Elasmosaurus,,Group,Of,Long-necked,Plesiosaurs,From,The,Late,Cretaceous,Period,

Scientists have pieced together evidence that ancient marine reptiles once swam in what is now central Colombia, and these creatures appear to have been more formidable predators than today’s mighty killer whales.&nbsp;



Their presence at an unexpectedly high level in the food chain has raised new questions about how ocean ecosystems evolve.&nbsp;



Paleontologists reconstructed the lives of giant reptiles and invertebrates that flourished in a lush environment roughly 130 million years ago, and uncovered a glimpse of life that sits outside what is considered standard for our modern seas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-reptiles-ruled-over-killer-whales-nbsp">Marine reptiles ruled over killer whales&nbsp;</h2>



Experts discovered that some of these reptiles could exceed 33 feet (10 meters) in length, hinting at a way of life that appears to have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remarkably powerful</a>.&nbsp;



According to their research, these creatures ruled the seventh level in a reconstructed Cretaceous food web, while present-day killer whales and great white sharks rarely pass the sixth.&nbsp;



At the heart of these findings is work by McGill University’s <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Biology</a>, led by doctoral student Dirley Cortés and co-author Hans Larsson, who is a professor in the same department.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-reptiles-reached-the-pinnacle">Marine reptiles reached the pinnacle</h2>



Large predators typically dominate the top ranks in any oceanic food chain. Scientists often call these ranks "<a href="https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Introductory_Biology_(CK-12)/06%3A_Ecology/6.05%3A_Trophic_Levels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic levels</a>." 



Modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sunken-oceans-discovered-between-earth-core-and-mantle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine</a> systems reach a natural limit around the sixth trophic (or feeding) level, where species like orcas hover at the pinnacle of the energy pyramid.&nbsp;



“Our study is the first to examine these possible ecological interactions,” said Cortés, who is lead author on the publication. 



By <a href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/202/1/zlad092/7275647?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying</a> fossil evidence in the <a href="https://www2.sgc.gov.co/LibroGeologiaColombia/tgc/sgcpubesp36201913.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paja Formation</a>, the team determined that Mesozoic reptiles had apparently gone one level higher. 



These ancient animals likely feasted on anything in their path, which explains how their food web stacked up so high.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-a-lost-food-web">Reconstructing a lost food web</h2>



This investigation on ancient marine reptiles used body size, possible feeding tools, and comparisons with existing marine species to build a detailed framework for who ate whom in that vanished Colombian sea, where the warm climates of the Early Cretaceous allowed a surge in ocean diversity.&nbsp;



The Paja Formation’s fossil record reveals predators with robust jaws and swift movement, alongside an assortment of invertebrates that thrived in trophic levels beneath them.&nbsp;



Researchers drew upon modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-disease-is-pushing-caribbean-reefs-toward-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caribbean reef</a> networks to cross-check their results. 



By comparing these fossils to present-day communities, the study uncovered what one of the paper’s authors described as "intricate links among prehistoric animals" that pushed the boundaries of the marine hierarchy.



“Understanding this complexity helps us trace how ecosystems evolve over time,” said Cortés.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-competition-shaped-the-seas">How competition shaped the seas</h2>



Marine food webs do not form overnight. Competition for resources tends to bring about new evolutionary strategies and unique feeding habits. 



During parts of the Mesozoic, <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0501562102" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pressure</a> from marine predators and their potential prey made survival an ongoing challenge. 



A known surge in shell-crushing snails and other predatory invertebrates during this era has been labeled by paleontologists as the <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mesozoic Marine Revolution</a>.&nbsp;



Ancient marine reptiles from the Paja Formation existed in this tense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/looking-to-earths-ancient-climate-to-predict-our-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a> of changing prey, leading them to develop massive body sizes and formidable hunting styles.&nbsp;



“These findings illuminate how marine ecosystems developed through intense trophic competition and shaped the diversity we see today,” said <a href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/202/1/zlad092/7275647?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Larsson</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-today">Why this matters today</h2>



The close study of creatures that roamed the ocean so long ago is not just about cataloging exciting fossils. Discoveries like this tell us that life’s history is packed with surprising adaptations.&nbsp;



Paleontologists see a chance to compare these ancient networks with modern ones, thus providing fresh insights into how ecosystems recover from challenges such as climate change or habitat loss.&nbsp;



Researchers also note that these fossil communities remind us of how species at the top of the food chain can alter their entire environment, often making space for additional biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-window-into-evolution">A window into evolution</h2>



One important lesson from this work is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-climate-shift-sheds-light-on-future-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatic shifts</a> in ocean biodiversity occurred long before humans entered the picture. 



Marine reptiles vanished near the end of the Mesozoic, but the legacy of their top-heavy food webs is imprinted in the fossil record. 



Each puzzle piece from that record, from large jaws to specialized teeth, helps paint a more accurate picture of how Earth’s seas matured. 



The high trophic levels in the Paja Formation suggest that new habitats were emerging, allowing marine reptiles to reach body sizes and predatory niches that are rarely matched in modern times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-marine-reptiles-and-ecosystems">Ancient marine reptiles and ecosystems</h2>



Researchers plan to keep building models for other fossil sites. This work may reveal whether seventh-level predators were uncommon or if there were other pockets in Earth’s history where they thrived. 



In many regions, marine formations remain poorly understood, so there is every chance that the Paja Formation was not the only site containing marine reptiles with astonishing hunting powers.&nbsp;



More studies may show that, over millions of years, seas can produce predators more fearsome than anything we know today.



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/202/1/zlad092/7275647?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.&nbsp;



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Prehistoric ocean monsters would have eaten killer whales as snacks

Scientists have pieced together evidence that ancient marine reptiles once swam in what is now central Colombia, and these creatures appear to have been more formidable predators than today’s mighty killer whales.&nbsp; Their presence at an unexpectedly high level in the food chain has raised new questions about how ocean ecosystems evolve.&nbsp; Paleontologists reconstructed the lives of giant reptiles and invertebrates that flourished in a lush environment roughly 130 million years ago, and uncovered a glimpse of life that sits outside what is considered standard for our...

Today's artificial intelligence (AI) reads, talks, and processes vast amounts of data, aiding in business decision-making and more. Despite these impressive capabilities, AI still faces significant brain-related limitations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-physical-world-challenge">The physical world challenge</h2>



Modern AI technologies, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-learning-mirrors-chatgpts-training/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a>, interact with the physical world in limited ways. They require billions of training examples to perform tasks such as solving math problems or writing essays effectively.



Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (<a href="https://www.cshl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSHL</a>) NeuroAI Scholar Kyle Daruwalla has been exploring unconventional methods to overcome these computational obstacles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-inspired-by-the-human-brain">AI inspired by the human brain</h2>



Kyle Daruwalla identified that modern computing's high energy consumption is largely due to data movement. In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-neural-networks-learn-better-when-they-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial neural networks</a>, data frequently travels long distances, consuming substantial amounts of energy. 



This inefficiency motivated Daruwalla to seek inspiration from one of the most efficient computational systems known: the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neuromorphic-computing-where-ai-meets-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>. 



Unlike artificial systems, the human brain processes information with remarkable energy efficiency. Its neurons and synapses manage data locally, reducing the need for extensive data transfer. By studying these biological processes, Daruwalla developed a new method for AI algorithms to move and process data more efficiently. 



