On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. 



That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth has two moons</a>.



Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions.



"These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly."



Back in August, a team of astronomers from the <a href="https://www.ucm.es/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Complutense University</a> of Madrid detected the small space rock using a powerful telescope in Sutherland, South Africa.



They weren't the only ones keeping an eye on it. The asteroid was first noticed on August 7, 2024 by NASA's Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (<a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ATLAS</a>) at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii.



This discovery sparked excitement among astronomers, offering a chance to learn more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-test-simulation-shows-earth-not-prepared-prevent-large-asteroid-strike/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth objects</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-2024-pt5">What exactly is 2024 PT5?</h2>



Earth occasionally captures small asteroids like 2024 PT5, placing them into temporary orbits around our planet. 



While most asteroids circle the sun on their regular paths, some venture close enough for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-global-electric-field-discovered-equally-important-gravity-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravity</a> to snatch them up for a brief visit.



These cosmic visitors only stay in Earth's orbit for a short time -- typically a few weeks or months -- before breaking free and resuming their solar journey.



Each mini-moon gives scientists a rare opportunity to examine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/27500-hidden-near-earth-asteroids-discovered-using-google-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth asteroids</a> up close, revealing valuable insights about our solar system's mechanics.



So, what makes this asteroid special, aside from the fact that new technology and the internet made it famous? 



William Blackmore, Planetarium Director and Astronomy Instructor at <a href="https://www.mhcc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mt. Hood Community College</a>, offered his thoughts.



"All mini-moons are unique in their own way," Blackmore explained. "This one isn't different from others except that it's the most recent.”



2024 PT5 will be around for about two more weeks, probably until mid-November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-2024-pt5-to-our-moon">Comparing 2024 PT5 to our moon</h2>



Let's compare our moon to this new mini-moon: 2024 PT5 is only about 37 feet across, while our familiar moon stretches a massive 2,159 miles in diameter. That makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-earth-get-its-moon-a-new-theory-has-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our moon</a> over 300,000 times wider than this tiny asteroid.



Knowing it’s up there is pretty exciting, even though we can't see it for ourselves without an invitation to a huge Earth telescope installation.



“These temporary captures are natural cosmic laboratories,” Binzel mentioned. “They help us understand the small bodies that come close to Earth and could be important for future space missions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-asteroid-2024-pt5-became-famous">How Asteroid 2024 PT5 became famous</h2>



Understanding how 2024 PT5 became Earth's temporary moon involves a bit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-order-in-the-chaos-of-the-three-body-problem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orbital mechanics</a>. 



Blackmore explained, "It's moving along with us in our orbit around the sun. It's part of a group of asteroids called the Arjuna asteroids, which move at about the same pace as Earth."



He added an interesting analogy: "Imagine a skateboarder dropping into a skate park. They ride the curves, adding energy as they go. That's like the asteroid getting caught in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dart-mission-debris-will-create-a-human-made-meteor-shower/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's gravitational field</a>, riding the curve before moving on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-spotting-mini-moons">Significance of spotting mini-moons</h2>



Spotting mini-moons is tough because they're incredibly small and faint. These tiny asteroids are often just a few dozen feet across, which means they don't reflect much sunlight. That makes them nearly invisible against the dark backdrop of space.



Plus, they're zipping around at high speeds and don't hang around for long, so by the time we point our telescopes their way, they might already be gone. 



It's like trying to catch a glimpse of a firefly from miles away -- you need the right conditions and equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-high-tech-telescopes">Modern high-tech telescopes</h2>



Astronomers find them by using powerful telescopes equipped with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaia-reveals-moons-around-hundreds-of-asteroids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensitive detectors and smart software</a>.



Projects like the ATLAS system scan the skies every night, searching for any objects that weren't there before. 



When they spot something moving in a way that suggests it's close to Earth, they alert other astronomers to help confirm the find. 



It's a collaborative effort, combining technology and teamwork to spot these elusive cosmic visitors.



Knowing more about these temporary moons helps us prepare for any potential asteroid threats and opens up possibilities for mining resources from near-Earth objects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-observing-2024-pt5">Challenges in observing 2024 PT5</h2>



For those eager to see this mini-moon, both experts warned that it would be extremely difficult. "You'd need a telescope with a diameter of at least 30 inches," Blackmore mentioned. "That's beyond what most amateur astronomers have."



Todd agreed, adding, "It won't be visible to the naked eye. Being 33 feet wide and so far away, you'd need a very large telescope."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



While 2024 PT5 doesn't pose any threat to Earth, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-a-fifth-force-of-nature-asteroids-provide-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying it is crucial</a>. 



"It's important to analyze how it moves and interacts with Earth's gravitational pull," Blackmore said. "This helps us refine our techniques for tracking objects that could cross our path again."



Todd highlighted the practical applications of this knowledge. 



"We need to understand how to intercept an asteroid at a distance and change its direction," he said. "This could be vital in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventing potential impacts</a> in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspiration-for-future-space-missions">Inspiration for future space missions</h2>



Blackmore envisioned future missions that could take advantage of these temporary visitors. 



"It would be fascinating if we had missions ready to send small satellites or probes to these objects when they come close," he mused. "Imagine building a network of sensors or cameras traveling along with us, like space webcams."



Todd also saw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-named-psyche-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-for-whoever-can-extract-minerals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential in asteroid mining</a> and scientific discovery. 



"There might be materials on these asteroids that we can't find on Earth," he said. "They could solve problems in medicine or technology. But we need to weigh the benefits carefully."



To sum it all up, the brief visit of asteroid 2024 PT5 serves as a reminder of the dynamic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-in-asteroids-were-formed-in-cold-regions-of-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of our solar system</a>. 



While it won't be with us for long -- just a couple more weeks -- its presence offers valuable opportunities for learning and exploration.



As technology advances, we'll likely spot more of these mini-moons. Each one gives us a chance to understand our cosmic environment better and prepare for the future. 



So even though you'll never see it, you might want to spare a moment of your time and stop to appreciate 2024 PT5 while you still can.



The full study was published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2515-5172/ad781f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal IOPscience</a>.



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Earth's second moon, a mini-moon, will drift away in a few days and never return

On September 29, 2024, something unusual happened in our cosmic neighborhood. Earth captured a tiny asteroid named 2024 PT5, turning it into a temporary mini-moon. That's right... as of today, November 2, 2024, Earth has two moons. Richard Binzel, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), shed some light on these fleeting celestial companions. "These happen more often than we think, but they're small and tough to spot," Binzel explained. "Only lately have our telescopes become powerful enough to catch them regularly." Back in August,...

Sky cranes have revolutionized the way we land on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>, pushing the boundaries of space exploration like never before. The landing of the Curiosity rover marked a pivotal moment in this technological leap forward.



The size and weight of the rover required a departure from traditional landing methods, leading to the innovative sky crane maneuver. The strategy has set a new standard for safety and accuracy in touching down on Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pursuing-precision-in-the-abyss">Pursuing precision in the abyss</h2>



In contrast to previous landings, which employed airbags that bounced across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-surface-contains-more-organic-matter-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian surface</a>, the sky crane technique brought a new level of precision, resulting in a smaller landing ellipse. 



