Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp;



In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp;



Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata) setting the record with a genome size over 50 times larger than that of humans.



This diversity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genome-mapping-completed-for-dozens-of-common-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> size reveals the vast variety of life forms on Earth, but it also raises a fascinating question: If smaller genomes lead to faster, more efficient growth, why do some species have larger genomes?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-smaller-genome-sizes">Advantages of smaller genome sizes</h2>



The replication of DNA is essential for cell production and growth, making smaller genomes more efficient as they require fewer resources and time to replicate.&nbsp;



Smaller genomes demand fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-nutrients-are-creating-ocean-dead-zones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a>, especially the DNA-building elements nitrogen and phosphorus, making them ideal for rapid growth and reproduction.



Because of these advantages, it’s not surprising that most species have evolved with relatively small genomes.&nbsp;



However, large genomes persist in some organisms, suggesting that these genomes may confer certain benefits in specific environments, where the costs of carrying extra DNA are outweighed by unique growth advantages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-large-genome-benefits-in-grasses">Exploring large genome benefits in grasses</h2>



A research team led by the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a> has recently studied the potential benefits of large genomes in grass species. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fairy-circles-kill-all-newly-planted-grasses-deepening-their-mystery/">Grasses</a>, a vast plant family found worldwide from arctic tundras to tropical savannas, vary in genome size, making them an ideal group to examine how genome size affects growth in different conditions.



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20150" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>, examined the growth of various grass species under conditions mimicking their natural environments - high temperatures, low nutrients, and drought. 



The scientists compared growth rates to each species’ genome size and observed that while grasses with smaller genomes generally grew better across most conditions, larger genomes provided advantages in two specific scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-genomes-thrive-in-nutrient-rich-environments">Large genomes thrive in nutrient-rich environments</h2>



The first scenario where larger genomes proved beneficial was in nutrient-rich soils. While low nutrient levels slowed down large-genome grasses, those with large genomes thrived in high-nutrient environments.&nbsp;



Here, the extra DNA content meant larger cells that produced more biomass, such as leaves, which allowed these plants to outgrow and overshadow neighbors with smaller genomes.&nbsp;



In nutrient-poor areas, however, the demands of replicating additional DNA outweighed these benefits, making smaller genomes more favorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-seasons-and-genome-sizes">Growing seasons and genome sizes</h2>



The second advantage for large-genome grasses occurred in cooler environments, such as temperate regions with lower growing season temperatures.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-plants-grow-more-branches-and-become-bushy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant growth</a> typically has two stages: cell division, where new cells are generated, and cell expansion, where cells swell with water to help the plant grow taller or spread. 



Cool temperatures significantly slow down cell division, but they have less impact on cell expansion.&nbsp;



Consequently, grasses with larger cells, which accompany large genomes, can expand more rapidly by cell enlargement even in cooler weather, outpacing smaller-genome plants that rely on faster cell division in warmer temperatures.



This cell expansion process explains the early spring growth of plants like daffodils and bluebells, which also have large genomes.&nbsp;



These plants perform much of their cell division in warmer months, allowing them to use cell expansion to grow quickly in early spring, well before smaller-genome plants begin to compete for light and nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-diversity">Genome size diversity</h2>



The diversity in genome sizes among grasses may be one reason for their global success, as it allows them to adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions.&nbsp;



While smaller genomes typically support efficient growth, larger genomes offer unique advantages in specific environments, enabling certain species to thrive where others cannot.&nbsp;



This genetic diversity in grasses underscores the importance of variation in supporting species’ survival and adaptability across ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-size-and-evolutionary-success">Genome size and evolutionary success</h2>



The relationship between genome size and survival is not limited to plants. Our own medium-sized genome has supported humanity’s adaptability, though we don’t face the same nutrient limitations as stationary plants.&nbsp;



Unlike grasses, humans can move to seek out food and resources, which may allow us to bear the metabolic costs associated with our DNA without significant limitation.&nbsp;



This mobility highlights how different species leverage their genetic make-up in conjunction with unique behaviors and environmental interactions to thrive across diverse habitats.



In summary, the role of genome size in evolutionary success is nuanced and complex.&nbsp;



From the efficient replication of small genomes to the adaptability enabled by larger ones, genome size continues to shape the ecological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asian-forests-proving-resilient-both-climate-change-human-actions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a> and global distribution of life on Earth.



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How does genome size impact evolutionary success?

Every living organism relies on a genetic blueprint encoded in its DNA, yet the amount of DNA - or genome size - varies dramatically across the tree of life.&nbsp; In animals alone, genome sizes range from the minuscule genome of Intoshia variabili, a marine parasite - which is about 200 times smaller than the human genome - to the massive genome of the marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) - which is over 40 times larger than ours.&nbsp; Plants exhibit a similar range, with the fork fern (Tmesipteris oblanceolata)...

For years, we've been striving to understand the intricacies of one of nature's most profound mysteries -&nbsp;human<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-in-the-brain-does-consciousness-reside-scientists-think-they-might-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> consciousness</a>.&nbsp;



This enigmatic phenomenon has puzzled scientists and philosophers alike, as the experts strive to to unravel the intricate relationship between the brain and our conscious experience. Understanding this complex interplay could shed light on the nature of consciousness itself.



What's the secret to its formation in the brain? How do neural networks give rise to the subjective experience of awareness?



Professor Ekrem Dere from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruhr University Bochum</a>, Germany, proposes a novel approach to this timeless enigma. He advocates for defining conscious cognitive processes through meticulous behavioral observations and the analysis of learning curves.&nbsp;



This groundbreaking research aims to shed light on the underlying mechanisms that drive conscious thought and perception, offering new insights into the essence of what it means to be aware.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-consciousness-and-eureka-moments">Human consciousness and Eureka moments</h2>



We've all experienced those sudden moments of insight, where the solution to a problem suddenly materializes in our mind. According to Professor Dere, these epiphanies are not accidents, but likely the result of conscious processes.&nbsp;



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Learning</a>&nbsp;is often not a gradual process, but takes place in leaps and bounds; humans and animals experience sudden epiphanies every now and then," said Professor Dere, implying an intricate connection between our consciousness and these "Eureka" moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-gradients-of-human-consciousness">Complex gradients of human consciousness</h2>



Dozing off in a cozy chair has a vastly different level of consciousness than fervently typing away at an email.&nbsp;The former might involve a dreamy, semi-aware state, while the latter demands full&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-daydream-to-awareness-the-brains-alert-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alertness</a>&nbsp;and mental acuity.



Our consciousness isn't binary; it exists in gradients, reflecting the wide range of cognitive engagement we experience daily. "There are different levels of consciousness, depending on whether we're sleeping or writing an email," said Professor Dere.&nbsp;



Solving a complex problem, for instance, requires conscious cognitive information processing at the apex of this gradation, where our mental faculties are fully activated, allowing us to navigate intricate challenges with heightened clarity and focus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-profiling-conscious-cognition">Profiling conscious cognition</h2>



To scientifically study the neurobiological correlates of these conscious processes, Professor Dere suggests presenting a task to a human or animal that can only be solved through conscious cognitive information processing, without any preconceived solution.&nbsp;



However, one may not utilize this type of processing throughout the entire duration of the task, which introduces a challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marker-of-conscious-cognition">Marker of conscious cognition</h2>



Our learning performance doesn't always improve steadily but happens in jumps or stages, reflecting the non-linear nature of cognitive development.



These phases of discontinuous learning after an insight may serve as timestamps indicating when conscious cognitive information processing must have taken place.&nbsp;



Sudden leaps in understanding provide critical data points that highlight the moments of active engagement and conscious thought.