His approach mimics the brain's strategy, allowing individual AI "neurons" to receive feedback and adjust in real-time. This innovation not only addresses the issue of energy consumption but also enhances the responsiveness and learning capabilities of AI systems. 



"In our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-invent-computer-that-operates-just-like-the-human-brain/">brains</a>, our connections are changing and adjusting all the time," noted Daruwalla. "It's not like you pause everything, adjust, and then resume being you."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-working-memory-and-learning">Bridging working memory and learning</h2>



This innovative machine-learning model supports an unproven theory which links working memory with learning and academic performance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pupils-enlarge-dilate-when-working-memory-engaged-focused-on-task/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Working memory</a>, the cognitive system enabling us to stay on task while recalling stored knowledge, plays a crucial role in learning.



"There have been theories in neuroscience about how working memory circuits could facilitate learning. But there wasn't a concrete rule tying these concepts together until now. Adjusting each synapse individually required working memory alongside it," said Daruwalla.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-generation-of-ai">A new generation of AI</h2>



The innovative design could pioneer a new generation of AI that learns more like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-in-creativity-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a>, making the technology more efficient and accessible.



This development represents a significant step forward for neuroAI, a field where neuroscience has long provided valuable data to artificial intelligence methods like machine learning. Soon, it seems, AI may return the favor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-ai-design">Advantages of AI design</h2>



The new brain-inspired AI design offers several advantages. One major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neuromorphic-computing-where-ai-meets-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefit</a> is its increased energy efficiency, reducing operational costs and environmental impact. This makes AI applications more sustainable and accessible. 



The real-time adjustment capability enhances responsiveness, allowing AI systems to adapt quickly to new information and changing conditions, which is crucial for dynamic environments like autonomous vehicles or smart cities. 



This approach also improves the scalability of AI systems, as efficient data processing reduces the need for extensive computational resources. 



Furthermore, the model's ability to mimic human learning processes can lead to more intuitive and user-friendly AI interfaces, improving user experience and adoption rates. 



Enhanced learning capabilities enable AI to perform complex tasks with greater accuracy, which is particularly beneficial in fields requiring high precision, such as healthcare and finance.



Overall, these advantages position the new AI design as a transformative technology with broad applicability and significant impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-brain-inspired-ai">Potential of brain-inspired AI</h2>



The new brain-inspired AI design has a range of potential applications across various fields. In healthcare, it can enhance diagnostic tools, enabling more accurate and efficient data analysis for medical imaging and patient records. 



In education, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-writing-illustration-drastically-reduces-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI systems</a> can provide personalized learning experiences, adapting in real-time to students' needs and improving academic outcomes.



In robotics, the improved energy efficiency and real-time adjustments can lead to more autonomous and adaptive robots, capable of performing complex tasks with minimal human intervention. 



The technology can also benefit environmental monitoring by processing vast amounts of ecological data more efficiently, leading to better insights and quicker responses to environmental changes. 



Additionally, in finance, this AI model could improve algorithmic trading and risk assessment by quickly adapting to market fluctuations. Overall, this innovative AI approach opens up new possibilities for smarter, more responsive, and energy-efficient applications across diverse industries.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computational-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncom.2024.1240348/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience</a>.



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Can AI systems learn like the human brain?

Today's artificial intelligence (AI) reads, talks, and processes vast amounts...

Wood surfaces play a crucial role in the transmission of viruses, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.



Contaminated surfaces can pass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/">viruses</a> from person to person, raising the question: can certain surfaces naturally reduce this risk?



New research from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a> has found that wood possesses natural antiviral properties, which can decrease the duration viruses remain infectious on its surface.



Interestingly, some types of wood are more effective than others in reducing viral infectivity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wood-s-antiviral-properties">Wood's antiviral properties</h2>



Enveloped viruses, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-virus-can-remain-in-sperm-months-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronavirus</a>, can survive on surfaces for up to five days, while nonenveloped viruses, including those responsible for the common cold, can persist for weeks - even on disinfected surfaces.



Wood is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it a popular choice for cutting boards. However, its ability to inactivate viruses has not been thoroughly explored until now.



Researchers studied the antiviral effects of six types of wood: Scots pine, silver birch, gray alder, eucalyptus, pedunculate oak, and Norway spruce. 



They aimed to determine how long enveloped and nonenveloped viruses remained infectious on these surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-activity-on-wood-surfaces">Virus activity on wood surfaces</h2>



To assess viral activity, the researchers periodically flushed the wood surfaces with a liquid solution and introduced this solution to cultured cells in petri dishes. By measuring cell infection rates, they evaluated the antiviral efficacy of each wood type.



For enveloped coronavirus, pine, spruce, birch, and alder surfaces completely reduced the virus's infectivity within one hour. Eucalyptus and oak required two hours. Pine showed the fastest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antiviral</a> action, starting after just five minutes, followed by spruce, which significantly reduced infectivity within ten minutes.



In the case of non-enveloped enterovirus, oak and spruce surfaces rendered the virus noninfectious within approximately an hour, with oak acting in 7.5 minutes and spruce in 60 minutes. Pine, birch, and eucalyptus took four hours to reduce the virus's infectivity, while alder showed no antiviral effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-wood-s-chemical-composition">Role of wood's chemical composition</h2>



The researchers concluded that the chemical composition of a wood's surface is primarily responsible for its antiviral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-elevated-risk-of-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">properties</a>.



While further study is needed to pinpoint the exact chemical mechanisms, these findings highlight wood as a promising candidate for natural, sustainable antiviral materials.



This research opens up new possibilities for using wood in environments where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/virus-lifespan-and-transmission-boosted-by-high-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral transmission</a> is a concern, potentially leading to safer public spaces and homes.



As we continue to seek ways to combat viruses, wood's natural antiviral properties may offer an effective and eco-friendly solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-virus-activity-with-wood">Minimizing virus activity with wood</h2>



The discovery of wood's antiviral properties opens numerous applications across various sectors. In healthcare, wood can be used for furniture, hospital bed rails, and countertops to reduce viral spread in hospitals and clinics. 



In public spaces, incorporating wood in high-touch areas such as handrails, benches, and tables can enhance hygiene. Schools and daycare centers can use wood for desks and play areas, offering a safer environment for children. 



The food industry can benefit by using wooden cutting boards and surfaces, reducing the risk of viral contamination. Additionally, wood can be integrated into office spaces, gyms, and transportation hubs to promote healthier environments. 



This eco-friendly solution provides a sustainable alternative to chemical disinfectants, aligning with growing environmental concerns. 



As research advances, wood's antiviral properties might lead to innovative products and designs, significantly impacting how we manage viral transmission in our daily lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beneficial-properties-of-wood">Beneficial properties of wood</h2>



Wood boasts several beneficial properties beyond its antiviral capabilities. It is renowned for its antibacterial and antifungal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qualities</a>, making it a popular choice for kitchen utensils, cutting boards, and food storage containers. 



Wood is also a natural insulator, providing excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, which is ideal for building construction and interior design. 



Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes wood both durable and lightweight, suitable for a variety of structural applications. Additionally, wood has aesthetic appeal, offering a natural, warm, and timeless look that enhances interior spaces. 



It is a renewable resource, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to synthetic materials. Wood also has the ability to regulate humidity by absorbing and releasing moisture, contributing to healthier indoor air quality. 



Furthermore, wood can be easily shaped and modified, allowing for versatility in design and construction. These properties make wood a valuable material in numerous industries and applications.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.4c02156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces</a>. 



