On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. 



That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth has two moons</a>.



Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions.



"These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly."



Back in August, a team of astronomers from the <a href="https://www.ucm.es/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complutense University</a> of Madrid detected the small space rock using a powerful telescope in Sutherland, South Africa.



They weren't the only ones keeping an eye on it. The asteroid was first noticed on August 7, 2024 by NASA's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (<a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ATLAS</a>) at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.



This discovery sparked excitement among astronomers, offering a chance to learn more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-test-simulation-shows-earth-not-prepared-prevent-large-asteroid-strike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth objects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-2024-pt5">What exactly is 2024 PT5?</h2>



Earth occasionally captures small asteroids like 2024 PT5, placing them into temporary orbits around our planet. 



While most asteroids circle the sun on their regular paths, some venture close enough for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-global-electric-field-discovered-equally-important-gravity-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravity</a> to snatch them up for a brief visit.



These cosmic visitors only stay in Earth's orbit for a short time -- typically a few weeks or months -- before breaking free and resuming their solar journey.



Each mini-moon gives scientists a rare opportunity to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/27500-hidden-near-earth-asteroids-discovered-using-google-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth asteroids</a> up close, revealing valuable insights about our solar system's mechanics.



So, what makes this asteroid special, aside from the fact that new technology and the internet made it famous? 



William Blackmore, Planetarium Director and Astronomy Instructor at <a href="https://www.mhcc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mt. Hood Community College</a>, offered his thoughts.



"All mini-moons are unique in their own way," Blackmore explained. "This one isn't different from others except that it's the most recent.”



2024 PT5 will be around for about two more weeks, probably until mid-November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-2024-pt5-to-our-moon">Comparing 2024 PT5 to our moon</h2>



Let's compare our moon to this new mini-moon: 2024 PT5 is only about 37 feet across, while our familiar moon stretches a massive 2,159 miles in diameter. That makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-earth-get-its-moon-a-new-theory-has-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our moon</a> over 300,000 times wider than this tiny asteroid.



Knowing it’s up there is pretty exciting, even though we can't see it for ourselves without an invitation to a huge Earth telescope installation.



“These temporary captures are natural cosmic laboratories,” Binzel mentioned. “They help us understand the small bodies that come close to Earth and could be important for future space missions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-asteroid-2024-pt5-became-famous">How Asteroid 2024 PT5 became famous</h2>



Understanding how 2024 PT5 became Earth's temporary moon involves a bit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-order-in-the-chaos-of-the-three-body-problem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital mechanics</a>. 



Blackmore explained, "It's moving along with us in our orbit around the sun. It's part of a group of asteroids called the Arjuna asteroids, which move at about the same pace as Earth."



He added an interesting analogy: "Imagine a skateboarder dropping into a skate park. They ride the curves, adding energy as they go. That's like the asteroid getting caught in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dart-mission-debris-will-create-a-human-made-meteor-shower/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravitational field</a>, riding the curve before moving on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-spotting-mini-moons">Significance of spotting mini-moons</h2>



Spotting mini-moons is tough because they're incredibly small and faint. These tiny asteroids are often just a few dozen feet across, which means they don't reflect much sunlight. That makes them nearly invisible against the dark backdrop of space.



Plus, they're zipping around at high speeds and don't hang around for long, so by the time we point our telescopes their way, they might already be gone. 



It's like trying to catch a glimpse of a firefly from miles away -- you need the right conditions and equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-high-tech-telescopes">Modern high-tech telescopes</h2>



Astronomers find them by using powerful telescopes equipped with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaia-reveals-moons-around-hundreds-of-asteroids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensitive detectors and smart software</a>.



Projects like the ATLAS system scan the skies every night, searching for any objects that weren't there before. 



When they spot something moving in a way that suggests it's close to Earth, they alert other astronomers to help confirm the find. 



It's a collaborative effort, combining technology and teamwork to spot these elusive cosmic visitors.



Knowing more about these temporary moons helps us prepare for any potential asteroid threats and opens up possibilities for mining resources from near-Earth objects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-observing-2024-pt5">Challenges in observing 2024 PT5</h2>



For those eager to see this mini-moon, both experts warned that it would be extremely difficult. "You'd need a telescope with a diameter of at least 30 inches," Blackmore mentioned. "That's beyond what most amateur astronomers have."



Todd agreed, adding, "It won't be visible to the naked eye. Being 33 feet wide and so far away, you'd need a very large telescope."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



While 2024 PT5 doesn't pose any threat to Earth, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-a-fifth-force-of-nature-asteroids-provide-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying it is crucial</a>. 



"It's important to analyze how it moves and interacts with Earth's gravitational pull," Blackmore said. "This helps us refine our techniques for tracking objects that could cross our path again."



Todd highlighted the practical applications of this knowledge. 



"We need to understand how to intercept an asteroid at a distance and change its direction," he said. "This could be vital in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventing potential impacts</a> in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-future-space-missions">Inspiration for future space missions</h2>



Blackmore envisioned future missions that could take advantage of these temporary visitors. 



"It would be fascinating if we had missions ready to send small satellites or probes to these objects when they come close," he mused. "Imagine building a network of sensors or cameras traveling along with us, like space webcams."



Todd also saw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-named-psyche-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-for-whoever-can-extract-minerals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential in asteroid mining</a> and scientific discovery. 



"There might be materials on these asteroids that we can't find on Earth," he said. "They could solve problems in medicine or technology. But we need to weigh the benefits carefully."



To sum it all up, the brief visit of asteroid 2024 PT5 serves as a reminder of the dynamic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of our solar system</a>. 



While it won't be with us for long -- just a couple more weeks -- its presence offers valuable opportunities for learning and exploration.



As technology advances, we'll likely spot more of these mini-moons. Each one gives us a chance to understand our cosmic environment better and prepare for the future. 



So even though you'll never see it, you might want to spare a moment of your time and stop to appreciate 2024 PT5 while you still can.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2515-5172/ad781f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal IOPscience</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's second moon, a mini-moon, will drift away in a few days and never return

On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, Earth has two moons. Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions. "These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly." Back in August,...

Have you ever wondered about the small beetles that lurk beneath the surface of Africa's vast savannas? How about their relationship with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-specific-names-to-address-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larger animals</a> like elephants that roam these wide-open lands? 



The unsung heroes in this natural spectacle are the dung beetles, whose sheer number and critical function in the savanna landscape is nothing short of remarkable. 



Dr. Frank Krell, a seasoned research entomologist associated with the <a href="https://www.dmns.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denver Museum of Nature &amp; Science</a>, has dedicated more than two decades to studying the enigmatic world of dung beetles in East Africa. 



Collaborating with his wife, ecologist Sylvia Krell-Westerwalbesloh, Dr. Krell embarked on a three-year-long project. The research was conducted deep in the heart of East and West African savannas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beetles-and-elephant-dung">Beetles and elephant dung</h2>



The Science of Nature recently published their latest findings, illuminating a fascinating dynamic. Imagine standing in the African grasslands. You might not realize it, but you'd be standing in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dung-beetles-share-their-workload-with-their-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dung beetle heaven</a>.



