Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp;



In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp;



Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata) setting the record with a genome size over 50 times larger than that of humans.



This diversity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> size reveals the vast variety of life forms on Earth, but it also raises a fascinating question: If smaller genomes lead to faster, more efficient growth, why do some species have larger genomes?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-smaller-genome-sizes">Advantages of smaller genome sizes</h2>



The replication of DNA is essential for cell production and growth, making smaller genomes more efficient as they require fewer resources and time to replicate.&nbsp;



Smaller genomes demand fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a>, especially the DNA-building elements nitrogen and phosphorus, making them ideal for rapid growth and reproduction.



Because of these advantages, it’s not surprising that most species have evolved with relatively small genomes.&nbsp;



However, large genomes persist in some organisms, suggesting that these genomes may confer certain benefits in specific environments, where the costs of carrying extra DNA are outweighed by unique growth advantages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-large-genome-benefits-in-grasses">Exploring large genome benefits in grasses</h2>



A research team led by the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a> has recently studied the potential benefits of large genomes in grass species. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-circles-kill-all-newly-planted-grasses-deepening-their-mystery/">Grasses</a>, a vast plant family found worldwide from arctic tundras to tropical savannas, vary in genome size, making them an ideal group to examine how genome size affects growth in different conditions.



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20150" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>, examined the growth of various grass species under conditions mimicking their natural environments - high temperatures, low nutrients, and drought. 



The scientists compared growth rates to each species’ genome size and observed that while grasses with smaller genomes generally grew better across most conditions, larger genomes provided advantages in two specific scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-genomes-thrive-in-nutrient-rich-environments">Large genomes thrive in nutrient-rich environments</h2>



The first scenario where larger genomes proved beneficial was in nutrient-rich soils. While low nutrient levels slowed down large-genome grasses, those with large genomes thrived in high-nutrient environments.&nbsp;



Here, the extra DNA content meant larger cells that produced more biomass, such as leaves, which allowed these plants to outgrow and overshadow neighbors with smaller genomes.&nbsp;



In nutrient-poor areas, however, the demands of replicating additional DNA outweighed these benefits, making smaller genomes more favorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-seasons-and-genome-sizes">Growing seasons and genome sizes</h2>



The second advantage for large-genome grasses occurred in cooler environments, such as temperate regions with lower growing season temperatures.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-plants-grow-more-branches-and-become-bushy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant growth</a> typically has two stages: cell division, where new cells are generated, and cell expansion, where cells swell with water to help the plant grow taller or spread. 



Cool temperatures significantly slow down cell division, but they have less impact on cell expansion.&nbsp;



Consequently, grasses with larger cells, which accompany large genomes, can expand more rapidly by cell enlargement even in cooler weather, outpacing smaller-genome plants that rely on faster cell division in warmer temperatures.



This cell expansion process explains the early spring growth of plants like daffodils and bluebells, which also have large genomes.&nbsp;



These plants perform much of their cell division in warmer months, allowing them to use cell expansion to grow quickly in early spring, well before smaller-genome plants begin to compete for light and nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-diversity">Genome size diversity</h2>



The diversity in genome sizes among grasses may be one reason for their global success, as it allows them to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.&nbsp;



While smaller genomes typically support efficient growth, larger genomes offer unique advantages in specific environments, enabling certain species to thrive where others cannot.&nbsp;



This genetic diversity in grasses underscores the importance of variation in supporting species’ survival and adaptability across ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-and-evolutionary-success">Genome size and evolutionary success</h2>



The relationship between genome size and survival is not limited to plants. Our own medium-sized genome has supported humanity’s adaptability, though we don’t face the same nutrient limitations as stationary plants.&nbsp;



Unlike grasses, humans can move to seek out food and resources, which may allow us to bear the metabolic costs associated with our DNA without significant limitation.&nbsp;



This mobility highlights how different species leverage their genetic make-up in conjunction with unique behaviors and environmental interactions to thrive across diverse habitats.



In summary, the role of genome size in evolutionary success is nuanced and complex.&nbsp;



From the efficient replication of small genomes to the adaptability enabled by larger ones, genome size continues to shape the ecological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-forests-proving-resilient-both-climate-change-human-actions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a> and global distribution of life on Earth.



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How does genome size impact evolutionary success?

Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp; In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp; Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata)...

We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense that guides us through decisions and challenges. But what if that gut feeling isn't just intuition? What if it's a direct line to your mental resilience and stress management?



Recent research from the UCLA <a href="https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/medicine/gastro/microbiome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center</a> suggests a fascinating link between the health of our gut bacteria and our ability to cope with stress. 



It seems the microorganisms residing in our digestive system may play a significant role in our mental well-being, offering a whole new perspective on stress management and resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-brain-connection">Gut-brain connection</h2>



The gut-brain connection isn't a new concept. We know our gut sends signals to our brain about hunger, satiety, and even cravings. But this latest study suggests a more profound relationship, one that delves into the realms of our emotional and mental health.



The researchers examined over 100 adults without mental health conditions, assessing their resilience levels through surveys and MRI scans. They also analyzed stool samples to get a snapshot of each participant's gut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiome</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbiome-and-stress">Gut microbiome and stress</h2>



The results were intriguing. Individuals with higher resilience scores, meaning they were better equipped to handle stress and adversity, also had healthier gut microbiomes. 



Their gut bacteria produced chemicals linked to lower inflammation and a stronger gut barrier, essential for absorbing nutrients and blocking toxins.



"Resilience truly is a whole-body phenomenon that not only affects your brain but also your microbiome and what metabolites that it is producing," noted study senior author Dr. Arpana Gupta.



The researchers believe this connection stems from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the two. A healthy gut can positively influence brain function, while stress and negative emotions can disrupt the gut microbiome, creating a vicious cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-mental-health-care">Personalized mental health care</h2>



This research opens up exciting possibilities for personalized mental health care. By understanding the specific gut bacteria associated with resilience, we could potentially develop targeted interventions to boost mental well-being.



"We have this whole community of microbes in our gut that exudes these therapeutic properties and biochemicals, so I'm looking forward to building upon this research," said Dr. Desiree Delgadillo, a study author.



Imagine a future where personalized probiotics or dietary interventions could enhance our resilience and help us better cope with stress. It's a tantalizing prospect, one that could revolutionize how we approach mental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-stress-free-mind-and-gut">Building a stress-free mind and gut</h2>



While this study specifically examined individuals without diagnosed mental health conditions, the findings have broader significance. They emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to mental well-being that encompasses both psychological and physical health. 



This research suggests that maintaining a healthy gut microbiome through a balanced diet, effective stress management <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">techniques</a>, and possibly personalized probiotics could be essential components in enhancing resilience and improving mental health overall. 