By comparing these moments to other points in time during task processing, scientists can observe and understand the mechanisms used in conscious&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-masking-your-brain-can-see-things-without-your-knowledge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">information processing</a>.&nbsp;



This comparative analysis allows researchers to pinpoint the exact instances when conscious cognition is at work, offering deeper insights into how we learn, solve problems, and make decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jigsaw-of-human-consciousness">Jigsaw of human consciousness</h2>



This groundbreaking research proposes a novel approach to studying consciousness, but it also has the potential to transform our understanding of conscious cognitive processes in both humans and animals.&nbsp;



As we continue to explore the depths of our consciousness, each eureka moment uncovers another piece of this complex jigsaw puzzle that is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-emotions-in-consciousness">The role of emotions in consciousness</h2>



Recent studies suggest that emotions play a crucial role in shaping our conscious experiences.&nbsp;Emotions not only influence our decisions but also affect the way we process information and our ability to learn.&nbsp;



The connection between emotions and consciousness could provide deeper insights into how we experience those eureka moments. 



For instance, being in a positive emotional state might facilitate greater insight during complex tasks, while negative emotions could create barriers to effective problem resolution.&nbsp;



Investigating these emotional dimensions could lead to a deeper understanding of consciousness. This approach may help create more comprehensive models. By integrating both cognitive and emotional factors, we can gain valuable insights into the mind.



-----



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Understanding human consciousness through 'eureka' moments

For years, we've been striving to understand the intricacies of...

In recent years,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall patterns</a>&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions experiencing unprecedented changes in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forecast-more-extreme-precipitation-ahead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> due to climate change.



Folk tales about the wet seasons seem to have turned into reality. Torrential downpours are becoming more common. These heavy rains disrupt daily life. They also challenge infrastructure meant for milder weather.



At the same time, dry areas are facing longer droughts, raising concerns about climate change and its impact on unpredictable weather.



These prolonged dry spells have severe implications for agriculture, water supply, and ecosystem health, making the need for comprehensive climate action more urgent than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-rainfall-variability">Climate change and rainfall variability</h2>



A groundbreaking study now solidifies the connection between&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-induced climate change</a>&nbsp;and erratic rainfall patterns, offering compelling evidence of the far-reaching impact of human activities on the global climate system.&nbsp;



The research vividly demonstrates that human actions have sparked a significant global shift towards more volatile rainfall patterns, disrupting traditional weather cycles and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events.&nbsp;



This significant finding validates what climate models have long predicted, highlighting the urgent need for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the growing climate crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-and-regional-scales">Global and regional scales </h2>



The study was a collaborative effort involving the <a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), and the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Met Office</a>.



The researchers focused on the evolution of rainfall variability since the 1900s, examining changes from a regional to global scale and across different timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalation-in-rainfall-variability">Escalation in rainfall variability</h2>



Rainfall variability essentially refers to irregularities in the timing and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amount of rainfall</a>, indicating fluctuations that deviate from historical averages and expected patterns.



An escalation in variability implies an uneven distribution of precipitation over time, resulting in intense wet periods and arid dry spells that challenge water management and agricultural practices.



In some instances, this might translate to a year's worth of rain falling within days, causing severe flooding and infrastructure damage.



In other cases, there are prolonged dry spells punctuated by heavy downpours that fail to replenish groundwater effectively. 



Furthermore, swift alternations between drought and flooding can devastate crops, disrupt ecosystems, and pose significant risks to human communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realities-of-climate-change">Realities of climate change</h2>



The researchers conducted a meticulous analysis of extensive observational data. They confirmed that rainfall variability has increased since the 1900s. This trend was observed in over 75% of the land areas studied - most notably in Europe, Australia, and eastern North America.



A striking revelation is that daily rainfall variability has escalated globally by an alarming 1.2% per decade.



"The surge in rainfall variability is principally a consequence of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a more humid and warmer atmosphere. This invariably leads to more frequent intense rain events, punctuated by larger fluctuations between these weather extremes," said study lead author Dr. ZHANG Wenxia. 



She noted that rainfall variations are further influenced by regional atmospheric circulation patterns over decadal timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-increased-rainfall-variability">Implications of increased rainfall variability</h2>



Study co-author Dr. ZHOU Tianjun warned that the future we dread is already upon us, emphasizing the immediate and tangible impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-will-become-harder-to-predict-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



"The escalating variability in precipitation substantiates evidence of larger daily changes, complicating the prediction and preparation for the environmental impacts."



This increased rainfall variability due to climate change presents significant challenges for meteorologists and policymakers alike, as traditional models struggle to account for the rapid shifts and extremes in weather patterns.



According to Dr. WU Peili, an expert scientist at the Met Office and co-author of the study, the rapid and extreme shifts in climate patterns pose significant risks to ecosystems, economic development, infrastructure's climate resilience, and carbon sinks. He emphasized that immediate adaptation measures are essential to address these pressing challenges. 



Communities around the world need to take proactive steps to improve climate resilience. Without these actions, they will face severe consequences. This highlights the urgent need for coordinated global efforts. We must work together to reduce the negative effects of climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0212" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Rainfall is increasingly unpredictable due to climate change

In recent years,&nbsp;rainfall patterns&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions...

There is a prevalent myth about drinking echoing through the corridors of our society, one that suggests a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-single-glass-of-wine-a-night-could-lead-to-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glass of wine</a>&nbsp;a day keeps the doctor away.&nbsp;Despite the popularity of this "conventional wisdom" on alcohol drinking, it is based on flawed scientific research - according to a recent report.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-of-drinking-alcohol">Myth of drinking alcohol</h2>



Numerous studies over time have revealed an intriguing possibility. Moderate drinkers may lead longer, healthier lives (including lower risks of heart disease and other chronic ailments) compared to those who abstain. This suggests that moderate alcohol consumption could be beneficial for overall health.



The consequence of such suggestions? An unfounded belief that alcohol is somewhat of a magical health potion.



Nonetheless, several other reports have painted a less rosy picture of the effects of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderate-alcohol-intake-offers-no-protection-against-obesity-or-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moderate alcohol consumption</a>. A new analysis has illuminated why this discrepancy exists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questionable-research-on-drinking-alcohol">Questionable research on drinking alcohol </h2>



Researchers at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/cisur/index.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria's Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research</a>&nbsp;have identified significant design flaws in studies linking moderate drinking to health benefits.&nbsp;



The main issue with these studies lies in their focus group - older adults. These studies have failed to consider the lifetime drinking habits of these individuals.



Consequently, moderate drinkers were compared to a group of "abstainers" and "occasional drinkers" comprising older adults.&nbsp;



Some of these individuals had quit drinking or reduced their alcohol intake due to the onset of various health concerns.



These flawed comparisons have skewed the appearances, making moderate drinkers look ostensibly healthier. However, as the researchers note, appearances can be quite deceiving in this context.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-the-data">Revisiting the data</h2>



The research team reviewed 107 published studies exploring the relationship between drinking habits and longevity.&nbsp;



Following a review of the accumulated data, it seemed as if light to moderate drinkers had a 14% lower risk of dying during the study period compared to abstainers.



Things took a dramatic turn when the researchers explored further. The studies deemed "higher quality" included younger participants.



The studies differentiated between former drinkers and lifelong abstainers, revealing no connection between moderate alcohol drinking and increased longevity.



It was only the "lower quality" studies that established such a correlation. "If you look at the weakest studies, that’s where you see health benefits," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-of-moderate-drinking-and-longevity">Myth of moderate drinking and longevity</h2>



The belief that moderate drinking can lead to a longer, healthier life isn't something new - it's an idea that has existed for decades.&nbsp;



One example is the French paradox. This theory, popularized in the 1990s, proposed that red wine was the secret behind the relatively low rates of heart disease in France, despite rich, fatty diets. This perspective of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>&nbsp;as a health tonic still seems to be deeply ingrained in the public's imagination.



However, the stark reality is that moderate drinking likely does not prolong life. Instead, it potentially invites health risks, including an increased likelihood of certain cancers. Hence, no major health organization has ever posited a risk-free level of alcohol consumption.



