The collision of cargo vessels with whales is one of the leading causes of death for these majestic marine creatures. Despite high-profile accidents and localized research efforts, a comprehensive global picture of the risks posed by shipping to whales has remained elusive - until now.&nbsp;



A study led by the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> (UW), with contributions from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> (UCSB) researchers, reveals that global shipping routes overlap with 92% of the migratory ranges of blue, fin, humpback, and sperm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-whales-continue-their-battle-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-risk-assessment-nbsp">Global risk assessment&nbsp;</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp1950" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, the study offers the first global map of ship-strike risks for these four large whale species.&nbsp;



“Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship-strike</a> studies are done at a regional scale, which is critically important but doesn’t provide the full picture worldwide,” said co-author Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at UCSB’s Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory.&nbsp;



“By taking this broader perspective, we can identify the highest-risk areas globally and strategically direct research and conservation efforts where they’re needed most.”



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="7sxoUzIVbl-4050404-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whales-and-ships-a-deadly-intersection">Whales and ships: A deadly intersection</h2>



Cargo vessels, often the size of skyscrapers and over ten times the length of an adult blue whale, dominate the oceans. Any whale crossing their path faces almost certain death.&nbsp;



As shipping lanes increasingly intersect with whale migration routes, the likelihood of collisions grows.&nbsp;



According to Professor Briana Abrahms, this translates to ships traveling thousands of times the distance to the moon and back within these species’ ranges each and every year.&nbsp;



“And this problem is only projected to increase as global trade grows in the coming decades,” said Abrahms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-in-local-conservation-efforts">Success in local conservation efforts</h2>



While the outlook may seem grim, successful initiatives like <a href="https://whalesafe.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whale Safe</a> off the California coast demonstrate the potential for mitigating these risks.&nbsp;



Whale Safe is a collaborative effort between researchers, citizen scientists, and shipping companies to reduce collisions by slowing vessels in whale-rich waters.&nbsp;



Tracking whale presence and providing data on ship compliance with slow zones have helped lower collision rates since the program’s launch in 2019.



“Getting the vessels to slow down works,” said UCSB marine ecologist and co-author Douglas McCauley, whose lab developed Whale Safe.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-adequate-protection-for-whales">Lack of adequate protection for whales</h2>



The Santa Barbara Channel, a vital migration corridor for blue, fin, and humpback whales, overlaps with major shipping hubs in Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Oakland.&nbsp;



Federal guidelines encourage ships to voluntarily reduce their speed from May to December to protect endangered whales.



Despite these localized successes, the study found that only 7% of the highest-risk areas globally have measures in place to protect whales from ship strikes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-whale-ship-collision-hotspots">Mapping whale-ship collision hotspots</h2>



To estimate collision risks, the researchers first needed to map whale habitats on an unprecedented global scale.&nbsp;



This involved compiling data from government surveys, public sightings, tagging studies, and even historic whaling vessel logbooks to track where blue, fin, humpback, and sperm whales live, feed, and migrate.&nbsp;



The team combined this information with the routes of 176,000 cargo vessels tracked between 2017 and 2022 using data from ships’ automatic identification systems and algorithms developed by <a href="https://globalfishingwatch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Fishing Watch</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-high-risk-regions-nbsp">Identifying high-risk regions&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed several new high-risk regions, including areas off southern Africa; the coasts of Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador in South America; the Azores; and East Asia, particularly near China, Japan, and South Korea.&nbsp;



“These are vast areas of the ocean where whales may quietly be being killed,” Rhodes said. “This may be a silent contributor to why we aren’t seeing more optimistic recoveries for some at-risk whale populations.”



The research also reaffirmed known hotspots, such as the Pacific coast of North America (including California), Panama, the Arabian Sea, Sri Lanka, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean Sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-policy-changes">Urgent need for policy changes</h2>



The team discovered that mandatory measures to prevent whale-ship collisions are exceedingly rare, covering just 0.54% of blue whale hotspots, 0.27% of humpback hotspots, and none for fin or sperm whales.&nbsp;



Even marine protected areas often lack speed regulations for vessels, as they were initially established to address issues like overfishing and industrial pollution rather than shipping-related risks.



