The vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is the world’s rarest marine mammal, with fewer than 10 surviving in the wild. It faces grave challenges, from illegal fishing nets to black-market demand for totoaba swim bladders. 



Experts worry that this unique creature could disappear before most people even learn it exists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaquitas-a-species-in-peril">Vaquitas: A species in peril</h2>



<a href="https://seashepherd.org/2024/06/11/2024-vaquita-survey/#">Populations</a> of this small porpoise have plummeted at an astonishing rate since the late 1990s.



Vaquitas inhabit the northern Gulf of California, and are restricted to an area of roughly 1,500 square miles (3,900 square kilometers). This small region, combined with the pressures of organized poaching activity, has given vaquitas little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-lemurs-millions-of-years-of-diversity-at-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">room for recovery</a>. 



Jamie Knaub from Florida Atlantic University (<a href="https://www.fau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAU</a>) and her colleagues believe that drastic measures are necessary to preserve any record of these animals for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rescuing-a-rare-vaquita-skeleton">Rescuing a rare vaquita skeleton</h2>



A complete <a href="https://fox5sandiego.com/news/local-news/photos-san-diego-researchers-scan-rare-skeleton-of-worlds-smallest-endangered-porpoise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaquita skeleton</a> in the United States is hard to find. Such a specimen recently appeared at SeaWorld San Diego, with ties to the San Diego Natural History Museum.&nbsp;



“We are delighted to collaborate with likeminded organizations to make our collections as useful and accessible as possible,” said Phil Unitt, curator of birds and mammals at the San Diego Natural History Museum.&nbsp;



“A complete skeleton of a vaquita is an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/public-concern-over-species-extinctions-fades-quickly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extremely rare specimen</a>, so we’re thrilled to learn its replica will be available to the public.”



<a href="https://www.fau.edu/newsdesk/articles/fau-high-school-opens-one-of-a-kind-owls-imaging-lab.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAU’s High School Owls Imaging Lab</a> carried out micro-CT scans on the skeleton. Knaub transported it back to Florida as precious carry-on luggage.&nbsp;



She spent 165 hours conducting high-resolution scans, gathering nearly three terabytes of data. When finished, Knaub carefully returned the vaquita remains to SeaWorld.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-hopes-for-the-tiniest-porpoise">High hopes for the tiniest porpoise</h2>



Researchers are eager to share 3D scans of this delicate skeleton on the <a href="https://www.morphosource.org/docs/about" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MorphoSource</a> online repository. The goal is to let educators and researchers worldwide access and learn from the files.&nbsp;



With vaquitas vanishing at a high rate, preserving their anatomy through digital replicas could be the only way to keep them on the radar.&nbsp;



“At the rate that vaquita’s are disappearing, it’s extremely important to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-failing-the-worlds-most-threatened-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserve</a> as much about this species as we can. They are very elusive and not many physical specimens from this species exist,” said Knaub.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-replication-efforts">Education and replication efforts</h2>



The experts hope that these skeleton scans, once turned into models, can be placed in museums or classrooms. Brittany Aja Dolan from SeaWorld San Diego, who pushed this plan forward, wants everyone to see the small porpoise up close.&nbsp;



“We hope that by creating replicas, which will be available worldwide, and hopefully on display at SeaWorld San Diego in the near future, everyone will have the opportunity to learn about the world’s most endangered marine mammal and what we can all do to help,” explained Dolan.



Some genetic <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm1742" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> suggests the surviving vaquitas retain enough diversity to bounce back if threats cease. However, rapid action is crucial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-vaquita-data-for-future-research">Preserving vaquita data for future research</h2>



FAU’s advanced imaging technology captured the skeleton’s intricate details. 



The lab’s <a href="https://www.microphotonics.com/what-is-micro-ct-an-introduction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micro-CT machine</a> is known for its ability to scan minute structures within skeletal fragments. Knaub, along with her mentors, previously used similar equipment to study thresher shark vertebrae, a study that is published in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231473" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.&nbsp;



The same techniques have now preserved the precise shape of each vaquita bone, thus mapping out a piece of history that might soon be gone if illegal nets continue to harm the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-unique-laboratory-environment">A unique laboratory environment</h2>



FAU’s Owls Imaging Lab attracts student researchers from across various disciplines. This facility contains tools like scanning electron microscopes and microtomes, and offers early exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-level projects</a>.&nbsp;



“The primary aim of our open-access research hub is to create a dynamic environment that promotes meaningful collaborations between our students and university mentors," said Tricia Meredith, director of research for FAU’s on-site lab schools.



"By providing opportunities for hands-on teaching, innovative demonstrations, experimentation, and robust data collection, the hub seeks to enhance the educational experience and advance research excellence.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-the-brink">Looking beyond the brink</h2>



Those involved in the vaquita project see it as a chance to save the species in some form, even if the real animals fade away. There is also motivation to rescue any remaining individuals in the Gulf of California.&nbsp;



Organizations like FAU, SeaWorld San Diego, and the San Diego Natural History Museum keep shining a light on this small porpoise, stressing that the vaquita’s future rests on determined human intervention.&nbsp;



Until effective solutions disrupt the illegal fishing trade, digital scans and educational displays might be the closest many of us will ever come to encountering the vaquita in real life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://phys.org/journals/royal-society-open-science/">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Vaquitas may disappear before most people know they exist

The vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is the world’s rarest marine mammal, with fewer than 10 surviving in the wild. It faces grave challenges, from illegal fishing nets to black-market demand for totoaba swim bladders. Experts worry that this unique creature could disappear before most people even learn it exists. Vaquitas: A species in peril Populations of this small porpoise have plummeted at an astonishing rate since the late 1990s. Vaquitas inhabit the northern Gulf of California, and are restricted to an area of roughly 1,500 square miles (3,900...

Music has a wonderful way of capturing our hearts, minds, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-can-synchronize-the-heartbeats-of-the-audience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a>, telling stories and expressing ideas through rhythms and melodies. And while we may not think about it, the songs and tunes we hum along to have changed drastically throughout the years.



Recent research presents compelling evidence that the complexity of popular song melodies has been on the decline since 1950.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-song-melodies-in-popular-music">Song melodies in popular music</h2>



In an extensive study, researchers delved deep into the rhythmic and pitch characteristics of the most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-popular-songs-and-movies-shape-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">popular songs</a> in America from 1950 to 2022, as determined by the Billboard year-end singles charts.



Across this wide expanse of time, the complexity of song rhythms and pitch arrangements appeared to decrease, even as the average number of notes played per second increased.&nbsp;



Interestingly, the researchers pinpointed two major dips in melodic complexity that occurred in 1975 and 2000, with a slightly lesser decrease in 1996.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-song-melodies-and-genre-shifts">Changes in song melodies and genre shifts</h2>



The study hints at a possibility that these significant changes in 1975 might be associated with the emergence of new&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-evolution-of-song-lyrics-less-complexity-and-more-emotion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">musical genres&nbsp;</a>like new wave, disco, and stadium rock.



Similarly, the decreases noticed in 1996 and 2000 could well be tied to the rise of hip-hop or perhaps the advent of digital audio workstations that made it easier to repeat audio loops.



Contrary to what one might assume, these findings do not imply that other musical components, such as sound quality or sound combinations, have become simpler over time. The intricacies of sound quality, harmonic structures, and the blending of different sounds continue to evolve and remain as complex as ever.



The decline in melody complexity may be due to the rise in other musical complexities. Musicians use new techniques and technologies, enriching the music's overall texture. This allows for more detailed layers and nuances in other aspects, not just the melody.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpacking-musical-complexity">Unpacking musical complexity</h2>



As the study proposes, the increase in the average number of notes played per second might be an effort to prevent the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/similar-patterns-music-language-found-across-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>&nbsp;from overwhelming listeners.



