-buildup-in-tissues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise</a> each week.</li>



<li>Quitting tobacco:&nbsp;If you smoke,&nbsp;seek help to quit.</li>



<li>Getting enough sleep:&nbsp;Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night.</li>



<li>Managing weight:&nbsp;Aim for a healthy body mass index (BMI).</li>



<li>Controlling cholesterol:&nbsp;Get regular cholesterol screenings and manage your levels through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-patients-consume-twice-the-recommended-amount-of-sodium/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> and medication if necessary.</li>



<li>Managing blood sugar:&nbsp;Monitor your blood sugar consistently. Use dietary adjustments and medications to keep it within a healthy range.</li>



<li>Managing blood pressure:&nbsp;Check your blood pressure frequently. Control it by maintaining a balanced diet and taking prescribed medications if required.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improved-biological-age">Improved biological age</h2>



Researchers analyzed data from over 5,000 adults and found a remarkable connection between adhering to Life's Essential 8 and biological age.&nbsp;



"For each 13-point increase in an individual’s Life’s Essential 8 score, the risk of developing heart disease for the first time was reduced by about 35 percent, death from cardiovascular disease was reduced by 36 percent and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-exercise-routine-can-cut-your-risk-of-early-death-in-half/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">death</a> from any cause was reduced by 29 percent," said study senior author Dr. Jiantao Ma.



The experts also discovered that individuals with a genetic predisposition to accelerated biological aging experienced even greater benefits from following Life's Essential 8.&nbsp;For these individuals,&nbsp;adhering to the checklist had a profound impact on their heart and overall health outcomes,&nbsp;with DNA methylation playing a crucial role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritize-heart-healthy-habits-at-any-age">Prioritize heart-healthy habits at any age</h2>



It's important to note that this study doesn't establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship between heart-healthy habits and DNA methylation.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;it highlights a compelling association that warrants further investigation.



"The study highlights how cardiovascular health can impact biological aging and has important implications for healthy aging and prevention of cardiovascular disease and potentially other health conditions,” said Dr. Randi Foraker,&nbsp;co-author of the Life's Essential 8.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-s-essential-8-for-better-heart-health">Life's Essential 8 for better heart health</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Start small</h3>



When adopting good habits for heart health, avoid overwhelming yourself by trying to change everything at once. Instead, start with one or two areas where you feel most ready to make changes. For example, you might begin by improving your diet and incorporating more physical activity into your routine. 



Once these habits become a regular part of your life, you can gradually add more changes, such as improving your sleep or managing your stress better. This approach allows you to build a strong foundation and prevent burnout.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Find what works for you</h3>



Healthy living isn't one-size-fits-all. It's important to experiment with different options to see what suits you best. Try out various healthy recipes to find meals you enjoy and can prepare regularly. 



Explore different types of exercise, whether it's walking, yoga, swimming, or strength training, to see what fits your lifestyle and keeps you motivated. 



Similarly, experiment with different stress management techniques like meditation, deep breathing exercises, or hobbies that relax you. The goal is to find a combination of habits that you enjoy and can maintain long-term.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Seek support</h3>



Making lasting changes can be challenging, and having support can make a big difference. Consider talking to your doctor or a registered dietitian for personalized advice and support tailored to your needs and goals. 



Experts can help you develop a plan that's safe and effective for you, taking into account any health conditions or limitations you might have. Additionally, they can provide encouragement and accountability, helping you stay on track with your new habits.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Make heart-healthy habits a lifestyle</h3>



Adopting Life’s Essential 8 isn't about quick fixes; it's about making a lifelong commitment to your health and well-being. Embrace these changes as part of your everyday life, rather than something you do temporarily. This mindset shift can help you stay motivated and make sustainable changes. 



Over time, these heart-healthy habits will become second nature, contributing to your overall health and potentially slowing down your biological aging. Remember, consistency is key to reaping long-term benefits.



While the concept of reversing biological age may seem like something out of a science fiction novel,&nbsp;the evidence suggests that it's within our reach.&nbsp;By prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-environments-and-sidewalks-improve-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart-healthy behaviors</a>,&nbsp;we can potentially slow down the aging process,&nbsp;reduce our risk of disease,&nbsp;and live longer,&nbsp;healthier lives.



Remember,&nbsp;it's never too late to start taking care of your heart.&nbsp;Even small changes can make a big difference over time. So,&nbsp;take that first step today and unlock the potential for a younger,&nbsp;healthier you.



