On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. 



That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth has two moons</a>.



Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions.



"These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly."



Back in August, a team of astronomers from the <a href="https://www.ucm.es/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complutense University</a> of Madrid detected the small space rock using a powerful telescope in Sutherland, South Africa.



They weren't the only ones keeping an eye on it. The asteroid was first noticed on August 7, 2024 by NASA's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (<a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ATLAS</a>) at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.



This discovery sparked excitement among astronomers, offering a chance to learn more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-test-simulation-shows-earth-not-prepared-prevent-large-asteroid-strike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth objects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-2024-pt5">What exactly is 2024 PT5?</h2>



Earth occasionally captures small asteroids like 2024 PT5, placing them into temporary orbits around our planet. 



While most asteroids circle the sun on their regular paths, some venture close enough for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-global-electric-field-discovered-equally-important-gravity-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravity</a> to snatch them up for a brief visit.



These cosmic visitors only stay in Earth's orbit for a short time -- typically a few weeks or months -- before breaking free and resuming their solar journey.



Each mini-moon gives scientists a rare opportunity to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/27500-hidden-near-earth-asteroids-discovered-using-google-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth asteroids</a> up close, revealing valuable insights about our solar system's mechanics.



So, what makes this asteroid special, aside from the fact that new technology and the internet made it famous? 



William Blackmore, Planetarium Director and Astronomy Instructor at <a href="https://www.mhcc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mt. Hood Community College</a>, offered his thoughts.



"All mini-moons are unique in their own way," Blackmore explained. "This one isn't different from others except that it's the most recent.”



2024 PT5 will be around for about two more weeks, probably until mid-November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-2024-pt5-to-our-moon">Comparing 2024 PT5 to our moon</h2>



Let's compare our moon to this new mini-moon: 2024 PT5 is only about 37 feet across, while our familiar moon stretches a massive 2,159 miles in diameter. That makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-earth-get-its-moon-a-new-theory-has-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our moon</a> over 300,000 times wider than this tiny asteroid.



Knowing it’s up there is pretty exciting, even though we can't see it for ourselves without an invitation to a huge Earth telescope installation.



“These temporary captures are natural cosmic laboratories,” Binzel mentioned. “They help us understand the small bodies that come close to Earth and could be important for future space missions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-asteroid-2024-pt5-became-famous">How Asteroid 2024 PT5 became famous</h2>



Understanding how 2024 PT5 became Earth's temporary moon involves a bit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-order-in-the-chaos-of-the-three-body-problem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital mechanics</a>. 



Blackmore explained, "It's moving along with us in our orbit around the sun. It's part of a group of asteroids called the Arjuna asteroids, which move at about the same pace as Earth."



He added an interesting analogy: "Imagine a skateboarder dropping into a skate park. They ride the curves, adding energy as they go. That's like the asteroid getting caught in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dart-mission-debris-will-create-a-human-made-meteor-shower/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravitational field</a>, riding the curve before moving on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-spotting-mini-moons">Significance of spotting mini-moons</h2>



Spotting mini-moons is tough because they're incredibly small and faint. These tiny asteroids are often just a few dozen feet across, which means they don't reflect much sunlight. That makes them nearly invisible against the dark backdrop of space.



Plus, they're zipping around at high speeds and don't hang around for long, so by the time we point our telescopes their way, they might already be gone. 



It's like trying to catch a glimpse of a firefly from miles away -- you need the right conditions and equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-high-tech-telescopes">Modern high-tech telescopes</h2>



Astronomers find them by using powerful telescopes equipped with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaia-reveals-moons-around-hundreds-of-asteroids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensitive detectors and smart software</a>.



Projects like the ATLAS system scan the skies every night, searching for any objects that weren't there before. 



When they spot something moving in a way that suggests it's close to Earth, they alert other astronomers to help confirm the find. 



It's a collaborative effort, combining technology and teamwork to spot these elusive cosmic visitors.



Knowing more about these temporary moons helps us prepare for any potential asteroid threats and opens up possibilities for mining resources from near-Earth objects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-observing-2024-pt5">Challenges in observing 2024 PT5</h2>



For those eager to see this mini-moon, both experts warned that it would be extremely difficult. "You'd need a telescope with a diameter of at least 30 inches," Blackmore mentioned. "That's beyond what most amateur astronomers have."



Todd agreed, adding, "It won't be visible to the naked eye. Being 33 feet wide and so far away, you'd need a very large telescope."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



While 2024 PT5 doesn't pose any threat to Earth, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-a-fifth-force-of-nature-asteroids-provide-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying it is crucial</a>. 



"It's important to analyze how it moves and interacts with Earth's gravitational pull," Blackmore said. "This helps us refine our techniques for tracking objects that could cross our path again."



Todd highlighted the practical applications of this knowledge. 



"We need to understand how to intercept an asteroid at a distance and change its direction," he said. "This could be vital in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventing potential impacts</a> in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-future-space-missions">Inspiration for future space missions</h2>



Blackmore envisioned future missions that could take advantage of these temporary visitors. 



"It would be fascinating if we had missions ready to send small satellites or probes to these objects when they come close," he mused. "Imagine building a network of sensors or cameras traveling along with us, like space webcams."



Todd also saw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-named-psyche-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-for-whoever-can-extract-minerals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential in asteroid mining</a> and scientific discovery. 



"There might be materials on these asteroids that we can't find on Earth," he said. "They could solve problems in medicine or technology. But we need to weigh the benefits carefully."



To sum it all up, the brief visit of asteroid 2024 PT5 serves as a reminder of the dynamic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of our solar system</a>. 



While it won't be with us for long -- just a couple more weeks -- its presence offers valuable opportunities for learning and exploration.



As technology advances, we'll likely spot more of these mini-moons. Each one gives us a chance to understand our cosmic environment better and prepare for the future. 



So even though you'll never see it, you might want to spare a moment of your time and stop to appreciate 2024 PT5 while you still can.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2515-5172/ad781f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal IOPscience</a>.



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Earth's second moon, a mini-moon, will drift away in a few days and never return

On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, Earth has two moons. Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions. "These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly." Back in August,...

How many times have you reached for a bottle of aspirin to combat an ache or pain? Found in practically every home, this seemingly minor pill is now emerging as a major player in the fight against colorectal cancer, particularly for individuals with less than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-lifestyle-changes-could-prevent-half-of-all-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy lifestyle habits</a>.&nbsp;



This surprising discovery is a result of the latest research by <a href="https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mass General Brigham</a>, a prominent health care institution renowned for its pioneering investigations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-colorectal-cancer-with-aspirin">Combating colorectal cancer with aspirin</h2>



This encouraging research was spearheaded by Dr. Andrew Chan, the Director of Epidemiology for the Mass General Cancer Center, and the Gastroenterology Director of the Center for Young Adult Colorectal Cancer at Massachusetts General Hospital (<a href="https://www.massgeneral.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MGH</a>). 



The study aimed to combat colorectal cancer, the second most common cause of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> death in the United States, according to the <a href="https://www.cancer.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Cancer Institute</a>.



The study aimed to find individuals who could gain the most benefits from aspirin. This will help create more personalized prevention strategies.