This method was further refined in the February 2021 landing of Perseverance, NASA's newest Mars rover. 



With additional assistance from terrain relative navigation, the rover landed safely in an ancient lake bed, a locale teeming with rocks and craters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-to-using-the-sky-crane-on-mars">The journey to using the sky crane on Mars</h2>



Rewind to 1976. The <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) was already playing a key role in Martian exploration, working with NASA's Langley Research Center on two stationary Viking landers which relied on expensive, throttled descent engines.



Fast forward to the 1997 landing of the Mars Pathfinder mission. With an airbag-encased spacecraft dropping from a height of approximately 66 feet, the novel landing technique was a resounding success. So much so, that the same technique was used to land the Spirit and Opportunity rovers in 2004.



However, it was clear that airbag landings had limitations - there were very few Martian locations that were deemed safe. "We barely found three places on Mars that we could safely consider," noted JPL scientist Al Chen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sky-crane-a-technological-leap">The sky crane: A technological leap</h2>



The airbag technique's limitations became even more pronounced with the prospective landing of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-mars-rover-finds-more-compelling-evidence-for-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity</a>, which was significantly larger and heavier. 



Engineers realized that if they wanted to land larger spacecraft in more scientifically compelling locations, a technological leap was required. And so, in the early 2000s, the concept of a "smart" landing system began to emerge.



Armed with new types of radars for real-time velocity readings and a new type of engine, this system would foster greater precision in landing. The genesis of the sky crane maneuver was the innovative rearrangement of the propulsion system, which initially caused some confusion.



"People were confused by that, they assumed propulsion would always be below you," noted JPL Fellow Rob Manning. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-space-landings">The future of space landings</h2>



The avant-garde solution ensured the rover's wheels could touch down directly on the Martian surface, without requiring a separate landing platform. But how could a large rover be suspended from ropes without swinging uncontrollably?



Drawing inspiration from sky cranes used to manage heavy cargo on Earth, the answer was clear. The jetpack needed to have the ability to sense and control the swinging.



"All of that new technology gives you a fighting chance to get to the right place on the surface," said Chen. 



The implications became clear - this concept could potentially be adapted for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-nuclear-powered-spacecraft-shorten-the-trip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larger spacecraft</a> not just on Mars, but throughout the solar system.



"In the future, if you wanted a payload delivery service, you could easily use that architecture to lower to the surface of the Moon or elsewhere without ever touching the ground," said Manning.



The evolution of Mars landings, from airbag deployments to the sky crane maneuver, is a testament to the pioneering spirit of space exploration. Driven by necessity and inspired by invention, it is this spirit that will continue to propel us to new frontiers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-steps-in-martian-exploration">The next steps in Martian exploration</h2>



As we stand on the brink of a new era in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-holes-on-mars-might-harbor-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian exploration</a>, the advancements in landing technology challenge us to envision future missions. 



NASA's Artemis program aims to return humans to the Moon, paving the way for more complex missions to Mars. 



With the potential for human habitats and scientific outposts, the challenge of landing heavy payloads becomes even more critical. Innovations like the sky crane maneuver will likely evolve further, incorporating advanced AI and autonomous systems for enhanced precision and safety. 



The quest for life on Mars and the study of its geology demand that we push the limits of our technology, ensuring that the next generation of explorers continues to push boundaries and uncover the mysteries of our neighboring planet. 



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Sky cranes are shaping the future of Mars missions

Sky cranes have revolutionized the way we land on Mars,...

Archaea, a unique group of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-single-celled-microbe-is-protecting-corals-from-heat-and-helping-them-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-celled</a> microorganisms, thrive in the most unexpected places, including a remarkable aquatic ecosystem in the heart of Antarctica - Deep Lake.



Despite temperatures plunging to -20°C, Deep Lake remains unfrozen throughout the year, thanks to its high salt content. 



This icy oasis is far from barren; it teems with life, particularly archaea, whose diverse and intriguing characteristics have captivated microbiologists. 



Among these ancient life forms, DPANN archaea stand out, revealing a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of life on Earth and the potential for life beyond our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-archaea">Unraveling the mysteries of archaea</h2>



This noble group of organisms - neither <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> nor nucleus-bearing eukaryotes - has been under intense study by a dedicated team of microbiologists, including Dr. Yan Liao and Professor Iain Duggin from the <a href="https://www.uts.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Technology Sydney</a> (UTS).



"Archaea is one of three lineages of life, alongside Bacteria and Eukarya (organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus, including plants and animals). They are widespread and play a crucial role in supporting Earth's ecosystems," explained Dr. Leo.



The team discovered that archaea are not only widespread across various extreme environments but also instrumental in maintaining Earth's ecosystems through processes such as nutrient cycling and methane production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unexpected-discovery">An unexpected discovery</h2>



In collaboration with Dr. Joshua Hamm from the <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research</a>, Dr. Liao has discovered that some archaea exhibit previously unseen predatory behaviors.



"This is the first time such aggressive behavior has been observed in archaea. In many ways, the activity is similar to some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-have-eyes-and-ears-on-their-hosts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>," said Dr. Hamm. 



The study shows that DPANN archaea, a group with very small genomes and limited metabolic capabilities, behave like parasitic predators that rapidly kill their hosts, leading to the swift demise of the host cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-in-extreme-conditions">Living in extreme conditions</h2>



Archaea are known to thrive in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-in-the-extreme-microbial-activity-discovered-in-old-faithful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme environments</a>, such as boiling hot springs with high acidity levels, undersea hydrothermal vents with temperatures soaring above 100°C, supersaline waters akin to the Dead Sea, and the icy expanses of Antarctica. 



"They have been found thriving in very acidic boiling hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents at temperatures well over 100°C, in hypersaline waters like the Dead Sea, as well as in Antarctica," Dr. Liao noted. 



Understanding this unique biochemistry opens promising avenues in biotechnology and bioremediation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-study-in-host-parasite-interaction">A study in host-parasite interaction</h2>



The DPANN archaea were sampled from the frosty hypersaline environs of Antarctica's Deep Lake, along with other sites like Australian pink salt lakes.



In order to study their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parasites-steal-genes-to-control-their-hosts-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">host-parasite</a> interaction, innovative techniques were used, including unique sample staining, live fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy.



Dr. Liao stained the host, an archaeon called Halorubrum lacusprofundi, and the parasitic DPANN archaeon Candidatus Nanohaloarchaeum antarcticus, with non-cytotoxic dyes that glow with different colors when exposed to laser light. 



"This allowed us to observe the organisms together over extended periods and identify the cells by color. We saw DPANN parasites attach, and then appear to move into the host cell, leading to the host cell's lysis or bursting open," explained Dr. Liao.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystem-impact-of-predatory-parasites">Ecosystem impact of predatory parasites</h2>



The impact of these predatory parasites on ecosystems can't be understated. When DPANN archaea kill their hosts, they not only feed themselves but also enable other organisms to feast on the host remains.