It serves as a reminder that the gut's role extends beyond digestion, playing a crucial role in our overall health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-the-gut-microbiome">Improving the gut microbiome</h2>



Improving your gut microbiome involves incorporating diverse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fiber</a>-rich foods into your diet. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. 



Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi introduce probiotics, which are good bacteria that aid digestion and boost immunity. Limit processed foods and high-sugar items, as they can harm your gut flora. 



Staying hydrated and managing stress also support a healthy gut. Regular exercise promotes digestive health by increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial diversity</a>. Consider taking a high-quality probiotic supplement, but consult a healthcare professional first to find the best option for you.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



As with any remarkable research, there are limitations. The study didn't include participants with mental health conditions, and further research is needed to confirm the findings in a broader population.



However, the potential of this research is undeniable. It sheds light on a previously underestimated aspect of our mental health and opens up new avenues for exploration and intervention.



"If we can identify what a healthy resilient brain and microbiome look like, then we can develop targeted interventions to those areas to reduce stress," noted Dr. Gupta.



The journey to understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilience-is-surprisingly-linked-to-gut-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut-brain connection</a> is ongoing, but one thing is clear: our gut feeling might be more than just a feeling. It could be a reflection of our mental resilience, a hidden strength waiting to be harnessed.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00266-6.epdf?sharing_token=d7tnr1iH4wYyb9klreuBRtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0O3gE_rnHYKQBao0SogNg-0qklrgPyZtDg8CO775Mle9BpWbQLlf50Xl_waLYmNIMA_0OQP46z5W2iLZ9pS04zfOCqGVlmntaLiE78jhiSbJvxz5v0l6wFELHLU7ObTPnq9oCSd3UZ11Qvbp5Bk6p6Vz195ae7okFEwqz3vGz4QeyZKxguB8JHZG4edTBNkKttUMNL_xWVUCAurRwDMBxTYrYkEHyFMuYIuc1jRgQ_owSEHCWK05omJW8_vplR8Uw0773IHwvw-rp62pX8XWJGYH3WOuf8R8xHZvc4ryIZ-iA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.npr.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Mental Health</a>.



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Gut bacteria may be a secret weapon against stress

We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense...

Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the universe, where the building blocks of stars are only visible in wavelengths beyond the human eye's reach. 



Recently, astronomers made an unexpected discovery using two powerful telescopes, revealing twin disks and jets erupting from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-origins-of-young-star-clusters-traced-to-three-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young stars</a> in a multiple star system.



This discovery - notable for the age, size, and chemical makeup of the stars, disks, and jets - is particularly thrilling due to its location in a well-studied part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-twin-stars">What are twin stars?</h2>



Twin stars, also known as binary stars, are two stars that orbit around a common center of mass. This system is bound by their mutual gravitational attraction. Binary star systems can vary widely in their characteristics, with the stars differing in size, brightness, and distance from each other. 



There are several types of binary stars, including visual binaries, where the two stars can be seen separately through a telescope, and spectroscopic binaries, where the stars are too close to be distinguished visually but can be identified through their spectral lines.



These systems are important in astronomy because they allow scientists to calculate stellar masses, which are crucial for understanding star formation and evolution.



Additionally, the study of binary stars provides insights into the dynamics of stellar interactions and the processes leading to phenomena such as supernovae or the formation of neutron stars and black holes. Twin stars thus play a vital role in advancing our knowledge of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-twin-star-discovery">Twin star discovery</h2>



In this remarkable research, astronomers utilized the U.S. <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>'s Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>) and NASA's James Webb Space Telescope’s (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). These telescopes observe different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.



Combining their observations allowed the discovery of twin stars hidden in radio and infrared wavelengths within WL20. This star system is located in the nearby rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud complex, over 400 light-years away from Earth.



"What we discovered was absolutely wild," said astronomer Mary Barsony. "We've known about star system WL20 for a long time. But what caught our attention is that one of the stars in the system appeared much younger than the rest." 



"Using MIRI and ALMA together, we actually saw that this one star was two stars right next to each other. Each of these stars was surrounded by a disk, and each disk was emitting jets parallel to the other."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disks-and-jets-uncovered">Disks and jets uncovered</h2>



ALMA detected the disks, while MIRI revealed the jets. Study co-author Valentin J.M. Le Gouellec of NASA-ARC retrieved and analyzed ALMA archival data, revealing the disks' composition.



ALMA's high-resolution observations of the disks surrounding the newly observed twin stars revealed their structure.



Lukasz Tychoniec of Leiden Observatory provided high-resolution images, showing the disks' massive size - approximately 100 times the distance between Earth and the Sun.



Martijn L. van Gelder provided additional resources to process the data collected by MIRI, uncovering the chemical makeup of the jets.



"So if it weren’t for MIRI, we wouldn’t even know that these jets existed, which is amazing," said Barsony.



"Someone looking at this ALMA data not knowing there were twin jets would think, oh, it’s a large edge-on disk with a central hole, instead of two edge-on disks and two jets. That’s pretty remarkable."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fortunate-accident">A fortunate accident</h2>



Another remarkable aspect of this discovery is the chance it had to occur. "A lot of the research about binary protostars focuses on a few nearby star-forming regions," said Michael Ressler, a scientist from JPL.



"I had been awarded some observing time with JWST and decided to study binaries in the Perseus star-forming region."



"However, I had been studying WL20, which is in the rho Ophiuchus region in nearly the opposite part of the sky, for nearly 30 years, and I thought, ‘why not sneak it in? I’m never going to get another chance, even if it doesn’t quite fit with the others.’ We had a very fortunate accident with what we found, and the results are stunning."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-star-formation">New insights into star formation</h2>



While twin stars are not a new phenomenon, the recent discovery of twin disks and jets in the young star system WL20 is unique. It reveals unprecedented details about the formation processes of such systems. 



This discovery is significant because it involves observing the early stages of star formation with high-resolution data, showing parallel disks and jets.



By combining multi-wavelength data from ALMA and JWST, these new findings illuminate the complex processes involved in the formation of multiple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star systems</a>.



The astronomers plan to utilize ALMA’s future upgraded capabilities, such as the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade, to continue unraveling the mysteries surrounding the birth of stars and planetary systems.



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Wild discovery: Twin stars with parallel disks and jets

Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the...

Bees, the unsung heroes of our agricultural systems, are facing a dietary crisis. As critical pollinators, they keep our food supply buzzing, but human-caused changes to the environment have left them with limited and often unhealthy foraging options. A new study is shedding light on the specific nutritional needs of bees and the plants that can provide them with a well-rounded diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buzz-on-bee-nutrition">Buzz on bee nutrition</h2>



Bees, like humans, require a balanced diet to thrive. While they get their energy from nectar, pollen is their primary source of proteins, lipids, and other essential nutrients. But not all pollen is created equal.