The researchers had to painstakingly sift through health data of 107,655 participants from the Nurses’ Health Study and <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hpfs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health Professionals Follow-Up Study</a>, comparing colorectal cancer rates among routine aspirin users and those who used it less frequently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aspirin-use-types">Aspirin use types</h2>



You might be wondering what 'regular aspirin use' implies. It was categorized as either two or more standard 325mg tablets per week, or a daily low-dose 81mg aspirin.&nbsp;



The intrigue escalates – the participants, who started the study at an average age of roughly 49.4, who regularly consumed aspirin had a 10-year cumulative colorectal cancer incidence of 1.98%, compared to 2.95% for the non-aspirin users.



The study found that aspirin use was most beneficial for those who led less healthy lifestyles.&nbsp;



People with the lowest healthy lifestyle scores -- looking at things like weight, how often they smoke or drink, how active they are, and how well they eat -- had a 3.4% chance of getting colorectal cancer if they didn't use aspirin regularly. This risk went down to 2.12% for those who took aspirin regularly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorectal-cancer-risk-lowered-by-aspirin">Colorectal cancer risk lowered by aspirin</h2>



“Our results show that aspirin can proportionally lower the markedly elevated risk in those with multiple risk factors for colorectal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-viruses-can-reactivate-and-fuel-cancer-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a>,” said Daniel Sikavi, MD, lead author of the paper and a gastroenterologist at MGH.&nbsp;



“In contrast, those with&nbsp;a&nbsp;healthier lifestyle have&nbsp;a&nbsp;lower baseline risk of colorectal cancer, and, therefore, their benefit from aspirin was still evident, albeit less pronounced.”



This suggests that though aspirin provides some level of protection to healthy people, those with unsound lifestyle habits receive proportionately increased benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-time-to-use-the-pill">Is it time to use the pill?</h2>



This study's results could lead healthcare providers to more robustly recommend aspirin to patients with less healthy lifestyles.&nbsp;



However, it's critical to remember, as Dr. Sikavi reminds us, that the strongest evidence supports daily low-dose (81mg) aspirin as a preventive measure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspirin-though">Why aspirin, though?</h2>



Previous studies have shown that aspirin may help reduce the production of proteins that cause cancer by reducing inflammation in the body.



“Aspirin likely prevents colorectal cancer through multiple mechanisms,” Chan said.



Aspirin has several effects on cancer treatment. It can disrupt cell signaling pathways. Additionally, it modulates the immune response against cancer cells. 



Aspirin also inhibits the development of blood vessels that nourish these cancer cells.



But, like any other drug, daily aspirin use can have side effects, such as potential bleeding. Moreover, while this study aimed to control a broad range of colorectal cancer risk factors, it was largely observational, implying other factors could have influenced the results.



Despite these potential limitations, aspirin's prospective role in preventing colorectal cancer, especially among the high-risk population due to unhealthy lifestyle habits, is an undeniably significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medical advancement</a>.&nbsp;



And with further research, we may soon be able to identify the best candidates for aspirin use, leading us one step closer towards a world without colorectal cancer.



The ways in which these findings can be translated into practical, effective prevention strategies will unfold in time. So, keep an eye out - and do consider giving a small nod to the ordinary aspirin.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2821928" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Oncology</a>.



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Daily aspirin use strongly tied to colorectal cancer prevention

How many times have you reached for a bottle of...

In today's world, many Indigenous communities heavily rely on local food production, which forms an integral part of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-systems-will-play-a-key-role-in-future-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a> and overall health.



Yet, these "informal" economies often go unnoticed in the macro economic statistics, which results in them being sidelined in policies devised to tackle climate change. 



Arctic communities, undergoing rapid transformation due to ever-changing social, economic, and climatic scenarios, are prime examples of this predicament.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-local-food-production">Role of local food production </h2>



These communities are home to a blend of traditional and formal economic practices, involving hunting, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, gathering, and trapping along with wage-based jobs. 



With carbon taxation policies introduced in Canada, the cost of fuel used in local food harvesting has become a paramount concern.



To better understand the sensitivity of Arctic food systems to carbon tax policy, scientists have plunged into an elaborate study.



The research was led by experts from the <a href="https://www.eva.mpg.de/index/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>, in collaboration with the Innovation, Inuvialuit Science, and Climate Change Division of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation.



The objective was to calculate the economic and environmental significance of local food production in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region in the western Canadian Arctic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-vs-imported-foods">Local vs. imported foods</h2>



The scientists collated data from a 2018 regional study of harvesting. They set out to estimate the total edible weight of food produced by the local Inuit harvesters in a year's duration.



A comparison was made with the costs of replacing these foods with market substitutes like beef, pork, chicken, or farmed fish.



Furthermore, the team gathered information from agriculture and transport science to estimate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circular-economy-needed-to-reduce-americas-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> resulting from production and shipping of these market substitutes to the Arctic communities.



The data from a community-based study of Inuit harvesting in Ulukhaktok was also taken into account to estimate the gasoline used per kilogram of food harvested. 



These figures helped the researchers infer the total amount of gasoline used in local food production in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficiency-of-local-food-production">Efficiency of local food production</h2>



The results were surprising. Under plausible scenarios, replacing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-locally-produced-foods-can-reduce-transport-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">locally-harvested foods</a> in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region with imported market substitutes would cost over 3.1 million Canadian dollars per year and emit over 1,000 tons of CO2-equivalent emissions annually.



On the contrary, gasoline inputs to local harvesting cost around 295,000 Canadian dollars resulting in 317 to 496 tons of emissions, less than half of what would be emitted by market substitutes.



"Our findings illustrate how local food harvesting, even when reliant on fossil fuels – as is the case in Canadian Arctic communities – are more economically-efficient and less carbon intensive than industrial food production," said Elspeth Ready, one of the leading researchers.



"Local food harvesting also reduces reliance on supply chains that are vulnerable to climate change."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tailoring-policies-to-local-needs">Tailoring policies to local needs</h2>



The study underscores that climate change policies need to be locally adapted to ensure they do not undermine emission targets and inadvertently impact food security and health in remote communities.



Such communities face heightened economic and logistical constraints compared to more populated regions. By omitting the potential impact on local food production, the entire climate change narrative becomes flawed.



This breakthrough finding not only highlights the importance of locally adapted policies but also marks the inception of a statistical modeling approach capable of laying a foundation for similar studies in other regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-and-community-engagement">Future implications and community engagement</h2>



As we move forward, it's essential to involve local communities in shaping policies affecting their food systems. Including indigenous populations in decision-making respects their knowledge and integrates it into climate strategies, leading to more effective solutions for Arctic communities.



Promoting local food production enhances food sovereignty, reducing dependence on external markets and allowing communities to control their food sources. Educational programs on sustainable harvesting can empower residents and build resilience against climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-markets-for-local-products">Creating markets for local products </h2>



Investing in local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food systems</a> supports environmental sustainability and economic development. Furthermore, creating markets for local products and providing resources can stimulate job creation and improve community well-being.



Ultimately, addressing climate change requires a holistic approach that values local food production. 



By supporting indigenous practices and prioritizing community engagement, we can create a more sustainable and equitable future for Arctic regions and beyond.