The study is published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.123.0327431" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Heart Association</a>.



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Heart-healthy habits can reverse your biological age

New research shows that maintaining good heart health isn't just...

In a remarkable breakthrough, a rare discovery in Florida has shed new light on the evolutionary timeline of North America's solitary porcupine species. 



A nearly complete porcupine skeleton unearthed by researchers offers vital clues to a long-standing debate among biologists and paleontologists regarding the origin of these spiny rodents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-puzzle-of-north-america-s-porcupine">Evolutionary puzzle of North America's porcupine</h2>



For years, the evolutionary history of North America's lone porcupine has puzzled scientists. While Central and South America boast 16 porcupine species, North America has just one. 



DNA evidence indicates that this species originated about 10 million years ago. However, conflicting clues from the fossil record suggest that the porcupine might have evolved around 2.5 million years ago, which coincides with the onset of the ice ages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-fossil-discovery">Revolutionary fossil discovery</h2>



In a recent study, experts analyzed an exceptionally well-preserved skeleton found in a Florida limestone quarry. 



This significant discovery by Art Poyer, a paleontologist at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum</a>, has brought a new perspective to the evolutionary timeline of North American porcupines.



"Upon first inspection, I was amazed," said study senior author Jonathan Bloch. "It's so rare to obtain a fossil like this, complete with a skull, jaws, and numerous other bones, offering us a comprehensive view of this extinct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feredocodon-chowi-fossils-yield-clues-mammal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammal</a>'s interaction with its environment."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-porcupine-fossils">Insights from porcupine fossils</h2>



The detailed analysis, led by Natasha Vitek during her doctoral research at the Florida Museum of Natural History, involved meticulous examination of the skeleton's distinctive features. 



In collaboration with Bloch, Vitek also created a unique college course that allowed students to gain hands-on research experience by analyzing porcupine fossils.



"We examined every aspect of the bones - jaw, limbs, feet, and tail. This required a detailed series of comparisons that might not be immediately apparent," noted Vitek.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-two-continents">A tale of two continents</h2>



Porcupines, a type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-rodent-borne-diseases-spill-over-into-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rodent</a> whose ancestors likely originated in Africa over 30 million years ago, have a fascinating migratory history. 



Their journey to South America is marked as a significant event in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammalian-tree-of-life-traces-evolution-of-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammalian history</a>, occurring when the continents of Africa and South America were much closer together, possibly involving rafting across oceans.



These rodents not only adapted to diverse habitats but also evolved into well-known groups such as guinea pigs, chinchillas, and capybaras upon reaching South America. 



The connection between the continents via the Isthmus of Panama around 5 million years ago further complicated their evolutionary journey, with species migrations occurring in both directions between North and South America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-and-survival">Adaptations and survival</h2>



In North America, adapting to new environments proved challenging for porcupines. They had to cope with brutal winters and significant changes in habitat, transitioning from tree-dwelling to land-walking lifestyles. 



These adaptations included dietary changes and the loss of their prehensile tails - features that their South American counterparts retained.



“In winter, when their favorite foods are not around, they will bite into tree bark to get at the softer tissue underneath. It’s not great food, but it’s better than nothing,” explained Vitek. “We think this type of feeding selected for a particular jaw structure that makes them better at grinding.”



The experts noted that although North American porcupines still like climbing, they are not very good at it. They pointed to museum specimens which often show evidence of healed bone fractures that were likely caused by falling from trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-origins-of-north-america-s-porcupines">Ancient origins of North America's porcupines</h2>



The analysis of the Florida skeleton highlighted both similarities and differences with modern North American porcupines, suggesting a complex evolutionary history that predates the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. 



While the study confirms the ancient roots of these porcupines in North America, many questions about their evolutionary path and the reasons for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-event-shows-how-life-responds-to-extreme-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> of other species remain unanswered.



"One unresolved aspect is whether these extinct species are direct ancestors of today's North American porcupine," said Vitek. "It's possible that porcupines reached temperate regions twice, once along the Gulf Coast and again out west. We still have much to discover."