"Despite public interest and a rise in pollinator plantings, little is known about which plant species are best suited for bee health," said Dr. Sandra Rehan of <a href="https://www.yorku.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York University</a>, the senior author of the study.



The research team, led by Dr. Rehan, analyzed the nutritional value of pollen from 57 plant species commonly found in North America. They focused on two key components of bee nutrition: non-esterified fatty acids (like omega-6 and omega-3) and essential amino acids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuel-from-plants-for-bee-health">Fuel from plants for bee health</h2>



Fatty acids play a vital role in the overall health and well-being of bees. These essential nutrients are the building blocks of cell membranes, contributing to a robust immune system that protects bees from diseases and parasites. 



Additionally, fatty acids act as an energy source, fueling bees' activities and extending their lifespan. However, maintaining the right balance of fatty acids is crucial. An imbalance can disrupt various physiological processes in bees.



For instance, insufficient levels of omega-3 fatty acids can impair bees' cognitive functions, affecting their ability to learn, navigate, and communicate effectively. 



Conversely, excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids can trigger inflammation and oxidative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a>, leading to various health problems and potentially shortening their lifespan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amino-acids-the-building-blocks-of-bee-life">Amino acids: The building blocks of bee life</h2>



Essential amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins, which are essential for various physiological processes in bees. 



In the realm of cognitive function, these amino acids support the development and maintenance of the nervous system, facilitating learning, memory, and decision-making abilities in bees. 



Additionally, they play a crucial role in reproduction, contributing to the production of eggs and sperm, as well as the overall development of bee larvae.



However, while essential amino acids are vital, overconsumption can have negative consequences. An excess of these amino acids can create an environment within the bee's body that is more favorable to parasites. 



This can increase the susceptibility of bees to parasitic infections, potentially leading to health issues and decreased overall fitness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-diet-from-plants-is-key">Diverse diet from plants is key</h2>



The study found that no single plant species provides the optimal balance of nutrients for bees. Instead, bees need to forage from a variety of plants to get the right mix of fatty acids and amino acids.



"There is a potential tradeoff between fatty acid and amino acid content within pollen, suggesting that a diverse floral diet may benefit bees more than a single pollen source," explained Dr. Rehan. "No one plant species is optimal for generalist wild bee health."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-best-plants-for-bees">Best plants for bees</h2>



While variety is important, the study did identify several plant families that are particularly nutritious for bees. These include roses, clovers, red raspberry, and tall buttercup.



"Based on their ideal protein to lipid ratios for wild bee nutrition, we recommend that pollen species from roses, clovers, red raspberry, and tall buttercup should be emphasized in wildflower restoration projects," said Dr. Rehan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



This research has important implications for bee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts. By understanding the specific nutritional needs of bees, we can create more effective pollinator gardens and habitat restoration projects.



"We hope this work will help inform flowering plant selections for pollinator gardens," said Dr. Rehan.



The study also highlights the importance of preserving native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>. While the research found no significant nutritional difference between native and introduced plant species, maintaining a diverse array of native plants ensures that a wide range of bees, including specialist species, have access to the specific pollen they need.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-nutrition-and-plant-research">Bee nutrition and plant research</h2>



The study is just the beginning of our understanding of bee nutrition. With thousands of plant species yet to be analyzed, there is much more to learn about the complex relationship between bees and their floral food sources.



"We hope this will inspire future similar research as well as follow up studies on the preference and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/winter-poses-a-challenge-to-the-survival-of-honey-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival of bees</a> on different diets," noted Dr. Rehan.



As we continue to explore the intricate world of bee nutrition, one thing is clear: a diverse and balanced diet is essential for the health and well-being of these vital pollinators. 



By creating a smorgasbord of floral options, we can help ensure that bees continue to buzz, thrive, and play their crucial role in our ecosystems and food systems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1411410" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems</a>.



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Bees need a balanced diet from various plants for optimal health

Bees, the unsung heroes of our agricultural systems, are facing...

If lakes could talk, they'd probably be telling us they're not feeling so hot. A remarkable new study, the first of its kind, has revealed that nearly half of the world's major lakes are struggling to show resilience and bounce back from the stresses of modern life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-resilience-of-lakes-look-like">What does "resilience" of lakes look like?</h2>



Resilience&nbsp;in this context means the ability of a lake to recover from disturbances. Such disturbances can include pollution, temperature changes, and extreme weather events. A resilient lake can bounce back, maintaining its clarity, health, and ability to support life.



However, when we pour in too much pollution, it becomes difficult for the lake to maintain its health. Pollutants come from various sources like agricultural runoff, industrial waste, and untreated sewage. These contaminants can harm fish and plants, disrupt the ecosystem, and degrade water quality.



Next, consider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change. As the planet warms, so do our lakes. Increased temperatures can lead to more algal blooms, which deplete oxygen and can be toxic to aquatic life. Warmer water also holds less oxygen, further stressing the lake's inhabitants.



Lastly, extreme weather events like heavy rains, storms, and droughts can overwhelm even the most resilient lakes. Heavy rains wash in more pollutants, while droughts lower water levels, concentrating harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-overlooked-component-eutrophication-lake-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substances</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-lakes-have-greater-resilience">Some lakes have greater resilience</h2>



Densely populated areas,&nbsp;particularly in eastern North America and northern Europe,&nbsp;are seeing the worst of it.&nbsp;Think of it as a lake's version of city stress - too many people,&nbsp;too much waste,&nbsp;and not enough room to breathe.



But it's not all doom and gloom.&nbsp;The study also found some glimmers of hope.&nbsp;Some high-altitude lakes, which receive increased flow from melting glaciers, are showing greater resilience. 



Despite the challenges posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-tsunamis-are-an-emerging-climate-linked-hazard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, these lakes are adapting and improving their ability to recover from disturbances. This finding highlights nature's remarkable capacity to adjust and thrive even in changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-lakes-are-approaching-a-tipping-point">Many lakes are approaching a tipping point </h2>



The research didn't just look at a single snapshot in time.&nbsp;They tracked lake health over nearly two decades,&nbsp;from 2000 to 2018.&nbsp;And what they found was a bit of a rollercoaster ride.



In the early 2000s,&nbsp;things seemed somewhat balanced.&nbsp;Roughly the same number of lakes were gaining resilience as losing it.&nbsp;But by the late 2010s,&nbsp;things took a turn for the worse.&nbsp;More lakes were losing resilience than gaining it,&nbsp;a trend particularly pronounced in those densely populated areas we mentioned earlier.



“While we anticipated that human activities would significantly impact lake resilience, the extent of resilience decline - nearly half of the studied lakes - was alarming,” said Ke Zhang, the lead author of the study.