Meanwhile, the growing popularity and availability of digital instruments could be shifting the expression of musical complexity from melody to sound quality.



In summary, while our favourite tunes may have become simpler to hum along to, the decrease in melodic complexity does not necessarily mean the music has become less complex overall.&nbsp;



These findings provide insightful perspectives on how the popular music landscape has evolved over the past 70 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-and-production">The role of technology and production </h2>



The advent of advanced recording technology and production techniques has also played a significant role in the evolution of song melodies.&nbsp;



Digital tools enable artists and producers to experiment with layers of sound and textures that were previously unimaginable.&nbsp;



This technological leap has allowed for more intricate soundscapes, even if the melodic lines remain simple.&nbsp;



The capacity to manipulate pitch,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-find-cultural-differences-in-how-we-interpret-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythm</a>, and effects digitally means that modern music can offer a rich auditory experience, compensating for the decrease in melodic complexity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influences-on-music-trends">Influences on music trends</h2>



Cultural and sociological shifts have a profound impact on musical trends. As society evolves, so do its artistic expressions.&nbsp;



The rise of social media, for instance, has amplified the reach of certain genres and styles, influencing public taste and music production. Additionally, global movements and events often inspire new musical directions.&nbsp;



Understanding these cultural dynamics is crucial because they shed light on the reasons behind the changes in musical complexity over time. 



For example, as societies evolve, their values, tastes, and technological advancements also change. These shifts influence the way music is created and appreciated. The complexity of song melodies might have lessened due to a variety of factors such as the rise of new genres that prioritize rhythm or production techniques over melodic intricacy. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamics-of-song-melodies">Dynamics of song melodies</h2>



Additionally, cultural preferences may shift towards simplicity in music as a reflection of broader societal trends. Simultaneously, other musical elements like rhythm, harmony, or production quality could have thrived due to advancements in technology and changes in listener preferences. 



Understanding these dynamics helps us see the bigger picture of how music evolves and adapts to the cultural context in which it exists.



In summary, while our favorite tunes may have become simpler to hum along to, the decrease in complexity of song melodies does not necessarily mean the music has become less complex overall.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-64571-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Song melodies have become much simpler since 1950

Music has a wonderful way of capturing our hearts, minds,...

Arctic glaciers are retreating at alarming rates due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-on-arctic-ice-may-help-fight-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, revealing vast new landscapes. These barren territories soon become active ecosystems, bursting with unseen life and playing a crucial role in our planet's carbon storage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unseen-architects-of-the-arctic">Unseen architects of the Arctic</h2>



Our story takes us far north, to the island archipelago of Svalbard, significantly above the Arctic Circle. This frosty location is experiencing climate change seven times faster than the global average, leading to rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacial melting</a>.



The newly exposed, nutrient-poor landscapes seem inhospitable and lifeless at first. However, they quickly become colonized by microscopic organisms like bacteria and fungi, which are instrumental in turning these bare rock terrains into fertile soil that is capable of storing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-soil-bacteria-contribute-to-atmospheric-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric carbon</a>.



A team of scientists from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, including Dr. Thomas Bell and Dr. Emily Roberts, sheds light on this natural process. The researchers collaborated with scholars from Germany, the United States, and Switzerland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retreating-arctic-glaciers">Retreating Arctic glaciers</h2>



The experts set out to investigate the Arctic soil formation process in areas previously covered by ice.



Specifically, the team observed the area of Midtre Lovénbreen, a shrinking valley glacier on Spitsbergen Island, to understand how microbes contribute to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-carbon-sinks-may-be-appearing-in-the-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil formation</a>&nbsp;once the glacier melts.



“A decade ago, I was walking on top of the ice and drilling ice cores into the glacier. When we returned in 2021, the glacier had shrunk, and instead of ice, there were barren, seemingly lifeless soils," said Dr. Bell.



However, lab analysis revealed an incredibly diverse array of microbes - the smallest and simplest forms of life on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungal-communities-as-ecosystem-engineers">Fungal communities as ecosystem engineers</h2>



The team's main focus was on fungi, specifically yeast, a group of microorganisms known to store carbon effectively. More fungi mean more carbon in the soil, while more bacteria generally lead to the soil emitting more CO2.



These findings are especially important because, in high Arctic ecosystems, the variety of fungi is particularly high compared to that of plants. This suggests that fungal communities could play a critical role there as ecosystem engineers, leading to more effective carbon storage.



According to the study, yeast fungi play a decisive role in stabilizing assimilated carbon in soil. They are the first to colonize the harsh Arctic landscapes, providing a foothold for soil to develop by building up a base of organic carbon - a resource that later life forms can utilize. As the soil ages, bacteria populations rise leading to an increase in CO2 emissions from respiration.



The team’s seminal conclusion is that "fungi will play a critical role in future carbon storage in Arctic soils as glaciers shrink further and more of Earth's surface area is covered by soil."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-microbes">The role of microbes </h2>



To many, the retreating Arctic glaciers represent a dire picture of our planet's future under the pressures of climate change.&nbsp;



Yet, hidden within these same Arctic landscapes, tiny&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a>&nbsp;are hard at work, making the soil fertile and storing carbon.



Such resilience and adaptation in the face of drastic environmental change give us clues about how our ecosystems might respond and adapt to the challenges of a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pioneers-of-soil-creation">Pioneers of soil creation</h2>



The journey into the Arctic's newly exposed terrains revealed unsung heroes: the pioneering microbes. These tiny organisms adapt quickly to the harsh, cold environments, playing pivotal roles in the initial stages of soil formation.



When the ice retreats, bacteria and fungi appear almost instantaneously, laying the groundwork for ecosystems to thrive.



Bacteria start the process by breaking down minerals, while fungi like yeast contribute organic matter, creating a more hospitable environment for other life forms. 



The resilience and rapid colonization of these microorganisms highlight nature's incredible ability to adapt and renew itself, even in extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-shrinking-arctic-glaciers">Lessons from the shrinking Arctic glaciers </h2>



While the phenomenon of glacier melting often conjures images of loss and irreversible change, the resilient microbial communities of the Arctic tell a more hopeful story. 



These microbes demonstrate that even in the face of drastic environmental shifts, life finds a way to persevere and adapt. The ability of these microorganisms to create fertile soil from barren rock suggests possibilities for mitigating some impacts of climate change. 



This research not only deepens our understanding of microbial ecology but also inspires optimism about nature's potential to heal. 



By recognizing and harnessing these natural processes, we can better prepare for and perhaps alleviate some of the challenges posed by a warming planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2402689121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Retreating glaciers unleash a world of ecological potential

Arctic glaciers are retreating at alarming rates due to global warming,...

Prejudice against fat people is pervasive in our society, and public health initiatives aimed at reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> have exacerbated the issue, according to Rekha Nath, an associate professor of philosophy at the <a href="https://www.ua.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alabama</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-aversion-to-fat-people">Widespread aversion to fat people</h2>



In her new book, <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Why-Its-OK-to-Be-Fat/Nath/p/book/9780367425456" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Why It’s OK To Be Fat</a>, Nath argues for a fundamental change in how society views fatness. Instead of treating it as a problem to be eradicated, she suggests we should focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-mayan-monument-represents-a-time-of-social-equality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social equality</a> and address the systemic ways that society penalizes fat people for their body size.