If an unfortunate circumstance forces you to leave behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-bugs-bug-humans-more-than-humans-bug-bugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> waste, it can disappear in less than thirty minutes, thanks to the army of dung beetles. If it’s elephant dung though, things get a bit more complex.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beetle-elephant-relationship">Beetle-elephant relationship</h2>



While studying in Kenya's Laikipia region, the duo noticed that elephant dung attracted a totally different league of dung beetles. And the question was - just how many?



Their investigation had a straightforward approach but needed careful execution. They collected two "boli" or balls of elephant dung, one exposed during the day and the other at night, then took notes.



The results were astounding. They found that while the "day bolus" served meals to just over 3,300 beetles, the sun setting saw an impressive surge in diner numbers - a whopping 13,399 beetles were feasting on the dung pile by the end of the night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-shelter-for-beetles">Food and shelter for beetles</h2>



It's known that two pounds of elephant dung serve about 13,400 beetles with food and shelter. Considering an elephant produces around 320 pounds of dung a day, a single elephant can feed over 2 million dung beetles on any given day.



Extrapolate that to the Laikipia-Samburu ecosystem, home to between 5,000 and 7,500 elephants, and you're looking at a staggering 14 billion dung beetles, spanning over an area of about 21,000 square miles - approximately the combined size of Maryland and New Jersey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ripple-effect">The ripple effect</h2>



The African savanna elephant is not currently near extinction in East Africa. However, it's classified as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and has vanished from other parts of the continent. What would happen if elephants disappeared from these areas?



While some beetles might find other food sources, the support system for the 14 billion dung beetles would be disrupted.



The extinction of the largest land mammal would undeniably have far-reaching effects, impacting the lives of billions and billions of smaller creatures that so vitally depend on them. This relationship underscores the complex and beautifully orchestrated symphony that is our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h2>



The health of the savanna ecosystem is closely tied to its largest inhabitants. Elephants and dung beetles play vital roles. Monitoring their populations is essential. It helps us understand ecological balance.



Researchers are gathering data to improve conservation strategies and advocate for protective policies. By focusing on both species, we contribute to preserving the complex web of life in the African savanna. This effort promotes a healthier planet for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Exploring the world of dung beetles is fascinating. They play a vital role in the ecosystem and also reveals the delicate balance in nature.



So, the next time you see an elephant or a dung beetle, remember the intricate dance they share in the vast African savannas.



Indeed, every creature, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, plays a critical role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-has-a-vital-role-in-ecosystem-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's ecosystem</a>. It prompts us to reflect. How are our actions affecting these delicate balances? And what can we do to ensure its harmony for generations to come?



Every living creature, no matter how small, has a significant role in the grand scheme of our world.



The study is published in <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-024-01894-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Science of Nature</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Elephant dung feeds over 2 million beetles daily

Have you ever wondered about the small beetles that lurk...

Have you ever wondered what the universe looked like after the Big Bang when it was still in its infancy, a mere billion years old? With NASA's new Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, we're about to get a glimpse of the cosmic dawn.



This cosmic time machine is set to explore an era known as the cosmic dawn, a significant transition when the universe went from a foggy opacity to the stunning, star-filled expanse we observe today.



Behind this ambitious project is the esteemed astrophysicist Michelle Thaller from NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Greenbelt, Maryland. 



"Something very fundamental about the nature of the universe changed during this time. Thanks to Roman's large, sharp infrared view, we may finally figure out what happened during a critical cosmic turning point," she shares.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-the-stage">Setting the stage</h2>



Imagine the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe as a newborn</a>, a hot sea of particles and radiation. As it expanded and cooled down, protons captured electrons, forming neutral atoms and setting the stage for the stars and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-seen-separating-from-normal-matter-after-galaxy-cluster-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. 



But there was a catch -- these neutral atoms absorbed light, creating a fog that cloaked the cosmic stage, an epoch now known as the cosmic dark ages.



This intriguing period, lasting from around 380,000 to 200 million years after the big bang, was a time of suspense, like an overture before the main performance, culminating in the cosmic dawn when the fog finally lifted. 



"We're very curious about how the process happened," adds Aaron Yung from the <a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> in Baltimore.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prime-suspects-reveal-cosmic-dawn">Prime suspects reveal cosmic dawn</h2>



So, what caused the fog to lift? The <a href="https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> aims to unmask the culprits. The likely suspects include early galaxies and their black holes.



How? Early galaxies, characterized by massive stars, could produce energetic light capable of breaking up neutral atoms. Meanwhile, black holes could have generated massive radiation, contributing to the same process.



"Roman will excel at finding the building blocks of cosmic structures," says Takahiro Morishita, an assistant scientist at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>/IPAC. 



He explains that Roman's wide, clear views could quickly identify dense regions where the "fog" was being cleared, providing data on early galaxy evolution and the cosmic dawn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-cosmic-dawn-emerged">How the cosmic dawn emerged</h2>



The earliest stars were no ordinary performers. Their intimidating mass and high-energy radiation lit up the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-novae-star-explosion-may-be-origin-phosphorus-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>, played a part in forming galaxies, and eventually contributed to the emergence of the cosmic dawn. But their lifetime was a fleeting moment on the cosmic scale.



Science theorizes that these celestial heavyweights quickly collapsed to birth black holes. 



As the universe was still comparatively smaller, these black holes could have easily merged to form even larger ones. These supermassive black holes may have played key roles in clearing the hydrogen fog of the early universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symphony-of-telescopes">Symphony of telescopes</h2>



The Roman Space Telescope isn't alone in this journey; it pairs with NASA’s <a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Webb Space Telescope</a>, working as a dynamic duo to illuminate the cosmic dawn. 



While Webb probes the early universe with its deeper view, Roman broadens the perspective, examining how common quasars truly are and collecting a massive amount of data on early galaxies. 



These combined efforts will give us an unprecedented glimpse into the universe’s early life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-the-universe-s-transition">Mysteries of the universe’s transition</h2>



As we step back into the throes of the universe's birth with Roman's extensive view, we inch closer to resolving the mystery of cosmic dawn. 



Exploring the contributions of early galaxies and quasars, the Roman Space Telescope could decipher how these cosmic elements carved out bubbles in the primordial fog, paving the way for today's clear and expansive cosmic views.



In this cosmic journey, Roman's observations will contribute significantly to understanding how galaxies and their central supermassive black holes emerged from the primordial gas, influencing star formation, and ultimately, the universe as we know it.



With the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, we embark on an enlightening exploration of how our universe transitioned from being opaque to the brilliant cosmos we perceive today. 



Guided by a team of stellar scientists and supported by leading industrial partners, this mission shines the spotlight on a transformative period in our cosmic history: The Cosmic Dawn.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

During the cosmic dawn of our universe, 'empty' space looked very different

Have you ever wondered what the universe looked like after...

Have you ever wondered how carbon dioxide (CO2) moves through our atmosphere, or how the invisible dance of this particular gas impacts our planet on a global scale? Well, it's about time we pull back the curtain and shed light on this fascinating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-declared-ocean-pollutant-international-court-ruling/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phenomenon</a>.