This rapid decline has scientists worried that many lakes might be approaching a tipping point.&nbsp;Once they cross that threshold,&nbsp;there might be no turning back.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wealthier-regions-healthier-lakes">Wealthier regions, healthier lakes</h2>



Interestingly, the study also found a connection between a country's wealth and the health of its lakes. Wealthier regions tended to have more resilient lakes, likely because they invest more in conservation efforts and environmental protection measures. 



This underscores that safeguarding our environment often requires substantial financial resources. However, the study suggests that the expense of implementing these protective measures is justified, as the long-term cost of neglecting environmental protection could be much higher. 



This highlights the importance of investing in environmental sustainability to ensure the resilience and health of natural ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action-for-our-lakes">A call to action for our lakes </h2>



This study is more than just a collection of alarming statistics.&nbsp;It's a wake-up call,&nbsp;a reminder that our lakes are not just pretty scenery – they're vital ecosystems that support countless species,&nbsp;including our own.



“This trend is concerning and underscores the urgent need for effective management and restoration efforts to mitigate these impacts,” Zhang said.



But there's hope. By understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-make-your-hometown-feel-like-somewhere-else/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factors</a> that influence lake resilience, we can develop effective strategies to protect these vital resources. 



This finding serves as a call to action for governments, scientists, and everyday citizens to collaborate in safeguarding our lakes. Collective efforts can ensure that our lakes remain vibrant and healthy for future generations. 



Such efforts might include stricter pollution controls, habitat restoration projects, and community-led conservation initiatives. By working together, we can make significant progress in maintaining the resilience and health of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential ecosystems</a>.



After all,&nbsp;a world without healthy lakes is like a life without laughter - a little less vibrant,&nbsp;a little less alive.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Half of the world's largest lakes are losing their resilience

If lakes could talk, they'd probably be telling us they're...

Giant lizards known as heath goannas could potentially save Australian sheep farmers millions each year by controlling blowfly populations.



A recent study from the <a href="https://www.zoo.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> reveals that heath goannas, a species of scavenging lizards, serve as natural cleanup crews by removing maggot-infested carcasses from the environment.



This activity significantly reduces the number of blowflies, which are known to lay eggs on sheep, leading to the costly and devastating disease known as 'fly strike.'



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



"Human-induced environmental change has caused widespread loss of species that support important functions for ecosystems and society," noted the study authors.



"For example, vertebrate scavengers contribute to the functional health of ecosystems and provide services to agricultural landscapes by removing carcasses and associated pests." 



"Widespread extirpation of native Australian mammals since the arrival of Europeans in Australia has removed many scavenging species from landscapes, while scavenging mammals such as European red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been introduced."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heath-goannas-vs-european-invaders">Heath goannas vs. European invaders </h2>



The study was conducted at 18 sites across the Marna Banggara Rewilding Project area on Australia's southern Yorke Peninsula. 



The results highlight the effectiveness of heath goannas in controlling blowfly populations compared to introduced European species.



“We found that Australia’s native scavengers like heath goannas are much more effective in removing blowflies from the landscape than invasive scavengers like European foxes and cats," said Tom Jameson, a PhD researcher in the University of Cambridge’s Department of Zoology.



The impact of blowflies on sheep farming is severe, costing the industry an estimated $280 million annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-fly-strike">What is fly strike?</h2>



Fly strike, also known as myiasis, is a condition where flies lay their eggs on an animal's skin or in wounds. When these eggs hatch, the larvae (maggots) burrow into the skin, feeding on the animal's tissue. This can cause severe irritation, pain, and secondary infections. 



Fly strike is particularly common in sheep and rabbits, but it can affect any animal with open wounds or soiled fur. Warm, humid conditions and poor hygiene increase the risk. 



When blowfly maggots burrow into sheep, in particular, the results include painful wounds, decreased market value, reduced breeding success, and often death.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scavenging-activities-of-various-species">Scavenging activities of various species</h2>



Jameson's research involved comparing the scavenging activities of various animals in southern Australia.



Hundreds of dead rats were placed at feeding stations equipped with camera traps. After five days, the remaining carcasses were examined for blowfly maggots. 



The footage revealed that native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scavengers-clean-up-wetlands-and-boost-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scavengers</a> consumed more carcasses and maggots than their European counterparts.



“It was disgusting – we were counting maggots. After five days we’d find over 1,000 maggots in one rat if a scavenger hadn’t found it. Those maggots produce blowflies that can spread up to 20 kilometers in a week, putting local sheep flocks at risk of fly strike,” noted Jameson.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heath-goannas-and-ecosystem-restoration">Heath goannas and ecosystem restoration</h2>



The study underscores the importance of boosting populations of native large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a> like heath goannas for ecosystem restoration.



“The results suggest that conservation work in southern Australia to remove <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-have-racked-up-390-billion-bill-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> should also focus on boosting the population of heath goannas and other native species because they’re really important for the wider ecosystem,” said Jameson.



Besides benefiting native wildlife, this approach could provide significant advantages for the agricultural industry and attract more wildlife tourism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heath-goannas-nbsp">More about heath goannas&nbsp;</h2>



The heath goanna, also known as the Rosenberg's monitor, is a species of monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-lizards-have-evolved-to-resist-deadly-snake-venom/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lizard</a> found in southern Australia. It primarily inhabits heathlands, woodlands, and grasslands, often preferring sandy or rocky areas where it can dig burrows. 



This reptile is known for its distinctive appearance, featuring a long neck, a robust body, and a powerful tail, which it uses for balance and defense.&nbsp;



Heath goannas are carnivorous, feeding on a variety of prey, including insects, small mammals, birds, and other reptiles. They are also known to scavenge carrion.&nbsp;



Active during the day, these lizards are skilled hunters and climbers, using their sharp claws and strong limbs to navigate their environment. Reproduction involves laying eggs, which are typically deposited in burrows or other protected sites.&nbsp;



Heath goannas are currently endangered. As one of Australia's largest remaining native scavengers, conserving them is crucial for ecosystem health and local agriculture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11535" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology and Evolution</a>.



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How lizards are saving Australian sheep farms

Giant lizards known as heath goannas could potentially save Australian...

We've all seen the surreal footage of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/five-new-hydrothermal-vents-discovered-in-the-pacific-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrothermal vents</a> on the frigid ocean floor, spewing black plumes of super-hot water and teeming with life.



A new study suggests that lower-temperature vents, common across Earth's seafloor, may create life-supporting conditions on "ocean worlds" in our solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-ocean-worlds">What are ocean worlds?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean worlds</a> are planets and moons that have, or had, liquid oceans. Often, these oceans lie beneath an icy shell or within their rocky interiors.