"There is simply no completely ‘safe’ level of drinking," concluded lead researcher Tim Stockwell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-factors-and-drinking-habits">Social factors and drinking habits</h2>



Beyond the scientific debate about the health implications of moderate drinking, it's essential to consider the social factors that shape drinking habits and perceptions. Cultural norms, peer influences, and social settings often play significant roles in how individuals approach&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol consumption</a>.



Many people drink to socialize, celebrate, or relax after a long day. This makes moderate drinking seem normal. However, the pressure to fit in can cause some to drink more than they plan. This blurs the line between moderation and excess.



Studies indicate that the context of alcohol consumption affects its health impacts. For instance, social drinking can result in larger quantities consumed quickly, potentially undermining the benefits of moderate drinking.



Additionally, the impact of alcohol on mental health cannot be overlooked. While some may turn to alcohol as a means of relaxation or coping with stress, it can contribute to anxiety and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-healthy-lifestyle-habits-that-prevent-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>&nbsp;over time.



This cyclical relationship complicates the narrative around moderate drinking. The context and purpose behind consumption are crucial. They matter just as much as the quantity consumed.



Understanding the social aspects of drinking is crucial. It helps individuals make informed choices about their alcohol consumption. This knowledge can lead to healthier lifestyles. Moreover, prioritizing well-being over social pressures is essential.



Exploring myths about alcohol drinking needs a balanced view, looking at both science and social factors.



The study is published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jsad.com/doi/10.15288/jsad.23-00283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs</a>.



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Drinking alcohol in moderation does not prolong life

There is a prevalent myth about drinking echoing through the...

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this summer. Trillions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-periodical-cicadas-eat-when-theyre-above-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">periodical cicadas</a>, members of the genus Magicicada, have emerged after years of dormancy, creating a spectacle that some likened to a "cicadapocalypse."



For many, this event feels mesmerizing, mysterious, and magical. It's also a great opportunity for scientific discovery and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-properties-of-cicada-wings">Antibacterial properties of cicada wings</h2>



This year marked a rare and extraordinary event in the state of Illinois. Both the 13-year Brood XIX and the 17-year Brood XIII of the Magicicada genus emerged at the same time. This rare event had not occurred since 1803, and won't happen again for another 221 years.



The mass emergence of cicadas signaled a seminal moment for the researchers and entomologists at the <a href="https://beckman.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology</a>, a renowned research center that is part of the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 



The team had an unprecedented abundance of cicadas at their disposal, thanks to the unique environmental phenomenon. 



Excited by the potential, the experts set out to use these cicadas for various innovative research applications, exploring the unique properties and behaviors of the insects.



The projects included materials science, studying cicada wings for new materials, and microbiology, examining microorganisms in their habitats to understand ecosystem health and interactions better.



This diverse range of research not only promised to yield groundbreaking discoveries but also highlighted the importance of biodiversity in scientific innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics-of-cicada-wings">Unusual characteristics of cicada wings</h2>



A critical area of study revolves around the unusual properties of a cicada's wing. Yutao Chen, a graduate student at Beckman studying under Professor Marianne Alleyne, delved into the microscopic world of cicada wings. 



"Cicada wings are superhydrophobic, meaning they're really waterproof, and they also have excellent antibacterial properties," explained Chen, whose research focuses on fabricating functional cicada-inspired surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-nanoscale-features">Hidden nanoscale features</h2>



The secret of the cicada wing's magical properties lies in its hidden nanoscale features. When magnified 10,000 times, the cicada wing reveals its true complexity.



What appears to be a smooth surface has microscopic structures known as nanopillars. These tiny features contribute to the wing's unique characteristics.



Distributed uniformly across each wing, these nanopillars are the key to the wings' remarkable hydrophobic and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-wings-inspire-antibacterial-medical-implants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibacterial properties</a>.&nbsp;



When microbes touch the nanopillars, they suffer physical damage to their outer membranes. This process effectively eliminates the microbes. It showcases the remarkable defensive mechanisms found in cicada wings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-surfaces-inspired-by-cicadas">Antibacterial surfaces inspired by cicadas</h2>



To mimic these natural antibacterial features, Chen used an advanced method known as nanoimprinting lithography. This technique makes it possible to copy the tiny nanopillars from cicada wings onto a type of plastic called polystyrene.



The resulting material is precisely textured with nanopillars, giving it the power to effectively destroy bacteria. This demonstrates the material's potential for innovative applications. It could be used to create self-cleaning and antibacterial surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-antibacterial-surfaces">Future of antibacterial surfaces</h2>



Chen's work is far from over. In fact, he intends to experiment with other fabrication techniques and observe more dynamic interactions between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> and replicated surfaces. 



With over 95% of bacteria destroyed within 3 hours by the replicated nanopillars, the future holds promise for the development of durable, antibacterial surfaces inspired by a humble <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-wings-inspire-new-method-to-kill-bacteria-on-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect's wing</a>.



We learn from nature. This is the essence of bioinspired design. It leads us into a new era of scientific discovery and also sparks technological innovation.



With the magic of the cicada as our muse, who knows what we might uncover next?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-cicadas">Cultural significance of Cicadas</h2>



In Japan, cicadas are cherished for their melodic songs, which are an integral part of summer festivals. Their presence is often associated with poetry and reflective thoughts on the transient beauty of life. 



Similarly, in Native American cultures, cicadas are viewed as symbols of resilience and perseverance, echoing their remarkable life cycle.



Moreover, cicadas have become subjects of scientific curiosity and environmental study. Their unique life cycles, which include long periods of dormancy followed by a vivid emergence, offer insights into ecological balance and the effects of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



As researchers continue to study cicadas, their cultural and scientific importance highlight the connections between life and nature.



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Cicada wings inspire new antibacterial technologies

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this...

Astronomers have uncovered the secrets behind an epic collision of two massive galaxy clusters, showing that dark matter and regular matter can actually separate during these huge events.



Located billions of light-years away, these clusters are home to thousands of galaxies and provide deep insights into the complexities of our universe.



When they collided, the dark matter -- an invisible substance affected by gravity but not light -- moved ahead of the normal matter, which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twisted-galaxies-millions-of-light-years-away-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">includes gas and stars</a>.



What does this mean for our understanding of cosmic structures? 



As we delve deeper into these phenomena, we uncover not just the mechanics of the universe, but also the broader implications that could reshape our comprehension of cosmic interactions and their relevance to the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-galaxy-clusters">Dark matter and galaxy clusters</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galaxy clusters</a> are immense cosmic structures held together by gravity. Only 15% of their mass is normal matter, primarily hot gas, stars, and planets, while the remaining 85% is dark matter. 



During the collision of the clusters, known collectively as MACS J0018.5+1626, the galaxies themselves mostly remained undamaged due to the vast spaces between them. 



However, the gas between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies collided</a>, becoming turbulent and superheated. While both dark and normal matter are influenced by gravity, the normal matter also interacts via electromagnetism, which slowed it down during the collision. 



Consequently, the dark matter moved ahead, decoupling from the normal matter.



“The dark matter is like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sand and flies ahead</a>,” said lead author Emily Silich, a graduate student working with Jack Sayers, a research professor of physics at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/">Caltech</a> and principal investigator of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-macs-j0018-5-is-a-treasure-trove">MACS J0018.5 is a treasure trove</h2>



A similar decoupling of dark and normal matter was previously observed in the Bullet Cluster. However, the orientation of the <a href="https://youtu.be/t7FBmBj7p0U" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MACS J0018.5 collision was different, providing a unique perspective</a>. 



“With the Bullet Cluster, it's like we are sitting in a grandstand watching a car race,” Sayers said. “In our case, it's more like we are on the straightaway with a radar gun, standing in front of a car as it comes at us and are able to obtain its speed.”