“Being fat is seen as unattractive, as gross even. We view fat as a sign of weakness, of greediness, of laziness. And we have made the pursuit of thinness, bound up as it is with health, fitness, beauty, and discipline, into a moralized endeavor: making the ‘right’ lifestyle choices to avoid being fat is seen as a duty we each must fulfill,” she explained.&nbsp;



This collective aversion to fatness translates into an aversion to fat people, leading to widespread bullying, harassment, and discrimination in various areas, including healthcare, education, and the workplace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-obesity-rates-have-tripled">Global obesity rates have tripled</h2>



Research cited in Nath's book shows that global obesity rates have tripled over the past 50 years, with severe obesity linked to lower life expectancy and higher risks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weight-loss-can-prevent-or-reverse-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> and heart disease. 



However, she delves deeper into the science of weight and health, revealing that diet and fitness may play a more significant role than weight alone. For example, a 2010 systematic review found that fit, obese individuals were less likely to die prematurely than unfit, normal-weight individuals.



Nath also highlights the ineffectiveness and potential harm of weight-loss advice, such as dieting. One review cited in her book found that many people who try to lose weight through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tired-of-dieting-time-restricted-eating-is-a-safe-alternative/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dieting</a> end up heavier in the long run, with 41% of dieters weighing more four to five years after dieting than before they started.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stigmatizing-fatness-nbsp">Stigmatizing fatness&nbsp;</h2>



Public health campaigns aiming to help people lose weight often make the situation worse by stigmatizing fatness. “The consensus view in the literature on weight stigma is that it doesn’t help. Actually, it’s worse than that,” Nath said.&nbsp;



“Not only does subjecting fat people to weight stigma seem to make it less likely that they will become thin, but, moreover, weight stigma appears to seriously harm their physical and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> in many ways.” 



Research shows that people who feel stigmatized are less likely to lose weight and more likely to suffer from depression and low self-esteem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prejudice-against-fat-people">Prejudice against fat people</h2>



In her book, Nath discusses at great length the profound prejudice fat people face, impacting their lives significantly. She cites studies showing that children as young as three prefer playmates who aren’t chubby, and that one in three American college students agree that becoming obese would be “one of the worst things that could happen to a person.”



Nath envisions a world where fat people enjoy equitable healthcare, workforce inclusion, and the ability to appear in public without shame. “It is OK to be fat because there’s nothing wrong with being fat. There’s nothing wrong with being fat, of course, except for all that our society does to make it bad to be fat: oppressing fat people for their body size by imposing on them the gross injustice of sizeism,” she said.



Thus, Nath’s work calls for a paradigm shift in addressing fatness, focusing on combating sizeism and promoting social equality for all body sizes.



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Fat people are bullied and harassed - even at the doctor's office

Prejudice against fat people is pervasive in our society, and...

The most complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-skin-is-more-diverse-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> fossil found in Mississippi, considered “incredibly unusual” by state officials, remains 85 percent buried since its discovery in 2007.



Paleontologists have identified the specimen as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-complete-duck-billed-dinosaur-fossil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hadrosaur</a>, a family of duck-billed, herbivorous dinosaurs that lived over 82 million years ago. The hadrosaur family includes at least 61 identified species, with potentially hundreds more having once roamed the Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-remains-in-mississippi">Dinosaur remains in Mississippi</h2>



Researchers have unearthed portions of the spinal vertebrae, forearm, feet, and pelvic bones of this specimen. However, extracting the rest of the fossil from its location near Booneville in northeast Mississippi has proven challenging.



“This thing sat for a while because we didn't have anybody to work on it,” said James Starnes, an official with the state's geology office.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3d-method-of-forensic-bone-analysis">3D method of forensic bone analysis</h2>



For nearly two decades, the specific species of this hadrosaur fossil remained unidentified. Researchers are now using a 3D method of forensic bone analysis called geometric morphometrics to solve the mystery before the fossil is fully unearthed.



Derek Hoffman, a geology graduate student at the <a href="https://www.usm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Mississippi</a> (USM), is analyzing the hadrosaur's remains with this method. “What geometric morphometrics does is it takes a shape-analysis approach,” he explained.



This method determines key features or 'landmarks' for a given bone sample and compares their distances and ratios via complex statistical models to identify differences and similarities with known bones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mississippi-dinosaur-fossils">Mississippi dinosaur fossils</h2>



Hoffman's work is complicated by the fact that some pieces of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> are in the hands of private collectors. His research primarily focuses on the bones held by the <a href="https://www.mdwfp.com/museum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mississippi Museum of Natural Science</a>. 



“We have quite a few of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-mammals-adaptable-backbones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrae</a>,” said Museum paleontology curator George Phillips. “We have one humerus. We have one ulna. The ulna is the posterior of the forearm. We have some of the foot bones. Then we have the pubis.”



The adult hadrosaur's ulna measures about two feet long, and the humerus is around a foot and a half. A complete adult hadrosaur's foot bones can exceed 50 pounds in total weight. However, the dinosaur's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/puzzling-fossil-has-the-body-of-a-bird-skull-of-a-dinosaur/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skull</a>, the most unique feature for differentiating hadrosaur species, has yet to be found.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hadrosaur-species-nbsp">Hadrosaur species&nbsp;</h2>



Different hadrosaur species evolved with a wide variety of crowns on their duck-billed heads, including structures like a rooster's comb. Paleontologists are still debating the biological purpose of these features, but their diversity has contributed to the recorded variety of the hadrosaur family.



Hoffman is focusing on the dinosaur's pubis, a bone from the front of the pelvis, as the next best choice for identifying the fossil's species.&nbsp;



Although differences between hadrosaur species' pubis bones are often too subtle for the naked eye, rigorous mathematical approaches like geometric morphometrics can reveal hidden distinctions. With these methods, Hoffman hopes to narrow down the potential species of this Mississippi fossil.



The hadrosaur likely measured about 25-26 feet long and stood around 16 feet tall when perched on its hind legs.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-well-represented-dinosaurs-in-the-fossil-record-nbsp">Well-represented dinosaurs in the fossil record&nbsp;</h2>



Researchers believe that the hadrosaur lineage started in North America and eventually migrated globally, with fossils found in Asia, South America, Europe, and North Africa. “They're the most well-represented dinosaurs in the fossil record, without a doubt,” Hoffmann said.



Hadrosaurs, whose name comes from the Ancient Greek for “stout lizard," ranged from about 2.2 to 4.4 tons. Examples of hadrosaur species include the Parasaurolophus, known for its long, backward-curving crest, and the Edmontosaurus, which had a crest made from soft tissue like a rooster.



Starnes described the 2007 hadrosaur discovery near Booneville as “incredibly unusual.”&nbsp;



“We just don't have a lot of skeletons. We have pieces and parts, but not a skeleton,” he said. Despite the nearly two decades it has taken to unearth just a fraction of the fossil, he hopes the project will eventually be completed.



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‘Incredibly unusual’ dinosaur unearthed in Mississippi

The most complete dinosaur fossil found in Mississippi, considered “incredibly...

Have you ever wondered about the secrets of the universe? Dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">matter</a>, dark energy, particles that move with lightning speed - these are the central focus of recent cosmic mysteries. Imagine we've been sharing our universe with particles that travel faster than light, known as tachyons.



This is the audacious new theory presented by scientists Samuel H. Kramer from the<a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> and Ian H. Redmount from <a href="https://www.slu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saint Louis University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-dark-energy">Dark matter and dark energy</h2>



Dark matter and dark energy have been the "elephant in the universe" for scientists. These entities make up about 95% of the universe, but much about them remains a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coldest-quantum-detectors-in-the-world-enlisted-to-search-for-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mystery</a>.



Dark matter, making up 27%, is like the universe's invisible hand, influencing the movement of galaxies and galaxy clusters.



Dark energy, making up 68%, is like the universe's hidden fuel, driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. The new theory surrounding tachyons might shed some light on these enigmatic parts of our cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-race-against-light">The race against light</h2>



In the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hypothetical</a> particles, tachyons are the rebels, the non-conformists. Einstein's theory of relativity made the speed of light the cosmic speed limit, but tachyons laugh at these rules. 