"Predators are important players in ecosystems because when they kill their hosts, they not only feed themselves but also make the remains of the host cells available for other organisms to feed on," said Professor Duggin.



This leads to a more dynamic ecosystem, preventing the hoarding of nutrients by a single host organism. 



The DPANN archaea appear to play a much more significant role in ecosystems than previously realized, with their parasitic or infection-like lifestyle possibly being more common than initially thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research </h2>



The researchers believe that understanding the lifestyles of archaea could have broad implications. While no disease-causing archaea have been discovered, future findings could impact human well-being.



Dr. Liao emphasized that archaea's unique biochemistry holds promising applications in biotechnology and bioremediation. 



Furthermore, given that archaea are primarily responsible for livestock methane emissions, a more profound understanding of their lifestyles could aid in combating climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49962-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">N</a><a href="https://phys.org/journals/nature-communications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ature Communications</a>.



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Aggressive predatory behavior discovered in tiny single-celled organisms

Archaea, a unique group of single-celled microorganisms, thrive in the...

The world is on the brink of a major breakthrough in discovering elusive marine species, unlocking secrets hidden in the depths of our oceans. 



With the majority of the planet's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-is-the-climate-impacting-aquatic-life-in-mountain-streams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic life</a> remaining largely unexplored, we are about to take a deep dive into an initiative that is revolutionizing marine species discovery and documentation.



This innovative effort promises to shed light on the countless unknown organisms dwelling beneath the waves, significantly advancing our understanding of marine biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-turning-tide-for-marine-species-discovery">A turning tide for marine species discovery</h2>



The magnitude of Earth's biodiversity is staggering, encompassing a vast array of life forms across various ecosystems. 



However, most of the estimated two million marine organisms have not yet been identified, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of oceanic life. 



A primary hindrance to studying and conserving these species has been the painfully slow process of scientific description, with delays of 20-40 years before a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-deep-sea-squid-discovered-that-broods-giant-eggs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a> is officially recognized.



In response to this daunting challenge, the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative was launched. This ambitious project, led by the Senckenberg Ocean Species Alliance (SOSA), offers a revolutionary platform for rapid, yet comprehensive taxonomic description of marine invertebrate species.



SOSA's mission goes beyond mere discovery, aiming to foster protection, awareness, and appreciation of marine invertebrates before they fall into oblivion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-wave-of-collaborative-research">A new wave of collaborative research</h2>



A team of 25 researchers from around the world collaborated for this groundbreaking project, resulting in data on thirteen marine invertebrate taxa.



The significant discoveries include the identification of a new genus, eleven new species, and the reinstatement of one previously described species.



These remarkable creatures originate from various global locations and inhabit depths ranging from a shallow 5.2 meters to an astounding 7,081 meters beneath the ocean surface.



The findings have been compiled and made accessible through open-access publications via the <a href="https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/128431/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity Data Journal</a>.



The publication format breaks away from the traditional approach of isolating species' descriptions. Instead, it allows for diverse marine invertebrate taxa to be elucidated collectively.



This collaborative approach not only expedites the scientific process but also incentivizes researchers to disclose their new discoveries more promptly, fostering a more dynamic and integrated understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-marine-species-discovered">New marine species discovered</h2>



Among the new species featured in the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative is Cunicolomaera grata, an amphipod whose intricate burrowing patterns along the seafloor have sparked significant scientific icuriosity.



This tiny creature's behavior and habitat offer valuable insights into the complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. 



Contrastingly, there's Lepetodrilus marianae, a wrinkly-shelled limpet that thrives in the extreme environment of hydrothermal vents, where temperatures can soar up to a sweltering 400 degrees Celsius.



The unique adaptations of this limpet to such harsh conditions highlight the incredible resilience and diversity of marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-race-against-time">The race against time</h2>



These discoveries underscore the urgent need to reduce the time taken from discovering a new species to its public description. 



Speeding up this process is critical to ensuring that new species are recognized and protected before it is too late. 



Many of these organisms reside in fragile and threatened environments, such as hydrothermal vent zones that are at risk due to deep-sea mining activities. 



Others, like the purple sea cucumber Psychropotes buglossa, inhabit areas of significant economic interest, endangered by polymetallic-nodule extraction.



Such scenarios highlight the very real risk of losing unknown species even before they are discovered, studied, and understood, underscoring the importance of rapid and effective documentation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-arms">A call to arms</h2>



"Only by leveraging the collective strengths of global progress, expertise, and technological advancements, will we be able to describe the estimated 1.8 million unknown species living in our oceans," said Dr. Julia Sigwart.



This beckoning call invites taxonomists specializing in marine invertebrates from around the globe to contribute their expertise to the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative. 



By joining this crucial effort, these scientists can play a pivotal role in accelerating the identification and protection of marine species, many of which are at risk of being lost forever. 



Their contributions will not only enhance our understanding of marine biodiversity but also ensure that these unique and often fragile organisms are recognized and conserved for future generations. 



The collective efforts of the global scientific community are essential to safeguard our oceans' rich and diverse life forms before they disappear into oblivion.



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1.8 million species are yet to be identified in the ocean

The world is on the brink of a major breakthrough...

Magnetars are among the most enigmatic objects in the cosmos, captivating astronomers with their immense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-magnetic-fields-leave-marks-on-nuclear-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> and mysterious origins. 



Recent discoveries in this field have provided new insights into these rare neutron stars, deepening our understanding of their evolution. 



One such discovery is Swift J1818.0-1607, an exceptionally young magnetar that offers a unique glimpse into the early stages of these cosmic giants.



The fascinating study sheds light on how magnetars differ from their pulsar counterparts, opening new avenues of exploration in the field of astronomy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cosmic-lighthouse">A cosmic lighthouse</h2>



Imagine a high-mass star, collapsing and bursting into a supernova. What's left behind is a superdense neutron star.



Sometimes these neutron stars, under intense forces, begin spinning rapidly, casting out beams of light akin to a lighthouse. When these beams are lined up so that they are visible from Earth, they become known as pulsars.



Yet, not all neutron stars follow this path. Some evolve into another cosmic prodigy - the magnetar. These are neutron stars that spin rapidly like pulsars but have a magnetic field thousands of times stronger.



The scale is phenomenal - magnetars carry about twice the mass of our sun confined into a size equivalent to that of a city.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-magnetar-s-secrets">Decoding the magnetar’s secrets</h2>



A study led by Hao Ding of the Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, <a href="https://www.nao.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Astronomical Observatory of Japan</a>, is shedding new light on these cosmic enigmas.



The team used the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) National Radio Astronomy Observatory's (NRAO) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) to examine a recently discovered magnetar, Swift J1818.0-1607.



The magnetar Swift J1818.0-1607 is located in the constellation Sagittarius, on the other side of the central galactic bulge of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. 



The magnetar is a mere 22,000 light-years away, a relative stone’s throw in cosmic terms. This proximity allows experts to use the parallax method to pinpoint its exact three-dimensional location within the galaxy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-birth-and-life-of-magnetars">The birth and life of magnetars</h2>



Swift J1818.0-1607 is intriguing for numerous reasons. Most notably, it is the youngest and fastest-spinning magnetar known to date.