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Wood surfaces can naturally reduce virus transmission

Wood surfaces play a crucial role in the transmission of...

Human-caused mass extinctions can be prevented if we take action now, according to an international coalition of ecologists and conservationists.&nbsp;



In a new study published in the  journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2024.1349350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Science</a>, the experts identified crucial biodiversity hotspots that house rare wildlife and outlined an achievable plan to protect endangered species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-the-last-wilderness-areas-nbsp">Safeguarding the last wilderness areas&nbsp;</h2>



Incorporating these “Conservation Imperatives" into the 30 by 30 initiative, which aims to protect 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030, could safeguard the world's last wilderness areas and maintain essential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>.



The article, authored by representatives from 20 organizations including the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a> (UEA) in the UK, shows that preserving Earth's remaining biodiversity requires conserving just a small percentage of the planet's surface. 



This plan would help save the most endangered species from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-building-triggered-a-mass-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>, securing Earth’s wildlife for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-the-sixth-mass-extinction-nbsp">Preventing the sixth mass extinction&nbsp;</h2>



“Most species on Earth are rare, meaning that species either have very narrow ranges or they occur at very low densities or both,” said lead author Eric Dinerstein, a scientist at the NGO <a href="https://www.resolve.ngo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resolve</a>. 



“And rarity is very concentrated. In our study, zooming in on this rarity, we found that we need only about 1.2% of the Earth’s surface to head off the sixth great extinction of life on Earth.”



“There is a dwindling window of opportunity to protect what is left of the wild across Earth's ecoregions,” added co-author Carlos Peres, a professor of conservation ecology at UEA.&nbsp;



“Our analysis shows that setting aside a critical threshold of only 1.2% of all terrestrial areas - identified as nearly 17,000 sites - to ensure the persistence of endemic, threatened, and rare species is a financially viable proposition, but I'm afraid this viability will rapidly decline over time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remaining-habitats-for-rare-species">Remaining habitats for rare species</h2>



Between 2018 and 2023, an additional 1.2 million square kilometers of land were protected.&nbsp;



However, Dinerstein and his colleagues estimated that this expansion only included 0.11 million square kilometers with range-limited and threatened species. Effective planning for protected areas is essential to ensure resources are used effectively.



The scientists used six layers of global biodiversity data to map the entire world. By combining these layers with maps of existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-are-failing-to-safeguard-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected areas</a> and a fractional land cover analysis, they identified remaining habitats for rare and threatened species. 



This enabled them to pinpoint the most critical, currently unprotected biodiversity areas, termed Conservation Imperatives, which serve as a global blueprint for local-level conservation planning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-sites-to-prevent-mass-extinctions">Key sites to prevent mass extinctions</h2>



Protecting these 16,825 sites, covering approximately 164 million hectares, could prevent all predicted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-crisis-entire-branches-of-earths-tree-of-life-are-vanishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a>. 



Moreover, protecting the sites in the tropics alone could prevent most predicted extinctions. Some 38% of Conservation Imperatives are near already-protected areas, which could facilitate their integration into existing conservation zones.



“These sites are home to over 4,700 threatened species in some of the world's most biodiverse yet threatened ecosystems,” said co-author Andy Lee, a manager at Resolve.&nbsp;



“These include not only mammals and birds that rely on large intact habitats, like the tamaraw in the Philippines and the Celebes crested macaque in Sulawesi Indonesia, but also range-restricted amphibians and rare plant species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cost-of-avoiding-mass-extinctions">The cost of avoiding mass extinctions </h2>



The researchers estimated the cost of this protection using data from hundreds of land protection projects over 14 years, considering the type and amount of land and country-specific economic factors.&nbsp;



The figures are approximate, as various land purchase or long-term lease options might be suitable for protecting Conservation Imperatives.



Stakeholders worldwide, including indigenous peoples, communities with jurisdiction over Conservation Imperative sites, and other civil society members, will need to decide which options work best for them.



“Our analysis estimated that protecting the Conservation Imperatives in the tropics would cost approximately $34 billion per year over the next five years,” Lee said.&nbsp;



“This represents less than 0.2% of the United States' GDP, less than 9% of the annual subsidies benefiting the global fossil fuel industry, and a fraction of the revenue generated from the mining and agroforestry industries each year.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-earth-for-future-generations">Protecting Earth for future generations </h2>



Preserving wildlife is also crucial for addressing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a>. Biodiversity conservation means protecting Earth's forest cover, which acts as a carbon sink. 



By conserving carbon-rich, wildlife-rich forested regions, we protect both threatened species and humans. Securing Conservation Imperatives is only the first critical step in this effort, as further actions are needed to address issues like poaching.



“What will we bequeath to future generations? A healthy, vibrant Earth is critical for us to pass on. So we’ve got to get going. We’ve got to head off the extinction crisis. Conservation Imperatives drive us to do that,” Dinerstein concluded.



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Mass extinctions can be prevented by protecting key sites

Human-caused mass extinctions can be prevented if we take action...

The search for extraterrestrial life has captivated our imaginations for centuries.&nbsp;Now,&nbsp;a study from the University of California,&nbsp;Riverside (<a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCR</a>) suggests a tantalizing possibility:&nbsp;we may be able to detect alien activity and civilizations by identifying artificial greenhouse gases they use to terraform planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-terraforming">What is terraforming?</h2>



Terraforming, a concept popular in science fiction, involves transforming a planet's environment to make it hospitable for life as we know it. This process aims to alter various aspects of a planet to create conditions that are suitable for human habitation or for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-hellish-planet-venus-can-help-us-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth-like organisms</a> to thrive. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altering-the-atmosphere">Altering the atmosphere</h3>



One of the primary goals of terraforming is to modify the planet's atmosphere. This could mean increasing or decreasing the levels of certain gases to create a breathable environment. 



For instance, adding oxygen and reducing harmful gases like carbon dioxide or methane could make the air safe for humans. Another aspect could involve creating a stable climate by controlling greenhouse gases to regulate the planet's temperature.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-modification">Temperature modification</h3>



Adjusting the planet's temperature is crucial for making it habitable. This could involve warming a planet that is too cold or cooling one that is too hot. 



Techniques might include introducing greenhouse gases to trap heat and raise temperatures or installing reflective materials to reduce heat from the sun. The goal is to reach a temperature range where liquid water can exist, as water is essential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraterrestrial-life-moons-planets-detected-single-grain-ice-floating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surface-topography-changes">Surface topography changes</h3>



Terraforming may also involve altering the planet's surface topography. This could include creating bodies of water, such as lakes or oceans, and modifying landforms to support vegetation and human infrastructure. 



The addition of soil and nutrients to barren landscapes could enable the growth of plants, which in turn could help produce oxygen and stabilize the environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-suitable-conditions-for-life">Creating suitable conditions for life</h3>



The overarching aim of terraforming is to create conditions similar to those on Earth. This involves ensuring the right balance of atmospheric pressure, gravity, and radiation levels. 



By mimicking Earth's environment, terraformers hope to establish a stable ecosystem where humans and other Earth-like organisms can live and thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gases-signal-alien-activity">Gases signal alien activity</h2>



UCR astrobiologist Edward Schwieterman and his team have identified five specific greenhouse gases that could serve as technosignatures,&nbsp;or indicators of technological activity,&nbsp;on distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a> (planets outside our solar system).&nbsp;



These gases are fluorinated versions of methane,&nbsp;ethane,&nbsp;and propane,&nbsp;along with gases made of nitrogen and fluorine or sulfur and fluorine.&nbsp;They are primarily used in industrial processes on Earth,&nbsp;such as manufacturing computer chips.