They supposedly travel faster than light. Kramer's and Redmount's paper suggests a universe dominated by these cheeky particles might still fit within the framework of modern physics. 



If tachyons exist, they would possess properties that could influence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-influence-cosmos-galaxies-extends-much-farther-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic phenomena</a> in ways we haven't imagined yet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-peculiar-properties-of-tachyons">The peculiar properties of tachyons </h2>



The experts propose a new model where the universe initially slows down before speeding up, a process they call "inflected expansion."



This shakes up the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model, which attributes acceleration to dark energy. 



In this new model, the pace of the universe's expansion is influenced by the peculiar properties of tachyons. 



Their speed, faster than light, gives them a unique form of kinetic energy that causes the shift from deceleration to acceleration.



To provide proof, the team used data from Type Ia supernovae, the "standard candles" of the universe. Their consistent luminosity makes them a reliable measure of distances across the universe.



Fitting their model to observed supernova data, the researchers found that a tachyonic universe could explain the observed acceleration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-of-the-study">Key findings of the study</h2>



The study examined two datasets of Type Ia supernovae to test a new cosmological model. The Hubble parameter (H0) measures the universe's expansion rate. It's expressed in kilometers per second per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc). 



The smaller dataset had 186 supernovae. It showed an H0 value of 66.6 ± 1.5 km/s/Mpc. This means the universe expands by 66.6 kilometers per second for every megaparsec of distance, with a margin of error of ±1.5 km/s/Mpc. The age of the universe from this dataset is about 8.35 ± 0.68 billion years.



The larger dataset had 1048 supernovae. It showed a slightly higher H0 value of 69.6 ± 0.4 km/s/Mpc. This suggests a faster expansion rate, with a smaller margin of error of ±0.4 km/s/Mpc. The universe's age from this dataset is about 8.15 ± 0.36 billion years.



These findings align with existing models like the Lambda Cold Dark Matter model. This agreement means the new tachyon-based model could be a valid alternative. 



The new theory suggests that tachyons, particles moving faster than light, might make up dark <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-are-not-the-secret-source-of-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">matter</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-if-tachyons-are-real">What if tachyons are real?</h2>



If tachyons are proven real, it would revolutionize our understanding of physics, potentially upending existing theories and unveiling new avenues for research. 



Despite criticism and skepticism from the scientific community, the duo's model aligns well with current supernova data.



The implications could extend beyond cosmology, impacting fields like particle physics and general relativity. 



However, the tachyonic model must endure further testing and rigorous peer review before gaining acceptance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Future research will compare this model with other cosmological data, including the cosmic microwave background and quasar microlensing. 



This explorative journey will help determine if tachyons can truly explain the universe's accelerated expansion.



The discovery of tachyons could have implications far beyond cosmology. It might even lead to new technologies based on faster-than-light travel, though that's purely speculative. 



Theoretical physicists would need to rewrite many principles, and new frameworks might emerge.



As with any revolutionary theory, it's essential to get everyone on board. Researchers across various fields will need to test and refine the tachyonic model. 



Collaborative efforts would result in designing new experiments and observations to detect tachyons or their effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-validating-the-tachyon-model">Validating the tachyon model</h2>



The research will need rigorous scrutiny by other experts in the field through the peer-review process. This crucial step will determine the credibility of the new theory. 



If validated, this model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's past and future. It might reveal the nature of dark matter and its role in forming galaxies. It could also clarify anomalies in the cosmic microwave background and galaxy distribution.



The study is published in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.13859" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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Dark matter may consist of particles that travel faster than light speed

Have you ever wondered about the secrets of the universe?...

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which still leave experts baffled today, such as pseudosuchians. 



An example of one such creature is the new predatory reptile species discovered recently, located in the heart of Brazil, making a noteworthy addition to the tales of the Triassic period. 



This latest find sheds light on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient lineage</a> of crocodile-like reptiles known as pseudosuchians, named Parvosuchus aurelioi. Now, let's go on a journey to truly understand these "false crocodiles" and their role in our planet's past.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-tales-of-pseudosuchians">Triassic tales of pseudosuchians</h2>



Before dinosaurs took the stage, pseudosuchians strutted across Earth's surface for all to see. Inhabiting our planet approximately 252 to 201 million years ago, during the Triassic period, they were some of the most common quadruped reptiles of the time. 



Their existence is best depicted by those who were at the top of the food chain - the massive carnivorous pseudosuchians. 



Meanwhile, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gracilisuchids</a>, smaller relatives to these apex predators, shared this period, with known traces of them in regions like China and Argentina.



Our tale's hero, Rodrigo Müller, a scientist from Brazil, has added color to our understanding of pseudosuchians. Let's delve deeper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pseudosuchians-were-a-fascinating-clan">Pseudosuchians were a fascinating clan</h2>



The pseudosuchians, or "false crocodiles", belonged to an diverse clade of archosaurs, siblings to modern birds and crocodiles and their extinct kin. 



They thrived, diversified, and adapted, showing a range of sizes, shapes, and lifestyles that were as varied as the environments they called home. They can be classified into a few notable groups:



<ul>
<li>Aetosauria: Heavily armored, plant-eating creatures, most noted for their wide, flat bodies and short legs. </li>



<li>Ornithosuchidae: The "bird crocs", an interesting mix of bird and crocodile features, and likely were active predators. </li>



<li>Rauisuchidae: The true titans of their time, being large predators with robust limbs, and a fearsome bite. </li>



<li>Crocodylomorpha: The ancestors of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-croc-day-embracing-the-mighty-reptile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">today's crocodiles</a>, which were at first small and terrestrial, but later evolved semi-aquatic capabilities.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-of-ancient-adaptability">Anatomy of ancient adaptability</h2>



Pseudosuchians showcased a stunning array of anatomical features that embodied their adaptability and evolutionary success. Their skull shapes and teeth hinted at their varied diets and ways of life. 



The predator species had sharp, serrated teeth for tearing flesh, while those that were herbivores had flatter teeth for grinding plant material.



Similarly, their limb structures differed dramatically based on their lifestyle. For instance, the rauisuchids had strong, pillar-like limbs befitting their ground-dwelling predatory lifestyle. On the other hand, early crocodylomorphs had finer limbs, suited for both land and water.



Another significant feature seen in many pseudosuchians, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-a-new-aetosaur-that-lived-200-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">especially aetosaurs</a>, was the presence of extensive body armor composed of bony plates, or osteoderms. This armor not only provided protection but may have also played a part in heat regulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-ecosystem-and-pseudosuchian-roles">Triassic ecosystem and pseudosuchian roles</h2>



Pseudosuchians not only survived but thrived in various ecological niches. Species like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vivaron-haydeni-new-species-of-reptile-from-212-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rauisuchids</a> ruled as dominant terrestrial predators, while aetosaurs served as their ecosystem's primary herbivores. Some pseudosuchians even enjoyed an omnivorous or generalist diet. 



Unfortunately, most pseudosuchians disappeared at the close of the Triassic period, succumbing to a cocktail of volcanic activity, climate change, and competition with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/armor-was-a-boomerang-trait-in-the-story-of-dinosaur-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emerging archosaurs</a> like early dinosaurs. 



However, the crocodylomorphs' lineage persisted and evolved into the variety of crocodilians we see today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-brazilian-discovery-parvosuchus-aurelioi">New Brazilian discovery: Parvosuchus aurelioi</h2>



Let's return to our recent discovery by Rodrigo Müller. He found a new species of gracilisuchid from a specimen located in the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil. 