Being only a few hundred years old and spinning with a period of 1.36 seconds, it offers a unique glimpse into the early life of such cosmic behemoths.



Bright X-ray emissions are a trademark of magnetars, implying extremely high energy outflows. The powerful decay of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-captures-magnetar-activity-that-has-never-been-seen-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetar's intense magnetic field</a> seems to be the only plausible explanation to justify such energy.



"Magnetars are very young, because they cannot continue giving off energy at this rate for very long," Ding explains. "Swift J1818.0-1607, as the youngest known magnetar, offers us a unique perspective. But this process, too, is extreme."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-velocity-of-magnetars">Exploring the velocity of magnetars</h2>



The study provides remarkable insights into Swift J1818.0-1607's velocity. Radial velocity refers to how fast it moves within the galaxy radius, while the transverse velocity describes motion perpendicular to the galaxy plane.



The astronomers successfully identified Swift J1818.0-1607's transverse velocity as the smallest ever recorded amongst magnetars.



This evidence adds credibility to the theory that magnetars may not form under the same conditions as young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pulsars-are-helping-astronomers-pinpoint-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pulsars</a>, implying more exotic formation processes for these cosmic phenomenons.



"We need to know how fast the magnetar was moving when it was just born," said Ding. "The formation mechanism of magnetars is still a mystery we would like to understand."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-secrets-of-the-universe">Unlocking the secrets of the universe</h2>



The study of Swift J1818.0-1607 not only enhances our understanding of magnetars but also paves the way for a deeper comprehension of fundamental astrophysical phenomena. 



As researchers continue to investigate such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-stellar-objects-observing-the-early-lives-of-stars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young cosmic objects</a>, the insights may ultimately shed light on the processes governing stellar evolution and the life cycles of neutron stars.



Moreover, understanding the unique characteristics of magnetars could significantly impact theories surrounding gravity, magnetism, and the very fabric of spacetime. 



As the field progresses, these discoveries will undoubtedly provoke new questions, highlighting the intricate complexities of our universe and driving the relentless pursuit of knowledge in astronomy.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://phys.org/journals/astrophysical-journal-letters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



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Fastest-spinning magnetar reveals secrets of neutron stars

Magnetars are among the most enigmatic objects in the cosmos,...

A dopamine-based technique to tackle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-disease-earliest-biomarker-protein-psd-95-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a> has been uncovered, potentially revolutionizing the way we diagnose, manage, and treat this debilitating condition.



The innovative approach promises to change the landscape of Alzheimer's treatment and offers new hope to millions affected by the disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-science">Unlocking the science</h2>



The esteemed <a href="https://cbs.riken.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RIKEN Center for Brain Science</a> (CBS) is the powerhouse behind this promising research. Led by Takaomi Saido and his dedicated team, the study was primarily focused on mice suffering from Alzheimer's disease.



The unique approach consisted of treating these mice with dopamine, a naturally occurring chemical in the body that transmits signals in the brain and other vital areas. This neurotransmitter plays a crucial role in many brain functions, including movement and memory. 



The scientists witnessed a compelling reduction in physical symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease and a noticeable improvement in memory function in the treated mice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dopamine-s-dual-role">Dopamine's dual role</h2>



Alzheimer's disease is notorious for forming hardened plaques around the neurons, which are a hallmark of the condition. In fact, this is one of the earliest indicators of the disease, often manifesting decades before behavioral symptoms like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flavanols-a-key-to-slowing-age-related-memory-loss-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory loss</a> are detected.



These plaques are composed of fragments of the peptide beta-amyloid, which accumulate over time and disrupt normal brain function, leading to the progressive cognitive decline characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.



The team's previous research had indicated that hormones produced by the hypothalamus, such as dopamine, resulted in increased levels of an enzyme known as neprilysin, which can dissolve the harmful plaques.



For a fundamentally new treatment to be viable, it must be practically applicable for human patients, not just experimentally useful. Enter L-DOPA: a precursor molecule to dopamine that is frequently used for treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-plays-an-unexpected-role-in-movement-and-parkinsons-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Parkinson's disease</a>. It can enter the brain from the blood and then becomes dopamine.



The RIKEN CBS team found that treating their test mice with L-DOPA led to increased neprilysin and decreased beta-amyloid plaques.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-alzheimer-s-treatment">The future of Alzheimer’s treatment</h2>



According to the first author of the study, Watamura Naoto, the team has demonstrated that L-DOPA treatment effectively reduces beta-amyloid plaques and enhances memory function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 



However, Naoto cautioned that L-DOPA treatment has been known to have serious side effects in Parkinson's patients, which could limit its direct applicability for Alzheimer's treatment.



Therefore, the next phase of their study will explore how dopamine regulates neprilysin in the brain. The goal is to develop a safer and more effective preventative approach which targets the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease.



Time will tell if dopamine-based treatment can fundamentally change the approach to Alzheimer's, but these remarkable developments shine a beacon of hope in the ongoing fight against this devastating disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-dopamine-s-influence">Understanding dopamine's influence</h2>



To fully appreciate the efficacy of dopamine and L-DOPA in combating Alzheimer's disease, it is crucial to delve into the underlying mechanisms. 



Dopamine not only plays a vital role in regulating mood and motivation but also influences several neural processes linked to memory and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-regulates-both-learning-and-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>. 



Research has indicated that dopamine enhances synaptic plasticity, a fundamental property of neurons that enables them to adapt and strengthen their connections based on experiences. 



This adaptive capacity could explain the observed improvements in memory function among the treated mice.



By fostering an environment that promotes neuron health and cognitive resilience, dopamine stands to offer a multifaceted approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pomegranates-may-be-key-in-preventing-and-treating-alzheimers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's treatment</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-neurodegenerative-disorders">Implications for neurodegenerative disorders</h2>



The insights gained from this research may also have far-reaching implications beyond Alzheimer's disease. 



Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, share common pathological features, including protein aggregation and neuronal death. 



The successful application of L-DOPA in Alzheimer’s mice raises intriguing possibilities for neuroprotective strategies in other conditions. 



If the interplay between dopamine and neprilysin can be further elucidated, it may pave the way for new therapies to mitigate symptoms or slow the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases.



Such discoveries could redefine clinical approaches, offering new hope to millions globally who are suffering with these challenging conditions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scisignal.adk1822" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Signaling</a>.



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Dopamine may help restore memory in Alzheimer’s patients

A dopamine-based technique to tackle Alzheimer's disease has been uncovered,...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-climate-turns-tundra-from-carbon-sink-to-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tundra landscapes</a> are not only among the coldest places on Earth but are also undergoing some of the most dramatic transformations due to climate change. 



According to a recent study, these changes are reshaping the natural world in significant ways. 



The far northern reaches of the Earth, including the tundra and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a>, are witnessing notable shifts in vegetation structure. 



For generations, these lands have been the domain of hardy grasses, shrubs, and mosses - their resilience matched only by the tenacity of the local inhabitants.