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Local food production is undervalued in the context of climate change

In today's world, many Indigenous communities heavily rely on local...

Imagine having the ability to peer into the very core of any material, observing electrons movement at the atomic level, and uncovering the complex behaviors that define their properties.



This is the extraordinary reality being shaped by a dedicated team of physicists that has pioneered a remarkable quantum microscopy method that extends the boundaries of scientific observation.



For the first time, this advanced technique enables scientists to capture electron movements with unparalleled spatial and temporal resolution, achieving detail at scales previously thought impossible.



By offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/manipulating-quantum-dance-of-spinning-electrons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electronic behaviors</a> that were once elusive, researchers can now investigate new materials with customized properties. 



This innovation paves the way for significant progress in fields such as electronics, energy storage, and many other applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-frontier-in-material-science">New frontier in material science</h2>



The study was led by Professor Sebastian Loth, the Managing Director of the Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies (<a href="https://www.fmq.uni-stuttgart.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FMQ</a>) at the University of Stuttgart.



"With the method we developed, we can make things visible that no one has seen before," Loth explains. "This breakthrough could resolve long-standing questions about electron movement in solids, which have puzzled scientists since the 1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atomic-level-changes-in-electron-movement">Atomic-level changes in electron movement</h2>



In metals, insulators, and semiconductors, minor atomic-level alterations typically do not affect their macroscopic properties. For instance, metals continue to conduct electricity, while insulators remain non-conductive.



Yet, the realm of advanced materials -- crafted exclusively in laboratories -- reveals a different story. Here, even minimal atomic changes can usher in new macroscopic behaviors, such as transforming insulators into superconductors capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massless-dirac-electrons-seen-moving-in-four-dimensions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conducting electricity</a> without energy loss.



Remarkably, these transformations happen in the blink of an eye, within picoseconds -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/attosecond-electron-freeze-frame-of-liquid-water-seen-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a trillionth of a second</a>. To put this into perspective, a picosecond compared to a blink of an eye is like that blink compared to over 3,000 years.



Loth's team has pioneered methods to observe these rapid atomic-level changes, shedding light on material behavior in ways that were previously unattainable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-microscopy-is-changing-the-game">Quantum microscopy is changing the game</h2>



The researchers examined a material made of niobium and selenium, delving into the collective motion of electrons within a charge density wave and the impact of a single impurity on this dynamic.



By applying an ultra-short electrical pulse, merely one picosecond in duration, they effectively pressed the charge density wave against the impurity.



This interaction induced nanometer-scale distortions within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-in-graphene-exhibit-very-strange-fractional-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electron collective</a>, leading to intricate electron motion throughout the material.



This method builds on preliminary work conducted at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (<a href="https://www.fkf.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPI FKF</a>) in Stuttgart and the Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter (<a href="https://www.mpsd.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPSD</a>) in Hamburg, where Loth previously conducted research before joining the University of Stuttgart.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-material-development-and-electron-movement">Material development and electron movement</h2>



Understanding how electron movement is stopped by impurities opens the door to developing materials with specific properties.



As Prof. Loth puts it, "If we can understand how the movement of the electron collective is stopped, then we can also develop materials with desired properties in a more targeted manner."



This knowledge is crucial since no material is perfect and free from impurities. The new microscopy method helps scientists determine how impurities should be arranged to achieve desired technical effects.



"Design at the atomic level has a direct impact on the macroscopic properties of the material," Loth adds. This discovery could pave the way for ultra-fast switching materials in future sensors or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-quantum-light-detector-now-fits-on-silicon-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electronic components</a>, enhancing their performance and efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-behind-quantum-microscopy">Technology behind quantum microscopy</h2>



Traditional methods for visualizing individual atoms or their movements either offer high spatial resolution or high temporal resolution, but not both.



The new quantum microscope developed in Stuttgart combines a scanning tunneling microscope, which resolves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/details-photosynthesis-water-viewed-atomic-level-cryo-microscope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials at the atomic level</a>, with an ultrafast spectroscopy method known as pump-probe spectroscopy. This combination allows for simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution.



To achieve accurate measurements, the laboratory setup must be extremely well shielded. Vibrations, noise, air movement, and fluctuations in room temperature and humidity can all interfere with the delicate signals being measured.



"This is because we measure extremely weak signals that are otherwise easily lost in the background noise," Loth points out.



Additionally, the team repeats these measurements many times to obtain meaningful results. Their microscope is optimized to repeat the experiment 41 million times per second, achieving particularly high signal quality. 



"Only we have managed to do this so far," Loth proudly notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-material-science-implications">Material science implications</h2>



The implications of this development are vast. The ability to observe and understand electron behavior at such a granular level means scientists can design materials with unprecedented precision. 



This could lead to advancements in various fields, from electronics to energy storage, and beyond.



By understanding how atomic-level changes affect macroscopic properties, researchers can create materials tailored to specific applications, revolutionizing industries reliant on material performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electron-movement-and-future-technology">Electron movement and future technology</h2>



The work of Prof. Loth and his team at the University of Stuttgart marks a significant advancement in material science.



Their innovative quantum microscopy technique not only paves the way for new research opportunities but also holds the promise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transformative practical applications</a> in technology.



This breakthrough serves as a prime example of how cutting-edge research can propel progress, providing solutions to longstanding challenges.



With every new insight, are we not moving closer to a future where materials are meticulously designed, unlocking capabilities that once appeared to belong solely to the realm of science fiction?



As we delve into the tiniest scales of matter, the possibilities for discovery and innovation are truly limitless. Prof. Loth and his team have illuminated a path toward this promising future, one picosecond at a time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-024-02552-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Physics</a>.



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Electron movement seen at the atomic level with a quantum microscope

Imagine having the ability to peer into the very core...

A recent study suggests that our shopping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/buyers-are-willing-to-pay-more-for-products-made-with-passion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habits</a> have changed surprisingly little in the past 3,500 years. 



Unearthing the roots of our modern economy, archaeologists from the <a href="https://www.uni-goettingen.de/en/1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Göttingen</a> in Germany and the University of Salento in Italy have discovered evidence suggesting that our ancestors managed their day-to-day finances much like we do today.



Dr. Nicola Ialongo of Göttingen's Institute for Prehistory and Early History, played a crucial role in this groundbreaking research. 



Dr. Ialongo and his team meticulously analyzed over 20,000 metal objects from more than 1,000 ancient hoards. The artifacts, once buried in Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and Germany, date back to between 2,300 BC and 800 BC.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-budgeting-and-shopping-habits">Budgeting and shopping habits</h2>



Imagine a pile of metallic fragments acting as your wallet - that doesn't sound too secure, does it? But, it's precisely this ancient form of currency that the researchers studied.



By applying statistical techniques, they discovered that fragments of metal were intentionally broken down into multiples of a standard weight unit - roughly 10 grams.



This uniformity, say the experts, strongly points towards these shards of metal circulating as money.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shopping-habits-of-the-ancient-past">Shopping habits of the ancient past</h2>



Beyond just establishing the existence of a prehistoric currency, the study also delved into spending patterns. And it seems that our shopping trips and online orders share similarities with the markets and trade fairs of the past. 