Aged around 237 million years old, the partial skeleton consists of a full skull, 11 dorsal vertebrae, a section of the pelvis, and partially preserved limbs. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Matheus-Fernandes_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/parvosuchus-aurelioi_ancient-crocodile-species_Triassic_Matheus-Fernandes_1s.jpg" alt="Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes" class="wp-image-1937783"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ancient crocodile-like reptile called Parvosuchus aurelioi, a pseudosuchian. Credit: Matheus Fernandes</figcaption></figure>



Christened Parvosuchus aurelioi, the name is a tribute to the amateur paleontologist Pedro Lucas Porcella Aurélio, who chanced upon the fossil materials.



This small croc-like creature is estimated to have been less than one meter in length, sporting long slender jaws filled with pointy teeth that curved backward. 



This fascinating find marks the first such species confirmed from Brazil and brings attention to the incredible diversity among pseudosuchians during the Triassic period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-triassic-times-to-modern-day">From Triassic times to modern day</h2>



This journey through the Triassic period and the world of pseudosuchians serves as a testament to Earth's rich and diverse history. 



The discovery of Parvosuchus aurelioi in Brazil marks a significant milestone in unraveling the vast legacy of these ancient reptiles. It reminds us of the magnificent biodiversity that once painted our planet's landscapes, with creatures both great and small.



The understanding gleaned from studying pseudosuchians provides insights into our world's ecological past, showcasing the adaptability and resilience of life. 



As we continue unearthing the archives of Earth's past, every new discovery, like Parvosuchus aurelioi, brings us one step closer to understanding life's magnificent tapestry and how it has evolved over millions of years.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-63313-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Ancient crocodile-like reptile roamed Earth 250 million years ago

Earth's history is filled with marvelous creatures, some of which...

Microscopic organisms might be our new secret weapon in the war against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-plastic-pollution-lurks-beneath-the-surface-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a>.



Recent studies have revealed that certain bacteria can disintegrate plastic into small particles, which can then find their way back into the recycling process. 



This promising discovery offers fresh hope in combating plastic waste, which is one of the most pronounced environmental crises of the 21st century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-titans-of-plastic-consumption">Tiny titans of plastic consumption</h2>



The groundbreaking research originated from <a href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leiden University</a>, where scientists had compiled a vast repository of Streptomyces bacteria.



Initially intended as a resource for the discovery of novel antibiotics, PhD candidate Jo-Anne Verschoor found another compelling use for these microorganisms.



As she neared the completion of her doctorate program, Verschoor embarked on a unique exploration into how the microscopic organisms could tackle our macroscopic plastic problem.



She discovered that a substantial 20% of the bacterial strains could degrade specific forms of plastic. This groundbreaking finding reinforces the idea of turning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-found-that-can-digest-plastic-in-freezing-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> into environmental allies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neutral-set-of-bacteria">Neutral set of bacteria</h2>



Importantly, this scientific breakthrough didn’t emerge out of nowhere. Verschoor's prior research had led her to suspect that these bacteria could potentially digest plastic. 



However, much like us, these bacteria don’t perform tasks in a vacuum - they require the right conditions. The bacteria analyzed in the study were not initially collected with plastic degradation in mind.



This neutral set of bacteria offered an opportunity to observe the effects of various substances and conditions on their ability to break down <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-can-break-down-pet-pollution-in-ocean-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PET plastic</a>, which is commonly found in food packaging and drink bottles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hungry-bacteria-have-motivation">Hungry bacteria have motivation </h2>



A plastic bottle doesn't just disappear when left in the soil. Much like humans, bacteria require motivation to exert effort. This means that the external conditions are crucial for bacteria to initiate the breakdown process.



"Bacteria are just like people," said Verschoor. An example of this is our natural reaction to run from danger. Similarly, the bacteria in this study showed a heightened level of activity when "hungry."



This behavior was observed in lab settings as the researchers introduced plastic models to bacteria-filled plates. The results were pretty clear - starving bacteria would indeed devour plastic pieces presented to them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-puzzle-solved">Plastic puzzle solved</h2>



In a pivotal step in her research, Verschoor made two major discoveries. First, she found that 18% of the bacterial strains could degrade plastics if the conditions were right.



Interestingly, the presence of a gene called Lipase A boosted this process significantly. Organisms with abundant Lipase A were seen breaking down plastic more quickly.



In light of these findings, the horizon of bacteria-based plastic recycling looks pretty promising. 



The extensive gamut of bacteria that can ingest plastic is now expanded exponentially, paving the way for innovative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-cheaper-method-of-recycling-plastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic recycling</a> methods.



An exemplar of this promising future is the French enterprise Carbios, embarking on a pioneering voyage to test large-scale recycling of plastics using bacteria and their enzymes. 



As this method is further developed, we can envision a future where plastic pollution is not an insurmountable challenge, but a problem with a tangible and biological solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-lab-to-the-real-world">From the lab to the real-world </h2>



While these lab-based discoveries are groundbreaking, translating them into real-world applications presents its own set of challenges. 



The transition from controlled environments to dynamic and variable conditions in nature requires meticulous planning and testing. Scaling up bacterial plastic degradation involves scientific innovation as well as logistical and economic considerations.



To bridge this gap, interdisciplinary collaborations are key. Engineers, environmental scientists, and policymakers need to work hand-in-hand to create effective systems for deploying these bacteria on a large scale. 



Potential applications include introducing these bacteria into waste management facilities, creating bio-reactors designed for plastic breakdown, and developing consumer products that incorporate bacterial enzymes.



Moreover, public awareness and education are crucial. For these innovations to be effective, societies must be informed about the benefits and limitations of bacteria-based plastic degradation. 



While the journey from lab to landfills is fraught with complexities, the potential for bacteria to revolutionize plastic recycling is immense. 



With continued research, interdisciplinary collaboration, and public support, we might soon witness a significant leap towards a cleaner, more sustainable planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06414-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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'Hungry' bacteria will devour plastic waste

Microscopic organisms might be our new secret weapon in the...

In the southern fringes of Israel, the arid plains of the Negev Desert cradle a precious cache of history. For millennia, the region's roving hunters, shepherds, and traders carved their stories on the rock canvases of this desert.



Their work, ancient petroglyphs, carved meticulously on a thin, naturally formed black coating known as 'desert varnish,' is a remarkable sight.



Among these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-age-artists-carved-incredibly-detailed-animal-tracks-onto-rocks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enduring illustrations</a>, representations of ibexes, goats, horses, donkeys, and domestic camels are common. They're not alone, though; abstract symbols and figures also make appearances.



However, a recent study featured in reveals an invisible threat to these invaluable artifacts: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/desert-grass-survives-by-capturing-moisture-from-fog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desert</a>-adapted fungi and lichens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-and-lichens-on-rock-carvings">Fungi and lichens on rock carvings</h2>



The author of the study is Laura Rabbachin, a PhD student at the <a href="https://www.akbild.ac.at/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Academy of Fine Arts Vienna</a> in Austria.



"These fungi and lichens could significantly contribute to the gradual erosion and damage of the petroglyphs,” warns Rabbachin.



 “They are able to secrete different types of acids that can dissolve the limestone in which the petroglyphs are carved. In addition, the fungi can penetrate and grow within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stone</a> grains, causing additional mechanical damage.”



Rabbachin and her team embarked on a field trip to the central-western highlands of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Negev Desert</a>, where the climate is as harsh as it gets. 



Here, annual rainfall barely crosses 87mm (3.4 inches), and rock surfaces can reach a sweltering 56.3 °C (133.3 °F) in summer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-impact-the-rock-carvings">Fungi impact the rock carvings</h2>



For their research, the team took various samples from rocks bearing petroglyphs, unadorned rocks, and surrounding soil. 