"For us,&nbsp;these gases are bad because we don't want to increase warming.&nbsp;But they'd be good for a civilization that perhaps wanted to forestall an impending ice age or terraform an otherwise-uninhabitable planet in their system,&nbsp;as humans have proposed for Mars," explained Schwieterman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-planet-gases-indicate-alien-life">Why do planet gases indicate alien life?</h2>



These fluorinated gases offer several advantages as potential terraforming agents:



Potent greenhouse effect:&nbsp;They are incredibly effective at trapping heat,&nbsp;with some having thousands of times the warming power of carbon dioxide.&nbsp;This means a relatively small amount could significantly raise the temperature of a cold planet.



Longevity: The gases are remarkably long-lived, persisting in Earth-like atmospheres for tens of thousands of years. This reduces the need for frequent replenishment to maintain a habitable climate.



Ozone-friendly:&nbsp;Unlike some other proposed technosignature gases,&nbsp;like CFCs,&nbsp;these fluorinated gases are chemically inert and wouldn't harm the ozone layer,&nbsp;which is essential for protecting life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.



Detectable infrared signatures: The gases absorb infrared radiation, creating unique signatures that could be detected by space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope or future observatories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-alien-activity-and-planet-gases">Linking alien activity and planet gases</h2>



The researchers simulated a scenario in which these gases were present on a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system,&nbsp;located about 40 light-years away.&nbsp;TRAPPIST-1 is home to seven known rocky planets and is a prime target for studying exoplanetary atmospheres.&nbsp;



The simulations showed that even tiny concentrations of the gases - as little as one part per million - could be detectable with current or planned technology.



Schwieterman noted that searching for these technosignatures wouldn't require any additional effort if telescopes are already examining a planet's atmosphere for other reasons. 



"You wouldn't need extra effort to look for these technosignatures, if your telescope is already characterizing the planet for other reasons," he said. "And it would be jaw-droppingly amazing to find them."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-the-search-for-alien-life">New era in the search for alien life</h2>



This research not only opens up a novel avenue for detecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-alien-life-searching-for-color-purple-not-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial</a> intelligence but also highlights the remarkable capabilities of our current and future telescopes.&nbsp;



"Our thought experiment shows how powerful our next-generation telescopes will be. We are the first generation in history that has the technology to systematically look for life and intelligence in our galactic neighborhood," said Daniel Angerhausen, a collaborator from the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a>.



While the odds of finding these technosignatures in the near future remain uncertain,&nbsp;the possibility of detecting alien <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extremophiles-and-the-quest-for-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">civilizations</a> through their planetary engineering efforts is both exciting and thought-provoking.&nbsp;



As our technology advances,&nbsp;we may be on the cusp of answering one of humanity's most profound questions:&nbsp;Are we alone in the universe?



The study is published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4ce8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Greenhouse gases can help detect alien life on distant planets

The search for extraterrestrial life has captivated our imaginations for...

A recent study reveals unexpected effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on early language development in infants.



The researchers found that infants exposed to cannabis in the womb showed improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-to-babies-in-parentese-boosts-their-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language development</a> by their first birthday.



This discovery highlights an intriguing aspect of early childhood neurodevelopment, though experts caution against cannabis use during pregnancy due to known risks and unknown long-term effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-use-among-parents">Cannabis use among parents</h2>



Cannabis use during pregnancy has become a topic of concern as its prevalence rises. Common reasons for prenatal cannabis use include alleviating morning sickness, anxiety, and chronic pain. 



Despite these potential benefits, medical experts strongly advise against cannabis use during pregnancy due to various health risks, such as low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-exposure-during-pregnancy-significantly-reduces-birth-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birth weight</a>, premature birth, and developmental issues, including attention deficit/hyperactivity problems.



Awareness about these risks varies. Many users believe cannabis is a natural remedy and safer than pharmaceuticals, leading to its continued use. 



Public health campaigns aim to increase awareness about the dangers of prenatal cannabis use to infants, but misinformation and varying state laws complicate these efforts. 



Medical professionals continue to stress the importance of avoiding cannabis during pregnancy to ensure the health and safety of the developing fetus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prenatal-cannabis-and-infant-development">Prenatal cannabis and infant development</h2>



A research team from the <a href="https://www.avera.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Avera Research Institute</a> in South Dakota aimed to understand the impact of prenatal cannabis exposure on infants. They recruited 207 pregnant individuals and their 12-month-old infants from The Safe Passage Study, a large prospective study conducted from 2007 to 2015.



"With cannabis legalization on a steady rise, the prevalence of prenatal cannabis use has increased drastically. The incidence of use by pregnant individuals has increased from 3.4 percent in 2002 to 7 percent in 2017 with a large spike coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic to 25 percent," noted the researchers.



Using the Mullen Scale of Early Learning, which assesses <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabinol-could-be-key-to-preventing-brain-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> development in children, the experts evaluated the infants' gross motor skills, fine motor skills, expressive language, receptive language, and visual reception. Higher scores on this scale indicate more comprehensive development.



Prenatal cannabis exposure data were collected through self-reporting, with participants categorized based on early (first trimester) or late (second or third trimester) exposure, and compared with unexposed participants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-gains-in-cannabis-exposed-infants">Language gains in cannabis-exposed infants</h2>



Surprisingly, infants exposed to cannabis later in pregnancy scored higher in both expressive and receptive language areas compared to those who were not exposed. 



Infants exposed early in pregnancy exhibited better gross motor skills, though there were no differences in fine motor skills and visual reception.



“Preclinical studies have shown abnormal brain connectivity in offspring exposed to cannabis affecting emotional regulation, hyperactivity, and language development. Results from this study link [prenatal cannabis exposure] to altered early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mothers-mood-influences-newborn-language-development/">language development</a> within the first year of life," the authors noted.



"Exposed infants demonstrated increased expressive and receptive language scores at 12 months of age, which can translate to better performance in school. However, further research is needed to determine the implications of these results later in childhood.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-risks">Limitations and risks</h2>



Despite these surprising findings, the study has limitations. The data on cannabis use were self-reported, lacking details on frequency, mode, and quantity of use. Additionally, the study did not account for potential postnatal cannabis exposure.



Compounds like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can cross the placenta and impact fetal brain development. Medical organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, recommend avoiding cannabis during pregnancy based on a broad review of available evidence on infant health.



Given these concerns, pregnant women should avoid cannabis to protect their child's overall health and development. The potential benefits observed in one aspect of development do not outweigh the known and unknown risks associated with prenatal cannabis exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-risks-to-infants">Additional risks to infants</h2>



Studies have also linked prenatal cannabis exposure to developmental issues, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities. THC can impair fetal brain development, potentially causing long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. 



Additionally, infants exposed to cannabis in the womb may face increased risks of respiratory problems and weakened immune systems. Experts stress that the potential harms outweigh any perceived benefits, urging pregnant women to avoid cannabis to protect their infants' health and development.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1290707/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Pediatrics</a>.



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Prenatal cannabis exposure has unexpected effects on infant language

A recent study reveals unexpected effects of prenatal cannabis exposure...

We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense that guides us through decisions and challenges. But what if that gut feeling isn't just intuition? What if it's a direct line to your mental resilience and stress management?