The expert behind the latest captivating observations of our Earth’s atmosphere is climate scientist Lesley Ott from NASA's <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a> in Greenbelt, Maryland. The research brings us closer to understanding the complex movements of carbon dioxide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources-of-carbon-dioxide-in-the-atmosphere">Sources of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere</h2>



Let's start by understanding the patterns of carbon dioxide movement. If we were to imagine the Earth from afar, between January to March of 2020, the swirling patterns of concentrated carbon dioxide would be noticeable, driven by wind patterns and atmospheric circulation.



China, the United States, and South Asia majorly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-weaker-ocean-will-release-more-carbon-into-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contribute to CO2 emissions</a>. The primary sources of these emissions are power plants, industrial facilities, and automobiles.



Africa and South America's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> are largely due to fires, especially those related to land management, controlled agricultural burns, deforestation, and the burning of oil and coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-carbon-dioxide-movement-in-atmosphere">Mapping carbon dioxide movement in atmosphere</h2>



The map of carbon dioxide movement was created using a model called GEOS, short for the Goddard Earth Observing System. It's a high-resolution weather model, powered by supercomputers. The resolution of this model is more than 100 times greater than a typical weather model.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="SC9OGrNocG-3762637-12187" type="single"]</div>



Ott and fellow climate scientists were curious about what GEOS would reveal regarding the movement and density of carbon dioxide. 



“We had this opportunity to say: can we tag along and see what really high-resolution CO2 looks like?” Ott said. “We had a feeling we were going to see plume structures and things that we've never been able to see when we do these coarser resolution simulations.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-pulsing-pattern">Why the pulsing pattern?</h2>



You may be wondering about the pulsation seen in the carbon dioxide distribution patterns. The pulsations are due to the day-night cycles of fires flaring up and dying down and the photosynthetic activities of trees and plants.



Furthermore, the atmospheric layer called the planetary boundary layer also contributes to the pulsation due to its rising and falling motion as the Earth’s surface heats and cools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Understanding patterns of carbon dioxide movement is vital to tackle climate change. As a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide is the main contributor to Earth's rising temperatures. An excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the Earth to warm too quickly.



Human activities have "unequivocally caused warming," according to the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This warming leads to extreme weather events and other severe consequences such as intense storms, wildfires, heat waves, and rising sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-art-of-visualization">The art of visualization</h2>



The challenge for AJ Christensen, a senior visualization designer at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, was to show the differences in density of this invisible gas. 



“We didn’t want people to get the impression that there was no carbon dioxide in these sparser regions,” said Christensen. “But we also wanted to really highlight the dense regions because that’s the interesting feature of the data. We were trying to show that there’s a lot of density over New York and Beijing.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



These visualizations are important to understand how Earth's systems work and to identify patterns in massive datasets, which can lead scientists closer to deciphering the puzzle of Earth's atmospheric processes. 



“What’s happening is you’re stitching together this very complex array of models to make use of the different satellite data, and that’s helping us fill in this broad puzzle of all the processes that control carbon dioxide,” Ott said. 



“The hope is that if we understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-soil-bacteria-contribute-to-atmospheric-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> really well today, we'll be able to build models that better predict them over the next decades or even centuries.”



Remember, understanding our planet starts with paying attention to the smallest details, even the invisible pattern of gases in our atmosphere.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scientific Visualization Studio



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How carbon dioxide travels in the atmosphere

Have you ever wondered how carbon dioxide (CO2) moves through...

Have you ever wondered how tiny water droplets inside clouds grow large enough to begin their downward journey, manifesting as a refreshing rain shower? This intricate process, influenced by turbulence and fondly called the "rain formation bottleneck," has fascinated scientists globally.



It is of fundamental importance to improving computer model simulations of weather and climate, thus paving the way for enhanced weather forecasts.



In an exciting breakthrough, a research team spearheaded by scientists at the renowned U.S.&nbsp;National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research&nbsp;(<a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF NCAR</a>) made a significant discovery.



Their investigation revealed that the turbulent motions of air within clouds profoundly influence droplet growth and the initiation of rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turbulence-clouds-and-rain-showers">Turbulence, clouds, and rain showers</h2>



The team employed sophisticated computer modeling for detailed observations of droplets within cumulus&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosols-have-an-underestimated-effect-on-clouds-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clouds</a>.



The data used was collected during a <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> field operation, providing invaluable insights into the impacts of turbulence on the tiny droplets that eventually coalesce and become raindrops.



“This research shows that turbulent effects on drop coalescence are critical for the evolution of droplet sizes and the initiation of rain,” expressed lead author and an esteemed scientist at NSF NCAR, Kamal Kant Chandrakar. 



“Turbulence in cumulus clouds substantially speeds up rainfall and leads to far greater amounts of rain.”



Through their findings, the team discovered that in computer simulations that included&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turbulence</a>, rain formed nearly 20 minutes earlier than in those without turbulence.



Furthermore, the mass of rainwater was more than seven times higher in turbulence-inclusive simulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-from-tiny-water-droplets-to-rain">Journey from tiny water droplets to rain</h2>



Let's understand &nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smallest-pollution-particles-affect-rainfall-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rain formation</a>. The process starts with tiny water droplets in clouds condensing around microscopic particles like dust or salt, known as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN).&nbsp;



As these millions of droplets meet and mingle, they merge into larger droplets that eventually become weighty enough to descend from the cloud and grace us as rain.



The formation of these raindrops can be influenced by a variety of factors, from the distribution of different droplet sizes to turbulent motions and the properties of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-rain-the-growing-threat-of-airborne-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles in the cloud</a>. 



Ensuring accurate representation of this process in weather and climate system models is crucial for improving their reliability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-turbulence-on-rain-formation">Impact of turbulence on rain formation</h2>



Chandrakar and his team used detailed observations of drop size distributions taken by research aircraft flying into cumulus congestus clouds during NASA's 2019 field campaign, the Cloud, Aerosol, and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (<a href="https://espo.nasa.gov/camp2ex/content/CAMP2Ex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAMP2Ex</a>). 



They developed high-resolution simulations to recreate the cloud conditions observed during the campaign, exploring how the droplets coalesced under different turbulent flows.



These simulations illuminated the fundamental role of turbulence in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a>&nbsp;timing and extent. Contrary to some rain formation theories, the presence of large CCN could not account for the observed sizes and evolution of droplets.



In simulations with large CCN and minimal turbulence, droplet coalescence was slower, yielding less rain.



“The development of rain is fundamental to clouds, weather, and the entire climate system," Chandrakar astutely summed it up. 



Deepening our understanding of this process could lead to significant improvements in computer models, enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthcare-satellite-will-reveal-the-climate-effects-of-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>&nbsp;projections, contributing to societal protection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-rain-in-ecosystems">Importance of rain in ecosystems</h2>



Rain is a vital component of the Earth's ecosystem, supporting countless life forms and maintaining the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-endured-a-million-years-of-rain-in-the-carnian-pluvial-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delicate balance of nature</a>. 



When raindrops reach the ground, they initiate a series of processes that nourish the flora and fauna. This moisture is essential for plant growth, significantly influencing agriculture and the availability of natural resources.&nbsp;



Furthermore, rain replenishes freshwater sources, such as rivers, lakes, and aquifers, which are critical for human consumption, hygiene, and various industrial processes.