Encouragingly, 95% of the hotspots identified lie within nations’ exclusive economic zones (EEZs), meaning individual countries have the authority to implement protective measures.&nbsp;



“From the standpoint of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>, the fact that most high-risk areas lie within exclusive economic zones is actually encouraging,” said lead author Anna Nisi, a UW postdoctoral researcher.&nbsp;



“It means individual countries have the ability to protect the riskiest areas.”&nbsp;



Expanding protective measures to cover an additional 2.6% of the ocean’s surface would safeguard all the identified collision hotspots, the researchers estimate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes-nbsp">Protecting whales from ship strikes&nbsp;</h2>



The experts hope their study will inspire local and regional research to refine hotspot maps, inform advocacy efforts, and address the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which will alter whale and ship distributions as sea ice melts and ecosystems shift.



“Protecting whales from the impact of ship strikes is a huge global challenge,” said Jono Wilson, co-author and director of ocean science at <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>ù’s California Chapter.&nbsp;



“We’ve seen the benefits of slowing ships down at local scales through programs like ‘Blue Whales Blue Skies’ in California. Scaling up such programs will require a concerted effort by conservation organizations, governments, and shipping companies.”



Whales play a critical role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, supporting biodiversity and contributing to ocean health. By identifying ship-collision hotspots and prioritizing these areas for conservation, this study offers a path forward to ensure their survival in an increasingly industrialized ocean.



Video Credit: Global Fishing Watch&nbsp;



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Ship routes overlap with 92% of whale habitats 

The collision of cargo vessels with whales is one of the leading causes of death for these majestic marine creatures. Despite high-profile accidents and localized research efforts, a comprehensive global picture of the risks posed by shipping to whales has remained elusive - until now.&nbsp; A study led by the University of Washington (UW), with contributions from University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) researchers, reveals that global shipping routes overlap with 92% of the migratory ranges of blue, fin, humpback, and sperm whales. Global risk assessment&nbsp; Published...

The giant clam - celebrated for its vibrant, mesmerizing mantle and unique, curved shell - now stands on the edge of extinction. Over the past century, its population has plummeted by an astounding 80 percent.



Recently, a team of researchers led by Ruiqi Li from the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> sounded the alarm on this critical situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-of-the-giant-clam">Conservation status of the giant clam</h2>



The team's efforts have prompted a critical shift in the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) approach to protecting these animals.



Thanks to this research, the IUCN has reclassified the giant clam, moving its status from "vulnerable" to "critically endangered."



This red list status indicates that the species is just one step away from completely vanishing the wild. The IUCN also revised the statuses of 11 other species that are part of the giant clam family.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance-of-giant-clams">Ecological importance of giant clams</h2>



The two primary stressors that are driving the decline of giant clams are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a> and climate change.



“Along with coral reefs, these clams provide important habitats for other creatures living in the reefs,” noted Li. 



“They are also important nutrient producers in shallow ocean water, which is generally deprived of food. If the giant clam becomes extinct, it will have significant ecological impacts on tropical oceans.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-halting-the-sixth-mass-extinction">Halting the sixth mass extinction </h2>



The IUCN's recent announcement coincides with the 2024 United Nations Biodiversity Conference (COP16) in Colombia. 



Representatives from 175 nations are gathering to debate measures to halt the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sixth-mass-extinction-is-currently-in-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sixth mass extinction</a>," a severe loss of biodiversity due to human activities. 



The World Wildlife Fund's estimates reveal that global marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-populations-declined-dramatically-in-recent-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife has shrunk</a> by 56% since 1970, highlighting the gravity of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ocean-s-largest-bivalve">The ocean’s largest bivalve</h2>



The giant clam, Tridacna gigas, is perhaps the most iconic of all clam species. Known as the world’s largest marine bivalve, it can reach an impressive 4.5 feet in length and weigh over 700 pounds.