They also collected airborne spores, casting a wide net in their quest to understand the nature and diversity of the fungi and lichen species involved.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/negev-petroglyphs_desert-loving-fungi_erosion_credit-Laura-Rabbachin_2s.jpg" alt="Negev petroglyph rock carvings are eroding from fungi and lichen. Credit: Laura Rabbachin" class="wp-image-1938417"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Negev petroglyph rock carvings are eroding from fungi and lichen. Credit: Laura Rabbachin</figcaption></figure>



Their research revealed that only a few species can survive in extreme conditions. They found several fungi on the rock carvings, specifically from the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Coniosporium. 



These fungi are known for their resilience and ability to thrive in harsh environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lichens-deterioration-of-the-carvings">Lichens deterioration of the carvings</h2>



Additionally, they identified various lichens from the genus Flavoplaca. Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, which allows them to survive in conditions that are too extreme for most other organisms.



This combination of fungi and lichens illustrates a diverse but limited group of species capable of enduring such challenging environments.



Rabbachin's study noted that the greatest threat to the rock carvings comes from a group known as microcolonial fungi. 



“Microcolonial fungi are considered highly dangerous for stone artifacts. They have been implicated as a probable cause of the deterioration of stone cultural heritage in the Mediterranean,” she reported.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-there-a-remedy">Is there a remedy?</h2>



The sobering conclusion from the research team is that halting these natural weathering processes is unlikely. “Their speed of the weathering process depends heavily on whether and how the climate will change in the future,” says Prof Katja Sterflinger, the study’s senior author.



Instead, the team suggests a different approach. Document these valuable works of art in detail, including their materials, techniques, and historical significance. Monitor the microbial communities over time to understand their impact and evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies-and-future-directions">Conservation strategies and future directions</h2>



While eradicating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-in-boreal-forests-are-sensitive-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> and lichens is not feasible, there are strategies that can be implemented to slow down their damaging effects. 



Conservationists are exploring the use of biocides that are effective against these microorganisms but safe for the environment and the artifacts. 



Another approach involves environmental management, such as controlling the microclimate around the rock carvings to make it less conducive for fungi and lichen growth.



These methods require ongoing research and funding, but they offer a potential way to mitigate the impact of these natural processes. 



Looking ahead, a multi-disciplinary approach involving mycologists, archaeologists, and conservation scientists will be crucial in developing sustainable strategies to protect these irreplaceable cultural treasures.



This tale of the Negev Desert’s rock carvings is a humbling reminder of our tenuous hold on the past. Our ancestors’ stories, lovingly carved on stone, might be wearing away under nature's relentless forces. Yet, we can still preserve their memory in our shared histories and narratives.



The study has been published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/fungal-biology/articles/10.3389/ffunb.2024.1400380/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Fungal Biology</a>.



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Ancient desert rock carvings face erosion from fungi and lichens

In the southern fringes of Israel, the arid plains of...

Tropical,Jungle,With,Small,Waterfall

Tropical forests – our verdant guardiansl against climate change, our shelters of unmatched biodiversity – are paying a higher price for human activity than we previously understood.



Eberhard Fritz from Max Planck Society and his team of global scientists have connected the dots between human activity and the ongoing degradation of these vital spaces, and their findings suggest we must rethink our understanding of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-footprint-on-tropical-forests">Human footprint on tropical forests</h2>



Fritz and his team embarked on a challenging quest, leveraging multiple remote sensing data streams and cutting-edge data analysis tools to survey the landscape of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical moist forests</a> and assess the long-term impacts of our activities.



The result is a perspective rarely seen before – the unfiltered reality of human-driven forest degradation, its long-lasting effects, and the urgency of the situation.



Their study reveals surprisingly high levels of degradation and fragmentation directly caused by human activities. 



But the team didn't stop at the boundaries of the forest; they dug deeper, exploring the intricacies of forest ecosystem dynamics and the consequences of our actions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ramifications-of-degradation">Ramifications of degradation</h2>



Fritz and his team used Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (<a href="https://gedi.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEDI</a>) technology from the International Space Station (ISS) to observe forest cover changes from 1990–2022. Their findings were illuminating.



They found that human activities like road and agricultural expansion or selective logging often reduce the height and biomass of the forest canopy by 20–30%. 



These "edge effects" can also extend deep into the forest, leading to smaller canopy heights and reduced biomass even 1,500 meters inside what seems to be intact forest.



The impact is not only limited to the physical structure of the forest but also affects the biodiversity within these areas. 



Species that depend on tall canopies and dense biomass for survival may find their habitats increasingly fragmented and inhospitable, creating further ecological imbalances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-and-forest-climate">Human activities and forest climate</h2>



Furthermore, the disruption caused by these activities can significantly alter microclimates, leading to potential changes in temperature and humidity levels within the forest. 



These shifts may have cascading effects on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-tree-species-are-moving-to-colder-and-wetter-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse flora and fauna</a> that thrive there.



Understanding these impacts is crucial, as it highlights the intricate balance of ecosystems and the profound influence human activities can have on our natural world. 



Unsurprisingly, these activities result in significant carbon emissions and biodiversity loss. Yet, our policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases often overlook forest degradation, focusing instead on the more obvious signs of deforestation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domino-effect-of-humans-on-tropical-forests">Domino effect of humans on tropical forests</h2>



"Cumulative human disturbances, e.g. due to unsustainable logging, fire, and edge effects are particularly important," says Gregory Duveiller, co-author and project group leader at the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a> for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany.



Such disturbances increase the likelihood of complete deforestation once 50% of the canopy height is lost. This significant reduction in canopy height disrupts the ecosystem, leading to a cascade of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">negative effects</a> on biodiversity and soil health.



Moreover, degraded forests are more vulnerable to additional disturbances. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate</a> extremes, including severe droughts and intense storms, threaten their potential resilience and long-term future. 



The compounded effects of these disturbances can lead to a vicious cycle of degradation. This makes recovery increasingly difficult.



"Taken together, the study shows that the degradation impacts on canopy structure are greater than previously reported," adds Duveiller.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-call-for-forest-protection">Urgent call for forest protection</h2>



In response to these alarming findings, Fritz and his team have called for a surge in efforts to prevent further degradation and protect our already degraded forests.



Their study serves as a clarifying lens, highlighting the urgency of the situation and the need for immediate action to meet the conservation pledges made at the recent <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/climate-solutions/biodiversity-and-nature-based-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Climate Change and Biodiversity</a> conferences.



Can we rise to this challenge? Can we redefine our relationship with tropical forests and implement measures that will ensure their survival? Only time will tell, but one thing is certain - the clock is ticking. 



So let's roll up our sleeves, put our heads together, and work to protect these crucial ecosystems for the sake of our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07629-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Human destruction of tropical forests is much worse than believed

Tropical forests – our verdant guardiansl against climate change, our...

Picture Japan in the year 1181, just as the Genpei War (1180-85) was taking root. As political power was being redefined, an unexpected guest star, SN 1181, appeared in the sky. 



How do we know? The Azuma Kagami, an ancient diary, recounted not just the details of daily human lives and key events but also these celestial sightings, including the supernova.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guest-star-sn-1181">Guest star (SN) 1181</h2>



Fast forward to the present day, and that once temporary guest star, now known as supernova (SN) 1181, is back in the spotlight. 



But not because it shone brightly in the sky, but rather because Takatoshi Ko, a doctoral student from the Department of Astronomy at the <a href="https://www.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>, and his team of researchers have pieced together a mystery that has lasted for centuries.



"There are many accounts of this temporary guest star in historical records from Japan, China and Korea. At its peak, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-nova-explosion-nearby-star-light-up-earths-skies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star's brightness</a> was comparable to Saturn's," explained Ko.