The majority of the expenses, much like in modern Western households, were small, with more considerable costs making a much rarer appearance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-markets-an-age-old-phenomenon">Markets: An age-old phenomenon</h2>



The implications of these findings promise to shake up our understanding of economic history. We usually envision our ancestors bartering goods, exchanging gifts, with a market system being a relatively recent invention in the grand scheme of human civilization. However, the research challenges this notion.



"We are used to thinking of the market economy as a product of modernity, an innovation that deeply changed people’s lives and minds as soon as it appeared,” noted Dr. Ialongo.



“Our results suggest that it may have always existed. In a way, one could even think of it as one of the many behavioural traits that define us as humans: like warfare and marriage.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shattering-assumptions">Shattering assumptions</h2>



“To be honest, we were quite surprised by our results,” said Giancarlo Lago, who carried out the research while at the University of Salento in the Department of Cultural Heritage.



“Our findings defy some long-established beliefs among archaeologists, economists and anthropologists. They also suggest that many of the differences that we see between ‘Western’ and supposedly ‘primitive’ cultures are not as substantial as we might think.”



The discoveries challenge long-standing beliefs among archaeologists, economists, and anthropologists, potentially reshaping our view of primitive cultures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shopping-habits-through-time">Shopping habits through time</h2>



The study also sheds light on the decision-making processes of our ancient predecessors.



Just as today's consumers carefully evaluate their purchasing decisions, the analysis of spending patterns revealed that ancient individuals considered not only the immediate cost but also the perceived value of goods in their economic environment. 



This layered approach to consumption highlights a depth of cognitive processing similar to our own. Early humans weighed trade-offs and anticipated future needs, indicating that the roots of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-biggest-concern-people-making-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumer choice</a> extend far beyond contemporary societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-trade-dynamics">Evolution of trade dynamics</h2>



As the researchers continued to peel back the layers of historical economic practices, they also identified shifts in trade dynamics through various cultural periods.



While local exchanges dominated the Early Bronze Age, a marked evolution toward more complex trade networks emerged over time, particularly as societies began interacting with one another across greater distances. 



The integration of different resources and commodities ultimately led to an expansion of trade relationships and a more intricate economic landscape. 



This evolution suggests that early commerce was not merely a simple transaction, but rather a nuanced interplay of cultural exchange and community building, shaped dramatically by geographic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fashion-industrys-plastic-waste-is-a-major-environmental-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social factors</a>.



So, next time you're out shopping or browsing your favorite online store, remember, you're not just partaking in a modern economic system. You're continuing a tradition that's been at the core of human society for over 3,500 years.



Isn't that something to ponder during your next shopping spree?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-024-01926-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Human Behaviour</a>.



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Shopping habits have remained consistent for 3,500 years

A recent study suggests that our shopping habits have changed...

Fish oil has long been celebrated as a potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/olive-oil-can-boost-brain-health-and-fight-off-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">booster for brain health</a>, but recent findings suggest that its benefits may not be universal. 



Over the years, countless studies have delved into the complex workings of the human brain, highlighting the significant role of nutrition in cognitive function. 



One nutrient that has consistently garnered attention is fish oil, renowned for its high content of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-fatty-acids-may-provide-superior-cognitive-ability-in-midlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">omega-3</a> fatty acids, which are believed to support brain health and potentially lower the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.



However, a new clinical trial at <a href="https://www.ohsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon Health &amp; Science University</a> raises questions about its true efficacy among older adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-fish-oil-in-brain-health">The role of fish oil in brain health</h2>



The study suggests that the benefits of fish oil supplementation may not extend to everyone, particularly when it comes to preventing cognitive decline in the aging population.



This discovery prompts a critical question: Does fish oil truly enhance brain function for everyone, or is there more to the story than meets the eye? 



As researchers continue to explore the intricacies of this topic, the nuanced effects of fish oil on different individuals and populations are becoming increasingly evident.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-riding-the-wave-of-omega-3">Riding the wave of Omega 3</h2>



In recent years, there have been many claims about the beneficial effects of fish oil on brain function, particularly in people struggling with memory problems.



However, the new study has added a layer of complexity to these claims. The researchers found that while fish oil supplements did not demonstrate a significant benefit for all older adults in general, a certain subset of the population did see some intriguing results.



The subset included individuals who carried a gene associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Among this group, fish oil supplementation showed a reduction in the breakdown of nerve cells in the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-deeper-into-the-fish-oil-conundrum">Diving deeper into the fish oil conundrum</h2>



Study senior author Lynne Shinto theorized that fish oil might be beneficial for individuals carrying the APOE4 gene, particularly as they face a higher risk of developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-plays-a-major-role-in-preventing-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a>. Notably, though, the same cannot conclusively be said for all older adults.



“Over three years, our findings didn't reveal a statistically significant difference between the placebo group and those who took fish oil," Shinto explained. “While it wouldn’t likely be harmful, it’s not necessary for everyone to take fish oil to prevent dementia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-health-and-fish-oil">Brain health and fish oil</h2>



The study involved the participation of 102 individuals who were aged 75 years or older and had relatively low blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, a nutritional component found in fish oil.



Over a period of three years, participants underwent periodic brain imaging to assess the degree of change in white matter lesions in the brain, a potential risk factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>.



Interestingly, while all participants enrolled in the study had relatively high levels of these white matter lesions, they were otherwise in good health with no signs of dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-oil-and-alzheimer-s-risk">Fish oil and Alzheimer's risk</h2>



The double-blind study divided its participants into two groups: one received omega 3-enriched fish oil supplements each day, while the other group took a soybean-based placebo.



However, the real revelation came when the researchers looked specifically at the subgroup carrying the APOE4 gene. 



Here, the team noticed a dramatic reduction in the deterioration of brain cell integrity following treatment with the fish oil, compared to the soybean oil group. This transformation took place within as short a timeframe as one year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-approaches-for-dementia-prevention">Personalized approaches for dementia prevention</h2>



The results of this clinical trial highlight the importance of individualized intervention in the prevention of dementia.



"One-size-fits-all" solutions might not necessarily apply to nutritional interventions for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-health-may-literally-be-a-state-of-mind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain health</a>. The study could lead to more extensive research in diverse populations, targeting the impact of nutritional interventions on specific genetic predispositions.



Gene Bowman is the director of clinical trials at the <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/mccance-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McCance Center for Brain Health</a> at Massachusetts General Hospital and an instructor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.



“The fact that neuronal integrity breakdown was slowed in people randomized to omega-3 treatment who are also at high risk for Alzheimer’s disease is remarkable," said Bowman, emphasizing the need for larger clinical trials in diverse populations in the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.26872" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>. 



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Fish oil lowers Alzheimer's risk in people who are most susceptible

Fish oil has long been celebrated as a potential booster...

Attention is a powerful tool of communication, guiding our interactions and shaping our understanding of the world around us. More specifically, the little demonstrative words that direct attention – like "this" and "that" - are universal tools across all languages, serving as crucial linguistic elements that help us navigate and interpret our surroundings.



These words are known as demonstratives, and their use varies significantly from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-language-is-specially-stored-in-the-brain-for-easy-access/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> to language, reflecting cultural and cognitive differences in how attention is directed and perceived.