This remarkable creature thrives in the shallow, tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, from the coasts of Malaysia to Australia and Fiji.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-research-on-marine-invertebrates">Lack of research on marine invertebrates </h2>



The growth mechanisms of T. gigas remain a puzzle for scientists. Like corals, these clams have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/remarkable-symbiotic-relationship-found-in-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic relationship</a> with algae living within them. The clams offer the algae a safe habitat, while the algae provide essential nutrients that help the clams survive.



The last time their population came under scientific scrutiny was in 1996 when the IUCN labeled T. gigas as "vulnerable" in its Red List of Threatened Species. 



Due to inadequate research efforts, the previous assessment failed to consider several other giant clam species.



According to Li, there's a persistent issue in the conservation world. Marine invertebrates often get sidelined as the focus tends to gravitate towards mammals and birds due to their appeal and familiarity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-clams-becoming-locally-extinct">Giant clams becoming locally extinct</h2>



In collaboration with experts at the Senckenberg Natural History Museum in Germany, and Neo Mei Lin from the National University of Singapore, Li embarked on a reassessment of all 12 giant clam species.



The team made a sobering discovery indicating that T. gigas has become locally extinct in numerous regions where it used to thrive, such as Taiwan. The overall population of T. gigas has seen a precipitous decline of 84% over the past century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-beauty-under-threat">Unique beauty under threat</h2>



Giant clam species are renowned for their stunning mantles - the flesh that lines the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shellfish-consumed-by-humans-are-ironically-more-resistant-to-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shell</a>.



Intriguingly, even among the same species, the mantles' color patterns display substantial variation, rendering each clam unique. Many parts of the world harvest these clams for their meat or as decorative shells.



Climate change poses another significant threat, causing the clams to expel the beneficial algae in their tissues when the ocean water heats up excessively. Without these algae, the clams risk starvation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protections-for-giant-clams">Protections for giant clams</h2>



The updated Red List now accommodates some recently discovered species under the "data deficiency" category, opening the doors to future research. 



Li emphasized that despite invertebrates like insects and mollusks accounting for over 95% of the world's total animal biodiversity, they often remain out of attention. There is still a treasure trove of yet-to-be-discovered species.



Efforts to safeguard the giant clams have garnered momentum. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has proposed that ten giant clam species, including T. gigas, should be listed under the Endangered Species Act.



If approved, this would provide these giant clams with legal protection in the U.S., prohibiting the harvesting and trade of wild specimens. Li has backed this move by submitting his assessment to NOAA.



"As a biologist, I'm working on translating findings from my research into policy changes, but not enough biologists are doing this," said Li. "I hope to encourage more biologists to devote time to population assessment and conservation."



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Giant clams have vanished from places where they used to thrive

The giant clam - celebrated for its vibrant, mesmerizing mantle...

There's a common saying that there is strength in numbers. We usually associate this with the idea of unity and group power. Yet, scientists are discovering that in the aquatic realm, this is not necessarily the case. Fish that swarm together don't seem to have the advantage of safety in numbers.



The research shows that large groups of fish often make a bigger, more attractive target for predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-swarms-in-the-arctic">Fish swarms in the Arctic</h2>



This discovery was made by <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> and Norwegian oceanographers during an exploration of a large patch of ocean off the coast of Norway.



The researchers conducted the study during the height of the capelin's spawning season. Capelin are tiny Arctic fish, about the size of an anchovy, that migrate southward each February from the Arctic ice sheet edges to the Norwegian coast to lay their eggs.



The same coastline also happens to be a pitstop for the Atlantic cod, the capelin's main predator. The scientists watched as the cod followed the capelin south, feeding on the small fish as they <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/striped-marlin-demonstrate-the-advantages-of-group-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spawned</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-fish-predation-event">Massive fish predation event</h2>



Reporting these findings in the journal Nature Communications Biology, the MIT team captured interactions between migrating cod and spawning capelin over a vast area.



Using a sonic-based imaging technique, the researchers observed as random capelin began forming a massive shoal. Almost as if in response to this, individual cod also began grouping together, forming an enormous shoal of their own.



Before anyone had time to blink, the cod had descended upon the capelin. They consumed over 10 million of the gathered fish. This quick, dramatic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquake-swarms-the-latest-hazard-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">encounter</a> is the largest known predation event ever recorded, both in terms of the number of individuals involved and the area where it took place.