However, with the ongoing trend of global warming, the once sparse and lonely tundra could become significantly taller and greener in the coming decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-s-transformation-over-the-next-century">Tundra’s transformation over the next century</h2>



Research conducted by scientists from NASA suggests that we can expect the tundra greening trend to persist through the current century. 



The evolving forest structure could potentially absorb more carbon dioxide (CO2), a notorious greenhouse gas. However, it could also lead to increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost thawing</a>, which might release stored, ancient carbon into the atmosphere.



The research was informed by millions of data points from the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) and Landsat missions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tale-of-two-biomes">A tale of two biomes</h2>



Geographically, boreal forests predominantly grow between 50 and 60 degrees north latitude, encompassing large parts of Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia. These forests are home to evergreen species such as pine, spruce, and fir. 



Moving farther north, we encounter the tundra biome with its permafrost and limited growing season, which makes it a challenging environment for large trees or dense forests. Instead, shrubs, mosses, and grasses have become the primary vegetation.



The transition between these two biomes has been particularly intriguing. Previous studies had noticed an increase in plant growth and northward movement, encroaching into areas previously dominated by tundra shrubs and grasses.



The recently published NASA study reveals an even more significant presence of trees and shrubs in these tundra regions and adjacent transitional forests, where boreal regions meet the tundra. These changes are predicted to continue until at least the end of the century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tundra-transformation-shifting-vegetation-patterns">Tundra transformation: Shifting vegetation patterns </h2>



"The results from this study advance a growing body of work that recognizes a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shift in vegetation</a> patterns within the boreal forest biome," said lead researcher Paul Montesano. 



"We've used satellite data to track the increased vegetation growth in this biome since 1984, and we found that it's similar to what computer models predict for the decades to come. This paints a picture of continued change for the next 80 or so years that is particularly strong in transitional forests."



The changes in vegetation height and concentration could produce a range of effects on our global climate. As study co-author Chris Neigh suggests, the vegetation increase might offset some of the impact of rising CO2 emissions by absorbing more CO2 through photosynthesis, leading to carbon storage in trees, shrubs, and soil.



Conversely, this change might also cause permafrost areas to thaw, as darker vegetation absorbs more sunlight. This could potentially release CO2 and methane that has been stored in the soil for thousands of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nasa-is-predicting-the-future">How NASA is predicting the future</h2>



Harnessing the strengths of satellite data, machine learning, climate variables, and climate models, NASA scientists have embarked on a mission to model and predict future forest structures. 



They analyzed nearly 20 million data points from NASA's ICESat-2 and then matched these data points with thousands of scenes of North American boreal forests from 1984 to 2020, sourced from Landsat, a joint mission of NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey.



It's these advanced computing capabilities that allow researchers to create models from such large quantities of data, known as "big data" projects. 



NASA is utilizing technology like ICESat-2's lidar, an advanced laser instrument that measures the height of Earth's surface features from space.



Melanie Frost, a remote sensing scientist at NASA, emphasized the importance of understanding these environmental changes, as they are intertwined with our climate models. 



"Our climate is changing and, as it changes, it affects almost everything in nature. It's important for scientists to understand how things are changing and use that knowledge to inform our climate models," said Frost.



As the future unfolds, keeping a close eye on transformative trends in the tundra will be integral to our understanding – and perhaps even our mitigation – of global climate change.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01454-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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How will changing tundra landscapes affect Earth's climate?

Tundra landscapes are not only among the coldest places on...

"Music has charms to soothe a savage breast." This timeless quote from William Congreve resonates with many of us. Whether we're enjoying the symphonies of Mozart or the concertos of Bach, the positive impact of classical music on our moods is widely acknowledged.



Some believe these effects go beyond simply altering our emotions. New research from China is delving into the deeper impact.



Many of us turn to classical music for stress relief, but researchers at the Center for Functional Neurosurgery at <a href="https://en.sjtu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> are uncovering effects that go far beyond mere relaxation.



Their mission? To analyze how these compositions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-prevent-brain-aging-and-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence the brain</a>, with a focus on individuals suffering from treatment-resistant depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-and-therapy">Music and therapy</h2>



In a rather daring expedition into the unexplored territory of neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurosurgery, these scientists are using brainwave measurements and neural imaging techniques for exploration. 



The sieges of senior author Bomin Sun and his diligent team uncover the unique interaction between music and emotion and how that relationship can influence mental health.



The team explored the neural pathways brought to life by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/classical-music-can-synchronize-the-heartbeats-of-strangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melodies</a> and harmonies. The patients in question already had electrodes implanted in their brains, which were crucial for their deep-brain stimulation treatments.



These implants, strategically positioned in the forebrain's circuitry, became keys to unlocking the secrets of music's antidepressant effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rhythm-of-the-brain">Rhythm of the brain</h2>



Don't get lost in the scientific jargon here: the "bed nucleus of the stria terminalis" and "nucleus accumbens." Let's call it the BNST-NAc circuit.



What's important to note is that music, apparently, orchestrates a dance between the auditory cortex (responsible for sound processing) and the reward circuit (handling emotional information).



This dance or "triple-time locking of neural oscillations in the cortical-BNST-NAc circuit through auditory synchronization," as Sun describes it, is the secret sauce to the antidepressant effects of music.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-music-in-depression-treatment">The power of music in depression treatment</h2>



The scientists divided their patient pool into two groups: those with high and low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magic-mushrooms-enhance-music-appreciation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">appreciation for music</a>.



The group with greater appreciation exhibited significant neural synchronization, superior antidepressant effects, and overall better outcomes.



This approach enabled the researchers to study the mechanisms behind these effects with precision, opening up the possibility for personalized therapy plans that could enhance treatment results.



Interestingly, even the group with lower appreciation reported increased enjoyment when theta frequency noise was added to the music.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-sounds-good">The future sounds good</h2>



Western classical music was specifically chosen for this study, due to its unfamiliarity amongst the majority of participants. The aim was to eliminate any bias that could originate from subjective familiarity.



This promising research opens the door to a new frontier of therapy. Looking forward, researchers at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University have plans for a harmonic blend of clinicians, music therapists, computer scientists, and engineers to study how music and deep brain structures interact in depressive disorders.



As for the grand finale? "We plan to develop a series of digital health products based on music therapy, such as smartphone applications and wearable devices," noted Sun.



These innovative tools will use personalized music recommendations, real-time emotional feedback, and virtual-reality multi-sensory experiences as potential self-help tools for emotional management and symptom improvement. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-music-therapy">Personalized music therapy</h2>



One of the most intriguing aspects of this research is the potential for personalized music <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-therapy-key-features-of-healing-music-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">therapy</a>. Just as individuals experience depression differently, their responses to music can vary significantly, making tailored therapy essential.



By considering personal music tastes and emotional connections, therapists can create more effective treatment plans that resonate deeply with each patient.



Familiar tunes can evoke strong emotions, enhancing therapy's impact. For instance, a song tied to positive memories might uplift a patient, while an energizing track could boost motivation. 



Incorporating technology can further refine this approach, using algorithms to curate playlists that match a patient's mood and therapeutic needs, with real-time adjustments to support their emotional state.