English and Hebrew, for example, have two demonstratives, while Spanish and Japanese employ a more complex three-word system, offering nuanced ways to indicate proximity and focus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-language-to-attention">Linking language to attention</h2>



Demonstratives are not merely words; they are social guides, playing a crucial role in our interactions and communication. 



These words help listeners to focus on specific references and establish "joint attention," an element that the researchers describe as a capacity that underpins shared experiences and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-learn-better-when-their-brain-waves-are-in-sync/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mutual understanding</a>.



It is this perceived interdependence between language and social cognition that makes demonstratives a fascinating and rich subject of study, offering insights into the intricate ways in which we connect with others and perceive our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-to-social-cognition">Connection to social cognition </h2>



“The reason why we were interested in demonstratives is because of their connection to social cognition: demonstratives are used to direct the listener’s attention to a referent and establish joint attention. Engaging in joint attention is a uniquely human capacity that links language to social cognition in communication," noted study co-author Paula Rubio-Fernández from the Max Planck Institute.



"Because demonstratives are universal, emerged early in language evolution and are acquired early in child development, they offer an ideal test case for the interdependence between these two fundamentally human capacities."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-demonstratives-for-attention">Demonstratives for attention</h2>



Opinions differ on whether the use of demonstratives to direct a listener's attention is inherently part of the word's meaning (semantics) or if it arises from broader principles of social cognition (pragmatics) that govern how we interact and communicate. 



To uncover the truth, researchers from several universities, including the noted <a href="https://www.mpg.de/institutes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a>, conducted an in-depth study using computational modeling and a series of experiments. 



The experiments involved participants who spoke ten different languages from eight distinct language groups, allowing for a diverse examination of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/similar-patterns-music-language-found-across-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linguistic patterns</a>.



In the study, participants took on the role of a "speaker" in an online task. They observed pictures of a "listener" and were asked to choose a demonstrative from their native language to request an object.



The setup varied: the listener was either already looking at the intended object or at one of four other objects, creating different scenarios to test how demonstratives are used to direct attention and establish communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-spatial-meaning-of-demonstratives">Beyond the spatial meaning of demonstratives </h2>



The findings of the research offer a deeper understanding of how demonstratives function. Participants were found to be sensitive not just to the physical location of the target object but also to the listener's attention and gaze.



This sensitivity highlighted the dynamic nature of demonstratives, as their meaning indeed varied both within and across languages. 



For instance, the "near" demonstrative could refer to an object "close to me," but it could also be used to emphasize joint attention (we are both looking at) or to subtly steer the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-gestures-we-see-can-change-what-we-hear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">listener's attention</a> towards the speaker, depending on the context and the speaker's intention.



In languages with a three-word system, the medial word often specifically indicated joint attention, providing a unique linguistic mechanism for speakers to establish a shared focus and enhance mutual understanding in communication.



"Our work sheds light on the interface between social cognition and language," said Rubio-Fernández. "We show that representations of interlocutor attention are embedded into one of the most basic word classes that appear across all languages: demonstratives."



"Our work also shows through Bayesian computational modeling that this form of attention manipulation cannot be explained via pragmatic reasoning external to the linguistic system, suggesting that mentalistic representations are embedded in a universal component of language."



The research truly underlines the powerful role that language - even the simplest of words - plays in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonding-can-positively-shape-the-success-of-a-group/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interaction</a> and cognition.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2402068121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Words like 'this' and 'that' direct attention across languages

Attention is a powerful tool of communication, guiding our interactions...

Recent research unveiled the presence of naturally occurring few-layer graphene flakes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underground-cave-found-moon-mare-tranquillitatis-could-shelter-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a> soil. For those who aren't familiar, graphene is a uniquely organized, layered structure of carbon atoms.



The study was led by a stellar group of researchers, featuring Professors Meng Zou and Wei Zhang, senior engineer Xiujuan Li from <a href="https://www.jlu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jilin University</a>, and Wencai Ren from the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>’ Institute of Metal Research. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-graphene-in-moon-soil">Graphene in Moon soil</h2>



The scientists' journey begins with a 2.9 x 1.6 mm, olive-shaped speck of lunar soil, brought back by the Chang'e 5 mission in 2020. This minuscule piece was scrutinized and analyzed for a singular purpose - the hunt for Graphene.



Graphene, as we know, is a fascinating substance that comprises carbon atoms arrayed in a thin, layered structure. Imagine a sheet of honeycomb, but swap the beeswax for carbon, and shrink it a million times. 



This distinctive arrangement gifts graphene with unique properties, making it a superstar in the fields of optics, electrics, and mechanics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-the-dots">Connecting the dots</h2>



When we think about the cosmos, we often picture vast expanses of nothingness. But did you know that nearly 1.9% of all interstellar carbon is thought to exist as graphene? 



The shape and properties of these graphene structures are a direct result of their formation process, painting a unique trail in the cosmos.



Using a specialized spectrometer, our team discovered a particular iron compound in a carbon-rich section of the lunar sample. This compound, they suggest, is intimately linked with the formation of graphene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-graphene-layers-in-moon-soil">Graphene layers in Moon soil</h2>



In a plot twist worthy of a best-seller, the researchers uncovered "flakes" of carbon within the sample that comprised two to seven staggered layers of graphene. But how did these graphene structures end up on the moon?



The researchers propose an intriguing genesis for the lunar graphene: volcanic activity in the moon's early existence. 



Couple this with solar winds, which whip up lunar soil and iron-laden minerals, and we have a recipe for graphene creation.



In addition, the high-pressure, high-temperature environments formed by meteorite impacts could have also contributed to the formation of these graphene layers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-graphene-discovery-on-moon">Implications of graphene discovery on Moon</h2>



The discovery of graphene in lunar soil presents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the Moon’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geological history</a> and its potential for future exploration. 



Graphene’s remarkable properties -- such as exceptional conductivity and strength -- could have profound implications for the development of lunar technologies.



Researchers are contemplating how this material could be harnessed for constructing lightweight, durable structures on the Moon, or even in the design of advanced electronics that could operate in extreme lunar conditions. 



The fusion of lunar geology and innovative materials science opens the avenues for more sustainable living conditions for future astronauts and, potentially, a base for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-samples-from-mars-could-reveal-fascinating-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">further exploration</a> of the solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects">Future prospects</h2>



Looking ahead, the implications of these discoveries extend beyond a singular appreciation of lunar materials. 



As our cosmic capabilities expand, researchers advocate for further missions targeting carbon-rich areas on the Moon and other celestial bodies.



By understanding how materials like graphene form in various cosmic environments, we not only enrich our scientific knowledge but also lay the groundwork for potential interplanetary resource utilization. 



The ability to create useful technologies from local materials may shift the paradigm from Earth dependency to a more self-sustaining model in space exploration, ultimately bringing humanity one step closer to establishing a lasting presence beyond our home planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-for-graphene-on-moon">New era for graphene on Moon</h2>



The discovery of natural graphene formation on the moon could mark a significant leap in our understanding of this miraculous material. 



In particular, the mineral-catalyzed formation process could guide the development of cost-effective synthesis methods of high-quality graphene.