In addition to its ecological significance, rain contributes to the health of many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling, as it helps dissolve and transport essential minerals from the soil to plants.&nbsp;



Moreover, rain helps regulate temperatures and mitigate the effects of drought, ensuring the sustainability of diverse habitats.&nbsp;



In urban environments, rainwater harvesting is gaining attention. It is a sustainable practice that helps cities use natural resources efficiently. This method alleviates pressure on existing water supply systems. It also promotes biodiversity and reduces flood risks.



Rain plays a multifaceted role in our environment. It sustains life and supports ecosystems. Understanding its importance helps us appreciate its essential nature. Ultimately, rain contributes to ecological harmony.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319664121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Discovery: How clouds turn tiny water droplets into rain showers

Have you ever wondered how tiny water droplets inside clouds...

Clear air turbulence, the invisible peril haunting the skies, is expected to intensify with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, scientists warn. 



As our climate heats up, this silent troublemaker has been studied extensively. Researchers have determined that from 1980 to 2021, the frequency of clear air turbulence increased in the Northern Hemisphere. Now, it’s predicted to become even more common due to global warming.



This might be a bolt from the blue for many, as clear air turbulence is generally unexpected and, unlike other turbulence types, difficult to detect and avoid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birthplace-of-clear-air-turbulence">Birthplace of clear air turbulence</h2>



Occasionally, aircraft flying through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-accelerate-jet-stream-winds-and-airplane-turbulence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jet streams</a> encounter surges of volatile, upwards-moving air known as vertical wind shear, which leads to turbulence.



Now, as Earth's climate continues to warm up, we can expect an increase in both the speed of jet streams and the prevalence of vertical wind shears, heralding a likely rise in turbulence incidents.



A recent study involved the analysis of extensive data sets and comprehensive model simulations. The results of the study suggest that the frequency of clear air turbulence will increase in most jet stream-affected regions, especially North Africa, East Asia, and the Middle East.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-danger-of-clear-air-turbulence">Danger of clear air turbulence</h2>



The dangers associated with turbulence might be well-known to those who frequently fly, but clear air turbulence, being invisible and unpredictable, poses a unique threat. 



"Clear air turbulence is the main cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aviation-emissions-big-data-analysis-sparks-new-concerns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a> turbulence, causing approximately 70% of all weather-related accidents over the United States," explained Mohamed Foudad, an atmospheric scientist at the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>.



Foudad and his team have been leading the research into this phenomenon, including the potential impacts of climate change.



"We now have high confidence that climate change is increasing clear air turbulence in some regions," noted Foudad. Aviation engineers need to take this into account when designing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flight-inspires-the-design-of-future-aircraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future aircraft</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turbulence-trends-predicting-the-intensity">Turbulence trends: Predicting the intensity</h2>



The team of scientists led by Foudad used 11 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a> to decipher past and future shifts in clear air turbulence.



The researchers performed 20 computer simulations based on potential future warming increases, from 1 degree Celsius (equivalent to current warming) to 4 degrees Celsius.



Upon reanalyzing atmospheric data from 1980 to 2021, they discovered that moderate-to-severe clear air turbulence swelled by approximately 60 to 155 percent over North Africa, East Asia, the Middle East, the North Atlantic, and the North Pacific.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-the-invisible-threat">Navigating the invisible threat </h2>



While forecasting clear air turbulence is both difficult and costly, an upswing could present safety issues for aircraft. 



According to the researchers, further analyses could reveal whether future flights might be safer cruising at altitudes higher or lower than the current norm.



Nonetheless, the good news is that modern aircraft are built to withstand potent turbulence. "We will see more of these accidents, but people should also be aware that aircraft are designed to resist the worst turbulence that could happen," noted Foudad.



To navigate the skies safely amidst the challenges posed by climate change, collaboration across scientific, engineering, and aviation fields is crucial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-safer-flights">Strategies for safer flights</h2>



As the threat of clear air turbulence grows due to climate change, it becomes essential to develop strategies that enhance safety for both passengers and crew. 



Airlines and aviation authorities are exploring various approaches to better predict and manage turbulence encounters.



One promising method involves the integration of advanced weather forecasting systems that utilize machine learning algorithms to analyze atmospheric conditions in real time. These systems can provide pilots with timely alerts about potential turbulence, allowing them to adjust flight paths proactively. 



Additionally, equipping aircraft with better sensors that detect changes in air pressure and wind patterns could help in identifying turbulence before it becomes a significant issue.



In collaboration with meteorological agencies and research institutions, the aviation industry can continually refine these strategies, adapting to the emerging challenges posed by climate change. 



By investing in technology, training, and education, the goal of safer skies amidst increasing clear air turbulence becomes a more achievable reality.



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JD040261" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Clear air turbulence expected to intensify in a warmer climate

Clear air turbulence, the invisible peril haunting the skies, is...

For years, we've been striving to understand the intricacies of one of nature's most profound mysteries -&nbsp;human<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-in-the-brain-does-consciousness-reside-scientists-think-they-might-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> consciousness</a>.&nbsp;



This enigmatic phenomenon has puzzled scientists and philosophers alike, as the experts strive to to unravel the intricate relationship between the brain and our conscious experience. Understanding this complex interplay could shed light on the nature of consciousness itself.



What's the secret to its formation in the brain? How do neural networks give rise to the subjective experience of awareness?



Professor Ekrem Dere from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruhr University Bochum</a>, Germany, proposes a novel approach to this timeless enigma. He advocates for defining conscious cognitive processes through meticulous behavioral observations and the analysis of learning curves.&nbsp;



This groundbreaking research aims to shed light on the underlying mechanisms that drive conscious thought and perception, offering new insights into the essence of what it means to be aware.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-consciousness-and-eureka-moments">Human consciousness and Eureka moments</h2>



We've all experienced those sudden moments of insight, where the solution to a problem suddenly materializes in our mind. According to Professor Dere, these epiphanies are not accidents, but likely the result of conscious processes.&nbsp;



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Learning</a>&nbsp;is often not a gradual process, but takes place in leaps and bounds; humans and animals experience sudden epiphanies every now and then," said Professor Dere, implying an intricate connection between our consciousness and these "Eureka" moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-gradients-of-human-consciousness">Complex gradients of human consciousness</h2>



Dozing off in a cozy chair has a vastly different level of consciousness than fervently typing away at an email.&nbsp;The former might involve a dreamy, semi-aware state, while the latter demands full&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-daydream-to-awareness-the-brains-alert-mechanism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alertness</a>&nbsp;and mental acuity.



Our consciousness isn't binary; it exists in gradients, reflecting the wide range of cognitive engagement we experience daily. "There are different levels of consciousness, depending on whether we're sleeping or writing an email," said Professor Dere.&nbsp;



Solving a complex problem, for instance, requires conscious cognitive information processing at the apex of this gradation, where our mental faculties are fully activated, allowing us to navigate intricate challenges with heightened clarity and focus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-profiling-conscious-cognition">Profiling conscious cognition</h2>



To scientifically study the neurobiological correlates of these conscious processes, Professor Dere suggests presenting a task to a human or animal that can only be solved through conscious cognitive information processing, without any preconceived solution.&nbsp;



However, one may not utilize this type of processing throughout the entire duration of the task, which introduces a challenge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marker-of-conscious-cognition">Marker of conscious cognition</h2>



Our learning performance doesn't always improve steadily but happens in jumps or stages, reflecting the non-linear nature of cognitive development.