Recent research from the UCLA <a href="https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/medicine/gastro/microbiome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center</a> suggests a fascinating link between the health of our gut bacteria and our ability to cope with stress. 



It seems the microorganisms residing in our digestive system may play a significant role in our mental well-being, offering a whole new perspective on stress management and resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-brain-connection">Gut-brain connection</h2>



The gut-brain connection isn't a new concept. We know our gut sends signals to our brain about hunger, satiety, and even cravings. But this latest study suggests a more profound relationship, one that delves into the realms of our emotional and mental health.



The researchers examined over 100 adults without mental health conditions, assessing their resilience levels through surveys and MRI scans. They also analyzed stool samples to get a snapshot of each participant's gut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiome</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbiome-and-stress">Gut microbiome and stress</h2>



The results were intriguing. Individuals with higher resilience scores, meaning they were better equipped to handle stress and adversity, also had healthier gut microbiomes. 



Their gut bacteria produced chemicals linked to lower inflammation and a stronger gut barrier, essential for absorbing nutrients and blocking toxins.



"Resilience truly is a whole-body phenomenon that not only affects your brain but also your microbiome and what metabolites that it is producing," noted study senior author Dr. Arpana Gupta.



The researchers believe this connection stems from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the two. A healthy gut can positively influence brain function, while stress and negative emotions can disrupt the gut microbiome, creating a vicious cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-mental-health-care">Personalized mental health care</h2>



This research opens up exciting possibilities for personalized mental health care. By understanding the specific gut bacteria associated with resilience, we could potentially develop targeted interventions to boost mental well-being.



"We have this whole community of microbes in our gut that exudes these therapeutic properties and biochemicals, so I'm looking forward to building upon this research," said Dr. Desiree Delgadillo, a study author.



Imagine a future where personalized probiotics or dietary interventions could enhance our resilience and help us better cope with stress. It's a tantalizing prospect, one that could revolutionize how we approach mental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-stress-free-mind-and-gut">Building a stress-free mind and gut</h2>



While this study specifically examined individuals without diagnosed mental health conditions, the findings have broader significance. They emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to mental well-being that encompasses both psychological and physical health. 



This research suggests that maintaining a healthy gut microbiome through a balanced diet, effective stress management <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">techniques</a>, and possibly personalized probiotics could be essential components in enhancing resilience and improving mental health overall. 



It serves as a reminder that the gut's role extends beyond digestion, playing a crucial role in our overall health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-the-gut-microbiome">Improving the gut microbiome</h2>



Improving your gut microbiome involves incorporating diverse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fiber</a>-rich foods into your diet. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. 



Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi introduce probiotics, which are good bacteria that aid digestion and boost immunity. Limit processed foods and high-sugar items, as they can harm your gut flora. 



Staying hydrated and managing stress also support a healthy gut. Regular exercise promotes digestive health by increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial diversity</a>. Consider taking a high-quality probiotic supplement, but consult a healthcare professional first to find the best option for you.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



As with any remarkable research, there are limitations. The study didn't include participants with mental health conditions, and further research is needed to confirm the findings in a broader population.



However, the potential of this research is undeniable. It sheds light on a previously underestimated aspect of our mental health and opens up new avenues for exploration and intervention.



"If we can identify what a healthy resilient brain and microbiome look like, then we can develop targeted interventions to those areas to reduce stress," noted Dr. Gupta.



The journey to understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilience-is-surprisingly-linked-to-gut-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut-brain connection</a> is ongoing, but one thing is clear: our gut feeling might be more than just a feeling. It could be a reflection of our mental resilience, a hidden strength waiting to be harnessed.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00266-6.epdf?sharing_token=d7tnr1iH4wYyb9klreuBRtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0O3gE_rnHYKQBao0SogNg-0qklrgPyZtDg8CO775Mle9BpWbQLlf50Xl_waLYmNIMA_0OQP46z5W2iLZ9pS04zfOCqGVlmntaLiE78jhiSbJvxz5v0l6wFELHLU7ObTPnq9oCSd3UZ11Qvbp5Bk6p6Vz195ae7okFEwqz3vGz4QeyZKxguB8JHZG4edTBNkKttUMNL_xWVUCAurRwDMBxTYrYkEHyFMuYIuc1jRgQ_owSEHCWK05omJW8_vplR8Uw0773IHwvw-rp62pX8XWJGYH3WOuf8R8xHZvc4ryIZ-iA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.npr.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Mental Health</a>.



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Gut bacteria may be a secret weapon against stress

We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense...

Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the universe, where the building blocks of stars are only visible in wavelengths beyond the human eye's reach. 



Recently, astronomers made an unexpected discovery using two powerful telescopes, revealing twin disks and jets erupting from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-origins-of-young-star-clusters-traced-to-three-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young stars</a> in a multiple star system.



This discovery - notable for the age, size, and chemical makeup of the stars, disks, and jets - is particularly thrilling due to its location in a well-studied part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-twin-stars">What are twin stars?</h2>



Twin stars, also known as binary stars, are two stars that orbit around a common center of mass. This system is bound by their mutual gravitational attraction. Binary star systems can vary widely in their characteristics, with the stars differing in size, brightness, and distance from each other. 



There are several types of binary stars, including visual binaries, where the two stars can be seen separately through a telescope, and spectroscopic binaries, where the stars are too close to be distinguished visually but can be identified through their spectral lines.



These systems are important in astronomy because they allow scientists to calculate stellar masses, which are crucial for understanding star formation and evolution.



Additionally, the study of binary stars provides insights into the dynamics of stellar interactions and the processes leading to phenomena such as supernovae or the formation of neutron stars and black holes. Twin stars thus play a vital role in advancing our knowledge of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-twin-star-discovery">Twin star discovery</h2>



In this remarkable research, astronomers utilized the U.S. <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>'s Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>) and NASA's James Webb Space Telescope’s (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). These telescopes observe different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.



Combining their observations allowed the discovery of twin stars hidden in radio and infrared wavelengths within WL20. This star system is located in the nearby rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud complex, over 400 light-years away from Earth.



"What we discovered was absolutely wild," said astronomer Mary Barsony. "We've known about star system WL20 for a long time. But what caught our attention is that one of the stars in the system appeared much younger than the rest." 



"Using MIRI and ALMA together, we actually saw that this one star was two stars right next to each other. Each of these stars was surrounded by a disk, and each disk was emitting jets parallel to the other."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disks-and-jets-uncovered">Disks and jets uncovered</h2>



ALMA detected the disks, while MIRI revealed the jets. Study co-author Valentin J.M. Le Gouellec of NASA-ARC retrieved and analyzed ALMA archival data, revealing the disks' composition.



ALMA's high-resolution observations of the disks surrounding the newly observed twin stars revealed their structure.



Lukasz Tychoniec of Leiden Observatory provided high-resolution images, showing the disks' massive size - approximately 100 times the distance between Earth and the Sun.



Martijn L. van Gelder provided additional resources to process the data collected by MIRI, uncovering the chemical makeup of the jets.



"So if it weren’t for MIRI, we wouldn’t even know that these jets existed, which is amazing," said Barsony.



"Someone looking at this ALMA data not knowing there were twin jets would think, oh, it’s a large edge-on disk with a central hole, instead of two edge-on disks and two jets. That’s pretty remarkable."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fortunate-accident">A fortunate accident</h2>



Another remarkable aspect of this discovery is the chance it had to occur. "A lot of the research about binary protostars focuses on a few nearby star-forming regions," said Michael Ressler, a scientist from JPL.