Despite the sheer size of this event and the numbers consumed, it had minimal impact on the capelin population as a whole. The devoured shoal represented only 0.1 percent of the capelin that spawn in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-stressor-for-survival">Climate change: Stressor for survival</h2>



However, as climate change pushes the Arctic ice sheet to retreat, the capelin will have to swim longer distances to spawn. This not only puts more stress on the fish swarms but also makes them more vulnerable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-shift-to-forage-fish-could-prevent-millions-of-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural predation events</a> like the one the research team observed.



“In our work we are seeing that natural catastrophic predation events can change the local predator prey balance in a matter of hours,”&nbsp;said Nicholas Makris, professor of mechanical and ocean engineering at MIT.



“That’s not an issue for a healthy population with many spatially distributed population centers or ecological hotspots."



"But as the number of these hotspots deceases due to climate and anthropogenic stresses, the kind of natural ‘catastrophic’ predation event we witnessed of a keystone species could lead to dramatic consequences for that species as well as the many species dependent on them.”



Makris' co-authors on the paper are Shourav Pednekar and Ankita Jain at MIT, along with Olav Rune Godø of the <a href="https://www.hi.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Marine Research</a> in Norway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-the-fish-swarms">Monitoring the fish swarms</h2>



How did the team observe this interaction of life and death in the middle of the ocean? It all comes down to technology. 



The experts deployed the Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) system. This sonic imaging approach uses a vertical acoustic array attached to a boat's bottom to send sound waves down into the ocean, which then scatter in all directions.



A second boat towing an array of acoustic receivers picks up the reflected waves. These can come from as far as tens of kilometers away. 



The scientists can then analyze the collected waveforms to create instantaneous maps of the ocean over a vast area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resonance-of-swim-bladders">Resonance of swim bladders</h2>



In this particular study, the researchers employed a "multispectral" technique to differentiate between fish species. They based this distinction on the unique acoustic resonance of the fish's swim bladders.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aquaculture-impacts-wild-fish-much-more-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fish</a> have swim bladders that resonate like bells,” noted Makris. “Cod have large swim bladders that have a low resonance, like a Big Ben bell, whereas capelin have tiny swim bladders that resonate like the highest notes on a piano.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-predation-studies">Future of predation studies</h2>



The researchers have paved the way for future studies on predation of fish swarms.



“It’s been shown time and again that, when a population is on the verge of collapse, you will have that one last shoal. And when that last big, dense group is gone, there’s a collapse,” said Makris. “So you’ve got to know what’s there before it’s gone, because the pressures are not in their favor.”



The research was supported, in part, by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the Institute of Marine Research in Norway.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-06952-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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Largest predation event ever witnessed involved millions of fish

There's a common saying that there is strength in numbers....

Between 635 to 541 million years ago, during the Ediacaran Period, Earth witnessed a remarkable emergence of early life in the form of multicellular organisms. These weren't just tiny microbes; some were over three feet long and could move around. 



What could have triggered this sudden burst of life?



John Tarduno, a professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the <a href="http://www.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester</a>, thinks he might have an answer. His team studied Earth's ancient magnetic field and found something intriguing.



Tarduno and his colleagues discovered that Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a> during the Ediacaran Period was up to 30 times weaker than it is today. 



This ultra-weak field lasted for at least 26 million years -- the weakest it's ever been, according to their data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-earth-s-magnetic-field">Importance of Earth's magnetic field</h2>



But why does this matter? Earth's magnetic field basically serves as our planet's invisible shield against all of the nasty stuff in the universe that would immediately kill all life on the planet.



It deflects harmful solar radiation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-rays-help-archaeologists-determine-age-discoveries-prehistoric-settlements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic rays</a> that would otherwise strip away our atmosphere and expose us to levels of radiation that would be devastating.



Without this magnetic protection, not only could we get fried by cosmic rays, but we might also lose our water and essential gases to space -- making Earth a far less hospitable place to live.



Without it, life as we know it wouldn't be possible. So, if the field was so weak back then, how did <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life manage to flourish</a>?