To measure the speed of the gas in the cluster, researchers employed the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. 



This effect occurs when photons from the cosmic microwave background scatter off electrons in hot gas, causing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-planetary-system-that-resembles-tatooine-from-star-wars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doppler shift</a>. By measuring this shift, scientists can determine the speed of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sign-of-life-found-in-the-clouds-surrounding-venus/">gas clouds</a> within galaxy clusters.



“The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects were still a very new observational tool when Jack and I first turned a new camera at the CSO on galaxy clusters in 2006,” said Sunil Golwala, a professor of physics and Silich's faculty PhD advisor. 



“We look forward to a slew of new surprises when we put next-generation instruments on the telescope at its new home in Chile.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-normal-and-dark-matter-separate-in-clusters">Normal and dark matter separate in clusters</h2>



By 2019, researchers had used the kinetic SZ effect to measure the gas speed in several galaxy clusters and Keck Observatory data to determine the speed of the galaxies, which also indicates the dark matter's speed. 



However, they noticed an anomaly in MACS J0018.5: the hot gas was moving in the opposite direction to the dark matter. Initially, they thought it might be a data error. 



“We had this complete oddball with velocities in opposite directions,” Sayers explained. "And then Emily got involved and untangled everything.”



Silich used data from the <a href="https://chandra.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> to analyze the temperature and location of the gas and its shock levels. “These cluster collisions are the most energetic phenomena since the Big Bang," she said. 



The team also collaborated with Adi Zitrin from <a href="https://www.bgu.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a> in Israel to map the dark matter using gravitational lensing and with John ZuHone from the <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Astrophysics at Harvard Smithsonian</a> to simulate the cluster collision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cluster-collisions-and-dark-matter-discoveries">Cluster collisions and dark matter discoveries</h2>



The researchers discovered that the clusters, before colliding, were moving toward each other at about 3000 kilometers per second. 



The collision's orientation and the separation of dark and normal matter explained the odd velocity measurements. 



This research provides a new method to directly probe the behavior of dark matter, offering insights into its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-might-be-driving-force-behind-black-hole-mergers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mysterious nature</a>.



“This study is a starting point to more detailed studies into the nature of dark matter,” Silich said. “We have a new type of direct probe that shows how dark matter behaves differently from normal matter.”



In the future, more studies like this one could reveal additional clues about dark matter, helping scientists understand how such a mysterious substance interacts with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-map-all-of-the-matter-in-the-universe/">universe</a>.



The discovery utilized data from multiple observatories, including the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, the W.M. Keck Observatory, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope, the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment in Chile. Some of the data was collected decades ago, with full analysis occurring over the past few years.



The research is published in the <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7zhx0-mvp60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astrophysical Journal</a>.



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Dark matter seen separating from normal matter after galaxy cluster collision

Astronomers have uncovered the secrets behind an epic collision of...

There's nothing like that first cup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-energy-boost-from-your-morning-cup-of-coffee-may-be-a-placebo-instead-of-the-caffeine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee in the morning</a>. Across the world, consumers are savoring more than 2.2 billion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paper-coffee-cups-not-so-eco-friendly-after-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee cups</a> on a daily basis, many of which include Arabica and Robusta coffee.



With over 100 million farmers globally catering to our coffee indulgence, we must ask ourselves - where do these precious beans come from?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-future-of-coffee">Exploring the future of coffee</h2>



Coffee beans that kickstart the routines of millions every day usually belong to one of two species - Coffea arabica or Coffea canephora (fondly known as Robusta or Conilon coffee).&nbsp;



Arabica beans have historically held the coffee throne, favored for their distinct flavor and aroma. However, an impending crisis is brewing. By 2050, it is predicted that about 80% of Arabica production could be hit by climate change.



Felipe Ferrao, a research assistant scientist from the University of Florida, and colleagues from the RD2 Vision (France) and Incaper Institution (Brazil), are on a quest to find coffee cultivars that could potentially replace Arabica in the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-coffee-a-resilient-alternative">Robusta coffee: A resilient alternative</h2>



Two avenues could potentially supplement&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-genome-adapted-to-climate-changes-over-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabica</a>: adapting coffee cultivation practices to new environments and focusing on the more resilient species.



The latest research led by the University of Florida hints that Robusta might be the hero we need to keep our morning pick-me-ups intact.



“If you consider that nowadays, about 60% of coffee beans commercialized around the globe are from Coffea arabica, the coffee industry is looking for alternatives,” said Ferrao. "This is how and where Robusta coffee emerges as a good candidate.”



In recent decades, Robusta coffee production has seen a 30% increase, while also demonstrating its robustness against economic and environmental uncertainties.&nbsp;



“Overall, the species produces more coffee than Arabica, using fewer inputs, such as fertilizer and water. As its name suggests, the plant is more robust,” noted Ferrao.



“While the demand for Robusta coffee likely won’t decrease, our biggest challenge is to meet the demand for quality and productivity required by the coffee chain. In this sense, genetics and breeding studies can provide basic elements for a better understanding of diversity and factors that affect quality.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-climate-smart-coffee-for-the-future">Robusta: Climate-smart coffee for the future</h2>



The research team evaluated both Robusta/Conilon and Arabica coffee for multiple traits in three high-altitude locations in Brazil over five years.&nbsp;



The goal was to assess whether Robusta cultivars had the potential to yield a robust crop in alternative climates and, importantly, whether they also delivered on taste.



Their findings? Robusta demonstrated a high adaptability to high altitude regions, thus aligning with good production and flavor profiles. This makes it a fitting candidate for the "coffee of the future - climate-smart coffee.”



The study proposes that Robusta can offer three key characteristics for future coffee cultivars:



<ol>
<li>Sustainability – The ability to produce more with less.</li>



<li>Quality – Delivering a good flavor to meet consumer demand.</li>



<li>Plasticity – The capacity to adapt to new production systems.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-new-grounds-in-florida">Testing new grounds in Florida</h2>



Both encouraged and intrigued by their success with Robusta in Brazil, the scientists are now exploring its potential to grow in Florida. 



“Here in Florida, we have some trials to test both Robusta and Arabica coffees in different locations. When compared to Brazil, the differences in the soil properties, rainfall distribution, temperature and weather events will certainly impact the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee production</a> and its quality,” said Ferrao.



The Florida-based team, including researchers from the Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) in Homestead and Gainesville, are now testing coffee as an alternative crop for Florida growers.



The trials mark the first time such a diverse set of coffee materials is tested under Floridian conditions.



As global consumers, we can only wait to see whether the promise of Robusta will percolate through to our morning cup, as science continues brewing alternatives to secure a climate-smart future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-in-coffee-sustainability">Technology in coffee sustainability</h2>



Technology plays a vital role in promoting sustainable coffee production. Innovations like precision farming and climate modeling are emerging. These advancements help farmers optimize their practices. They enable better adaptation to changing environmental conditions.



Precision agriculture uses data and technology to monitor factors like soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pest populations. By leveraging these insights, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, resulting in more efficient resource use and less environmental impact.



Moreover, advanced climate modeling tools enable researchers and farmers to predict how&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>&nbsp;will impact growing regions. By understanding these trends, they can proactively adjust cultivation methods, select more resilient varieties, and manage risk effectively.



As the industry continues to face challenges from climate change, the integration of technology into sustainable practices will be essential. By embracing innovation, we can not only safeguard the future of agricultural products but also enhance the livelihoods of farmers and the quality of our morning brew.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.21298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Crop Science</a>.



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Robusta coffee could save our morning brew from climate change

There's nothing like that first cup of coffee in the morning....

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing complexities that challenge our perception of reality. Recent advancements illuminate the puzzling wave functions of entangled photons, providing remarkable insights into the behavior of these fundamental particles.