These phases of discontinuous learning after an insight may serve as timestamps indicating when conscious cognitive information processing must have taken place.&nbsp;



Sudden leaps in understanding provide critical data points that highlight the moments of active engagement and conscious thought.



By comparing these moments to other points in time during task processing, scientists can observe and understand the mechanisms used in conscious&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-masking-your-brain-can-see-things-without-your-knowledge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">information processing</a>.&nbsp;



This comparative analysis allows researchers to pinpoint the exact instances when conscious cognition is at work, offering deeper insights into how we learn, solve problems, and make decisions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jigsaw-of-human-consciousness">Jigsaw of human consciousness</h2>



This groundbreaking research proposes a novel approach to studying consciousness, but it also has the potential to transform our understanding of conscious cognitive processes in both humans and animals.&nbsp;



As we continue to explore the depths of our consciousness, each eureka moment uncovers another piece of this complex jigsaw puzzle that is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-emotions-in-consciousness">The role of emotions in consciousness</h2>



Recent studies suggest that emotions play a crucial role in shaping our conscious experiences.&nbsp;Emotions not only influence our decisions but also affect the way we process information and our ability to learn.&nbsp;



The connection between emotions and consciousness could provide deeper insights into how we experience those eureka moments. 



For instance, being in a positive emotional state might facilitate greater insight during complex tasks, while negative emotions could create barriers to effective problem resolution.&nbsp;



Investigating these emotional dimensions could lead to a deeper understanding of consciousness. This approach may help create more comprehensive models. By integrating both cognitive and emotional factors, we can gain valuable insights into the mind.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Understanding human consciousness through 'eureka' moments

For years, we've been striving to understand the intricacies of...

In recent years,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-changing-rainfall-patterns-impact-plants-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall patterns</a>&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions experiencing unprecedented changes in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forecast-more-extreme-precipitation-ahead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a> due to climate change.



Folk tales about the wet seasons seem to have turned into reality. Torrential downpours are becoming more common. These heavy rains disrupt daily life. They also challenge infrastructure meant for milder weather.



At the same time, dry areas are facing longer droughts, raising concerns about climate change and its impact on unpredictable weather.



These prolonged dry spells have severe implications for agriculture, water supply, and ecosystem health, making the need for comprehensive climate action more urgent than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-rainfall-variability">Climate change and rainfall variability</h2>



A groundbreaking study now solidifies the connection between&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indisputable-evidence-of-human-caused-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-induced climate change</a>&nbsp;and erratic rainfall patterns, offering compelling evidence of the far-reaching impact of human activities on the global climate system.&nbsp;



The research vividly demonstrates that human actions have sparked a significant global shift towards more volatile rainfall patterns, disrupting traditional weather cycles and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events.&nbsp;



This significant finding validates what climate models have long predicted, highlighting the urgent need for effective mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the growing climate crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-and-regional-scales">Global and regional scales </h2>



The study was a collaborative effort involving the <a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), and the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Met Office</a>.



The researchers focused on the evolution of rainfall variability since the 1900s, examining changes from a regional to global scale and across different timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalation-in-rainfall-variability">Escalation in rainfall variability</h2>



Rainfall variability essentially refers to irregularities in the timing and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amount of rainfall</a>, indicating fluctuations that deviate from historical averages and expected patterns.



An escalation in variability implies an uneven distribution of precipitation over time, resulting in intense wet periods and arid dry spells that challenge water management and agricultural practices.



In some instances, this might translate to a year's worth of rain falling within days, causing severe flooding and infrastructure damage.



In other cases, there are prolonged dry spells punctuated by heavy downpours that fail to replenish groundwater effectively. 



Furthermore, swift alternations between drought and flooding can devastate crops, disrupt ecosystems, and pose significant risks to human communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-realities-of-climate-change">Realities of climate change</h2>



The researchers conducted a meticulous analysis of extensive observational data. They confirmed that rainfall variability has increased since the 1900s. This trend was observed in over 75% of the land areas studied - most notably in Europe, Australia, and eastern North America.



A striking revelation is that daily rainfall variability has escalated globally by an alarming 1.2% per decade.



"The surge in rainfall variability is principally a consequence of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to a more humid and warmer atmosphere. This invariably leads to more frequent intense rain events, punctuated by larger fluctuations between these weather extremes," said study lead author Dr. ZHANG Wenxia. 



She noted that rainfall variations are further influenced by regional atmospheric circulation patterns over decadal timescales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-increased-rainfall-variability">Implications of increased rainfall variability</h2>



Study co-author Dr. ZHOU Tianjun warned that the future we dread is already upon us, emphasizing the immediate and tangible impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-will-become-harder-to-predict-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



"The escalating variability in precipitation substantiates evidence of larger daily changes, complicating the prediction and preparation for the environmental impacts."



This increased rainfall variability due to climate change presents significant challenges for meteorologists and policymakers alike, as traditional models struggle to account for the rapid shifts and extremes in weather patterns.



According to Dr. WU Peili, an expert scientist at the Met Office and co-author of the study, the rapid and extreme shifts in climate patterns pose significant risks to ecosystems, economic development, infrastructure's climate resilience, and carbon sinks. He emphasized that immediate adaptation measures are essential to address these pressing challenges. 



Communities around the world need to take proactive steps to improve climate resilience. Without these actions, they will face severe consequences. This highlights the urgent need for coordinated global efforts. We must work together to reduce the negative effects of climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp0212" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Rainfall is increasingly unpredictable due to climate change

In recent years,&nbsp;rainfall patterns&nbsp;worldwide have transformed dramatically, with many regions...

There is a prevalent myth about drinking echoing through the corridors of our society, one that suggests a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-single-glass-of-wine-a-night-could-lead-to-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glass of wine</a>&nbsp;a day keeps the doctor away.&nbsp;Despite the popularity of this "conventional wisdom" on alcohol drinking, it is based on flawed scientific research - according to a recent report.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-of-drinking-alcohol">Myth of drinking alcohol</h2>



Numerous studies over time have revealed an intriguing possibility. Moderate drinkers may lead longer, healthier lives (including lower risks of heart disease and other chronic ailments) compared to those who abstain. This suggests that moderate alcohol consumption could be beneficial for overall health.



The consequence of such suggestions? An unfounded belief that alcohol is somewhat of a magical health potion.



Nonetheless, several other reports have painted a less rosy picture of the effects of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderate-alcohol-intake-offers-no-protection-against-obesity-or-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moderate alcohol consumption</a>. A new analysis has illuminated why this discrepancy exists.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questionable-research-on-drinking-alcohol">Questionable research on drinking alcohol </h2>



Researchers at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/cisur/index.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Victoria's Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research</a>&nbsp;have identified significant design flaws in studies linking moderate drinking to health benefits.&nbsp;



The main issue with these studies lies in their focus group - older adults. These studies have failed to consider the lifetime drinking habits of these individuals.



Consequently, moderate drinkers were compared to a group of "abstainers" and "occasional drinkers" comprising older adults.&nbsp;



Some of these individuals had quit drinking or reduced their alcohol intake due to the onset of various health concerns.