Well, the timing caught the researchers' attention. The appearance of these large, mobile creatures coincided with the weakest magnetic field on record. 



Tarduno explains, “They were notable for their resemblance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-of-earths-earliest-animals-found-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early animals</a> -- some even reached more than a meter in size and were mobile, indicating they probably needed more oxygen compared to earlier life forms.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weak-magnetism-linked-to-oxygen-levels">Weak magnetism linked to oxygen levels</h2>



This led them to think about how environmental factors, especially oxygen levels in the atmosphere and oceans, might have played a role. 



If the magnetic field was weak, more charged particles from the sun could strip away hydrogen from our atmosphere. With less hydrogen to react with, oxygen levels could rise.



Imagine that: a weaker shield leading to more oxygen, which in turn supports larger and more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-first-animals-were-very-picky-about-where-they-lived/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life forms</a>. It's a bit counterintuitive, isn't it?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-answers-in-ancient-rocks">Finding answers in ancient rocks</h2>



To dig deeper, Tarduno's team used some high-tech tools. They examined ancient crystals called feldspar and pyroxene from a type of rock known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-origins-of-earths-largest-igneous-rocks-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anorthosite</a>. 



By studying the magnetism locked inside these crystals, they pieced together a timeline of Earth's magnetic field.



Using a CO₂ laser and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, they measured the magnetic signals with great precision. 



Their findings painted a picture of an Earth with a very weak magnetic field during a critical time in life's history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-earth-s-atmosphere-and-life">Implications for Earth's atmosphere and life</h2>



A weaker magnetic field means more solar particles hitting the atmosphere, which can strip away light <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-earths-first-living-beings-hydrogen-gas-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elements like hydrogen</a>. 



Over tens of millions of years, this loss of hydrogen could lead to more oxygen hanging around. And more oxygen means more fuel for complex organisms.



Tarduno and his team suggest that this increase in oxygen may have been just what these early creatures needed to thrive. 



“If the extraordinarily weak field had remained after the Ediacaran, Earth might look very different from the water-rich planet it is today: water loss might have gradually dried Earth,” he notes.



Luckily for us, Earth's magnetic field bounced back during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-the-first-animals-appear-on-earth-we-are-now-one-step-closer-to-knowing-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Period</a>, which followed the Ediacaran. This stronger field provided better protection, allowing life to continue evolving.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-earth">Looking beyond Earth</h2>



So, what does all this mean? For one, it highlights how interconnected our planet's systems are. 



Processes deep within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's core</a> can have a big impact on life on the surface. It's also a reminder that when we think about the possibility of life on other planets, we need to consider not just the surface conditions but what's happening deep inside.



“It’s fascinating to think that processes in Earth’s core could be linked ultimately to evolution,” Tarduno explained. “As we think about the possibility of life elsewhere, we also need to consider how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/europa-clipper-will-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-icy-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interiors of planets</a> form and develop.”



This research opens up new questions. Could other planets with weak magnetic fields have seen similar bursts of life? Or does Earth's unique history make it one of a kind?



As we explore these ideas, it's clear there's still so much to learn about our own planet's past. The Ediacaran Period might have been a time when Earth's defenses were down, but life found a way to take advantage of it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-magnetic-fields-and-life">Earth, magnetic fields, and life</h2>



To sum it all up, understanding the interplay between Earth's magnetic field and the rise of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-life-emerged-1-5-billion-years-earlier-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex life</a> gives us a whole new appreciation for our planet's history. 



It's wild to think that a weaker magnetic shield, which is supposed to protect life on Earth, might have actually helped life flourish by boosting oxygen levels.



This unexpected connection highlights just how intertwined Earth's systems are -- from deep within its core all the way to the organisms roaming its surface.



As we keep digging (sometimes literally) into these ancient mysteries, we're reminded that there's still so much to learn about how life evolves. 



One thing's for sure: studies like John Tarduno's help us piece together our own story and get us thinking about life's possibilities elsewhere in the universe. 