At the forefront of this research are experts from the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Ottawa</a> and <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/pagina-strutturale/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University</a> of Rome. Their innovative approach allows for real-time visualization of entangled photon wave functions, pushing the boundaries of what we thought possible in quantum science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-entanglement">Understanding entanglement</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum entanglement</a> is a mind-boggling phenomenon that underscores the profound interconnectedness of two particles. 



When the state of one particle changes, it can instantly influence the state of the other, regardless of the distance separating them.



Consider the analogy of a pair of shoes: if you pick a left shoe, you immediately know the other has to be the right one. 



This scenario elegantly illustrates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of entanglement</a>, where the properties of these particles are intertwined in ways that challenge our conventional understanding of physics.



Central to quantum mechanics is the wave function, which encapsulates the quantum state of a system. Just as knowing a shoe's size and color aids in its identification, the wave function provides essential information -- such as position and velocity -- about quantum particles.



For scientists, grasping the significance of the wave function is crucial, as it empowers them to predict the outcomes of various measurements effectively. 



As physicist Richard Feynman wisely noted, "If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don't understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-entangled-photons">Capturing entangled photons</h2>



Traditionally, visualizing the wave function for complex systems like two entangled photons has necessitated a technique known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-quantum-light-detector-now-fits-on-silicon-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> tomography.



This method involves extensive measurements and can be quite time-consuming, often extending over hours or even days. 



Furthermore, results can be compromised by noise and the intricacies of the setup, presenting challenges to accurate measurement.



To illustrate this, think of traditional tomography as reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D shadows cast on different walls -- an elaborate task that demands significant computational resources and time.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/quantum-entanglement_photons_Biphoton-state-holographic-reconstruction_credit_Nature-Photonics_1s.jpg" alt="A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics" class="wp-image-1940052"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics</figcaption></figure>



However, recent advancements have introduced a pioneering technique that addresses these limitations.



Inspired by digital holography in classical optics, the new method involves capturing a single image, known as an interferogram. This image results from the interference of light scattered by an object with a reference beam.



For entangled photons, researchers have enhanced this concept by superimposing a well-known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> with the unknown one, enabling them to capture the spatial distribution of simultaneous photon arrivals -- referred to as a coincidence image.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-photon-visualization">High-tech photon visualization</h2>



The success of this experiment relies on the use of an advanced camera that captures events with nanosecond precision at each pixel.



This high-resolution capability is crucial for revealing the intricate interference patterns that underpin the innovative visualization technique we are exploring.



Dr. Alessio D'Errico, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ottawa and co-author of the study, highlighted the remarkable efficiency of this approach.



"This method is exponentially faster than previous techniques, requiring only minutes or seconds instead of days," D'Errico explained.



"Importantly, the detection time remains unaffected by the complexity of the system, providing a solution to the long-standing scalability challenge in projective tomography."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-quantum-technology">Implications for quantum technology</h2>



This breakthrough represents a significant achievement for academic research while holding profound implications for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future of quantum technology</a>.



By facilitating faster and more accurate characterization of quantum states, this innovative method can propel advancements in quantum communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>, and quantum imaging techniques.



For example, enhancing our understanding and manipulation of entangled states could pave the way for more secure communication channels and advanced computational systems that surpass the capabilities of classical computers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entangled-photons-and-the-quantum-future">Entangled photons and the quantum future</h2>



The potential applications are both vast and diverse. In the realm of quantum computing, precise control over quantum states is essential for creating algorithms capable of solving problems deemed impossible by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional computers</a>.



In quantum communication, secure data transmission can be realized by leveraging the unique properties of entangled particles.



Moreover, quantum imaging stands to benefit as well, offering the possibility of high-resolution imaging at previously unattainable scales and sensitivities.



This research not only addresses fundamental questions about the nature of reality at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum level</a>, but it also lays the groundwork for practical applications that have the potential to transform industries and enhance our everyday lives.



The future of quantum technology looks brighter than ever, thanks to the pioneering work of brilliant scientists like Dr. Alessio D'Errico and his international collaborators.



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Quantum dance of entangled photons captured in real-time

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing...

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as a lethal disease offers crucial insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-reprogram-their-cells-to-fight-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogens</a> can gain or lose the ability to jump from animals to humans. 



A newly published study has unraveled the mechanisms through which the WEE virus infected humans and has linked changes in these mechanisms to the reduction in illness and deaths caused by the virus. These findings are significant for public health experts planning for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-forest-cover-linked-to-disease-outbreaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a>.



The researchers, led by Professor Jonathan Abraham of the Blavatnik Institute at <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>, encountered many unexpected findings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-changes-in-the-wee-virus">Surprising changes in the WEE virus</h2>



“This was a real scientific detective story,” said Professor Abraham. “The virus kept surprising us and taught us some important lessons about how to study viruses.”



The researchers identified specific proteins on host cells that different WEE virus strains used to infect various animals, including horses, humans, and birds, over the last century.&nbsp;



The team discovered that changes in the viral genome led to the virus losing its ability to target proteins found in humans and horses while maintaining its ability to infect birds and reptiles.&nbsp;



These changes in the virus's capacity to infect different host cells underscore the need to study viruses over time, across different regions, and in various host species to monitor potential outbreaks and emerging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-virus-infects-host-cells">How the virus infects host cells</h2>



WEE, a member of the alphavirus family, typically attaches a spike protein to a compatible receptor on a host cell to gain entry and cause infection.&nbsp;



The researchers created harmless replicas of different viral strains collected over time and tested their ability to infect host cells in lab dishes and mice.&nbsp;



The experts found that early, deadly strains of WEE could attach their spike proteins to multiple receptors on the brain cells of humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, including proteins known as PCDH10 and VLDLR.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-no-longer-targeted-by-the-virus">Humans are no longer targeted by the virus</h2>



Despite the virus still circulating between birds, mosquitoes, and other animals, the last significant human outbreak in the United States was in 1987, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/wee/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). 



Since then, only five cases have been identified. Recent strains of the virus isolated from mosquitoes in California in 2005 were found to be unable to recognize human receptors but could still interact with proteins found in birds.



The researchers propose that the virus may have evolved due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> efforts for horses or simple antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause small changes in the viral genome over time. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-shifts-in-the-viral-spike-proteins-nbsp">Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins&nbsp;</h2>



Based on the findings, the researchers hypothesized that the virus evolved due to reduced prevalence of horses, which can be vaccinated and no longer serve as effective amplifiers.&nbsp;



Alternatively, the virus may have undergone antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause minor changes in the viral genome, altering its interaction with hosts.&nbsp;



Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins changed the cellular receptors it could target. This evolution in host receptors likely caused the virus to “submerge” as a human pathogen in North America. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting potential re-emergence.



“We need to understand what happens to viruses when they submerge, to better prepare for when they re-emerge,” said first author Wanyu Li, a doctoral student at Harvard's Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-nature-of-viruses">The dynamic nature of viruses</h2>



The study revealed that certain old WEE strains behaved differently than expected. The researchers used the eastern equine encephalitis virus as a control in some experiments and found that an old strain of WEE could use the same receptor as the eastern virus, which newer WEE strains could not do.&nbsp;



This variability underscores the dynamic nature of viruses and the necessity of studying multiple strains to fully understand them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-wee-outbreak-in-south-america">Recent WEE outbreak in South America </h2>



As Abraham and his team conducted their experiments, a new outbreak of WEE occurred in South America, highlighting the importance of perpetual vigilance.&nbsp;



The South American strain of the virus is genetically distinct from the North American strain and does not persist long enough for migrating birds to transfer it between continents. However, the outbreak emphasizes the need for improved scientific understanding of these viruses.



Abraham and his collaborators are now investigating the strains associated with the recent outbreak in South America.&nbsp;



“One small shift in the viral genome, in the intensity of a rainy season that allows mosquitoes to proliferate, or in the place humans live or work, could trigger an outbreak. The more we know, the better we’ll be able to protect ourselves,” Abraham concluded.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07740-2#Sec10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Subtle changes give a virus the ability to infect humans

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as...