These flawed comparisons have skewed the appearances, making moderate drinkers look ostensibly healthier. However, as the researchers note, appearances can be quite deceiving in this context.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-the-data">Revisiting the data</h2>



The research team reviewed 107 published studies exploring the relationship between drinking habits and longevity.&nbsp;



Following a review of the accumulated data, it seemed as if light to moderate drinkers had a 14% lower risk of dying during the study period compared to abstainers.



Things took a dramatic turn when the researchers explored further. The studies deemed "higher quality" included younger participants.



The studies differentiated between former drinkers and lifelong abstainers, revealing no connection between moderate alcohol drinking and increased longevity.



It was only the "lower quality" studies that established such a correlation. "If you look at the weakest studies, that’s where you see health benefits," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myth-of-moderate-drinking-and-longevity">Myth of moderate drinking and longevity</h2>



The belief that moderate drinking can lead to a longer, healthier life isn't something new - it's an idea that has existed for decades.&nbsp;



One example is the French paradox. This theory, popularized in the 1990s, proposed that red wine was the secret behind the relatively low rates of heart disease in France, despite rich, fatty diets. This perspective of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>&nbsp;as a health tonic still seems to be deeply ingrained in the public's imagination.



However, the stark reality is that moderate drinking likely does not prolong life. Instead, it potentially invites health risks, including an increased likelihood of certain cancers. Hence, no major health organization has ever posited a risk-free level of alcohol consumption.



"There is simply no completely ‘safe’ level of drinking," concluded lead researcher Tim Stockwell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-factors-and-drinking-habits">Social factors and drinking habits</h2>



Beyond the scientific debate about the health implications of moderate drinking, it's essential to consider the social factors that shape drinking habits and perceptions. Cultural norms, peer influences, and social settings often play significant roles in how individuals approach&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol consumption</a>.



Many people drink to socialize, celebrate, or relax after a long day. This makes moderate drinking seem normal. However, the pressure to fit in can cause some to drink more than they plan. This blurs the line between moderation and excess.



Studies indicate that the context of alcohol consumption affects its health impacts. For instance, social drinking can result in larger quantities consumed quickly, potentially undermining the benefits of moderate drinking.



Additionally, the impact of alcohol on mental health cannot be overlooked. While some may turn to alcohol as a means of relaxation or coping with stress, it can contribute to anxiety and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seven-healthy-lifestyle-habits-that-prevent-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>&nbsp;over time.



This cyclical relationship complicates the narrative around moderate drinking. The context and purpose behind consumption are crucial. They matter just as much as the quantity consumed.



Understanding the social aspects of drinking is crucial. It helps individuals make informed choices about their alcohol consumption. This knowledge can lead to healthier lifestyles. Moreover, prioritizing well-being over social pressures is essential.



Exploring myths about alcohol drinking needs a balanced view, looking at both science and social factors.



The study is published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jsad.com/doi/10.15288/jsad.23-00283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Drinking alcohol in moderation does not prolong life

There is a prevalent myth about drinking echoing through the...

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this summer. Trillions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-periodical-cicadas-eat-when-theyre-above-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">periodical cicadas</a>, members of the genus Magicicada, have emerged after years of dormancy, creating a spectacle that some likened to a "cicadapocalypse."



For many, this event feels mesmerizing, mysterious, and magical. It's also a great opportunity for scientific discovery and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-properties-of-cicada-wings">Antibacterial properties of cicada wings</h2>



This year marked a rare and extraordinary event in the state of Illinois. Both the 13-year Brood XIX and the 17-year Brood XIII of the Magicicada genus emerged at the same time. This rare event had not occurred since 1803, and won't happen again for another 221 years.



The mass emergence of cicadas signaled a seminal moment for the researchers and entomologists at the <a href="https://beckman.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology</a>, a renowned research center that is part of the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 



The team had an unprecedented abundance of cicadas at their disposal, thanks to the unique environmental phenomenon. 



Excited by the potential, the experts set out to use these cicadas for various innovative research applications, exploring the unique properties and behaviors of the insects.



The projects included materials science, studying cicada wings for new materials, and microbiology, examining microorganisms in their habitats to understand ecosystem health and interactions better.



This diverse range of research not only promised to yield groundbreaking discoveries but also highlighted the importance of biodiversity in scientific innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics-of-cicada-wings">Unusual characteristics of cicada wings</h2>



A critical area of study revolves around the unusual properties of a cicada's wing. Yutao Chen, a graduate student at Beckman studying under Professor Marianne Alleyne, delved into the microscopic world of cicada wings. 



"Cicada wings are superhydrophobic, meaning they're really waterproof, and they also have excellent antibacterial properties," explained Chen, whose research focuses on fabricating functional cicada-inspired surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-nanoscale-features">Hidden nanoscale features</h2>



The secret of the cicada wing's magical properties lies in its hidden nanoscale features. When magnified 10,000 times, the cicada wing reveals its true complexity.



What appears to be a smooth surface has microscopic structures known as nanopillars. These tiny features contribute to the wing's unique characteristics.



Distributed uniformly across each wing, these nanopillars are the key to the wings' remarkable hydrophobic and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-wings-inspire-antibacterial-medical-implants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibacterial properties</a>.&nbsp;



When microbes touch the nanopillars, they suffer physical damage to their outer membranes. This process effectively eliminates the microbes. It showcases the remarkable defensive mechanisms found in cicada wings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibacterial-surfaces-inspired-by-cicadas">Antibacterial surfaces inspired by cicadas</h2>



To mimic these natural antibacterial features, Chen used an advanced method known as nanoimprinting lithography. This technique makes it possible to copy the tiny nanopillars from cicada wings onto a type of plastic called polystyrene.



The resulting material is precisely textured with nanopillars, giving it the power to effectively destroy bacteria. This demonstrates the material's potential for innovative applications. It could be used to create self-cleaning and antibacterial surfaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-antibacterial-surfaces">Future of antibacterial surfaces</h2>



Chen's work is far from over. In fact, he intends to experiment with other fabrication techniques and observe more dynamic interactions between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-and-imprint-new-era-dna-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> and replicated surfaces. 



With over 95% of bacteria destroyed within 3 hours by the replicated nanopillars, the future holds promise for the development of durable, antibacterial surfaces inspired by a humble <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-wings-inspire-new-method-to-kill-bacteria-on-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect's wing</a>.



We learn from nature. This is the essence of bioinspired design. It leads us into a new era of scientific discovery and also sparks technological innovation.



With the magic of the cicada as our muse, who knows what we might uncover next?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-cicadas">Cultural significance of Cicadas</h2>



In Japan, cicadas are cherished for their melodic songs, which are an integral part of summer festivals. Their presence is often associated with poetry and reflective thoughts on the transient beauty of life. 



Similarly, in Native American cultures, cicadas are viewed as symbols of resilience and perseverance, echoing their remarkable life cycle.



Moreover, cicadas have become subjects of scientific curiosity and environmental study. Their unique life cycles, which include long periods of dormancy followed by a vivid emergence, offer insights into ecological balance and the effects of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



As researchers continue to study cicadas, their cultural and scientific importance highlight the connections between life and nature.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Cicada wings inspire new antibacterial technologies

Cicada wings, with their antibacterial properties, are fascinating scientists this...