"I had been awarded some observing time with JWST and decided to study binaries in the Perseus star-forming region."



"However, I had been studying WL20, which is in the rho Ophiuchus region in nearly the opposite part of the sky, for nearly 30 years, and I thought, ‘why not sneak it in? I’m never going to get another chance, even if it doesn’t quite fit with the others.’ We had a very fortunate accident with what we found, and the results are stunning."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-star-formation">New insights into star formation</h2>



While twin stars are not a new phenomenon, the recent discovery of twin disks and jets in the young star system WL20 is unique. It reveals unprecedented details about the formation processes of such systems. 



This discovery is significant because it involves observing the early stages of star formation with high-resolution data, showing parallel disks and jets.



By combining multi-wavelength data from ALMA and JWST, these new findings illuminate the complex processes involved in the formation of multiple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star systems</a>.



The astronomers plan to utilize ALMA’s future upgraded capabilities, such as the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade, to continue unraveling the mysteries surrounding the birth of stars and planetary systems.



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Wild discovery: Twin stars with parallel disks and jets

Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the...

Bees, the unsung heroes of our agricultural systems, are facing a dietary crisis. As critical pollinators, they keep our food supply buzzing, but human-caused changes to the environment have left them with limited and often unhealthy foraging options. A new study is shedding light on the specific nutritional needs of bees and the plants that can provide them with a well-rounded diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buzz-on-bee-nutrition">Buzz on bee nutrition</h2>



Bees, like humans, require a balanced diet to thrive. While they get their energy from nectar, pollen is their primary source of proteins, lipids, and other essential nutrients. But not all pollen is created equal.



"Despite public interest and a rise in pollinator plantings, little is known about which plant species are best suited for bee health," said Dr. Sandra Rehan of <a href="https://www.yorku.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York University</a>, the senior author of the study.



The research team, led by Dr. Rehan, analyzed the nutritional value of pollen from 57 plant species commonly found in North America. They focused on two key components of bee nutrition: non-esterified fatty acids (like omega-6 and omega-3) and essential amino acids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuel-from-plants-for-bee-health">Fuel from plants for bee health</h2>



Fatty acids play a vital role in the overall health and well-being of bees. These essential nutrients are the building blocks of cell membranes, contributing to a robust immune system that protects bees from diseases and parasites. 



Additionally, fatty acids act as an energy source, fueling bees' activities and extending their lifespan. However, maintaining the right balance of fatty acids is crucial. An imbalance can disrupt various physiological processes in bees.



For instance, insufficient levels of omega-3 fatty acids can impair bees' cognitive functions, affecting their ability to learn, navigate, and communicate effectively. 



Conversely, excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids can trigger inflammation and oxidative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a>, leading to various health problems and potentially shortening their lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amino-acids-the-building-blocks-of-bee-life">Amino acids: The building blocks of bee life</h2>



Essential amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, which are essential for various physiological processes in bees. 



In the realm of cognitive function, these amino acids support the development and maintenance of the nervous system, facilitating learning, memory, and decision-making abilities in bees. 



Additionally, they play a crucial role in reproduction, contributing to the production of eggs and sperm, as well as the overall development of bee larvae.



However, while essential amino acids are vital, overconsumption can have negative consequences. An excess of these amino acids can create an environment within the bee's body that is more favorable to parasites. 



This can increase the susceptibility of bees to parasitic infections, potentially leading to health issues and decreased overall fitness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-diet-from-plants-is-key">Diverse diet from plants is key</h2>



The study found that no single plant species provides the optimal balance of nutrients for bees. Instead, bees need to forage from a variety of plants to get the right mix of fatty acids and amino acids.



"There is a potential tradeoff between fatty acid and amino acid content within pollen, suggesting that a diverse floral diet may benefit bees more than a single pollen source," explained Dr. Rehan. "No one plant species is optimal for generalist wild bee health."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-best-plants-for-bees">Best plants for bees</h2>



While variety is important, the study did identify several plant families that are particularly nutritious for bees. These include roses, clovers, red raspberry, and tall buttercup.



"Based on their ideal protein to lipid ratios for wild bee nutrition, we recommend that pollen species from roses, clovers, red raspberry, and tall buttercup should be emphasized in wildflower restoration projects," said Dr. Rehan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



This research has important implications for bee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts. By understanding the specific nutritional needs of bees, we can create more effective pollinator gardens and habitat restoration projects.



"We hope this work will help inform flowering plant selections for pollinator gardens," said Dr. Rehan.



The study also highlights the importance of preserving native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>. While the research found no significant nutritional difference between native and introduced plant species, maintaining a diverse array of native plants ensures that a wide range of bees, including specialist species, have access to the specific pollen they need.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-nutrition-and-plant-research">Bee nutrition and plant research</h2>



The study is just the beginning of our understanding of bee nutrition. With thousands of plant species yet to be analyzed, there is much more to learn about the complex relationship between bees and their floral food sources.



"We hope this will inspire future similar research as well as follow up studies on the preference and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-poses-a-challenge-to-the-survival-of-honey-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival of bees</a> on different diets," noted Dr. Rehan.



As we continue to explore the intricate world of bee nutrition, one thing is clear: a diverse and balanced diet is essential for the health and well-being of these vital pollinators. 



By creating a smorgasbord of floral options, we can help ensure that bees continue to buzz, thrive, and play their crucial role in our ecosystems and food systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1411410" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</a>.



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Bees need a balanced diet from various plants for optimal health

Bees, the unsung heroes of our agricultural systems, are facing...

If lakes could talk, they'd probably be telling us they're not feeling so hot. A remarkable new study, the first of its kind, has revealed that nearly half of the world's major lakes are struggling to show resilience and bounce back from the stresses of modern life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-resilience-of-lakes-look-like">What does "resilience" of lakes look like?</h2>



Resilience&nbsp;in this context means the ability of a lake to recover from disturbances. Such disturbances can include pollution, temperature changes, and extreme weather events. A resilient lake can bounce back, maintaining its clarity, health, and ability to support life.



However, when we pour in too much pollution, it becomes difficult for the lake to maintain its health. Pollutants come from various sources like agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and untreated sewage. These contaminants can harm fish and plants, disrupt the ecosystem, and degrade water quality.



Next, consider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change. As the planet warms, so do our lakes. Increased temperatures can lead to more algal blooms, which deplete oxygen and can be toxic to aquatic life. Warmer water also holds less oxygen, further stressing the lake's inhabitants.



Lastly, extreme weather events like heavy rains, storms, and droughts can overwhelm even the most resilient lakes. Heavy rains wash in more pollutants, while droughts lower water levels, concentrating harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-overlooked-component-eutrophication-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substances</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-lakes-have-greater-resilience">Some lakes have greater resilience</h2>



Densely populated areas,&nbsp;particularly in eastern North America and northern Europe,&nbsp;are seeing the worst of it.&nbsp;Think of it as a lake's version of city stress - too many people,&nbsp;too much waste,&nbsp;and not enough room to breathe.



But it's not all doom and gloom.&nbsp;The study also found some glimmers of hope.&nbsp;Some high-altitude lakes, which receive increased flow from melting glaciers, are showing greater resilience. 