“The mineral-catalyzed formation of natural graphene sheds light on the development of low-cost scalable synthesis techniques of high-quality graphene,” the paper said. 



“Therefore, a new lunar exploration program may be promoted, and some forthcoming breakthroughs can be expected.”



So, what's next on the horizon? Will this discovery spark a new era for graphene research and lunar exploration? 



Only time will tell. Until then, let's revel in the beauty of this cosmic revelation: the dance of chemistry and physics, producing miracles in the form of graphene in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-moon-soil-lunar-regolith-space-debris-into-building-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar soil</a>.



As we ponder the implications of this discovery, it's clear that the mysteries of the universe continue to unfold, paving the way for future exploration and innovation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwae211/7695326" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Review</a>.



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Graphene, the new 'wonder material' in Earth technology, found in moon soil

Recent research unveiled the presence of naturally occurring few-layer graphene...

Picture this: you're settled in for movie night, a bag of your favorite salty snack in one hand and a tub of creamy, flavorful dip in the other. 



It's the perfect combo, right? But, before you dip that chip, a novel study urges you to reconsider.



Officially unveiled in the November issue of Food Quality and Preference, an intriguing study delved into American snacking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-sleep-leads-to-unhealthy-snacking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habits</a>, specifically how the addition of dip impacts our calorie intake.



The research was conducted at the Sensory Evaluation Center, part of the College of Agricultural Sciences at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State University</a>, which combines expertise in food science and sensory evaluation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dipping-into-the-study">Dipping into the study</h2>



Madeline Harper, a recent Penn State graduate with a master’s degree in food science, led the study. Overall, 46 adult participants were assessed during two visits to the center.



The individuals were served 70 grams of ranch-flavored chips, with or without about a third of a cup of ranch dip, and invited to eat as much as they pleased. What the researchers discovered might make you ditch the dip altogether.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-salty-snack-seduction">The salty snack seduction</h2>



The study documented that when dip was introduced to the snack equation, people consumed significantly more calories – 77% more to be precise. 



The participants chowed down on the same amount of chips, but the addition of the dip led to a sneakily increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-caloric-restriction-help-you-live-longer-its-complicated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caloric intake</a>.



John Hayes is the director of the Penn State Sensory Evaluation Center and a professor of food science.



“The most striking findings of our study is that people didn't eat fewer chips when dip was available - they ate the same amount of chips, plus the dip," said Professor Hayes.



"This lack of compensation means that adding dip to chips can substantially increase overall energy intake without people realizing it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-bite-bigger-problem">Bigger bite, bigger problem</h2>



Harper suggests that the inclusion of the dip leads to a larger bite, thus allowing participants to eat more without necessarily increasing the rate at which they ate. 



In each eating session, participants consumed an average of 345 calories with the chip-dip combo, as opposed to 195 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-who-are-obese-have-a-harder-time-burning-calories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calories</a> with the chips alone.



Despite being a significant source of energy in our diets, snacking remains understudied, particularly when it comes to how extras like dips influence our intake. The study at Penn State marks a crucial step towards understanding this behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paving-the-way-forward">Paving the way forward</h2>



“This research opens up new avenues for exploring how the physical properties of foods can influence our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-behavior-is-influenced-by-the-unconscious-mind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating behaviors</a> and ultimately, our energy intake,” Hayes noted. “If we can slow people down, we can influence energy consumption without giving up the pleasure from food.”



Supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the research represents a crucial step in tackling issues of overeating and obesity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-dips-with-fewer-calories">Alternative dips with fewer calories</h2>



As we navigate the world of snacking, it's essential to find healthier alternatives that can still satisfy our cravings without leading to excessive calorie consumption. 



Instead of traditional creamy dips, consider exploring options that offer flavor and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/minimally-processed-foods-cost-more-offer-no-extra-nutrition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrition</a> without the added calories.



One popular choice is salsa, which is often lower in calories and packed with fresh ingredients like tomatoes, onions, and peppers. Not only does salsa add a zesty kick to your snacks, but it also provides vitamins and minerals that contribute to your overall health. 



Another great option is hummus, made from chickpeas, tahini, and spices. It is rich in protein and fiber, which can help you feel fuller for longer while still enjoying the dip experience.



Additionally, you might want to experiment with yogurt-based dips, such as tzatziki or herbed Greek yogurt, which can be a lighter alternative to traditional dips. These options are not only delicious but can also be rich in probiotics, promoting gut health.



Lastly, consider portion control. Instead of serving the dip directly from the container, try pre-portioning smaller amounts into individual bowls. This way, you can enjoy the flavor without the temptation to go back for seconds or thirds.



By making simple changes to how you dip, you can enjoy your favorite snacks while being mindful of your caloric intake. Balancing enjoyment with health can lead to a more satisfying and guilt-free snacking experience.



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Dips can more than double the calories of your favorite snack

Picture this: you're settled in for movie night, a bag...

Current climate policies carry a significant risk of triggering critical Earth system tipping points, even if global temperatures are later reduced to below 1.5°C after a temporary overshoot. A new study published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49863-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a> suggests that these risks can be mitigated if temperature increases are quickly reversed.



Human-induced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-abruptly-push-species-over-their-tipping-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> can destabilize large-scale Earth system components, known as tipping elements, such as ice sheets, ocean circulation patterns, and key global biospheres.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnected-climate-tipping-points-nbsp">Interconnected climate tipping points&nbsp;</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://iiasa.ac.at/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis</a> (IIASA) and the <a href="https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research</a> (PIK) examined the risks posed to four interconnected core climate tipping elements under current mitigation efforts and future emission scenarios.



The study focused on the potential destabilization of the Greenland Ice Sheet, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-amazon-rainforest-is-approaching-widespread-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon Rainforest</a>.&nbsp;



These elements are crucial for maintaining the stability of the Earth's climate system. Global warming can induce sudden changes in these systems, leading to irreversible outcomes.



The analysis emphasizes the critical importance of adhering to the climate targets set by the Paris Agreement and highlights the long-term consequences of our climate actions today.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-tipping-points-in-the-coming-centuries-nbsp">Climate tipping points in the coming centuries&nbsp;</h2>



“Our results show that to effectively limit tipping risks over the coming centuries and beyond, we must achieve and maintain net-zero greenhouse gas emissions,” explained co-lead author Tessa Möller, a researcher with the IIASA Energy, Climate, and Environment Program and at PIK.



“Following current policies this century would commit us to a high tipping risk of 45% by 2300, even if temperatures are brought back to below 1.5°C after a period of overshoot.”&nbsp;



The study revealed that substantial tipping risks could materialize by 2300 under various future emission scenarios. If global temperatures do not return to below 1.5°C by 2100, despite achieving net-zero greenhouse gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/countries-net-zero-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a>, there is up to a 24% chance that at least one of the key tipping elements will reach a critical threshold. This risk increases significantly with every tenth of a degree of warming above 1.5°C.



“We see an increase in tipping risk with every tenth of a degree of overshoot above 1.5°C. If we were to also surpass 2°C of global warming, tipping risks would escalate even more rapidly,” said co-lead author Annika Ernest Högner, a scientist at PIK.