Astronomers have uncovered the secrets behind an epic collision of two massive galaxy clusters, showing that dark matter and regular matter can actually separate during these huge events.



Located billions of light-years away, these clusters are home to thousands of galaxies and provide deep insights into the complexities of our universe.



When they collided, the dark matter -- an invisible substance affected by gravity but not light -- moved ahead of the normal matter, which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twisted-galaxies-millions-of-light-years-away-captured-by-the-vlt-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">includes gas and stars</a>.



What does this mean for our understanding of cosmic structures? 



As we delve deeper into these phenomena, we uncover not just the mechanics of the universe, but also the broader implications that could reshape our comprehension of cosmic interactions and their relevance to the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-galaxy-clusters">Dark matter and galaxy clusters</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1500-billion-orphan-stars-discovered-in-the-perseus-galaxy-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Galaxy clusters</a> are immense cosmic structures held together by gravity. Only 15% of their mass is normal matter, primarily hot gas, stars, and planets, while the remaining 85% is dark matter. 



During the collision of the clusters, known collectively as MACS J0018.5+1626, the galaxies themselves mostly remained undamaged due to the vast spaces between them. 



However, the gas between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies collided</a>, becoming turbulent and superheated. While both dark and normal matter are influenced by gravity, the normal matter also interacts via electromagnetism, which slowed it down during the collision. 



Consequently, the dark matter moved ahead, decoupling from the normal matter.



“The dark matter is like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sand and flies ahead</a>,” said lead author Emily Silich, a graduate student working with Jack Sayers, a research professor of physics at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/">Caltech</a> and principal investigator of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-macs-j0018-5-is-a-treasure-trove">MACS J0018.5 is a treasure trove</h2>



A similar decoupling of dark and normal matter was previously observed in the Bullet Cluster. However, the orientation of the <a href="https://youtu.be/t7FBmBj7p0U" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MACS J0018.5 collision was different, providing a unique perspective</a>. 



“With the Bullet Cluster, it's like we are sitting in a grandstand watching a car race,” Sayers said. “In our case, it's more like we are on the straightaway with a radar gun, standing in front of a car as it comes at us and are able to obtain its speed.”



To measure the speed of the gas in the cluster, researchers employed the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect. 



This effect occurs when photons from the cosmic microwave background scatter off electrons in hot gas, causing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-discover-planetary-system-that-resembles-tatooine-from-star-wars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Doppler shift</a>. By measuring this shift, scientists can determine the speed of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sign-of-life-found-in-the-clouds-surrounding-venus/">gas clouds</a> within galaxy clusters.



“The Sunyaev-Zeldovich effects were still a very new observational tool when Jack and I first turned a new camera at the CSO on galaxy clusters in 2006,” said Sunil Golwala, a professor of physics and Silich's faculty PhD advisor. 



“We look forward to a slew of new surprises when we put next-generation instruments on the telescope at its new home in Chile.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-normal-and-dark-matter-separate-in-clusters">Normal and dark matter separate in clusters</h2>



By 2019, researchers had used the kinetic SZ effect to measure the gas speed in several galaxy clusters and Keck Observatory data to determine the speed of the galaxies, which also indicates the dark matter's speed. 



However, they noticed an anomaly in MACS J0018.5: the hot gas was moving in the opposite direction to the dark matter. Initially, they thought it might be a data error. 



“We had this complete oddball with velocities in opposite directions,” Sayers explained. "And then Emily got involved and untangled everything.”



Silich used data from the <a href="https://chandra.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> to analyze the temperature and location of the gas and its shock levels. “These cluster collisions are the most energetic phenomena since the Big Bang," she said. 



The team also collaborated with Adi Zitrin from <a href="https://www.bgu.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a> in Israel to map the dark matter using gravitational lensing and with John ZuHone from the <a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Astrophysics at Harvard Smithsonian</a> to simulate the cluster collision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cluster-collisions-and-dark-matter-discoveries">Cluster collisions and dark matter discoveries</h2>



The researchers discovered that the clusters, before colliding, were moving toward each other at about 3000 kilometers per second. 



The collision's orientation and the separation of dark and normal matter explained the odd velocity measurements. 



This research provides a new method to directly probe the behavior of dark matter, offering insights into its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-might-be-driving-force-behind-black-hole-mergers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mysterious nature</a>.



“This study is a starting point to more detailed studies into the nature of dark matter,” Silich said. “We have a new type of direct probe that shows how dark matter behaves differently from normal matter.”



In the future, more studies like this one could reveal additional clues about dark matter, helping scientists understand how such a mysterious substance interacts with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-map-all-of-the-matter-in-the-universe/">universe</a>.



The discovery utilized data from multiple observatories, including the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory, the W.M. Keck Observatory, NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory, the Hubble Space Telescope, the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, and the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment in Chile. Some of the data was collected decades ago, with full analysis occurring over the past few years.



The research is published in the <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/7zhx0-mvp60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astrophysical Journal</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Dark matter seen separating from normal matter after galaxy cluster collision

Astronomers have uncovered the secrets behind an epic collision of...

There's nothing like that first cup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-energy-boost-from-your-morning-cup-of-coffee-may-be-a-placebo-instead-of-the-caffeine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee in the morning</a>. Across the world, consumers are savoring more than 2.2 billion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paper-coffee-cups-not-so-eco-friendly-after-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee cups</a> on a daily basis, many of which include Arabica and Robusta coffee.



With over 100 million farmers globally catering to our coffee indulgence, we must ask ourselves - where do these precious beans come from?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-future-of-coffee">Exploring the future of coffee</h2>



Coffee beans that kickstart the routines of millions every day usually belong to one of two species - Coffea arabica or Coffea canephora (fondly known as Robusta or Conilon coffee).&nbsp;



Arabica beans have historically held the coffee throne, favored for their distinct flavor and aroma. However, an impending crisis is brewing. By 2050, it is predicted that about 80% of Arabica production could be hit by climate change.



Felipe Ferrao, a research assistant scientist from the University of Florida, and colleagues from the RD2 Vision (France) and Incaper Institution (Brazil), are on a quest to find coffee cultivars that could potentially replace Arabica in the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-coffee-a-resilient-alternative">Robusta coffee: A resilient alternative</h2>



Two avenues could potentially supplement&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-genome-adapted-to-climate-changes-over-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arabica</a>: adapting coffee cultivation practices to new environments and focusing on the more resilient species.



The latest research led by the University of Florida hints that Robusta might be the hero we need to keep our morning pick-me-ups intact.



“If you consider that nowadays, about 60% of coffee beans commercialized around the globe are from Coffea arabica, the coffee industry is looking for alternatives,” said Ferrao. "This is how and where Robusta coffee emerges as a good candidate.”



In recent decades, Robusta coffee production has seen a 30% increase, while also demonstrating its robustness against economic and environmental uncertainties.&nbsp;



“Overall, the species produces more coffee than Arabica, using fewer inputs, such as fertilizer and water. As its name suggests, the plant is more robust,” noted Ferrao.