Ask anyone around you - "Do you believe you have control over your actions?" The chances are high you'll hear a resounding "Yes." Most people cherish the idea that they are the architects of their destiny, exercising sovereignty over their personal decisions and their own free will.



This concept of control, commonly referred to as free will, is a fundamental premise that profoundly shapes our identity and influences how we navigate the world. 



It instills a sense of responsibility for our choices and actions, and it becomes a cornerstone of our moral and ethical frameworks.



However, what if, in reality, we're not the ones truly calling the shots? What if our decisions are influenced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-humans-living-in-a-simulated-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factors beyond our awareness</a>?



This unsettling yet thought-provoking idea is the bold hypothesis explored in Robert Sapolsky's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Determined-Science-Life-without-Free/dp/0525560971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">latest book</a>, "Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will."



In it, Sapolsky delves into the intricate interplay of biology, environment, and psychology, challenging our conventional understanding of autonomy and prompting readers to reconsider the essence of human agency.



The book invites us to question the very foundations of how we perceive ourselves and our choices in an increasingly complex world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-s-robert-sapolsky">Who’s Robert Sapolsky?</h2>



A neurobiologist serving <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, Robert Sapolsky is no stranger to the intricate secrets of the human mind and the biological mechanisms that underpin our behavior.



With over four decades of dedicated research studying both human and primate behavior, his journey has taken him through diverse environments, from the jungles of Africa observing wild baboons to the labs of academia delving into the neurological processes that drive our actions.



Throughout his extensive career, he has explored the interplay between genetics, environment, and neurobiology, leading to a controversial revelation: we may not have control over our behavior any more than we do over a seizure or the rhythmic throb of our heartbeats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradigm-shift-from-common-belief">Paradigm shift from common belief</h2>



The notion seems counter-intuitive, doesn't it? We've always been taught to believe that we control our actions, that our choices define our destinies.



However, the mind-boggling research conducted by <a href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-sapolsky" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Sapolsky</a>, traversing various scientific disciplines such as neuroscience, psychology, and genetics, paints a significantly different picture.



His findings suggest that everything we do, whether it's the most trivial decision or a choice that has transformative consequences, isn’t really a matter of personal choice.



Instead, our actions could be sculpted and influenced by complex neurological processes and environmental factors that operate beneath our conscious awareness, making us mere bystanders in our own lives.



Sapolsky throws down the gauntlet with a stern reality check, stating, "The world is really screwed up and made much, much more unfair by the fact that we reward people and punish people for things they have no control over. We've got no free will. Stop attributing stuff to us that isn't there."



This powerful statement challenges our long-held beliefs about moral responsibility and accountability, urging us to reconsider the implications of our choices in a world where free will may not exist in the way we’ve always imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-free-will-is-handcuffed-by-genetics">Free will is handcuffed by genetics</h2>



On one end of the spectrum, we have large swathes of the population who perceive free will as an undeniable reality, believing that individuals possess the power to make choices that shape their destinies.



This perspective champions the idea that personal agency and decision-making are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fundamental to human experience</a>.



In stark contrast, the viewpoint articulated by Sapolsky suggests that our actions are not solely a product of our own volition but rather the result of an intricate dance of genetics, environmental conditions, and neurochemistry.



This perspective posits that factors such as our genetic makeup, the circumstances of our upbringing, and even the chemical reactions occurring within our brains significantly influence our decisions and behaviors.



As a result, our failures and successes appear less like achievements or shortcomings of our own doing and more like byproducts of these external elements, challenging the notion of personal responsibility and prompting deeper reflection on the complexities of human behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-determined">Closer look at "Determined"</h2>



Sapolsky's new book, "Determined", builds on the solid foundation laid in his previous bestseller, "Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst".



This thought-provoking book delves deeply into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-is-a-virtual-world-and-humans-play-the-roles-of-its-characters-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intricate and mysterious elements</a> that influence our behavior, offering readers a comprehensive exploration of the forces at play.



Sapolsky sweeps across the vast panorama of time, examining everything from the immediate moments leading up to decision-making to the centuries-old evolutionary processes that have shaped our brain and behavior.



"Determined" meticulously discusses how genetic, environmental, and social factors intertwine, collaborating to steer our actions in ways we may not even consciously recognize.



With a mix of scientific rigor and engaging storytelling, Sapolsky invites readers to reflect on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complexities of human behavior</a> and the myriad influences that guide us every day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconciling-free-will-with-reality">Reconciling free will with reality</h2>



The concept of dismissing free will significantly rattles the fundamental principles of morality and justice, causing us to question the very foundation upon which our legal and ethical systems are built.



After all, if our choices and actions are not truly within our control, how can society justly hold individuals accountable for them?



This dilemma raises profound questions about responsibility and accountability. Philosopher Gregg Caruso, a faculty member at SUNY Corning, echoes Sapolsky's perspective, suggesting that recognizing our lack of control over our actions could ultimately lead to a fairer and more equitable justice system.



Caruso argues, "Who we are and what we do is ultimately the result of factors beyond our control, and because of this we are never morally responsible for our actions in the sense that would make us truly deserving of praise and blame, punishment and reward."



His vision for justice highlights the need to prevent future harm instead of just pointing fingers or handing out punishments.



By focusing on rehabilitation and exploring the root causes of behavior, Caruso supports a system that prioritizes community safety and personal growth over revenge. This approach creates a more positive environment for individuals and benefits society overall.



As we dive into these concepts, it’s clear that rethinking our justice system could lead to important insights and real change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-divide-among-critics">Great divide among critics</h2>



Not everyone’s on board with Sapolsky's conclusions regarding the nature of free will and the influence of external factors on our behavior.



According to Peter U. Tse, a prominent neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.dartmouth.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dartmouth College</a>, our brain's remarkable capacity for variable responses leaves ample room for the concept of free will, even in the face of significant external influences.



Tse argues that this variability is crucial, as it suggests that individuals can make choices that are not entirely dictated by their environment or biology.



Some critics express concern that eradicating the belief in free will could weaken personal responsibility, potentially leading to a society where accountability diminishes and anarchy could ensue.



Saul Smilansky, a noted philosopher at the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, emphasizes the importance of finding a delicate balance between acknowledging the various influences on human behavior and maintaining a robust sense of agency and personal accountability.



He suggests that it is vital for societal cohesion that individuals feel empowered to make choices and are held responsible for those choices, as this fosters a sense of moral integrity and social order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interplay-of-science-and-society-in-free-will-debate">Interplay of science and society in free will debate</h2>



The debate about free will goes beyond academic discussions; it’s woven into our personal relationships, social interactions, and public policies.



This conversation raises important questions about human autonomy and moral responsibility, influencing how we see and treat each other in everyday life.



By recognizing the many factors that affect behavior -- like genetics, environment, and social context -- we can move towards a kinder, fairer society.



For example, understanding how trauma impacts brain development can help us adopt more compassionate and forgiving approaches to mental health care and crime.



When we realize that people are often shaped by their experiences, we can create policies that focus on rehabilitation instead of punishment and develop support systems that encourage healing and growth, ultimately building a more empathetic and just society for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-down-to-the-heart-of-the-matter">Getting down to the heart of the matter</h2>



Sapolsky's work wraps up on a touching note of compassion. He emphasizes the importance of understanding our limits of personal control while also acknowledging the strong impact of external factors on our lives.



"It's not about letting people off the hook; it's about recognizing the shared humanity that connects us all," he concludes, which underscores the need for empathy, especially during tough times.



As we explore the complexities of the brain and what drives human behavior, the debate over free will keeps challenging our traditional views.



This ongoing discussion pushes us to rethink our judgments and encourages a kinder approach toward others, helping us better understand the many influences that shape our choices and actions.