In our solar system, several of Jupiter's and Saturn's moons are ocean worlds. Their existence has inspired academic studies, spacecraft missions, and even popular movies like The Europa Report.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-and-hydrothermal-circulation">Heat and hydrothermal circulation</h2>



Research suggests that some ocean worlds generate enough internal heat to drive hydrothermal circulation under their seafloors. This heat is produced by radioactive decay and tidal forces.



On Earth's seafloor, hydrothermal systems were discovered in the 1970s, revealing ecosystems around vents that discharge heat, particles, and chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simulating-hydrothermal-life-on-earth">Simulating hydrothermal life on Earth</h2>



In this new study, researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> used a complex computer model based on Earth's hydrothermal circulation.



By altering variables such as gravity, heat, rock properties, and fluid-circulation depth, they found that hydrothermal vents could be sustained under a wide range of conditions. 



If these flows occur on ocean worlds like Jupiter’s moon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-jupiter-moon-europa-deep-ocean-shifting-icy-shell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa</a>, the chances of life existing there increase.



"This study suggests that low temperature hydrothermal systems could have been sustained on ocean worlds beyond Earth over timescales comparable to that required for life to take hold on Earth," said Andrew Fisher, the study's lead author and a distinguished professor of Earth and planetary sciences at UC Santa Cruz.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-cooling-system">Earth's cooling system</h2>



The seawater-circulation system that the team modeled is based on a 3.5 million-year-old seafloor in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. 



There, cool bottom water flows through an extinct volcano, travels underground for about 30 miles, and emerges warmer with different chemistry. 



"The water gathers heat as it flows and comes out warmer than when it flowed in, and with very different chemistry," explained PhD candidate Kristin Dickerson, the second author of the paper.



This flow is driven by buoyancy, as water becomes less dense when heated and more dense when cooled



The system, termed a "hydrothermal siphon," continues as long as heat is supplied and the rock allows fluid circulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-life-on-ocean-worlds">Potential for life on ocean worlds</h2>



High-temperature vent systems on Earth are driven mainly by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-may-have-far-more-volcanic-activity-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a>, but a larger volume of fluid flows at lower temperatures, driven by Earth's "background" cooling.



This low-temperature venting discharges as much water as all the rivers and streams on Earth combined, accounting for about a quarter of Earth's heat loss.



Previous studies of hydrothermal circulation on Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus focused on high-temperature fluids. 



However, lower-temperature flows are just as likely. "Lower-temperature flows are at least as likely to occur, if not more likely," noted study co-author Donna Blackman, an EPS researcher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity-of-hydrothermal-systems">Longevity of hydrothermal systems</h2>



One exciting result from the computer simulations showed that under very low gravity - like that on Enceladus - circulation can continue with low to moderate temperatures for millions or billions of years.



This finding helps explain how small ocean worlds can have long-lived fluid-circulation systems below their seafloors, even with limited heating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-hydrothermal-research">The future of hydrothermal research</h2>



Planetary scientists are looking to satellite mission observations to determine the conditions on ocean worlds. The authors of the study plan to attend the launch of the Europa Clipper spacecraft later this fall, a mission aimed at exploring these fascinating environments.



Directly observing the seafloors of ocean worlds for active hydrothermal systems remains challenging due to their distance from Earth and physical characteristics. Thus, it is essential to maximize available data, much of it collected remotely, and leverage decades of detailed studies of Earth's analog systems.



This study opens new possibilities for understanding life-supporting conditions on other planets and moons, suggesting that the potential for life beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/origin-of-life-on-earth-may-have-been-found-in-ancient-hot-springs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> is greater than we once thought.



The study is published in the journal  <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JE008202" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</a>.



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Hydrothermal vents could support life on Jupiter's moons

We've all seen the surreal footage of hydrothermal vents on...

Loneliness, a growing public health concern, has now been linked to a significantly increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-increases-the-risk-of-stroke-by-70-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of stroke</a> among older adults, according to a recent study.



This research underscores the critical need to address social isolation to prevent serious health outcomes, revealing that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-drops-in-middle-adulthood-but-then-grows-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic loneliness</a> plays a crucial role in stroke incidence.



Study lead author Yenee Soh is a research associate in the <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/social-and-behavioral-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences</a> at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.



"Loneliness is increasingly considered a major public health issue. Our findings further highlight why that is," said Soh.



"Especially when experienced chronically, our study suggests loneliness may play an important role in stroke incidence, which is already one of the leading causes of long-term disability and mortality worldwide."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), covering the period from 2006 to 2018.



Initially, 12,161 adults aged 50 and above who had never experienced a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-light-pollution-could-increase-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke</a> responded to questions on the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. 



The responses helped create summary scores. Four years later, 8,936 of the participants responded to the same questions again.



The experts categorized participants into four groups based on their loneliness scores over the two time points: "consistently low," "remitting," "recent onset," and "consistently high."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chronic-loneliness-and-stroke-risk">Chronic loneliness and stroke risk</h2>



Among those who provided loneliness data only at the baseline, 1,237 strokes occurred during the follow-up period (2006-2018). For those who provided two assessments, 601 strokes occurred during the follow-up period (2010-2018). 



The researchers controlled for other health and behavioral risk factors, including social isolation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/depression-increases-the-risk-of-stroke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a>.



The study found a significant link between loneliness and increased stroke risk. Participants considered lonely at baseline had a 25% higher risk of stroke than those who were not considered lonely.



Those in the "consistently high" loneliness group had a 56% higher risk of stroke than those in the "consistently low" group. 



Interestingly, participants who experienced remitting or recent onset loneliness did not show a clear pattern of increased stroke risk, suggesting that the impact of social isolation on stroke risk is more profound over the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-chronic-loneliness">Implications of chronic loneliness</h2>



"Repeat assessments of loneliness may help identify those who are chronically lonely and are therefore at a higher risk for stroke. If we fail to address their feelings of loneliness, on a micro and macro scale, there could be profound health consequences," noted Soh. 



"Importantly, these interventions must specifically target loneliness, which is a subjective perception and should not be conflated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-and-social-isolation-increase-mortality-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social isolation</a>."



The study's authors call for further research to examine nuanced changes in loneliness over short and long periods. They emphasize the need to understand the potential underlying mechanisms and note that their findings may not be applicable to younger individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-chronic-loneliness">More about chronic loneliness </h2>



Chronic loneliness is a prolonged and persistent feeling of being alone or disconnected from others, even when surrounded by people. 



Unlike temporary loneliness, which everyone experiences occasionally, chronic loneliness is a more enduring state that can have significant negative impacts on both mental and physical health. It often arises from a lack of meaningful social connections and can lead to feelings of isolation, sadness, and a sense of not belonging.