As our understanding of music's impact on mental health grows, personalized approaches promise to revolutionize treatment, making music a powerful tool for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-as-a-pain-reliever-the-power-of-your-playlist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healing</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(24)00803-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124724008039%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a>.



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Classical music orchestrates a mood-lifting dance in the brain

"Music has charms to soothe a savage breast." This timeless...

Beneath the ocean waves, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-under-threat-herbivores-migrating-warm-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green oasis exists</a> that often goes unnoticed: seagrass meadows. Think of them as the underwater equivalent of your local park. However, a recent study reveals that these meadows offer significant public health benefits that demand our attention.



The study, led by Joleah Lamb from the <a href="https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Irvine</a>, and joined by Drew Harvell from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, brings forth an intriguing linkage.



The research reveals that these peaceful underwater prairies have a potent protective weapon – the ability to drastically reduce bacterial pathogens in marine bivalves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-silent-crisis">A silent crisis</h2>



Diseases from marine environments impacting humans leave an annual economic dent of a staggering $12 billion. 



Now add to this the ominous specter of antibiotic resistance, which is forecasted to cause over 300 million deaths and cost the global economy a heart-stopping $100 trillion. 



It's not tough to see why natural barriers like seagrass ecosystems are not just incredible, but vital.



"Our paper presents the first evidence that coastal urban seagrass ecosystems can reduce human bacterial pathogens, several with known widespread antibiotic resistance, in a food source that has the potential to support over half of global seafood production and consumption," said Lamb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-meadows-and-bacterial-pathogens">Seagrass meadows and bacterial pathogens </h2>



When the dedicated research team undertook a comprehensive inspection of mussels collected from 20 different beaches in the picturesque Puget Sound, they focused on areas that exhibited varying degrees of seagrass presence. 



The findings were nothing short of astounding. Mussels thriving in regions enriched with seagrass demonstrated a remarkable 65% reduction in bacterial pathogens compared to their counterparts from areas devoid of seagrass. 



This significant decline highlights the crucial role that seagrass plays in enhancing the health of marine ecosystems, providing not only habitat for various marine species but also contributing to the overall water quality in these coastal environments.



The implications of such research underscore the importance of preserving seagrass habitats to support healthier populations of marine life, including mussels, which are vital indicators of ocean health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seagrass-meadows-and-seafood-safety">Seagrass meadows and seafood safety</h2>



On their own, these findings are remarkable. But when coupled with previous research by Lamb and Harvell, which demonstrated a similar fall in pathogenic bacteria in Indonesia's seagrass meadows, they paint an even larger picture. 



It seems that flourishing seagrass ecosystems could play a critical role in advancing public health and guaranteeing safer seafood the world over.



"Seagrasses have untapped potential to contribute to the chain of survival for humans and our coastal biodiversity," Harvell said. "Seagrass meadows are prime feeding grounds for&nbsp;wild birds&nbsp;and shelter crabs, oysters, mussels and sea stars, and so the role of lower bacteria has yet unmeasured benefit for wildlife as well as humans."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-health-benefits">Beyond health benefits</h2>



But wait, the rabbit hole of seagrass benefits goes deeper. Beyond health, Lamb emphasizes that seagrass meadows provide <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-is-of-fundamental-importance-to-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">myriad public health benefits</a>, including nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and shoreline protection.



Moreover, the study uncovers a worrisome fact - a substantial 1.1 billion people live within a 50-kilometer radius of seagrass ecosystems. 



Tragically, these ecosystems are disappearing at an alarming rate of 7% per year, thereby opening the door for urban planning and conservation strategies to incorporate these natural defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clarion-call-for-conservation">Clarion call for conservation</h2>



"As ecosystems continue to decline globally, there is an urgent need to invest in environmental conservation and assess the value of ecosystem services," Lamb said. 



"By doing so, we can make significant strides in addressing the biodiversity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-and-climate-change-an-uncertain-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crises</a> while simultaneously improving human health and food security."



Backed by esteemed institutions such as the Sea Doc Society, the University of California, Irvine, and The Nature Conservancy, the findings of this study call for serious attention and action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-sea-to-sushi-roll">From sea to sushi roll</h2>



Ever pondered how your sushi roll is connected to the health and biodiversity of marine ecosystems? The humble seagrass plays a silent but significant role in ensuring the health and sustainability of your seafood platter. 



So, the next time you indulge in a tasty morsel of seafood, take a moment to appreciate the silent hero that is the seagrass meadow. It's a nod to our interconnectedness and a reminder of nature's often overlooked solutions to our most pressing challenges.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-024-01408-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Sustainability</a>.



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Seagrass meadows filter human pathogens, making seafood safer

Beneath the ocean waves, a green oasis exists that often...

Imagine sending your child off to school without having to worry about them crossing the street safely. Hovannes Kulhandjian has introduced an ingenious solution that could revolutionize this everyday activity - a robot named CrossBot, designed to help children securely cross streets.



Kulhandjian, an associate professor in electrical and computer engineering at <a href="https://www.fresnostate.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fresno State</a>, collaborated with the <a href="https://transweb.sjsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mineta Transportation Institute</a> in San Jose to develop the robot. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-crossbot">Rise of CrossBot</h2>



With an appearance reminiscent of a lawn mower, CrossBot sports a single black pole bearing a tablet-sized screen. 



It might not have the charm of C-3PO from Star Wars or the musical talents of Robot from Lost in Space, but it definitely carries a crucial responsibility with immense potential.



"It has a 360-degree view of the environment," said Kulhandjian. "This is a very serious device; you have to have a very low probability of error because you are dealing with kids."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-how-of-crossbot">The ‘how’ of CrossBot</h2>



CrossBot is bristling with high-tech sensors and tools, including Lidar, a microphone, radar, video camera capabilities, a speaker system, and<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robosapiens-ai-project-making-industrial-robots-more-free-thinking-adaptable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> advanced algorithms</a>. 



It sits at the curb, patiently waiting until traffic clears. It then rolls onto the crosswalk, its screen glowing red. 



Once it detects a halted vehicle, the screen turns green, indicating to waiting children that it's safe to begin crossing. For visually impaired individuals, it offers verbal indications for crossing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birth-of-crossbot">Birth of CrossBot</h2>



The inspiration for this gadget dawned upon Kulhandjian while observing teachers doubling up as crossing guards at his daughters' school. 



His trust in his creation extends to all children, including his own, with a promising accuracy rate in detecting vehicles, cyclists, and pedestrians.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-trust-in-robots">Lack of trust in robots</h2>



However, not every parent is ready to replace their trusty human crossing guards with a robot. Some believe in the irreplaceable value of human interaction and supervision, expressing concerns over possible malfunctions or hacking. 



Yet many others, witnessing a high turnover rate of crossing guards, see potential in this robotic solution. Recent years have seen a shortage of crossing guards in various school districts. 



Concurrently, pedestrian-related accidents, the second-leading cause of death for children under 14 according to the CDC, have been on the rise. In 2022 alone, drivers killed over 7,500 pedestrians, marking the highest since 1981.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-and-implementation">Testing and implementation</h2>



Before CrossBot can navigate the bustle of school zones, it must undergo extensive testing and evaluation. 