In a time when we're gaining more scientific insights into behavior, the conversation around free will is a crucial way to evaluate how we interact with each other and our society.



The LA Times contributed to this report.



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"Humans don't have free will," according to decades of research by Stanford scientist

Ask anyone around you - "Do you believe you have...

Ever hit a wall with your fitness routine, feeling it's not quite filling your needs? Or are you among those who wheel their carts down the supermarket aisles, clueless about meal planning for your dietary needs? The good news is, artificial intelligence (AI) is set to transform the way that we approach health and fitness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-s-role-in-different-fields">AI's role in different fields</h2>



AI is changing the rules of the game in health and fitness. The central premise of AI lies in computer systems performing tasks that usually require human intelligence.



Think learning, reasoning, decision-making -- the whole nine yards. AI scans enormous amounts of data, identifies patterns, and makes intelligent decisions based on these findings.



Traditional health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cardiorespiratory-fitness-cuts-early-death-risks-by-53-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fitness methods</a> often adopt a generic approach, a square peg for all round holes. But AI flips this on its head, providing custom-fit solutions tailored to individual needs, preferences, and goals. 



The result? Fitness routines that hit the spot, keeping it exciting and productive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-as-a-workout-buddy-and-personal-trainer">AI as a workout buddy and personal trainer</h2>



Sure, an exercise partner can be a fantastic motivator. They can push you to go that extra mile and hold you accountable for your fitness goals. 



However, some of us find tranquility and focus in a solo jog, where we can listen to our thoughts or enjoy a podcast.



AI offers a solution to this dilemma. Virtual trainers have your back, ensuring your planks and sprints are up to the mark with real-time feedback and personalized routines. They can adapt to your progress, offering tailored advice that evolves with your fitness level.



The age of expert fitness guidance for everyone is here, thanks to these digital comrades, making high-quality training accessible anytime, anywhere.



Much like when choosing a human personal trainer, quality is key. Fortunately, high quality options are already out there. 



If you’re on an iPhone, <a href="https://fitnessai-w2a.onelink.me/nwoz/em3xjt4n" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FitnessAI gives you the power of a personal trainer</a> in your pocket for a fraction of the cost. 



Android users fear not, <a href="https://www.bodbot.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BodBot</a> and <a href="https://www.future.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future</a> are good options too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-for-health-metrics">AI for health metrics</h2>



AI serves beyond your workout needs; it's an all-day health sentinel. AI-enabled wearables like smartwatches and fitness trackers keep an eagle eye on your health metrics, tracking everything from your pulse to your sleep quality.



They can monitor your heart rate during intense exercises. They analyze your daily activity levels and can even detect irregularities in your heartbeat.



These devices offer insights into your sleep patterns, helping you understand and improve your sleep quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictive-analysis-with-ai">Predictive analysis with AI</h2>



One ace that AI holds up its sleeve is predictive health analysis. Picture a crystal ball that can spot potential health issues before they escalate.



AI's data analysis plays this role, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-alert-doctors-when-patients-might-get-sicker/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predicting health problems</a> like diabetes, heart disease, or sleep disorders.



AI continuously monitors health metrics. It analyzes patterns in large datasets that allows it to identify subtle signs of impending issues. These signs might go unnoticed by human eyes.



So, early detection? Check. Timely intervention? Check.



This not only helps in managing diseases more effectively but also in tailoring personalized healthcare plans, ultimately improving patient outcomes and enhancing quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-nutrition-with-ai-help">Diet and nutrition with AI help</h2>



Crave a personal nutritionist but can't stomach the cost? AI bridges this gap with personalized nutrition plans. Based on your dietary needs, preferences, and health goals, AI brews up tailor-made meal plans just for you.



These plans take into account a variety of factors such as allergies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-diet-positively-influences-the-brains-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutritional deficiencies</a>, and even your daily activity level.



With these AI-assisted apps, you can easily track your meals. They provide recommendations for healthier food choices. You can even receive reminders to stay hydrated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-for-mental-health-care">AI for mental health care</h2>



The connection between stress management and overall health is rock solid. Chronic stress can lead to numerous health issues, including heart disease, diabetes, and mental health disorders.



From custom meditation plans that guide you through calming exercises, to virtual therapists that offer 24/7 support, AI provides a wealth of resources. These tools are invaluable for those battling stress or mental health challenges.



These advanced tools help individuals develop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-ai-algorithm-can-predict-a-persons-attitude-towards-vaccines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coping strategies</a>, track their progress, and ultimately improve their well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement">Community engagement</h2>



Fitness, though often a solo journey, thrives on community and support. AI steps in here, connecting folks with fellow fitness enthusiasts through online platforms and social media.



These AI-crafted connections foster a sense of belonging and motivation, encouraging individuals to share triumphs, trials, and tips. The result? A fortified commitment to health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-s-expanding-role-in-fitness-and-health">AI’s expanding role in fitness and health</h2>



The role of AI in the fitness landscape is set for a growth spurt. Future promises include virtual reality workouts and augmented reality coaching, all set to revolutionize our fitness experiences. 



With AI's continued integration, we can anticipate a more personalized approach to health management, making fitness more accessible, enjoyable, and long-lasting for all.



AI dons many hats - a personal fitness trainer, health monitor, diet strategist, and mental health ally. As we stride into the future, welcoming us is the prospect of better health and contentment. 



AI continues to evolve and integrate further into our healthcare systems. So, are you ready to let AI navigate you towards a healthier life?



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How AI is changing the way we approach health and fitness

Ever hit a wall with your fitness routine, feeling it's...

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can aid in preserving the present, it is imperative to take notice. In New Zealand, flightless birds, renowned for their distinctive traits and susceptibility to extinction, are finding sanctuary in regions once inhabited by the now-extinct giant bird, the moa.



Species such as the kiwi and the takahē not only embody a crucial aspect of New Zealand's natural heritage but also underscore the vital importance of conservation efforts. 



By examining the habitats and behaviors of these remarkable birds, researchers can extract valuable insights into the protection and restoration of ecosystems.



How can our understanding of the moa's legacy and today's avifauna inform future conservation strategies? Addressing this question is essential for ensuring that these unique species -- and the ecosystems they inhabit -- thrive for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-back-the-layers-of-time">Peeling back the layers of time</h2>



At the forefront of this discovery is an international team of dedicated researchers, spearheaded by the esteemed <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Associate Professor Damien Fordham, a key figure from the University of Adelaide's Environment Institute, expressed considerable pride and enthusiasm as he unveiled the team's significant findings.



"Our research has successfully navigated past logistical challenges that often impeded progress in this field, allowing us to trace the population dynamics of six moa species at resolutions previously deemed impossible," he noted.



This remarkable achievement not only illuminates the ecological history of these intriguing creatures but also opens new pathways for understanding their interactions with the environment and other species throughout their existence. 



How might these insights reshape our understanding of biodiversity and conservation efforts today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-moa-bird-pachyornis-australis">Giant moa bird, Pachyornis australis</h2>



In exploring the lives of the remarkable moa, Pachyornis australis, scientists have uncovered compelling insights into their habitats, which notably align with the current environments of several endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggshells-of-flightless-birds-evolved-on-different-tracks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> in New Zealand. 



Species such as the vibrant takahē, the uniquely patterned weka, and the iconic great spotted kiwi now share these landscapes that were once dominated by the moa.



Dr. Sean Tomlinson, a prominent contributor to this extensive study, highlighted the importance of these findings.



"Populations of moa likely vanished first from the most desirable lowland habitats favored by Polynesian settlers due to their rich resources and biodiversity," Tomlinson explained. 



This connection not only sheds light on New Zealand's ecological history but also prompts critical questions regarding contemporary conservation efforts for today's vulnerable bird species.



How can we apply these historical insights to better protect our unique avian inhabitants? 