This condition can stem from various factors, including life changes such as moving to a new place, loss of loved ones, social anxiety, or prolonged periods of solitude. 



Chronic loneliness is linked to increased risks of depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. It can also contribute to physical health problems, such as a weakened immune system, cardiovascular issues, and increased inflammation in the body.



People experiencing chronic loneliness may struggle with forming or maintaining relationships, often feeling misunderstood or disconnected even in social settings. This can create a cycle where loneliness leads to withdrawal from social interactions, which in turn exacerbates the feeling of isolation. 



Addressing chronic loneliness typically involves seeking support through therapy, engaging in social activities, building new relationships, and sometimes making lifestyle changes to foster a sense of community and belonging.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(24)00218-9/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EClinicalMedicine</a>.



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Chronic loneliness increases stroke risk in older adults

Loneliness, a growing public health concern, has now been linked...

Over the past two decades, the world has seen a dramatic escalation in the frequency and intensity of extreme wildfires, a trend driven largely by human-induced climate warming.



An extensive analysis of satellite records led by Calum Cunningham, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.utas.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tasmania</a> in Australia, revealed that the occurrence of wildfires with significant "radiative power" increased by more than double from 2003 to 2023.



Even more concerning, the intensity of the 20 most extreme fires each year has also more than doubled - a consistent trend that appears to be accelerating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results-of-the-study">Alarming results of the study</h2>



"Climate change is exacerbating wildfire conditions, but evidence is lacking for global trends in extreme fire activity itself," wrote the researchers.



"Here we identify energetically extreme wildfire events by calculating daily clusters of summed fire radiative power using 21 years of satellite data, revealing that the frequency of extreme events (≥99.99th percentile) increased by 2.2-fold from 2003 to 2023, with the last 7 years including the 6 most extreme." 



"Although the total area burned on Earth may be declining, our study highlights that fire behavior is worsening in several regions - particularly the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal</a> and temperate conifer biomes - with substantial implications for carbon storage and human exposure to wildfire disasters."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-hotspots">Wildfire hotspots</h2>



The geographical spread of extreme fires is extensive, predominantly affecting North America, northern Eurasia, and Australia.



Specifically, temperate conifer forests in the western United States have witnessed an 11-fold increase in extreme fires, while Earth’s northernmost forests covering regions like Alaska, Canada, and Russia have seen more than a seven-fold rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-feedback-loop-of-climate-change">The feedback loop of climate change</h2>



The repercussions of energetically extreme fires are vast and multifaceted. As forests play a crucial role in absorbing carbon from the atmosphere, the loss of trees due to fires not only releases stored CO2 back into the air but also exacerbates <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-climate-turns-tundra-from-carbon-sink-to-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, creating a detrimental feedback loop.



This cycle of destruction and warming continues to dry out landscapes, making them more susceptible to future fires.



In addition to environmental damage, the health implications are severe. The smoke from these fires blankets large regions, leading to significant health issues and premature deaths which far exceed those caused directly by the flames.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-management-and-climate-change">Wildfire management and climate change</h2>



The increasing severity and regularity of wildfires highlight the urgent need for adaptive strategies to cope with a climate more prone to such extremes.



Effective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-forests-rapidly-changing-repercussions-looming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a> at the local level is crucial to mitigate the risk and impact of severe fires. This involves not just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-suppression-methods-increase-the-severity-of-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">firefighting strategies</a> but also preventive measures to manage and maintain forest health.



The implications of this study, though alarming, are a call for action. The research is a reminder that the effects of climate change are not a distant threat - but a present reality impacting ecosystems and communities globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-a-hotter-world">Wildfires in a hotter world</h2>



In a hotter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>, fires will continue to become more frequent and intense. Higher temperatures dry out vegetation, making it more flammable and increasing the likelihood of wildfires. 



Prolonged heatwaves and drought conditions further exacerbate the issue, reducing the moisture content in forests and grasslands. Additionally, warmer climates can extend the fire season, leading to longer periods of heightened fire risk. 



The combination of these factors means that when fires do ignite, they spread more rapidly and are harder to control, often resulting in larger and more destructive wildfires. 



This trend is being observed worldwide, with notable increases in fire activity in regions like California, Australia, and the Mediterranean.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02452-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Extreme wildfires have doubled in the last 20 years

Over the past two decades, the world has seen a...

The Einstein Telescope, a proposed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-cosmic-object-detected-gravitational-wave-signal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational wave</a> detector, aims to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.



Planned to be constructed at the border triangle of Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, this advanced telescope will utilize cutting-edge laser technology to measure gravitational waves, providing unprecedented insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-sightings-nasa-skywatching-guide-for-may-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic events</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-cosmic-mysteries">Unveiling cosmic mysteries</h2>



Gravitational waves, akin to the universe's sound waves, are generated when massive celestial objects like black holes or neutron stars collide. These collisions create ripples in space-time that can now be detected thanks to advancements in technology.



The Einstein Telescope will build on this progress, offering a more detailed understanding of these waves and the events that produce them.



In August 2017, a groundbreaking discovery showcased the potential of gravitational wave astronomy. For the first time, the collision of two neutron stars was detected both optically and as a gravitational wave. This event confirmed that such collisions could produce heavy elements like gold.



Professor Achim Stahl from <a href="https://www.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/a/?lidx=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RWTH Aachen University</a> noted: "Researchers are pretty sure that most of the gold in the universe was created in such gigantic explosions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-gravitational-wave-detection">Evolution of gravitational wave detection</h2>



Gravitational wave detectors have significantly advanced our knowledge of the universe. 



The first gravitational wave was detected in 2015, with a signal lasting just over 0.2 seconds. In contrast, the 2017 neutron star collision produced a signal that lasted 100 seconds, offering a wealth of data for astronomers. 



The simultaneous observation of gravitational waves and electromagnetic signals from this event marked a new chapter in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/communications-satellites-may-disrupt-astronomical-observations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">observational astronomy</a>.



Historically, astronomy relied solely on visible radiation. However, with the development of the electromagnetic spectrum, astronomers expanded their methods of observation.



Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity proposed the existence of gravitational waves, which, like sound waves, cause distant objects to "wobble."



These minute movements are now measurable thanks to laser interferometers, which can detect changes as small as one two-thousandth of a proton's diameter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-technology-with-the-einstein-telescope">Advancing technology with the Einstein Telescope</h2>



The Einstein Telescope represents the next generation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-quantum-light-detector-now-fits-on-silicon-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational wave detectors</a>, designed to be ten times more sensitive than current models.



This third-generation observatory will consist of three nested detectors, each featuring two laser interferometers with 10-kilometer long arms.



Built 250 meters underground to minimize interference, the telescope will collaborate with a new generation of observatories, enabling what is known as multi-messenger astronomy.