After all, if something as subtle as a magnetic field can tip the scales, the potential for life beyond Earth might be greater than we ever imagined.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01360-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



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Earth had an issue 600 million years ago that may have kickstarted complex life

Between 635 to 541 million years ago, during the Ediacaran...

Deep in Antarctica's Erebus Bay lives the robust Weddell seal, the southernmost mammal in the world. You're acquainted with the seals, but how much do you really know about them? 



When at rest on the icy plains, they bear resemblance to an overfed feline sprawled languidly on a rug. Yet, the comparison stops at appearances. 



Weddell <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-seals-have-genetic-scars-from-intense-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a> are phenomenal divers. Their intriguing underwater exploits have marked records of over 900 meters (2,952 feet) deep dives, some extending to a mind-boggling 96 minutes.



But what's even more fascinating is their recent diving escapade that has caught the attention of marine researchers worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-strategy-of-weddell-seals">Diving strategy of Weddell seals</h2>



Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have discovered a novel dive foraging strategy used by Weddell seals.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fascinating-mating-behaviors-of-leopard-seals-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seals</a>, it seems, have learned to play the tactical game of survival by striking a delicate balance between their breath-holding expeditions and maximizing the use of seasonal Antarctic light.



According to the study, the seals conduct their deepest, most prolonged dives right at the start of the day, instead of during the sun-bathed peak hours.



“These extreme dives require longer recuperation times once the seals return to the surface," said lead author&nbsp;<a href="http://www.shero-lab.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michelle Shero</a>, an assistant scientist in biology at <a href="https://www.whoi.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a>.



"So, if the seals make extreme dives in the middle of the day when it is maximum light&nbsp;- there may be lots of prey around that are easy to see, but the seals would still ‘miss out’ because they’d have to spend a lot of time recuperating.&nbsp;Not&nbsp;conducting extreme dives when prey is most accessible, may actually be the best strategy.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foraging-in-different-light-conditions">Foraging in different light conditions </h2>



What the research team witnessed was these animals under varying light conditions, counting daylight 24/7, a mix of day and night, and then dark 24/7. This provided a "natural experiment" to help understand how the seals' feeding strategies change with a range of light conditions.



“We expected that the seals would follow their food and that their deepest, longest dives might occur at midday when the sun is overhead," said Shero.



"But what we surprisingly found was that the seals appeared to actually avoid making their most extreme dives during midday, allowing the seals to keep diving over and over without having to pause for long.”



This avoidance effectively allows the seals to dive repeatedly without requiring lengthy pauses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-decisions-of-weddell-seals">Strategic decisions of Weddell seals</h2>



By avoiding peak-hour extreme dives, the seals effectively spend nearly all their time underwater, foraging under high-light conditions, which is best for visual hunters. 



"These animals are making very strategic decisions about when to make their long dives, so they can best interact with the daily-changing environment in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-are-intense-heat-waves-affecting-life-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic</a>, allowing them to maximize their prey," noted Shero.



Equipped with Conductivity Temperature Depth-Satellite Relay Dive Loggers, the research team collected data from 59 adult seals from the western Ross Sea in Antarctica, accounting for 8,913 seal days of behavioral data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weddell-seals-plan-their-activities">Weddell seals plan their activities</h2>



Study co-author Professor Jennifer Burns is chair of the <a href="https://www.depts.ttu.edu/biology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Biological Sciences</a> at Texas Tech University, Lubbock.



"For me, one of the more surprising findings of this research was our discovery that Weddell seals 'plan' their activities in a much more nuanced way than I had previously appreciated,” said Professor Burns. 



“Not only did the seals shift the average depth and duration of their dives in response to current light levels, but they also made their longest and most taxing dives at times when their recovery period was least likely to negatively impact overall foraging success." 



"So not only were they planning when to forage, but it also seems that they were thinking ahead and planning when to rest.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-in-tune-with-their-surroundings">In tune with their surroundings </h2>



"Weddell seals live in one of the most hostile environments on the planet and need to keep their internal clock running during periods when the sun never sets or when the sun never rises," noted Daniel Costa, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the <a href="https://www.ucsc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>.