Despite the challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-tsunamis-are-an-emerging-climate-linked-hazard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, these lakes are adapting and improving their ability to recover from disturbances. This finding highlights nature's remarkable capacity to adjust and thrive even in changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-lakes-are-approaching-a-tipping-point">Many lakes are approaching a tipping point </h2>



The research didn't just look at a single snapshot in time.&nbsp;They tracked lake health over nearly two decades,&nbsp;from 2000 to 2018.&nbsp;And what they found was a bit of a rollercoaster ride.



In the early 2000s,&nbsp;things seemed somewhat balanced.&nbsp;Roughly the same number of lakes were gaining resilience as losing it.&nbsp;But by the late 2010s,&nbsp;things took a turn for the worse.&nbsp;More lakes were losing resilience than gaining it,&nbsp;a trend particularly pronounced in those densely populated areas we mentioned earlier.



“While we anticipated that human activities would significantly impact lake resilience, the extent of resilience decline - nearly half of the studied lakes - was alarming,” said Ke Zhang, the lead author of the study.



This rapid decline has scientists worried that many lakes might be approaching a tipping point.&nbsp;Once they cross that threshold,&nbsp;there might be no turning back.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wealthier-regions-healthier-lakes">Wealthier regions, healthier lakes</h2>



Interestingly, the study also found a connection between a country's wealth and the health of its lakes. Wealthier regions tended to have more resilient lakes, likely because they invest more in conservation efforts and environmental protection measures. 



This underscores that safeguarding our environment often requires substantial financial resources. However, the study suggests that the expense of implementing these protective measures is justified, as the long-term cost of neglecting environmental protection could be much higher. 



This highlights the importance of investing in environmental sustainability to ensure the resilience and health of natural ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action-for-our-lakes">A call to action for our lakes </h2>



This study is more than just a collection of alarming statistics.&nbsp;It's a wake-up call,&nbsp;a reminder that our lakes are not just pretty scenery – they're vital ecosystems that support countless species,&nbsp;including our own.



“This trend is concerning and underscores the urgent need for effective management and restoration efforts to mitigate these impacts,” Zhang said.



But there's hope. By understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factors</a> that influence lake resilience, we can develop effective strategies to protect these vital resources. 



This finding serves as a call to action for governments, scientists, and everyday citizens to collaborate in safeguarding our lakes. Collective efforts can ensure that our lakes remain vibrant and healthy for future generations. 



Such efforts might include stricter pollution controls, habitat restoration projects, and community-led conservation initiatives. By working together, we can make significant progress in maintaining the resilience and health of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential ecosystems</a>.



After all,&nbsp;a world without healthy lakes is like a life without laughter - a little less vibrant,&nbsp;a little less alive.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Half of the world's largest lakes are losing their resilience

If lakes could talk, they'd probably be telling us they're...

Giant lizards known as heath goannas could potentially save Australian sheep farmers millions each year by controlling blowfly populations.



A recent study from the <a href="https://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> reveals that heath goannas, a species of scavenging lizards, serve as natural cleanup crews by removing maggot-infested carcasses from the environment.



This activity significantly reduces the number of blowflies, which are known to lay eggs on sheep, leading to the costly and devastating disease known as 'fly strike.'



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



"Human-induced environmental change has caused widespread loss of species that support important functions for ecosystems and society," noted the study authors.



"For example, vertebrate scavengers contribute to the functional health of ecosystems and provide services to agricultural landscapes by removing carcasses and associated pests." 



"Widespread extirpation of native Australian mammals since the arrival of Europeans in Australia has removed many scavenging species from landscapes, while scavenging mammals such as European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been introduced."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heath-goannas-vs-european-invaders">Heath goannas vs. European invaders </h2>



The study was conducted at 18 sites across the Marna Banggara Rewilding Project area on Australia's southern Yorke Peninsula. 



The results highlight the effectiveness of heath goannas in controlling blowfly populations compared to introduced European species.



“We found that Australia’s native scavengers like heath goannas are much more effective in removing blowflies from the landscape than invasive scavengers like European foxes and cats," said Tom Jameson, a PhD researcher in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology.



The impact of blowflies on sheep farming is severe, costing the industry an estimated $280 million annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-fly-strike">What is fly strike?</h2>



Fly strike, also known as myiasis, is a condition where flies lay their eggs on an animal's skin or in wounds. When these eggs hatch, the larvae (maggots) burrow into the skin, feeding on the animal's tissue. This can cause severe irritation, pain, and secondary infections. 



Fly strike is particularly common in sheep and rabbits, but it can affect any animal with open wounds or soiled fur. Warm, humid conditions and poor hygiene increase the risk. 



When blowfly maggots burrow into sheep, in particular, the results include painful wounds, decreased market value, reduced breeding success, and often death.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavenging-activities-of-various-species">Scavenging activities of various species</h2>



Jameson's research involved comparing the scavenging activities of various animals in southern Australia.



Hundreds of dead rats were placed at feeding stations equipped with camera traps. After five days, the remaining carcasses were examined for blowfly maggots. 



The footage revealed that native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scavengers-clean-up-wetlands-and-boost-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> consumed more carcasses and maggots than their European counterparts.



“It was disgusting – we were counting maggots. After five days we’d find over 1,000 maggots in one rat if a scavenger hadn’t found it. Those maggots produce blowflies that can spread up to 20 kilometers in a week, putting local sheep flocks at risk of fly strike,” noted Jameson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heath-goannas-and-ecosystem-restoration">Heath goannas and ecosystem restoration</h2>



The study underscores the importance of boosting populations of native large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a> like heath goannas for ecosystem restoration.



“The results suggest that conservation work in southern Australia to remove <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-have-racked-up-390-billion-bill-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> should also focus on boosting the population of heath goannas and other native species because they’re really important for the wider ecosystem,” said Jameson.



Besides benefiting native wildlife, this approach could provide significant advantages for the agricultural industry and attract more wildlife tourism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heath-goannas-nbsp">More about heath goannas&nbsp;</h2>



The heath goanna, also known as the Rosenberg's monitor, is a species of monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-lizards-have-evolved-to-resist-deadly-snake-venom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizard</a> found in southern Australia. It primarily inhabits heathlands, woodlands, and grasslands, often preferring sandy or rocky areas where it can dig burrows. 



This reptile is known for its distinctive appearance, featuring a long neck, a robust body, and a powerful tail, which it uses for balance and defense.&nbsp;



Heath goannas are carnivorous, feeding on a variety of prey, including insects, small mammals, birds, and other reptiles. They are also known to scavenge carrion.&nbsp;



Active during the day, these lizards are skilled hunters and climbers, using their sharp claws and strong limbs to navigate their environment. Reproduction involves laying eggs, which are typically deposited in burrows or other protected sites.&nbsp;



Heath goannas are currently endangered. As one of Australia's largest remaining native scavengers, conserving them is crucial for ecosystem health and local agriculture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11535" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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How lizards are saving Australian sheep farms

Giant lizards known as heath goannas could potentially save Australian...

We've all seen the surreal footage of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/five-new-hydrothermal-vents-discovered-in-the-pacific-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrothermal vents</a> on the frigid ocean floor, spewing black plumes of super-hot water and teeming with life.



A new study suggests that lower-temperature vents, common across Earth's seafloor, may create life-supporting conditions on "ocean worlds" in our solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-ocean-worlds">What are ocean worlds?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean worlds</a> are planets and moons that have, or had, liquid oceans. Often, these oceans lie beneath an icy shell or within their rocky interiors.