This research not only provides a clearer picture of the evolutionary history of North America’s porcupines but also highlights the invaluable contributions of fossil discoveries to our understanding of past life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(24)00582-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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The evolutionary journey of North America's lone porcupine

In a remarkable breakthrough, a rare discovery in Florida has...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-and-reefs-are-showing-surprising-resilience-as-global-waters-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Corals</a> play a crucial role in ocean ecosystems, but climate change and human activities threaten their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-disease-is-pushing-caribbean-reefs-toward-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">existence</a>. To better protect corals, understanding their reproductive life cycle is essential. Now, researchers led by the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a> have created a model for coral spawning, based on environmental factors, using data from an often overlooked source: an aquarium.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-spawning-after-a-full-moon">Coral spawning after a full moon</h2>



Corals, often mistaken for underwater plants, are actually colonies of small anemones that reproduce with eggs and sperm.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-bleaching-hinders-reproduction-in-popular-reef-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coral mass spawning</a> is a synchronized event where corals release their eggs and sperm in bundles over several days following a full moon. 



Despite decades of research, the environmental drivers behind this synchronous spawning remained unclear due to the sparse nature of coral spawning data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectacular-reproduction-event">Spectacular reproduction event</h2>



“Coral mass spawning, where corals release their eggs and sperm in synchronized bundles over several days following a full moon, is one of the most spectacular reproduction events in the world,” said senior author Shinichiro Maruyama, an associate professor of biosciences at the University of Tokyo.&nbsp;



“However, despite decades of studies, environmental drivers of the synchronous spawning remain unclear. Coral spawning data are very sparse; it’s usually only an annual event. Putting such sparse data into a model that can explain the overall pattern of spawning has been impossible, but we’ve finally found a way that works.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-spawning-in-their-natural-habitat">Coral spawning in their natural habitat</h2>



Studying coral spawning in their natural habitat is theoretically possible but practically challenging due to the need for robust environmental sensors and daily diving for observations. However, Maruyama and his team found an alternative in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium.



“The Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium had kept 15 years of coral spawning records for Acropora corals, a reef-building coral commonly found in Japan’s southernmost prefecture Okinawa, but this data had not been used for this kind of research before,” Maruyama explained.&nbsp;



“By collecting, interpreting, and interrogating this data, we found that corals use multiple environmental inputs, like rainfall and wind speed, to adjust their spawning timing and synchronize it to achieve a peak time for spawning. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Water temperature</a> seems to be the primary trigger to determine the annual window of opportunity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-coral-reproduction-nbsp">Understanding coral reproduction&nbsp;</h2>



The study has potential applications such as more accurate coral spawning predictions and assessments of environmental changes affecting coral reproduction. 



Understanding coral reproduction activities is crucial for maintaining coral reef ecosystems and protecting related marine life.&nbsp;



Despite the valuable data available from aquariums, they have been overlooked as research resources due to perceptions that they don't accurately reflect natural conditions and lack organization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overlooked-possibilities">Overlooked possibilities</h2>



“Aquariums are treasure troves of research resources with a wealth of untouched and valuable data. On the other hand, some scientists tend to think that they don’t truly reflect nature, and also that they are not as well organized as a laboratory,” noted Maruyama.



“We were fascinated by that gap in recognition and the possibilities that had been hidden, overlooked, and sometimes neglected.”



“Here, we analyzed past data to make a model that fits that data. Next, we plan to produce a mathematical model to predict future spawning events in nature.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-coral-spawning-nbsp">More about coral spawning&nbsp;</h2>



Coral spawning is a fascinating natural phenomenon where many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral species</a> release eggs and sperm into the ocean simultaneously for the purpose of reproduction. This event typically occurs just once a year and is highly synchronized. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-coral-spawning-nbsp">Timing of coral spawning&nbsp;</h3>



The timing of coral spawning is influenced by several factors including water temperature, lunar cycles, and the length of the day, ensuring that a majority of the corals in a region release their reproductive cells at the same time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-fertilization-nbsp">Colorful fertilization&nbsp;</h3>



During coral spawning, the corals eject colorful bundles of egg and sperm that float to the surface. These bundles often create a vibrant, snowstorm-like effect on the water's surface before they break apart to allow fertilization to occur.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-strategy-nbsp">Survival strategy&nbsp;</h3>



This synchronized spawning increases the likelihood of successful fertilization given the vastness of the ocean. Once fertilized, the eggs develop into larvae called planulae, which eventually settle on the ocean floor and begin to grow, forming new coral colonies.&nbsp;



This event not only contributes to the genetic diversity of coral populations but is also crucial for the recovery and sustainability of coral reefs, which are vital to marine ecosystems but are currently threatened by factors such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and pollution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.240183" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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How do corals have sex? New secrets of spawning revealed

Corals play a crucial role in ocean ecosystems, but climate...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oranges-lower-risk-macular-degeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orange</a> peels might be key to better cardiovascular health, according to new research led by the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>. 