Kulhandjian and his team are currently collaborating with local school districts and safety experts to create a robust testing framework. This phase will assess CrossBot’s response to various real-world scenarios, ensuring its reliability in unpredictable environments.



Once the testing phase is complete and the data validated, the goal is to gradually implement CrossBot in select schools, allowing for real-time monitoring and feedback from parents, teachers, and students.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-toward-the-future">Looking toward the future</h2>



The potential for CrossBot extends beyond assisting in crosswalks; it opens up discussions about the broader application of robotics in enhancing child safety. 



As technology rapidly evolves, future iterations could integrate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-cannot-outrun-animals-but-theyre-evolving-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> to learn and adapt to specific school environments, improving interaction with pedestrians and vehicles alike. 



By addressing safety concerns and providing a dependable method for children to cross streets, innovations like CrossBot pave the way for a safer, more efficient future for school commutes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-role-of-robots">Expanding role of robots</h2>



Robots have been increasingly integrated into our lives, taking up roles in transport, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-soft-robot-crawls-moves-like-origami-folds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">production</a>, security, and more. Their usefulness and reliability have led to a predicted global robotics market worth of $95.93 billion by 2029.



CrossBot’s mission, however, isn't about replacing humans but supplementing their efforts. Kulhandjian feels that the device could last a decade and cost a school district about $15,000 to $17,000 to buy. 



In areas where human crossing guards are insufficient, especially without traffic lights or during times of staff shortage, CrossBot could be the much-needed aid that keeps your child safe.



"In many areas, there may not be enough human crossing guards available, especially in regions lacking traffic lights or during times when staffing is limited. CrossBot can fill these gaps, providing additional safety measures during critical times and in high-demand areas," said Kulhandjian.



Regardless of where the future takes us, one thing is certain: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dancing-robots-the-future-of-human-robot-interactions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovations</a> like CrossBot hold the promise of a safer world for our kids. 



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Traffic robot designed to help children cross roads safely

Imagine sending your child off to school without having to...

In a world still grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding where and how such an outbreak could occur again is crucial. 



A new study uncovers some of the mysteries surrounding pandemic outbreaks based on two bat coronaviruses from Laos. These bat viruses, despite being genetically similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-failure-patients-may-live-longer-with-covid-19-vaccination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a>, appear to be poor at human transmission.



The investigation was conducted by a team of researchers at <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a>. Study lead author Mario Peña-Hernández, a Ph.D. student under the guidance of Akiko Iwasaki and Craig Wilen, made quite the revealing observation.



"These bat strains are 97% identical to SARS-CoV-2 genetically. We thought their phenotypic behavior would be similar. But we found that wasn't true," said Peña-Hernández.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-viruses-and-pandemics">Understanding viruses and pandemics</h2>



But, what exactly makes a virus capable of causing a pandemic? Well, it needs to transmit between people, enter human cells, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-virus-can-remain-in-sperm-months-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evade the body's defense systems</a>, and cause disease. 



SARS-CoV-2, the culprit of the COVID-19 pandemic, ticked all these boxes efficiently. Yet, it remains unclear why it succeeded so well while these genetically similar bat viruses struggle.



The bat viruses studied were able to enter some human cells efficiently and even outperform SARS-CoV-2 in evading defense systems. 



However, they didn't spread well between hamsters and caused only mild disease in mice. "We cannot tell from genomes alone what virus strains have pandemic potential," explained Peña-Hernández.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-synopsis">Study synopsis</h2>



Iwasaki, a professor of Immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine (<a href="https://medicine.yale.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YSM</a>), and Wilen, an associate professor at YSM, joined a team of researchers testing how well the two bat viruses infected human respiratory tract cells and rodents.



The findings suggest that despite efficiently infecting cells from the human bronchus, these viruses didn't replicate well in cells from the nose.



"Innate immunity is particularly important against novel viruses to which people may have no adaptive immunity," stated Iwasaki. The researchers found that the two bat viruses could evade certain innate immunity molecules.



Yet, despite their ability to infect airway cells and dodge defenses, these viruses still failed to transmit between animals. 



"SARS-CoV-2 could evade innate immunity and transmit, so this suggested to us that these bat coronaviruses lack something that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-breakthrough-infections-build-an-immunity-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a> has," Wilen noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-virus-causing-a-pandemic">Bat virus causing a pandemic</h2>



One thing the bat viruses lack is a "furin cleavage site." A spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be cut by an enzyme called furin, enabling the virus to efficiently enter human cells. 



Without this cleavage site, the bat coronaviruses and mutated versions of SARS-CoV-2 didn't replicate as well in nasal cells and were quickly outcompeted by viruses that had them in hamsters.



The presence of a cleavage site could be a key feature to look for in potential viral threats. However, there are likely other features that influence a virus' transmission or disease-causing potential as well. How well a virus replicates in nasal cells may serve as a proxy for assessing its transmission capacity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-preparedness-strategies">Pandemic preparedness strategies </h2>



As researchers continue to unravel the complexities of viral transmission, the insights gained from these bat coronaviruses can significantly inform pandemic preparedness strategies. 



Understanding the unique traits that enable certain viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, to effectively infect humans and spread widely can help public health officials better anticipate and thwart future outbreaks. 



These findings might steer efforts towards monitoring and studying viral pathogens more closely, particularly those lacking specific traits that correlate with pandemic potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Looking ahead, the study opens avenues for further research that could identify additional genetic factors influencing a virus's ability to spread in human populations. 



Researchers may explore how various environmental conditions, host interactions, and genetic mutations contribute to the emergence of new viral threats. 



This continued investigation is essential not only for identifying potential zoonotic viruses but also for developing targeted vaccines and therapeutics that can mitigate the risk of future pandemics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications">Future implications</h2>



From this study, it is clear that, although the bat viruses pose a modest threat, small genetic changes could significantly increase their pandemic risk. But the good news? Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 appears to neutralize these viruses. However, the quest to understand and pre-emptively prepare for future viral threats continues.



"Understanding whether viruses have the potential to transmit between humans is important," said Iwasaki.



"If we find a virus that is transmissible and distinct enough from SARS-CoV-2 that we don't have immunity against it, then we could create vaccines and strategies to combat it. We could have a head start."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-024-01765-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.



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What makes a virus capable of causing a pandemic?

In a world still grappling with the COVID-19 pandemic, understanding...

Potatoes may have long been overshadowed by their less starchy counterparts, but new research reveals that these humble tubers could be a game-changer for those managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-plant-based-diets-reduce-the-risk-of-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Type 2 diabetes</a> and looking to improve heart health.



Often criticized for their carbohydrate content, potatoes, especially when prepared properly, offer a powerhouse of nutrients capable of slashing waistlines and improving blood sugar levels. 



Despite their rich mineral content and numerous health benefits, potatoes have been unfairly stigmatized by many weight-conscious individuals.



However, new findings by Neda Akhavan, an assistant professor in the Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences at <a href="https://www.unlv.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNLV</a>’s School of Integrated Health Sciences, are set to revolutionize how we view these versatile vegetables.