“This is very concerning as scenarios that follow currently implemented climate policies are estimated to result in about 2.6°C global warming by the end of this century.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-reversal-of-warming">Rapid reversal of warming</h2>



The study stresses that only a rapid reversal of warming after any overshoot can effectively limit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping risks</a>. This necessitates achieving at least net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;



“Our study underscores that this global mitigation objective, enshrined in Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, is vital for planetary stability,” said Carl Schleussner, leader of the IIASA Integrated Climate Impacts Research Group and one of the study's authors



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-between-climate-tipping-elements-nbsp">Interactions between climate tipping elements&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers noted that current advanced models used to study Earth systems may not fully capture the complex behaviors, feedback loops, and interactions between tipping elements.&nbsp;



To address these limitations, the team employed a simplified Earth system model using four connected mathematical equations to represent these tipping elements. This approach allowed them to include future stabilizing interactions, such as the cooling effect of a weakened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-could-collapse-the-atlantic-circulation-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMOC</a> on the Northern Hemisphere.



“This analysis of tipping point risks adds further support to the conclusion that we are underestimating risks, and need to now recognize that the legally binding objective in the Paris Agreement of holding global warming to well below 2°C, in reality, means limiting global warming to 1.5°C,” concluded PIK Director and study co-author Johan Rockström.



“Due to insufficient emission reductions, we run an ever-increasing risk of a period of overshooting this temperature limit, which we need to minimize at all costs to reduce dire impacts to people across the world.”&nbsp;



The study's findings highlight the urgent need for global action to limit global warming and prevent critical tipping points in the Earth's climate system. 



The potential irreversible changes underscore the importance of immediate and sustained efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adhere to international climate agreements.



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Can we still prevent critical climate tipping points?

Current climate policies carry a significant risk of triggering critical...

Have you ever wondered about the science behind your breakfast sausage or that slice of bacon you relish with your morning coffee? Did you ever imagine that what's on your breakfast plate could potentially wield an influence over your brain health? Well, new research suggests that eating processed red meat increases dementia risk by 14 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-meat-and-dementia">Red meat and dementia</h2>



It's not an alien concept that our diet has <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">implications for our health</a>. But can switching your bacon and sausages for alternatives like nuts, beans, or tofu help decrease your risk of dementia? An intriguing study proposes this very hypothesis.&nbsp;



This research, conducted by Yuhan Li, a diligent research assistant at the renowned <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women’s Hospital</a> in Boston, Massachusetts, scrutinizes the impact of processed red meat on our neurological health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-processed-red-meat">Impact of processed red meat</h2>



Li began research to study how eating processed red meat affects the risk of developing dementia.



The study reached out to over 130,000 health professionals from all over the United States, gathering their insights and experiences. Individual health and dietary habits were tracked and analyzed over an impressive 43 years, providing valuable perspectives on wellness.



This longitudinal study involved participants filling out questionnaires every few years. They shared details about their dietary habits. A key focus was their consumption of processed red meat. This included items like bacon, hot dogs, sausages, and salami.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-we-go-nuts-over-meat">Could we go nuts over meat?</h2>



Out of all the participants, over 11,000 cases of dementia surfaced during the study's follow-up period. The results indicated that consuming two servings of processed red meat saw a 14% hike in dementia risk compared to eating about three servings each month.



The study suggests that by replacing one daily serving of processed red meat with a serving of nuts, beans, or tofu, we could potentially trim the risk of dementia by as much as 20 percent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dementia-risk-from-red-meat">Dementia risk from red meat</h2>



Li's research also threw light on cognitive abilities. Over 17,000 participants underwent assessments gauging their language, executive function, and processing prowess. These assessments also evaluated their verbal memory - basically, their ability to recall and understand words and sentences.



The outcomes were eye-opening. Those who made the switch from processed red meat to a serving of nuts, beans, or tofu were found to have sharper memory and thinking skills. In contrast, those who consumed more processed red meat exhibited poorer cognitive skills and a higher risk of dementia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-red-meat-dementia-riddle">Unraveling the red meat-dementia riddle</h2>



These findings, while compelling, raise an important question - does processed red meat directly contribute to dementia, or is it a lifestyle question? Could it be that those who steer clear of such meat tend to have healthier habits in general?



"Research into diet and the risk of dementia is a major focus. In particular, the effect of eating processed red meat on our health has been a hot topic," said Dr Richard Oakley, associate director of research and innovation at <a href="https://www.alzheimers.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s Society</a>.



“In this study more people who ate processed red meat went on to develop dementia and had worse memory and thinking skills.



“It’s important to remember that this doesn’t mean that eating processed red meat is directly related to developing dementia. It may be that people who avoid processed red meat are generally more health conscious and avoid other unhealthy habits that increase dementia risk.



“The diseases that cause dementia are very complex, and it is unlikely that one food group would make a significant difference. Instead, we know that what is good for the heart is good for the head, and recommend everyone to eat a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-diets-offer-health-benefits-and-lower-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy balanced diet</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



While the study spanned an extensive 43 years, it's not without its limitations. Researchers only evaluated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diseases-linked-to-processed-meat-could-easily-be-prevented/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> every two to four years. Considering the significant time gap, diets could have swerved substantially in between assessments, potentially tilting the findings.



This concern is echoed by experts like Dr Hilda Mulrooney, reader in nutrition and health at the London Metropolitan University, and Dr Sebastian Walsh, a doctoral fellow at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>.&nbsp;



They underline the need to understand other factors that were considered while evaluating this apparent red meat-dementia relationship. Their input could paint us a more holistic picture.



Is it time to rethink our eating habits? Possibly. As the adage goes, a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. Each small stride towards improved lifestyle choices is a win for mental health. So, let's take a moment to reflect - what's on your plate today?



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Reduce your risk of dementia by cutting out this type of meat

Have you ever wondered about the science behind your breakfast...

Tropical glaciers have shrunk to their smallest size in over 11,700 years, according to researchers at <a href="https://www.bc.edu/">Boston College</a>. 



These results, derived from rocks newly exposed after being covered by prehistoric ice, indicate that the tropics have warmed beyond levels last seen in the early Holocene epoch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-melting-of-tropical-glaciers">Unexpected melting of tropical glaciers  </h2>



Scientists have long predicted that tropical glaciers would melt as temperatures rise in regions near the Earth's equator. However, the analysis of rock samples near four glaciers in the Andes Mountains shows that this retreat has occurred much faster than expected, crossing a significant climatological threshold.&nbsp;



“We have pretty strong evidence that these glaciers are smaller now than they have been any time in the past 11,000 years," said co-author Jeremy Shakun, an associate professor of earth and environmental sciences at Boston College.



"Given that modern glacier retreat is mostly due to rising temperatures - as opposed to less <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a>, or changes in cloud cover - our findings suggest the tropics have already warmed outside their Holocene range and into the Anthropocene."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-glaciers-a-sign-of-the-times">Tropical glaciers: A sign of the times</h2>



This shift means that glaciers, traditionally classified within the Holocene interglacial period - an epoch characterized by the development of human civilization - may now be better categorized within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/welcome-to-humanitys-new-era-the-anthropocene/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthropocene</a>, an era defined by significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.