Heart disease, a leading cause of death, has been linked to gut bacteria that produce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) when digesting certain nutrients.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-orange-peel-extracts">Potential of orange peel extracts</h2>



Funded by a $500,000 USDA grant, a team led by Yu Wang - an associate professor of food science and human nutrition - investigated orange peel extracts for their potential to reduce TMAO production. The researchers tested both polar and nonpolar fractions of the extracts.&nbsp;



“If you imagine your salad dressing, anything in the water or vinegar part are the polar fraction; anything in the oil away from water is the non-polar fraction,” explained Professor Wang. “The solvents we used were not exactly like water and oil, but they possess similar polarity.”&nbsp;



The analysis revealed that the non-polar fraction effectively inhibited harmful chemical production. The scientists also identified a compound called feruloylputrescine in the polar fraction significantly inhibited the enzyme responsible for TMA production.



“This is a novel finding that highlights the previously unrecognized health potential of feruloylputrescine in reducing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cardiovascular-disease-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>,” said Wang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orange-peel-extracts-are-safe-for-consumption-nbsp">Orange peel extracts are safe for consumption&nbsp;</h2>



This discovery is especially relevant given that five million tons of orange peels are produced annually in the U.S., primarily from juice production. Typically, half of these peels are used for cattle feed, while the rest is discarded.&nbsp;



However, the FDA considers natural orange peel extracts safe for human consumption, opening up possibilities for repurposing them.



“These findings suggest that orange peels, often discarded as waste in the citrus industry, can be repurposed into valuable health-promoting ingredients, such as diet supplements or food ingredients,” Wang explained.&nbsp;



“Our research paves the way for developing functional foods enriched with these bioactive compounds, providing new therapeutic strategies for heart health,” she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-orange-peels">More about orange peels</h2>



Orange peels, the brightly colored outer skin of oranges, are more than just a protective covering for the juicy citrus segments inside. They contain essential oils that are responsible for their vibrant aroma and are often used in culinary dishes, cleaning products, and aromatherapy.&nbsp;



Despite their bitter taste, orange peels are edible and are a rich source of dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants, which can provide various health benefits such as boosting the immune system and reducing the risk of certain diseases.&nbsp;



They also have applications in traditional medicine and can be used in various forms such as zest, in marmalades, or as a flavor enhancer. Additionally, their natural oil extracts are commonly found in skin care products due to their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamin-c-and-heart-health-nbsp">Vitamin C and heart health&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberries-promote-cardiometabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vitamin C</a> is a powerful antioxidant which plays a significant role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>, primarily through its involvement in various biological functions. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-vessels-and-arteries">Blood vessels and arteries</h3>



Vitamin C helps in the production of collagen, which is crucial for maintaining the integrity of blood vessels. This is important for preventing and managing conditions like atherosclerosis where arteries stiffen due to plaque buildup.



Research suggests that vitamin C can help reduce blood pressure and the stiffness of arteries, lower the levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and improve endothelial function, which is the ability of blood vessels to dilate properly. These effects collectively help reduce the risk of heart disease.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oxidative-stress-nbsp">Oxidative stress&nbsp;</h3>



Moreover, vitamin C's antioxidant properties help combat oxidative stress, which is linked to many chronic diseases including heart disease. By neutralizing free radicals, vitamin C helps protect the heart and blood vessels from damage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-are-supplements-effective">Are supplements effective?</h3>



However, while a diet rich in vitamin C is associated with numerous health benefits, the effectiveness of vitamin C supplements in preventing cardiovascular disease has been debated. Some studies suggest benefits, while others show no significant reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/refined-grains-increase-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease risk</a> with supplementation. 



Therefore, obtaining vitamin C from natural sources like fruits and vegetables is generally recommended over supplements for overall heart health.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a>.



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Orange peels: An unexpected weapon against heart disease

Orange peels might be key to better cardiovascular health, according...

The <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>'s Solar Orbiter has achieved a remarkable feat, tracing solar wind back to its source on the Sun's surface. This marks a significant step forward in our understanding of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enigmatic phenomenon</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-constant-storm">Sun's constant storm</h2>



Picture the Sun as a celestial powerhouse, continuously emitting a stream of charged particles known as the solar wind. This relentless outpouring is far from uniform. It fluctuates in speed, density, and composition depending on its point of origin on the Sun. 