"It remained visible to the naked eye for about 180 days, until it gradually dimmed out of sight. The remnant of the SN 1181 explosion is now very old, so it is dark and difficult to find."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-dwarf-stars-created-sn-1181">Two dwarf stars created SN 1181</h2>



SN 1181 may have faded from view around 840 years ago, but it's leaving a big impression today. It's the result of a rare and dramatic event - two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-dwarf-stars-may-be-billions-of-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf stars</a> collided, leading to a supernova.



The remnant of this supernova was then left behind as a single, bright, and fast-rotating white dwarf, a cosmic wonder that has piqued the interest of modern astrophysicists.



The SN 1181 remnant presented a perplexing puzzle. Its remnant has two shock regions, but how did they form? 



Enter the power of computer modeling and observational analysis. With this tech, the University of Tokyo research team was able to recreate the remnant's structure and solve this cosmic conundrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-stars-and-supernova">Tale of stars and supernova</h2>



Traditional wisdom led them to believe that when two white dwarfs crash into each other, they should explode and vanish. 



But this collision left a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-coronae-borealis-blaze-star-explosion-visible-one-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">white dwarf spinning</a> in space. Was there a stellar wind involved, and if so, when did it start? Their adventurous exploration of space led them to fascinating findings.



According to their calculations, the wind might have started blowing within the last 20-30 years.



"If the wind had started blowing immediately after SNR 1181's formation, we couldn't reproduce the observed size of the inner shock region," said Ko.



"However, by treating the wind's onset time as variable, we succeeded in explaining all of the observed features of SNR 1181 accurately and unraveling the mysterious properties of this high-speed wind. 



The astronomers were also able to simultaneously track the time evolution of each shock region, using numerical calculations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-meets-astronomy">History meets astronomy</h2>



The tale of the SN 1181 is more than just a scientific discovery. It represents a fascinating blend of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-travels-back-in-time-to-better-understand-supernovae-science/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">historical records</a> and modern astronomical techniques. But how does this work?



To begin with, the Azuma Kagami provided invaluable observational data. By analyzing these historical records, astronomers were able to gather crucial information about the appearance and timing of the supernova SN 1181.



In modern times, researchers used this historical data in conjunction with advanced astronomical tools and methods. They could cross-reference the ancient observations with current astronomical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a>. 



As a result, studies successfully pinpointed the exact location of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pillars-of-creation-new-3d-video-nasa-created-as-never-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernova remnant</a> within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cassiopeia-a-resembles-a-shiny-christmas-ornament-in-this-webb-telescope-photo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation Cassiopeia</a>.



This fusion of history and modern science showcases the importance of preserving and studying historical texts. Through such collaborative efforts, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the universe and its history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-on-to-the-next-chapter">On to the next chapter</h2>



"The ability to determine the age of supernova remnants or the brightness at the time of their explosion through archaeological perspectives is a rare and invaluable asset to modern astronomy," said Ko. 



"Such interdisciplinary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-mysterious-origins-of-the-crab-nebula/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> is both exciting and highlights the immense potential for combining diverse fields to uncover new dimensions of astronomical phenomena."



This exploration not only furthers our understanding of white dwarf collisions but also sets the stage for unraveling other historical celestial events. 



The interdisciplinary nature of this research underscores the importance of preserving ancient records, which serve as invaluable assets in modern scientific inquiries.



But the tale of the guest star (now known as supernova) isn't over yet. 



The team is now gearing up for more observations using the <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/telescopes/vla/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Array radio telescope</a> and the 8.2 meter-class <a href="https://subarutelescope.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subaru Telescope</a>. They're ready to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe and hold the cosmos up to a mirror of the past.



Is there more to the tale of SN 1181? Time will tell.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d99" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Bright star documented in the year 1181 was actually a supernova

Picture Japan in the year 1181, just as the Genpei...

Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and wondered if humans are the only intelligent life in this vast universe? The twinkling stars, distant galaxies, and the sheer expanse above us evoke a sense of mystery and awe.



It's a question that has intrigued humanity for centuries, driving scientists, philosophers, and dreamers to explore the cosmos and seek answers to one of our most profound questions. 



What lies beyond Earth in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>? Are there other forms of life out there, sharing the same curiosity and wonder?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-intelligent-life-need">What does intelligent life need?</h2>



New research brings us closer to understanding why we lack evidence of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations. 



Dr. Robert Stern, a geoscientist at the <a href="https://nsm.utdallas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Dallas</a>, and Dr. Taras Gerya from the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a> in Zurich, led the study.



“Life has been around on Earth for about 4 billion years, but complex organisms like animals didn’t appear until about 600 million years ago, which is not long after the modern episode of plate tectonics began,” said Stern. “Plate tectonics really jump-starts the evolution machine, and we think we understand why.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-drake-equation">Understanding the Drake Equation</h2>



In the 1960s, Dr. Frank Drake, a pioneer in the search for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aliens-dont-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>, developed an equation to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in our galaxy capable of communication.



N = R*&nbsp;x&nbsp;fp&nbsp;x&nbsp;ne&nbsp;x&nbsp;fl&nbsp;x&nbsp;fi&nbsp;x&nbsp;fc&nbsp;x&nbsp;L



N:&nbsp;The number of civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy whose electromagnetic emissions (radio waves, etc.) are detectable.



R*:&nbsp;The number of stars formed annually.



fp: The fraction of those stars with planetary systems.



ne: The number of planets per solar system with an environment suitable for life.



fl: The fraction of suitable planets on which life actually appears.



fi: The fraction of life-bearing planets on which intelligent life emerges.



fc: The fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that produces detectable signs of their existence.



L: The average length of time (years) such civilizations produce such signs.



The above equation is known as the Drake Equation. Now famous in both scholastic and scientific circles, it considers variables like the rate of star formation and the fraction of stars with life-supporting planets.



Despite its optimistic predictions, we still have no contact with extraterrestrial civilizations. This mystery is called the Fermi Paradox. Named after nuclear physicist Dr. Enrico Fermi, it asks, "Where is everyone?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prerequisites-for-intelligent-life">Prerequisites for intelligent life</h2>



Dr. Stern and Dr. Gerya suggest that the Drake Equation may have overlooked the vital role that large oceans and continents play in fostering intelligent life.



According to their research, active, communicative civilizations (ACCs) not only need a stable environment but also long-term geological processes that shape and sustain their planet's surface.



Specifically, they argue that plate tectonics, the slow but powerful movement of a planet's outer shell, is crucial for the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-could-reside-in-dyson-spheres-across-1000-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life forms</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deconstructing-plate-tectonics">Deconstructing plate tectonics</h2>



Plates aren’t just for dinner. In the realm of geosciences, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-lost-mega-plate-pontus-resurfaces-after-160-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plate tectonics</a> refers to the Earth's crust and upper mantle, which are fragmented into pieces that move ever-so-slowly over geological time scales.



Imagine continents as colossal rafts, floating and colliding, causing mountains to rise and oceans to form.



“It is much more common for planets to have an outer solid shell that is not fragmented, which is known as single-lid tectonics,” Stern said.



“But plate tectonics is much more effective than single-lid tectonics for driving the emergence of advanced life-forms.”



Without such dynamic processes, life may struggle to evolve beyond simple, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-thats-8-billion-years-old-may-exist-on-nearby-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial forms</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refurbishing-the-drake-equation">Refurbishing the Drake Equation</h2>



In their study, Stern and Gerya suggest refining a Drake equation factor, fi. This factor represents the fraction of life-bearing planets where intelligent life emerges.



They argue it should consider the necessity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-bennu-hints-at-the-possibility-of-life-on-an-ancient-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large oceans</a>, continents, and plate tectonics for over 500 million years on those planets.