In our solar system, several of Jupiter's and Saturn's moons are ocean worlds. Their existence has inspired academic studies, spacecraft missions, and even popular movies like The Europa Report.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-and-hydrothermal-circulation">Heat and hydrothermal circulation</h2>



Research suggests that some ocean worlds generate enough internal heat to drive hydrothermal circulation under their seafloors. This heat is produced by radioactive decay and tidal forces.



On Earth's seafloor, hydrothermal systems were discovered in the 1970s, revealing ecosystems around vents that discharge heat, particles, and chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-hydrothermal-life-on-earth">Simulating hydrothermal life on Earth</h2>



In this new study, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> used a complex computer model based on Earth's hydrothermal circulation.



By altering variables such as gravity, heat, rock properties, and fluid-circulation depth, they found that hydrothermal vents could be sustained under a wide range of conditions. 



If these flows occur on ocean worlds like Jupiter’s moon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-jupiter-moon-europa-deep-ocean-shifting-icy-shell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa</a>, the chances of life existing there increase.



"This study suggests that low temperature hydrothermal systems could have been sustained on ocean worlds beyond Earth over timescales comparable to that required for life to take hold on Earth," said Andrew Fisher, the study's lead author and a distinguished professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-cooling-system">Earth's cooling system</h2>



The seawater-circulation system that the team modeled is based on a 3.5 million-year-old seafloor in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. 



There, cool bottom water flows through an extinct volcano, travels underground for about 30 miles, and emerges warmer with different chemistry. 



"The water gathers heat as it flows and comes out warmer than when it flowed in, and with very different chemistry," explained PhD candidate Kristin Dickerson, the second author of the paper.



This flow is driven by buoyancy, as water becomes less dense when heated and more dense when cooled



The system, termed a "hydrothermal siphon," continues as long as heat is supplied and the rock allows fluid circulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-life-on-ocean-worlds">Potential for life on ocean worlds</h2>



High-temperature vent systems on Earth are driven mainly by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-may-have-far-more-volcanic-activity-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but a larger volume of fluid flows at lower temperatures, driven by Earth's "background" cooling.



This low-temperature venting discharges as much water as all the rivers and streams on Earth combined, accounting for about a quarter of Earth's heat loss.



Previous studies of hydrothermal circulation on Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus focused on high-temperature fluids. 



However, lower-temperature flows are just as likely. "Lower-temperature flows are at least as likely to occur, if not more likely," noted study co-author Donna Blackman, an EPS researcher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity-of-hydrothermal-systems">Longevity of hydrothermal systems</h2>



One exciting result from the computer simulations showed that under very low gravity - like that on Enceladus - circulation can continue with low to moderate temperatures for millions or billions of years.



This finding helps explain how small ocean worlds can have long-lived fluid-circulation systems below their seafloors, even with limited heating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-hydrothermal-research">The future of hydrothermal research</h2>



Planetary scientists are looking to satellite mission observations to determine the conditions on ocean worlds. The authors of the study plan to attend the launch of the Europa Clipper spacecraft later this fall, a mission aimed at exploring these fascinating environments.



Directly observing the seafloors of ocean worlds for active hydrothermal systems remains challenging due to their distance from Earth and physical characteristics. Thus, it is essential to maximize available data, much of it collected remotely, and leverage decades of detailed studies of Earth's analog systems.



This study opens new possibilities for understanding life-supporting conditions on other planets and moons, suggesting that the potential for life beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origin-of-life-on-earth-may-have-been-found-in-ancient-hot-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> is greater than we once thought.



The study is published in the journal  <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JE008202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</a>.



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Hydrothermal vents could support life on Jupiter's moons

We've all seen the surreal footage of hydrothermal vents on...

Loneliness, a growing public health concern, has now been linked to a significantly increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-increases-the-risk-of-stroke-by-70-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of stroke</a> among older adults, according to a recent study.



This research underscores the critical need to address social isolation to prevent serious health outcomes, revealing that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-drops-in-middle-adulthood-but-then-grows-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic loneliness</a> plays a crucial role in stroke incidence.



Study lead author Yenee Soh is a research associate in the <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/social-and-behavioral-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences</a> at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.



"Loneliness is increasingly considered a major public health issue. Our findings further highlight why that is," said Soh.



"Especially when experienced chronically, our study suggests loneliness may play an important role in stroke incidence, which is already one of the leading causes of long-term disability and mortality worldwide."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), covering the period from 2006 to 2018.



Initially, 12,161 adults aged 50 and above who had never experienced a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-light-pollution-could-increase-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke</a> responded to questions on the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. 



The responses helped create summary scores. Four years later, 8,936 of the participants responded to the same questions again.



The experts categorized participants into four groups based on their loneliness scores over the two time points: "consistently low," "remitting," "recent onset," and "consistently high."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chronic-loneliness-and-stroke-risk">Chronic loneliness and stroke risk</h2>



Among those who provided loneliness data only at the baseline, 1,237 strokes occurred during the follow-up period (2006-2018). For those who provided two assessments, 601 strokes occurred during the follow-up period (2010-2018). 



The researchers controlled for other health and behavioral risk factors, including social isolation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-increases-the-risk-of-stroke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a>.



The study found a significant link between loneliness and increased stroke risk. Participants considered lonely at baseline had a 25% higher risk of stroke than those who were not considered lonely.



Those in the "consistently high" loneliness group had a 56% higher risk of stroke than those in the "consistently low" group. 



Interestingly, participants who experienced remitting or recent onset loneliness did not show a clear pattern of increased stroke risk, suggesting that the impact of social isolation on stroke risk is more profound over the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-chronic-loneliness">Implications of chronic loneliness</h2>



"Repeat assessments of loneliness may help identify those who are chronically lonely and are therefore at a higher risk for stroke. If we fail to address their feelings of loneliness, on a micro and macro scale, there could be profound health consequences," noted Soh. 



"Importantly, these interventions must specifically target loneliness, which is a subjective perception and should not be conflated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-and-social-isolation-increase-mortality-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social isolation</a>."



The study's authors call for further research to examine nuanced changes in loneliness over short and long periods. They emphasize the need to understand the potential underlying mechanisms and note that their findings may not be applicable to younger individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-chronic-loneliness">More about chronic loneliness </h2>



Chronic loneliness is a prolonged and persistent feeling of being alone or disconnected from others, even when surrounded by people. 



Unlike temporary loneliness, which everyone experiences occasionally, chronic loneliness is a more enduring state that can have significant negative impacts on both mental and physical health. It often arises from a lack of meaningful social connections and can lead to feelings of isolation, sadness, and a sense of not belonging.



This condition can stem from various factors, including life changes such as moving to a new place, loss of loved ones, social anxiety, or prolonged periods of solitude. 



Chronic loneliness is linked to increased risks of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It can also contribute to physical health problems, such as a weakened immune system, cardiovascular issues, and increased inflammation in the body.



People experiencing chronic loneliness may struggle with forming or maintaining relationships, often feeling misunderstood or disconnected even in social settings. This can create a cycle where loneliness leads to withdrawal from social interactions, which in turn exacerbates the feeling of isolation. 



Addressing chronic loneliness typically involves seeking support through therapy, engaging in social activities, building new relationships, and sometimes making lifestyle changes to foster a sense of community and belonging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00218-9/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EClinicalMedicine</a>.



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Chronic loneliness increases stroke risk in older adults

Loneliness, a growing public health concern, has now been linked...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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