This understanding emphasizes the urgency of addressing conservation challenges, bridging the past and present as we strive to safeguard the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-present-moa-bird-conservation-efforts">Present moa bird conservation efforts</h2>



The story of New Zealand's flightless birds, like Pachyornis australis, is one marked by significant challenges and obstacles. 



It began with the arrival of the Polynesians, who not only hunted these unique avian species for sustenance but also dramatically altered their natural habitats through land clearing and the introduction of invasive vegetation. 



This initial disruption sparked a series of ecological challenges that these birds continue to face.



The situation intensified with the arrival of European settlers in the 19th century, who introduced new predators -- such as rats, cats, and stoats -- that preyed on native birds and their eggs, further threatening their populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-another-extinction-like-pachyornis-australis">Preventing another extinction like Pachyornis australis</h2>



Additionally, extensive landscape modifications transformed forests into agricultural land and urban areas, resulting in the loss of crucial habitats for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-eaten-by-early-australians-were-from-huge-flightless-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless species</a>.



Dr. Jamie Wood, a leading researcher in this field, sheds light on a vital insight regarding the survival of these birds. 



“The key commonality among past and current refugia is not that they are optimal habitats for flightless birds, but that they continue to be the last and least impacted by humanity," noted Wood.



This underscores the critical importance of safeguarding the remaining natural spaces that have escaped human interference; these areas may hold the key to the survival of New Zealand's unique avian fauna.



Understanding this historical context is essential for informing conservation efforts aimed at ensuring a future for these remarkable creatures. 



By exploring the complex interplay between human activity and ecological resilience, we can foster a greater appreciation for the natural world and the urgent need to protect it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-dedicated-to-moa-bird-research">Scientists dedicated to moa bird research</h2>



The dedicated efforts of scientists like Associate Professor Fordham, Dr. Tomlinson, and Dr. Wood are crucial for uncovering the hidden patterns in nature that have long puzzled us. 



Their innovative research not only deepens our understanding of historical ecological dynamics but also equips us with valuable tools for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of endangered species</a> facing urgent threats.



By meticulously analyzing various species, they reveal the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the significant impact of human activities on biodiversity. 



As Dr. Fordham insightfully pointed out, “Our research shows that despite large differences in the ecology, demography, and timing of extinction of moa species, their distributions collapsed and converged on the same areas on New Zealand's North and South Islands.” 



This finding highlights the pressing need for informed conservation strategies that consider these intricate patterns and support the recovery of vulnerable species.



This ongoing research is not just academically intriguing; it is essential for fostering a sustainable future for wildlife and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. 



How can we apply these insights to ensure the survival of our natural world? Engaging with these complex issues invites us to think critically about our role in conservation and the well-being of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moa-birds-flightless-birds-and-extinction-events">Moa birds, flightless birds, and extinction events</h2>



The story of New Zealand's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-bird-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> serves as a poignant reminder of the complex conservation challenges that intertwine the past and present for these unique species. 



Birds like the iconic kiwi have evolved in isolation, developing exceptional traits that also render them vulnerable to environmental shifts and introduced predators.



This study, which cleverly employs fossils and advanced computational models, opens new pathways for understanding and addressing threats to biodiversity. It allows researchers to reconstruct historical habitats and gain insights into how these birds have adapted over time.



But how can we ensure their survival? It requires a united effort from scientists, conservationists, and the public alike. 



This underscores the critical importance of raising awareness and taking action not only to protect these remarkable birds but also to safeguard the ecosystems they inhabit.



By fostering community engagement and embracing scientific innovation, we can collectively strive for a more sustainable future for New Zealand's wildlife. What steps will you take to contribute to this vital mission?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02449-x">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Endangered birds are moving to area where giant moa went extinct

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can...

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances sometimes form. In Australia's wilderness, a curious bond has developed between an endangered rat and an invasive weed.



Off the coast of Port Lincoln, South Australia, lies Reevesby Island. It is home to an endangered creature, the greater stick-nest rat, and an invasive weed, the African boxthorn. 



A recent study reveals an intriguing twist to this survival narrative - our threatened rodent seems to prefer the invasive weed to native vegetation.



The research was led by Annie Kraehe, a Ph.D. candidate at the College of Science and Engineering, <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a>. 



Together with scientists from both Flinders University and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>, she unearthed this surprising secret.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-weed-in-rat-feces">Invasive weed in rat feces</h2>



Kraehe spent weeks examining the fecal pellets of the stick-nest rat. It was here she discovered the key evidence - plant remnants from the boxthorn shrub. 



This small, inconspicuous animal was feeding on one of Australia's most invasive weeds.



Despite the boxthorn accounting for just over a tenth of available vegetation, it made up over half of the rat's diet. 



Further observations revealed that the stick-nest rat's presence was more predominant in areas with higher boxthorn abundance. 



The timid rodent wasn't just dining on the boxthorn, it was using it for nesting and shelter too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-bittersweet-revelation">A bittersweet revelation</h2>



Flinders University Associate Professor Vera Weisbecker, a co-author on the study, underscores the strangeness of this discovery. 



Invasive weeds like the boxthorn pose a significant threat to Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. It's certainly unexpected to find our endangered rodent thriving in this supposedly degraded habitat.



Greater stick-nest rats build large communal homes out of sticks and stones. These guinea pig-sized rodents were declared extinct on mainland Australia by 1930, primarily due to invasive predators like cats and foxes. 



Now, the only existing wild populations are confined to offshore islands, out of the reach of such predators. But danger still lurks in the form of predatory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>.



With its dense foliage, the African boxthorn provides excellent cover from these raptors. This, according to Weisbecker, might be why the rats prefer nesting in boxthorn thickets. 



It's a survival strategy that's not just limited to our furry friend - the little penguins of South Australia also find better protection from predators in boxthorn vegetation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefit-or-detriment">Benefit Or detriment?</h2>



As one of Australia's most notorious weeds, African boxthorn disrupts wildlife and livestock movement and often prevents access to water sources due to its formidable thorns and dense, impenetrable thickets. 



But perhaps these exact characteristics make it appealing to the greater stick-nest rat?



Yet, the researchers caution against seeing this as some sort of redemption for the invasive weed. Their findings merely depict the rat's use of the boxthorn. 



"We merely show that African boxthorn is being used by stick-nest rats. Further research is needed to understand if the animal actually benefits from the&nbsp;weed, and how this potential benefit compares to the&nbsp;destructive effects&nbsp;on the rest of the ecosystem," says Kraehe.



"The fact that the stick-nest rat is flexible enough in its food choices to thrive on African boxthorn is encouraging for efforts to re-establish the species elsewhere.



There's also the significant concern that the continued spread of the boxthorn could displace native vegetation, leading to the collapse of the island's ecosystem, and ultimately affecting the rats themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balance-between-rats-and-invasive-weed">Balance between rats and invasive weed</h2>



As researchers delve deeper into this dynamic, the relationship between the greater stick-nest rat and African boxthorn serves as a compelling case study in ecosystem interactions. 



The delicate balance between an endangered species and an invasive plant highlights the complexities of ecological systems, where species adapt to their surroundings in unexpected ways.



The boxthorn provides shelter and food. However, its rapid growth could endanger the stick-nest rat's survival. This proliferation also threatens other native plants and animals that depend on indigenous vegetation.



Understanding these complex relationships is essential for creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a> that protect biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



Flexibility in dietary choices, according to Kraehe, is a positive sign for the stick-nest rat. It opens up possibilities for re-establishing the species elsewhere. 



However, more research is needed to understand the ideal food plants and habitats for this rare rodent.



This remarkable partnership between a threatened rat and an invasive weed invites deeper probing into the resilience of Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boosting-crop-colors-with-gene-editing-can-improve-weed-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique fauna</a>. 



But it also crystallizes the sheer unpredictability and complexity of ecosystems and the creatures that inhabit them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/WR/WR23140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Research</a>.



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Endangered rat strangely uses invasive weed for food and shelter

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...