“In the original formulation, this factor was thought to be nearly 1, or 100% - that is, evolution on all planets with life would march forward and, with enough time, turn into an intelligent civilization,” Stern said. “Our perspective is: That’s not true.”



To put it simply, not every planet with life will necessarily develop an intelligent civilization. They suggest that the factor should consider the presence of significant continents, oceans, and long-lived plate tectonics.



This adjustment could drastically alter our estimates of the number of planets where advanced civilizations might arise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intelligent-life-and-galactic-conditions">Intelligent life and galactic conditions</h2>



Their revised formula starkly shrinks the potential fraction of exoplanets with optimal conditions for advanced life.



According to Stern, the fraction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets with enough water</a> and prolonged plate tectonics is likely much tinier than previously thought.



How tiny? Well, they estimate the values range from as low as 0.0002 to 0.01 for the volume of water and less than 0.17 for the duration of lasting plate tectonics.



“When we multiply these factors together, we get a refined estimate of fi&nbsp;that is very small, between 0.003% and 0.2%, instead of 100%,” Stern said.



“This explains the extreme rareness of favorable planetary conditions for the development of intelligent life in our galaxy and resolves the Fermi paradox.”



These numbers imply that the conditions necessary for the emergence of intelligent life are exceedingly rare.



Our role in the cosmos might just be a stroke of extraordinary luck. Stern's research suggests that the perfect alignment of geographical and geological factors required to birth intelligent life forms like us is more of a rare cosmic jackpot than a universal rule.



This understanding could potentially solve the Fermi Paradox by explaining why we haven't encountered other advanced civilizations despite the vast number of stars and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pluto-may-not-be-real-planet-but-has-real-big-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets in the universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-the-galaxy-for-intelligent-life">Searching the galaxy for intelligent life</h2>



NASA has confirmed well <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-worlds-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-exoplanets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over 5,000 exoplanets</a> in the Milky Way alone, but currently, we aren't equipped to detect plate tectonics on these alien worlds.



Despite this limitation, scientists, including UT Dallas planet hunter Dr. Kaloyan Penev, continue their relentless pursuit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitable planets</a>.



The findings of Stern and Gerya might just shine a new light on their search, offering new parameters and considerations for identifying planets that could host advanced life.



“Biogeochemistry posits that the solid Earth, particularly plate tectonics, speeds up the evolution of species,” Stern said. 



“Studies like ours are useful because they stimulate thinking broadly about larger mysteries and provide an example of how we can apply our knowledge of Earth systems to interesting questions about our universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-our-cosmic-comprehension">Expanding our cosmic comprehension</h2>



This research reminds us how much we still have to learn about the universe. It encourages us to think beyond Earth and consider how our planet's geological systems can offer insights into cosmic mysteries. 



Earth's history, with its tectonic movements, volcanic eruptions, and changing atmosphere, reflects processes that might happen on faraway worlds. 



By studying our planet, we learn about the potential for life and the workings of other planets.



The next time you look at the stars, remember that each one might have its own world, full of stories to tell. 



Picture the possibilities: planets with unique landscapes, climates, and maybe even life forms different from ours. The universe is vast and full of wonders. 



Our journey to understand it has just begun. As we learn more, we find more questions and discover that the cosmos is more complex and beautiful than we ever imagined.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x">Scientifi</a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54700-x"> Reports</a>.



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New theory claims humans are 'probably' the only intelligent life in our galaxy

Have you ever gazed up at the night sky and...

The saying "you are what you eat" is more relevant than ever. New research reveals the health benefits of reducing processed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat consumption</a>. 



In the United States alone, a reduction in the consumption of processed meat could potentially prevent hundreds of thousands of cases of chronic disease within a decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processed-meat-and-health">Processed meat and health</h2>



In a recent study, experts designed an innovative simulation tool that projects the health impacts of lowering processed meat and red meat consumption.



The research team, hailing from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/global-agriculture-food-systems" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh's Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems</a> and the <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill</a>, used the tool to predict multiple health outcomes.



The team's microsimulation, the first of its kind, utilized data from a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) national health survey. 



The simulation estimated the health effects of a range of meat consumption reduction -from five to 100 percent - on the U.S. adult population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



“Cardiovascular disease and cancer are the two most common causes of death in the USA, including during the COVID-19 pandemic,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“High processed meat consumption is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular disease; type 2 diabetes, and some cancers, particularly colorectal cancer.”&nbsp;



The researchers noted that in 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified consumption of processed meat as “carcinogenic to humans,” the same classification as tobacco and asbestos.&nbsp;



“The association of processed meat consumption with these chronic diseases is thought to be due to high haem iron, sodium, nitrites, nitrates, and saturated fat.”



“Compounds generated from high-temperature cooking - namely advanced glycation-end products, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons - have also been implicated in chronic disease outcomes.”



Despite these findings, intake of processed meat in the United States has not been reduced over the past 20 years, said the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-benefits">Potential benefits</h2>



The findings of the study are nothing short of impressive. The experts found that a 30 percent reduction in processed meat intake would have significant health benefits over a decade. 



This level of change would prevent more than 350,000 cases of diabetes. Additionally, it would result in 92,500 fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-meat-consumption-linked-with-poorer-heart-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a> cases. There would also be 53,300 fewer colorectal cancer cases.



The microsimulation suggests that the health benefits of this scenario are very significant. White males would experience the most considerable benefits. Individuals with an annual household income of $25,000 to $55,000 would also see substantial health improvements.



Furthermore, the researchers considered the impact of cutting unprocessed red meat consumption alone, as well as reducing both processed and unprocessed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red meat intake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-processed-meat-reduction">Impact of processed meat reduction</h2>



The study shows that empowering the public to reduce red meat consumption by 30 percent could have significant health benefits. 



A reduction in both processed and unprocessed red meat could result in 1,073,400 fewer diabetes cases. There would also be 382,400 fewer cardiovascular disease cases. Additionally, it could lead to 84,400 fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-major-risk-factors-predict-colorectal-cancer-in-men/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorectal cancer</a> cases.



Moreover, reducing unprocessed red meat intake by 30 percent has a simple implication. It would mean eating around one less quarter-pound beef burger each week.



Interestingly, more disease cases were prevented by reducing unprocessed red meat compared to processed meat. This observation is attributed to the higher daily consumption of unprocessed red meat at 47g a day, compared to the 29g a day of processed meat.



The researchers caution that less is known about the effect of eating unprocessed red meat on chronic disease risk. They recommend interpreting these estimates with care and advocate for more research on the subject.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-climate-and-meat-consumption">Health, climate, and meat consumption</h2>



This research goes beyond the realm of public health, according to Professor Lindsay Jaacks, Personal Chair of Global Health and Nutrition at the University of Edinburgh.



"Cutting consumption of meat has been recommended by national and international organizations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including the Climate Change Committee here in the UK and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change or IPCC," said Professor Jaacks.



"Our research finds that these changes in diets could also have significant health benefits in the U.S., and so this is a clear win-win for people and planet."



This study presents a compelling case for individuals to consider less meat in their diets. The potential rewards are two-fold, promising a healthier population and a healthier planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encouraging-healthier-dietary-choices">Encouraging healthier dietary choices</h2>



Beyond individual efforts, public policy can play a crucial role in guiding healthier dietary choices. Implementing educational campaigns about the benefits of reducing meat consumption, along with incentives for choosing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-lower-the-risk-of-major-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based</a> alternatives, could amplify the positive health outcomes detailed in the study.



Governments should consider adopting policies like meat taxes and subsidies for healthier food options. These measures can make it easier for people to make beneficial dietary changes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(24)00118-9/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Lancet Planetary Health</a>.



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Diseases linked to processed meat could easily be prevented

The saying "you are what you eat" is more relevant...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...