Yet, despite decades of scientific scrutiny, the precise origins of the solar wind have remained shrouded in mystery.



By the time solar wind reaches Earth, it has undergone so much mixing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transformation</a> that tracing it back to specific regions on the Sun is nearly impossible. It's like trying to identify the individual tributaries of a mighty river after it has flowed for miles and merged with countless other waterways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-orbiter-a-game-changer">Solar Orbiter: A game-changer</h2>



Solar Orbiter is a space mission led by the European Space Agency in collaboration with <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. Launched in February 2020, it aims to study the Sun up close to understand its behavior and influence on the solar system. 



Equipped with a suite of advanced instruments, Solar Orbiter measures solar wind and captures high-resolution images of the Sun’s surface. Its unique orbit brings it closer to the Sun than any previous mission, allowing it to collect unprecedented data. 



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Unlike previous missions, the Solar Orbiter boasts both in situ and remote sensing instruments. The former measures the properties of solar wind directly around the spacecraft, while the latter captures high-resolution images and other data of the Sun itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnetic-connectivity-tool">Magnetic connectivity tool</h2>



The challenge lies in the time lag between these two types of data. The cameras show the Sun as it is now, while the in situ instruments reveal the state of solar wind that was released from the Sun a few days earlier.



To bridge this gap, scientists have employed a clever software tool called the <a href="http://connect-tool.irap.omp.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Magnetic Connectivity Tool</a>. This online tool, developed specifically for the Solar Orbiter mission, uses data from a global network of solar telescopes to model how stellar wind travels through the solar system. 



It essentially predicts where the Solar Orbiter will be connected to on the Sun's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-covered-with-moss-peculiar-structure-sunspot-groups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surface</a> a few days in advance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-wind-s-elusive-origin">Solar wind's elusive origin</h2>



One of the most intriguing aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sun-blasts-biggest-x-class-solar-flare-nineteen-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar</a> wind is its two distinct types: fast and slow. Fast solar wind, exceeding speeds of 500 km/s, is known to originate from coronal holes, regions where the Sun's magnetic field lines open up, allowing solar wind to escape.



Slow solar wind, on the other hand, has been a tougher nut to crack. It's associated with active regions on the Sun, where sunspots and intense magnetic activity occur, but the specifics of its origin have remained elusive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perfect-alignment">Perfect alignment</h2>



To pinpoint the source of slow solar wind, the Solar Orbiter needed to fly through the magnetic field connected to the edge of either a coronal hole or a sunspot complex. This would allow scientists to observe how stellar wind changed its speed and other properties, confirming the connection to the right region on the Sun.



In a stroke of luck, the spacecraft encountered a perfect combination of both features during its close approach to the Sun in March 2022. 



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"Solar Orbiter flew past the coronal hole and the active region, and we saw fast solar wind streams, followed by slow ones. We saw a lot of complexity that we could tie back to the source regions," noted Stephanie Yardley, the lead author of the study.
</blockquote>



This complexity included variations in composition and temperature across these different regions, providing valuable clues about the solar wind's origin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-orbiter-s-wind-research">Solar Orbiter's wind research</h2>



The Solar Orbiter's ability to connect slow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-solar-wind-which-creates-beautiful-auroras-on-earth-is-now-less-mysterious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar</a> wind to its source regions on the Sun marks a major milestone in solar physics. It confirms the spacecraft's capability to make robust connections between in situ measurements and remote sensing data, opening up new avenues forstudying the solar wind's origin in unprecedented detail.



This breakthrough also paves the way for future research using data from other spacecraft, such as NASA's Parker Solar Probe and ESA's BepiColombo. 



By combining data from multiple missions, scientists can gain a more comprehensive understanding of solar wind and its impact on our planet and space technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sun-s-unseen-influence">Sun's unseen influence</h2>



Solar wind interacts with celestial bodies and spacecraft throughout the solar system. The impacts of solar wind range from triggering auroras on Earth to potentially disrupting electrical systems on spacecraft. 



As we venture farther into space, understanding and predicting solar wind's behavior becomes increasingly crucial for protecting our technology and astronauts.



The achievements of the Solar Orbiter are a testament to human ingenuity and our relentless quest to unravel the mysteries of our nearest star. It's a reminder that even after decades of study, the Sun still holds secrets waiting to be discovered.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02278-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



Video Credit: NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter 



Image Credit: ESA



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Tracing solar wind directly to its source for the first time

The European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter has achieved a remarkable...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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