Akhavan, who recently presented her findings to the Alliance for Potato Research and Education, explained the motivation behind the study.



“I like doing research on food items that are highly stigmatized in the nutrition world," said Akhavan. Most people associate the potato as something that is mostly fried or has a lot of fat, and we wanted to shine a light on how a potato - when prepared properly - can be both functional and healthy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health-benefits-of-potatoes">Heart health benefits of potatoes</h2>



The research was focused on 24 individuals, all with well-managed Type 2 diabetes. Participants in the study group were given a pre-prepared baked potato with the skin, portioned to 100g, with a hand-sized 20 grams of carbohydrates to integrate as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potato-chips-and-fries-will-now-be-a-healthy-snack-with-new-cooking-method/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily snack</a> or side dish. A control group consumed an equivalent serving of white rice.



The study extended over 12 weeks, which is the minimum duration required to observe changes in glycemic control and cardiometabolic health indicators.



The participants were allowed to flavor the potatoes with herbs, spices, or up to ½ tbsp of butter, with the only restriction being against frying the potato.



Akhavan’s study is believed to be the first of its kind to scientifically measure the cardiovascular benefits of potatoes for adults with diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potatoes-for-heart-health">Potatoes for heart health</h2>



The results painted a positive picture for potatoes. Those participants who consumed potatoes noticed a modest decrease in fasting blood glucose levels, improvements in body composition, waist circumference, and a reduction in resting heart rate.



“The results from our study provide evidence that white potatoes can be healthfully incorporated in the diet of individuals with Type 2 diabetes when substituted for other foods with a high glycemic load, such as long-grain white rice,” said Akhavan. 



“Additionally, there were no harmful effects on measured health outcomes, and some cardiometabolic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potatoes-are-packed-with-health-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a> were shown, which aligned with what we expected to see. Therefore, diabetics should not shy away from potatoes.”



Akhavan emphasized the importance of moderation and preparation methods. “Potatoes are a very versatile food and can be eaten with most types of cuisines, but you want to make sure to incorporate them into a well-rounded diet." 



"For those tight on time, consider making a large batch of baked or roasted potatoes and meal prep to last you a while. I’m not against boiling potatoes, but you want to keep as much of the potassium from the skin as you can, and you lose some of that when you boil them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-source-of-dietary-potassium">Source of dietary potassium </h2>



Potatoes are the richest source of dietary potassium in Western diets, and high-potassium diets have been shown to prevent high blood pressure and Type 2 diabetes development. 



Additionally, potato skins contain a type of fiber called "resistance starch," which has been shown to improve glucose control, lipid profiles, and satiety. Because of these added health benefits, Akhavan recommends eating potatoes with the skin.



So, the next time you want to reach for a banana, she suggests, reach for that potato instead. “A lot of people are shocked to learn that a potato has a higher level of potassium than a banana,” noted Akhavan. 



“Believe it or not, a baked potato is one of the most satiating foods consumed within the Western diet. And, when it is consumed baked, it increases our ability to feel fuller throughout the day.”



Looking ahead, Akhavan intends to expand the study to include a larger and more diverse participant population, as well as to explore the role of potato consumption within a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-keeps-the-brain-sharp-even-in-old-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean dietary pattern</a> and its effects on dietary patterns and related health benefits.



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Potatoes are an unexpected ally for heart health

Potatoes may have long been overshadowed by their less starchy...

Space-based data centers are poised to revolutionize how we manage and process satellite-generated information. 



As the number of entities operating in orbit continues to rise, and the quantity of data collected by satellites surges, the challenge of efficiently transmitting this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/voyager-1-resumes-sending-data-to-earth-from-interstellar-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data from space to Earth</a> becomes more pressing. 



But what if the data processing could happen in space itself? This is the potentially game-changing idea being explored by <a href="https://www.ibm.com/us-en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBM</a>, <a href="https://kplabs.space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KP Labs</a>, and the European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forecasting-the-future-of-technology">Forecasting the future of technology</h2>



The thought of space-based data centers is a bold concept requiring the foresight to navigate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neuromorphic-computing-where-ai-meets-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future of technology</a>. The collection of data from space remains a crucial part of space activities, expanding our knowledge beyond earthly confines.



Typically, this data is gathered by satellites, then transmitted to the ground for processing, in order to draw new conclusions. 



Yet, the transmission of data, especially large quantities, presents its own set of challenges that when mitigated could dramatically improve our capabilities in space. 



Reflecting on this, the team began to question the potential uses of advanced technologies, like increasingly powerful data-processing units and image processing components, on-board satellites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-space-based-data">Future of space-based data</h2>



An interesting idea was conceived: What if, in the near future, massive computing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-perseverance-rover-now-uses-ai-search-minerals-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> become pivotal elements of the satellite space ecosystem? 



This would mean that the need for downloading raw data could be reduced, and instead, data processing could take place in space, sending only the final results to Earth.



"It has been a visionary project," noted ESA Earth Observation Data Scientist, Nicolas Longépé, who led the project. "We tried to predict how technology will be in 10 years to make space data centres reality."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-based-data-transmission-latency">Space-based data transmission latency</h2>



One of the primary obstacles is latency – the time taken to send data from space to Earth. As Nicolas further explains, the need for a fast response, especially in case of natural events, urges a reduction in this time.



The concept of space-based data centers could mitigate the challenges associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-data-transmission-speed-record-set-by-scientists-using-optical-cables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data transmission</a> and decrease latency. 



Instead of sending raw data back to Earth, satellites would send it to other satellites serving as data centers. Here, data would be processed and only the most relevant insights sent back to Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-this-technology">Evolution of this technology</h2>



While space-based data centers could become a reality in the next couple of decades, we are left with a burning question: How will technology evolve in the next 10 years? This uncertainty was one of the main challenges faced by the project team.



Nicolas explained the constraints they had to consider, "satellites have to be small, compatible with radiation, and thermal dissipation, or with power constraints." 



So the team was tasked with imagining how they could integrate the most suitable technologies to have the most impactful data-processing capabilities on board a Space Data Center.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-possible-scenarios">Three possible scenarios</h2>



To truly delve into this visionary concept, the team explored three different potential scenarios. 



The first involved two satellites in the same orbit, with one serving as a data collector and the other as a space data center. 



In the second scenario, data from a Low Earth orbit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-could-revolutionize-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">satellite</a> would be transferred to a geostationary space data center. 



Lastly, they imagined a lunar lander functioning as a space data center, gathering, processing and storing exploration data, sending only key findings back to Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-space-based-data-centers">Implications of space-based data centers</h2>



In their research, the team sought to understand the technical and economic challenges of space-based data centers and pinpoint the required key technologies. 



They developed a simulation tool to assess progress over time, incorporating predicted advancements in technology and adjusting features according to different requirements.



The potential of processing and storing data in space is incredibly promising and exciting. 



As we look to the future, and the possible reality of space-based data centers, our understanding of the universe may be on the verge of an enormous leap forward.



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Space-based data centers could transform satellite capabilities

Space-based data centers are poised to revolutionize how we manage...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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