“While the demand for Robusta coffee likely won’t decrease, our biggest challenge is to meet the demand for quality and productivity required by the coffee chain. In this sense, genetics and breeding studies can provide basic elements for a better understanding of diversity and factors that affect quality.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robusta-climate-smart-coffee-for-the-future">Robusta: Climate-smart coffee for the future</h2>



The research team evaluated both Robusta/Conilon and Arabica coffee for multiple traits in three high-altitude locations in Brazil over five years.&nbsp;



The goal was to assess whether Robusta cultivars had the potential to yield a robust crop in alternative climates and, importantly, whether they also delivered on taste.



Their findings? Robusta demonstrated a high adaptability to high altitude regions, thus aligning with good production and flavor profiles. This makes it a fitting candidate for the "coffee of the future - climate-smart coffee.”



The study proposes that Robusta can offer three key characteristics for future coffee cultivars:



<ol>
<li>Sustainability – The ability to produce more with less.</li>



<li>Quality – Delivering a good flavor to meet consumer demand.</li>



<li>Plasticity – The capacity to adapt to new production systems.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-new-grounds-in-florida">Testing new grounds in Florida</h2>



Both encouraged and intrigued by their success with Robusta in Brazil, the scientists are now exploring its potential to grow in Florida. 



“Here in Florida, we have some trials to test both Robusta and Arabica coffees in different locations. When compared to Brazil, the differences in the soil properties, rainfall distribution, temperature and weather events will certainly impact the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-birds-and-the-bees-boost-coffee-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee production</a> and its quality,” said Ferrao.



The Florida-based team, including researchers from the Tropical Research and Education Center (TREC) in Homestead and Gainesville, are now testing coffee as an alternative crop for Florida growers.



The trials mark the first time such a diverse set of coffee materials is tested under Floridian conditions.



As global consumers, we can only wait to see whether the promise of Robusta will percolate through to our morning cup, as science continues brewing alternatives to secure a climate-smart future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-in-coffee-sustainability">Technology in coffee sustainability</h2>



Technology plays a vital role in promoting sustainable coffee production. Innovations like precision farming and climate modeling are emerging. These advancements help farmers optimize their practices. They enable better adaptation to changing environmental conditions.



Precision agriculture uses data and technology to monitor factors like soil moisture, nutrient levels, and pest populations. By leveraging these insights, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, resulting in more efficient resource use and less environmental impact.



Moreover, advanced climate modeling tools enable researchers and farmers to predict how&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>&nbsp;will impact growing regions. By understanding these trends, they can proactively adjust cultivation methods, select more resilient varieties, and manage risk effectively.



As the industry continues to face challenges from climate change, the integration of technology into sustainable practices will be essential. By embracing innovation, we can not only safeguard the future of agricultural products but also enhance the livelihoods of farmers and the quality of our morning brew.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.21298" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Crop Science</a>.



-----



Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.



-----

Robusta coffee could save our morning brew from climate change

There's nothing like that first cup of coffee in the morning....

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing complexities that challenge our perception of reality. Recent advancements illuminate the puzzling wave functions of entangled photons, providing remarkable insights into the behavior of these fundamental particles.



At the forefront of this research are experts from the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Ottawa</a> and <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/pagina-strutturale/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University</a> of Rome. Their innovative approach allows for real-time visualization of entangled photon wave functions, pushing the boundaries of what we thought possible in quantum science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-entanglement">Understanding entanglement</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum entanglement</a> is a mind-boggling phenomenon that underscores the profound interconnectedness of two particles. 



When the state of one particle changes, it can instantly influence the state of the other, regardless of the distance separating them.



Consider the analogy of a pair of shoes: if you pick a left shoe, you immediately know the other has to be the right one. 



This scenario elegantly illustrates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of entanglement</a>, where the properties of these particles are intertwined in ways that challenge our conventional understanding of physics.



Central to quantum mechanics is the wave function, which encapsulates the quantum state of a system. Just as knowing a shoe's size and color aids in its identification, the wave function provides essential information -- such as position and velocity -- about quantum particles.



For scientists, grasping the significance of the wave function is crucial, as it empowers them to predict the outcomes of various measurements effectively. 



As physicist Richard Feynman wisely noted, "If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don't understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-entangled-photons">Capturing entangled photons</h2>



Traditionally, visualizing the wave function for complex systems like two entangled photons has necessitated a technique known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-quantum-light-detector-now-fits-on-silicon-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> tomography.



This method involves extensive measurements and can be quite time-consuming, often extending over hours or even days. 



Furthermore, results can be compromised by noise and the intricacies of the setup, presenting challenges to accurate measurement.



To illustrate this, think of traditional tomography as reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D shadows cast on different walls -- an elaborate task that demands significant computational resources and time.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/quantum-entanglement_photons_Biphoton-state-holographic-reconstruction_credit_Nature-Photonics_1s.jpg" alt="A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics" class="wp-image-1940052"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics</figcaption></figure>



However, recent advancements have introduced a pioneering technique that addresses these limitations.



Inspired by digital holography in classical optics, the new method involves capturing a single image, known as an interferogram. This image results from the interference of light scattered by an object with a reference beam.



For entangled photons, researchers have enhanced this concept by superimposing a well-known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> with the unknown one, enabling them to capture the spatial distribution of simultaneous photon arrivals -- referred to as a coincidence image.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-photon-visualization">High-tech photon visualization</h2>



The success of this experiment relies on the use of an advanced camera that captures events with nanosecond precision at each pixel.



This high-resolution capability is crucial for revealing the intricate interference patterns that underpin the innovative visualization technique we are exploring.



Dr. Alessio D'Errico, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ottawa and co-author of the study, highlighted the remarkable efficiency of this approach.



"This method is exponentially faster than previous techniques, requiring only minutes or seconds instead of days," D'Errico explained.



"Importantly, the detection time remains unaffected by the complexity of the system, providing a solution to the long-standing scalability challenge in projective tomography."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-quantum-technology">Implications for quantum technology</h2>



This breakthrough represents a significant achievement for academic research while holding profound implications for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future of quantum technology</a>.



By facilitating faster and more accurate characterization of quantum states, this innovative method can propel advancements in quantum communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>, and quantum imaging techniques.



For example, enhancing our understanding and manipulation of entangled states could pave the way for more secure communication channels and advanced computational systems that surpass the capabilities of classical computers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entangled-photons-and-the-quantum-future">Entangled photons and the quantum future</h2>



The potential applications are both vast and diverse. In the realm of quantum computing, precise control over quantum states is essential for creating algorithms capable of solving problems deemed impossible by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional computers</a>.



In quantum communication, secure data transmission can be realized by leveraging the unique properties of entangled particles.



Moreover, quantum imaging stands to benefit as well, offering the possibility of high-resolution imaging at previously unattainable scales and sensitivities.



This research not only addresses fundamental questions about the nature of reality at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum level</a>, but it also lays the groundwork for practical applications that have the potential to transform industries and enhance our everyday lives.



The future of quantum technology looks brighter than ever, thanks to the pioneering work of brilliant scientists like Dr. Alessio D'Errico and his international collaborators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Quantum dance of entangled photons captured in real-time

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

[sendtonews key="qas3EhyI0Y-2220951-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...