Multi-messenger astronomy combines gravitational wave detection ("ears") with electromagnetic observations ("eyes"), providing a comprehensive view of cosmic events. 



This approach will allow astronomers to systematically measure and analyze phenomena that were previously observable only by chance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-collaboration-on-the-einstein-telescope">Global collaboration on the Einstein Telescope</h2>



The Einstein Telescope project requires global cooperation, with a similar third-generation detector, the Cosmic Explorer, being developed in the United States.



In 2021, the Einstein Telescope was included in the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) roadmap, marking a significant step towards its realization. The project, estimated to cost 1.8 billion euros, is set to begin construction in 2026, with observations starting in 2035.



Site selection studies are currently underway, with potential locations in Sardinia and the Euregio Meuse-Rhine region. The chosen site must meet specific criteria to ensure the detector's sensitivity and operational efficiency. 



The construction phase will involve extensive tunneling and vacuum pipe installation, providing economic benefits to the region.



"With gravitational waves, we can look much further into the universe than with normal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-telescopes-can-directly-detect-signs-of-alien-life-in-exoplanet-atmospheres/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">telescopes</a>. The Einstein Telescope will allow us to receive signals from the time when galaxies and the first stars were formed," noted Professor Stahl.



The Einstein Telescope promises to usher in a new era of astronomical discovery, enabling systematic observations and real-time detection of cosmic events. 



As technology progresses, the mysteries of the universe will become increasingly accessible, offering exciting prospects for both scientists and the general public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-technology">Broader implications of the technology </h2>



Beyond detecting cosmic events like black hole and neutron star collisions, the telescope will enhance multi-messenger astronomy by combining gravitational and electromagnetic observations.



This project will drive technological innovations in laser interferometry and data analysis, create educational opportunities, and stimulate local economies.



By offering unprecedented sensitivity and a broader observational range, the Einstein Telescope will enable long-term studies and potentially uncover new astrophysical phenomena, significantly advancing our knowledge of the cosmos.



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Einstein Telescope will revolutionize cosmic observations

The Einstein Telescope, a proposed gravitational wave detector, aims to...

The impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> change are increasingly evident worldwide, but how will it specifically affect your hometown? 



A new interactive web application from the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>’s Center for Environmental Science allows users to search 40,581 places and 5,323 metro areas globally to find future climate analogs, comparing expected future climates to current conditions in other locations. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hometown-climate-in-the-coming-years">Hometown climate in the coming years</h2>



This tool provides a relatable forecast of what your city's climate could be like in the coming decades, offering insight into temperature changes and potential scenarios based on emission levels.



For example, to experience the projected 2080 climate of Washington, D.C., you would need to travel to northern Louisiana, where summers are anticipated to be 11.5°F warmer. Similarly, Shanghai’s future climate might resemble that of northern Pakistan by 2080.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-towards-the-equator-nbsp">Moving towards the equator&nbsp;</h2>



“In 50 years, the northern hemisphere cities to the north are going to become much more like cities to the south. Everything is moving towards the equator in terms of the climate that's coming for you,” said Matthew Fitzpatrick, an expert in spatial modeling at the University of Maryland.&nbsp;



“And the closer you get to the equator, there are fewer and fewer good matches for climates in places like Central America, south Florida, and northern Africa. There is no place on Earth representative of what those places will be like in the future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-changes-in-the-coming-decades-nbsp">Temperature changes in the coming decades&nbsp;</h2>



Fitzpatrick employed climate-analog mapping, a statistical method that matches future climate projections of a location with the current climate of another familiar place, to provide a more tangible understanding of climate change.&nbsp;



Using recent data from the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC), the tool illustrates projected temperature changes over 30 years under two different scenarios.



The application provides projections for both high and reduced emissions scenarios, offering results based on several climate forecast models.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-climate-matches-for-your-hometown-nbsp">Exploring climate matches for your hometown&nbsp;</h2>



Users can explore the best climate matches for their city under different scenarios and models, and map the similarity between their city's future climate and current climates elsewhere, based on the average of five forecasts for each emission scenario.



The first scenario assumes very high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, projecting a global temperature increase of around nine degrees F by the end of this century, making the Earth warmer than it likely has been in millions of years. 



The second scenario envisions the effects if nations meet the Paris Climate Accord goals, resulting in about a three degrees F increase by significantly reducing human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.



“I hope that it continues to inform the conversation about climate change. I hope it helps people better understand the magnitude of the impacts and why scientists are so concerned,” Fitzpatrick concluded.



To take a look at the projected future climate of your hometown, the interactive website can be accessed <a href="https://fitzlab.shinyapps.io/cityapp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-global-warming-impact-human-health">How does global warming impact human health?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-the-strongest-in-7000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global warming</a> has a profound impact on human health in several ways. Rising temperatures can exacerbate heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can be fatal, particularly for vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions. 



Additionally, warmer climates contribute to the proliferation of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, by expanding the habitats of mosquitoes and other vectors.&nbsp;



Air quality also deteriorates with global warming, as higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> increase the concentration of ground-level ozone and other pollutants, leading to respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases. 



Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and droughts, become more frequent and severe, resulting in injuries, loss of life, and mental health issues. These events also disrupt healthcare services and infrastructure, making it harder to access medical care when it is most needed.&nbsp;



Furthermore, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a> affects food security by altering agricultural productivity, leading to malnutrition and food borne illnesses. 



The combined stress of these health impacts can strain public health systems, especially in low-resource settings, exacerbating existing health inequalities.



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Climate change will make your hometown feel like somewhere else

The impacts of climate change are increasingly evident worldwide, but...

At the heart of our galaxy, the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* draws in newly discovered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young stellar objects</a> (YSOs) that circle it at incredible speeds.



Observations have revealed that these infant stars, located near Sagittarius A*, follow similar orbits to previously known young stars, forming a distinct pattern around the black hole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sagittarius-a-and-young-star-formation">Sagittarius A* and young star formation</h2>



Recent research indicates that Sagittarius A* influences the formation of these swarming stars.



The latest study, led by researchers from the <a href="https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/universitaet/aktuell/press-releases/single-news/high-speed-baby-stars-circle-the-supermassive-black-hole-sgr-a-like-a-swarm-of-bees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cologne</a>, involved contributions from multiple institutions including universities in Germany and the Czech Republic, and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.



About three decades ago, astronomers discovered highly dynamic stars near Sagittarius A*, known as S stars, which orbit the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-orbiting-sagittarius-a-appear-rejuvenated-after-stellar-collisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black hole</a> at speeds of several thousand kilometers per hour. The stars complete their orbits within a few years.



The young age of the S stars puzzled scientists, who expected only old, dim stars in such a hostile environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technological-advancements-and-new-discoveries">Technological advancements and new discoveries</h2>



Advancements in telescope technology and prolonged observations of the Milky Way’s galactic center have raised new questions.