The implications of this study are stark, suggesting that many of the world's glaciers are likely retreating much faster than previously predicted, possibly by decades. 



“This is the first large region of the planet where we have strong evidence that glaciers have crossed this important benchmark - it is a ‘canary in the coalmine’ for glaciers everywhere,” Shakun warned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-vs-natural-fluctuations-nbsp">Climate change vs. natural fluctuations&nbsp;</h2>



While it is known that glaciers have been retreating worldwide over the past century, it has been unclear how this retreat compares to natural fluctuations over the last several millennia. To address this, the research team set out to determine the current size of tropical glaciers compared to their size over the past 11,000 years.



An international team of scientists traveled to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia to analyze the chemistry of bedrock recently exposed by retreating glaciers in the tropical Andes. They measured concentrations of two rare isotopes - beryllium-10 and carbon-14 - which accumulate in bedrock surfaces when exposed to cosmic radiation.&nbsp;



“By measuring the concentrations of these isotopes in the recently exposed bedrock we can determine how much time in the past the bedrock was exposed, which tells us how often the glaciers were smaller than today - kind of like how a sunburn can tell you how long someone was out in the sun,” Shakun explained.



“We found essentially no beryllium-10 or radiocarbon-14 in any of the 18 bedrock samples we measured in front of four tropical glaciers,” said lead author Andrew Gorin, now a PhD student at UC Berkeley. “That tells us there was never any significant prior exposure to cosmic radiation since these glaciers formed during the last ice age.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-largest-tropical-ice-mass-nbsp">Largest tropical ice mass&nbsp;</h2>



The results of this investigation are supported by research conducted twenty years ago at the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru, the largest tropical ice mass in the world. There, researchers discovered rooted plant remains melting out of the ice margin, dated to be 5,000 years old.&nbsp;



The findings indicated that Quelccaya had remained larger than its current size for millennia, as the plants would have decayed if previously exposed.&nbsp;



Shakun noted that while these findings suggested modern ice retreat was abnormally large, it had not yet reached an alarming level compared to the entire Holocene.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-a-broad-range-of-glaciers">Studying a broad range of glaciers</h2>



The team aimed to study a broader range of glaciers to conclusively determine if any had ever been smaller than today.



Shakun and his colleagues have applied this technique to glaciers along the entire American Cordillera, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. They published their North American results last year and plan to release findings from southern South America soon.&nbsp;



“Once we do that, then these studies can all be put together into a global perspective on the current state of glacier retreat,” Shakun said.



This research underscores the urgency of addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, as the rapid retreat of tropical glaciers highlights the profound impact of rising temperatures. The evidence points to a need for global action to mitigate these effects and preserve vital ecosystems.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg7546" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Tropical glaciers offer a glimpse of our harsh climate reality

Tropical glaciers have shrunk to their smallest size in over...

Mountain hikes serve as a rejuvenating escape from the mundane - the clear views and crisp air acting as a tonic for the soul. But when it comes to vultures, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flying</a> at high-altitudes present a unique challenge. 



The thin air gracing the mountain highs can reduce the lift that bird wings generate, as Jonathan Rader from the University of North Carolina (<a href="https://www.unc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNC</a>) at Chapel Hill, USA, underlines. This naturally makes it more complex for them to remain afloat. But ever wondered why this doesn't douse their spirits?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vultures-flying-at-high-altitudes">Vultures flying at high altitudes</h2>



From bar-headed geese and cranes to bar-tailed godwits, birds have marked altitude records of 6,000 m and beyond. The question is - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how do they pull this off</a> when thin air barely provides any lift?



A plausible theory points to high-altitude birds flying faster to counterbalance lower air density. However, this theory hadn't been tested on birds that inhabit a vast range of altitudes - right from sea level to towering summits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turkey-vultures-high-flying-experts">Turkey vultures: High-flying experts</h2>



"Turkey vultures are common through North America and inhabit an elevation range of more than 3,000&nbsp;m," says Rader.



Their mission? To confirm if turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) living at different heights fly at varying speeds subject to their altitude. The findings agreed with the hypothesis - turkey vultures certainly fly faster at altitude, offsetting the lower lift due to the thin air.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-s-flight-plan">Study's flight plan</h2>



The team began by filming vultures flying at a local refuse site in Orange County (80 m above sea level). They then shifted their base to Wyoming, observing birds at Alcova (1,600 m) and finally, the University of Wyoming campus in Laramie (2,200 m). 



Armed with three synchronized cameras at each location, they captured the vultures' end-of-day flights in 3D.



After returning to North Carolina, Rader analyzed the flight data from 2,458 recorded flights, calculating their airspeed which ranged between 8.7 and 13.24 m/s. The air density at each location, derived from local air pressure readings, showed a 27% change from 0.89 kg/m3 at Laramie to 1.227 kg/m3 at Chapel Hill.



When the recorded air densities were plotted against the birds' airspeeds on a graph, data suggested that the vultures flying at 2,200m in Laramie were generally flying approximately 1m/s faster than their counterparts in Chapel Hill.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



Understanding the flight dynamics of turkey vultures at high altitudes can yield significant insights for conservation efforts. 



As these birds are often viewed as scavengers - playing a critical role in ecosystems by cleaning up carrion - a deeper comprehension of their adaptability to varying altitudes may help inform habitat preservation strategies.



By identifying specific elevation preferences and flight behaviors, conservationists can create targeted measures to protect their nesting sites and ensure the sustainability of their populations in an ever-changing environment.



This knowledge is particularly crucial in light of climate change, as shifting weather patterns may alter their available habitats and food sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-avian-context">Broader avian context</h2>



While the turkey vulture serves as a model for understanding high-altitude avian flight, it opens a broader inquiry into the adaptations of other bird species that thrive in mountainous terrains. 



The study encourages further examination of physiological and behavioural traits that enable birds like the Tibetan snowcock and the Andean condor to navigate the challenges posed by their environments. 



Whether through specialized wing structures, metabolic adaptations, or unique migratory behaviours, such investigations not only enhance our knowledge of avian biology but also contribute to the preservation of biodiversity in high-altitude ecosystems worldwide. 



By fostering this comprehensive approach, researchers can better articulate the interconnectedness of species and the importance of the environments they inhabit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-vulture-s-flying-speeds">Mystery of vulture's flying speeds</h2>



Delving deeper into the flight recordings, Rader was searching for signs of increased flapping which could explain the higher flying speeds. 



But interestingly, the high-altitude vultures were not flapping their wings any more than the sea-level birds. Instead, it seems that the vultures at 2,200 m were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flying</a> faster merely because of the reduced drag in thin air, allowing them to maintain their speeds and stay aloft despite generating less lift in the low-density air.



In the world of avian aerodynamics, it seems the turkey vultures have cracked the altitude code, adapting perfectly to their high-flying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vultures-consume-enormous-amount-of-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a>. And who knows? Perhaps, understanding this natural phenomenon could inspire new heights in human aviation technology too!



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/227/15/jeb246828/361246/Turkey-vultures-tune-their-airspeed-to-changing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Biology</a>.



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How vultures fly faster in thin air at high altitudes

Mountain hikes serve as a rejuvenating escape from the mundane...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...