In 2012, researchers found an object initially thought to be a gas cloud, potentially consumed by the black hole. Though this theory remains unconfirmed, evidence suggests it might be a YSO surrounded by a dusty cloud.



In addition to the S stars, the Cologne-led team has identified about a dozen objects near Sagittarius A* with similar properties. These newly found objects are significantly younger than the known high-speed stars.



"Interestingly, these YSOs exhibit the same behavior as S stars. This means that the YSOs circumnavigate the supermassive black hole with speeds of several thousand kilometers per hour in a few years," explained study co-author Dr. Florian Peißker.



"The S stars were found to be surprisingly young. According to conventional theories, the additional presence of a stellar kindergarten composed of YSOs is completely unexpected."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chaotic-yet-organized-patterns">Chaotic yet organized patterns</h2>



Initially appearing as a chaotic swarm of bees, these high-velocity YSOs and S stars actually follow specific, organized formations. The research shows that both YSOs and S stars are arranged systematically within three-dimensional space.



"This means that there are specific preferred star constellations. The distribution of both star variations resembles a disk, which gives the impression that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flares-shed-light-on-the-milky-ways-supermassive-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black hole</a> forces the stars to assume an organized orbit," explained Dr. Peißker.



These findings shed light on the dynamic environment around Sagittarius A* and challenge existing theories about <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/messier-82-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-star-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> and behavior near supermassive black holes.



The discovery of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-origins-of-young-star-clusters-traced-to-three-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young stars</a> orbiting so closely to Sagittarius A* opens new avenues for understanding the complex interactions between black holes and their stellar neighbors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sagittarius-a">More about Sagittarius A*</h2>



Sagittarius A* is situated in the constellation Sagittarius, approximately 26,000 light-years from Earth. The black hole has a mass about 4.1 million times that of the Sun. 



Despite its enormous mass, Sagittarius A* is relatively small in size, with a diameter roughly equal to the distance between the Earth and the Sun.



The existence of Sagittarius A* was inferred through the observation of the orbits of stars near the galactic center, which revealed the presence of a massive, invisible object exerting a strong gravitational pull. 



The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project captured an image of its event horizon, providing direct visual evidence of the black hole.



Sagittarius A* plays a crucial role in our understanding of black holes and the dynamics of galaxies. Its study helps astronomers learn about the behavior of matter in extreme gravitational fields and the processes occurring in the vicinity of black holes. 



The region around Sagittarius A* is a hub of high-energy activity, with gas and dust being pulled in at high speeds, generating intense radiation that can be observed across various wavelengths.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2024/06/aa49729-24/aa49729-24.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.



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High-speed baby stars swarm around Milky Way's Sagittarius A*

At the heart of our galaxy, the supermassive black hole...

The Great Salt Lake in Utah is drying up, like many inland seas worldwide, due to increased human water use and accelerating climate change. As the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> shrinks, it exposes large areas of dry lakebed.



This desiccation releases harmful dust that pollutes surrounding areas during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>, posing serious health risks to nearby communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dust-problem-a-growing-concern">The dust problem: A growing concern</h2>



Since the mid-1980s, the Great Salt Lake has been steadily drying, exposing its lakebed to atmospheric weathering and wind. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-impacts-dust-levels-on-a-global-scale/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dust emissions</a> from drying salt lakes produce fine particulate matter (PM2.5), linked to numerous health issues and recognized as the leading environmental cause of human mortality worldwide.



"We know that the dust from these drying lakes is very unhealthy for us, so the question becomes, what does that mean in terms of people's exposure to the dust, and what does it mean in terms of inequalities in exposure to that dust," said study first author and sociologist Sara Grineski of the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>. "Are some people more likely to have to suffer the consequences to a greater degree?"



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-multidisciplinary-approach">A multidisciplinary approach</h2>



To explore these questions, a team of sociologists, atmospheric scientists, geographers, and biologists used a model to simulate dust pollution scenarios. 



The experts investigated how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">dust pollution</a> would change if the lake dried further or if its levels were restored.



"The drying of lakes with no outlets, also called terminal lakes or inland seas, is a major ecological catastrophe of the twenty-first century. As lake beds dry, they become sources of fine dust that harms human health," wrote the researchers.



"These lake beds are drying, in part due to decreased inflows of water associated with climate change, but mostly due to increasing human demands for water."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-model-simulations-of-dust-exposure">Model simulations of dust exposure </h2>



The model predicted dust levels in three counties surrounding the lake and combined these with demographic data from the 2020 U.S. Census and American Community Survey to analyze exposure disparities.



During typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-and-dust-storms-have-become-unpredictable-and-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>, current levels expose residents to 26 μg/m3 of dust PM2.5 on average, which is higher than the World Health Organization's threshold of 15 μg/m3.



If the lake were to dry up completely, exposure could rise to 32 μg/m3, while restoring the lake could reduce exposure to 24 μg/m3.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-justice-and-the-great-salt-lake">Environmental justice and the Great Salt Lake</h2>



The Great Salt Lake serves as a crucial case study, revealing significant disparities in dust exposure among different demographic groups. 



Dust exposure is highest among Pacific Islanders and Hispanic people, while white people experience lower levels of exposure. Additionally, those without a high school diploma are more affected by the dust. 



Restoring the lake could significantly reduce dust exposure and address these disparities, benefiting everyone in the vicinity and promoting environmental justice.



"People here in Utah are concerned about the lake for a variety of reasons - the ski industry, the brine shrimp, the migratory birds, recreation - and this study adds environmental justice and the equity implications of the drying lake to the conversation," noted Grineski. 



"If we can raise the levels of the lake via some coordinated policy responses, we can reduce our exposure to dust, which is good for everyone's health, and we can also reduce the disparity between groups."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoration-of-the-great-salt-lake">Restoration of the Great Salt Lake</h2>



Future research aims to explore how changes in the region's population size and composition might affect dust exposure from the lake. The ultimate goal is to guide local policymakers in prioritizing the restoration of the Great Salt Lake.



"If we were to enact policy and conservation measures to raise the lake, we would benefit not only in terms of decreased dust, but in terms of less dramatic disparities between who is breathing in more of this dust," explained Grineski. 



"It's important to consider the environmental justice implications of different choices that we might make in the policy arena when we think about different strategies for adaptation and mitigation to climate change."



Restoring the Great Salt Lake stands as a vital step toward achieving both environmental justice and ecological balance, ensuring a healthier future for all residents in the region.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(24)00249-5?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2590332224002495%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>.



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Restoring the Great Salt Lake is a matter of environmental justice

The Great Salt Lake in Utah is drying up, like...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...