"Our study found that they take great advantage of the periods of short-day length to make the longest dives that push their physiological ability to the extreme to do the most hunting when there is light to enable their search for food and or breathing holes in the ice."



The interpretation of the data has led to the realization that these seals are in tune with circadian rhythms and light levels while foraging in Antarctica. The research provides insights into the survival strategies of Weddell seals in one of the most rapidly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-will-the-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changing environments</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-024-07029-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Biology</a>.



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Weddell seals have a surprising survival strategy

Deep in Antarctica's Erebus Bay lives the robust Weddell seal,...

The African penguin, a symbol of joy and playfulness for many, is now critically endangered and on the verge of extinction.



The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has recently moved this species from the status of "Endangered" to "Critically Endangered."



The African penguin has lost 97 percent of its population, and unless we step up, they could vanish in less than 4,000 days.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-penguins">Threats to penguins</h2>



Penguins face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-are-struggling-to-survive-as-sea-ice-vanishes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several threats</a>, with commercial fishing being one of the most severe. This practice is competing with African penguins for their main food sources, sardines and anchovies. The penguins are left hungry and struggling to breed.



The situation has become so dire that <a href="https://sanccob.co.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SANCCOB</a> and BirdLife South Africa are suing the South African government to ensure better protection for these birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-penguins-on-the-verge-of-extinction">Penguins on the verge of extinction</h2>



It's not often that a species gets the dubious honor of being the first to meet certain criteria. However, the African penguin has become the first of 18 global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emperor-penguins-will-not-survive-the-current-rate-of-sea-ice-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguin species</a> to be classified as "Critically Endangered."



We cannot overlook the gravity of this situation. SANCCOB, BirdLife South Africa, and Blue Marine are raising their voices, appealing to the government and the global community to act now to save the endangered African penguin.



For conservationists worldwide, the <a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a> Red List is the gold-standard tool for assessing extinction risk. It's like a medical chart for biodiversity, indicating which species are at risk and which are critically close to extinction. 



To date, the IUCN Red List includes 163,040 species. Overall, 45,321 of these species are threatened with extinction.



The uplisting of the African penguin to "Critically Endangered" is a red flag, signaling the urgent need for collaborative action. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-competing-with-commercial-fishing">Competing with commercial fishing</h2>



African penguins inhabit six colonies that represent 76% of their global numbers. These colonies are located within no-take zones, where commercial fishing is prohibited.



However, these zones are falling short when it comes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/enhanced-monitoring-of-emperor-penguins-can-help-us-save-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">penguin conservation</a>. They're not providing sufficient protection to feeding areas, forcing penguins to compete directly with commercial fisheries for their meals.



What's the solution? According to Dr. Alistair McInnes of BirdLife South Africa and Dr. Richard Sherley from the University of Exeter, we need to expand no-take zones.



These zones need to be carefully calibrated to provide substantial benefits to penguins without imposing disproportionate costs on the fishing industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-action-for-african-penguins">Legal action for African penguins </h2>



SANCCOB and BirdLife South Africa are not watching from the sidelines. They have teamed up to initiate legal action against South Africa's Minister of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment.



These organizations are challenging what they call "biologically meaningless" island closures against purse-seine fishing around essential African Penguin colonies. In addition, they are rallying the international community through an OnlyOne petition. 



The goal? To push governments worldwide to take the necessary steps to protect African penguins from extinction. You can participate in this noble cause by <a href="https://only.one/act/save-african-penguins" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signing the petition</a> and lending your voice to this urgent call for action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-role-of-african-penguins">Economic role of African penguins </h2>



The African penguin contributes significantly to ecotourism and the local economy. The total value of all penguin colonies, including the Boulders penguin colony, is estimated to be in the impressive range of R613 - 2,702 million per year.



“The IUCN uplisting to Critically Endangered means that the African penguins are just one step away from becoming extinct in the wild. SANCCOB will continue to fight for the future of this iconic species; we must remain optimistic that their trajectory can be reversed,” said Natalie Maskell, CEO of SANCCOB.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-faced-by-african-penguins">Challenges faced by African penguins</h2>



African penguins are facing more than just food shortages. They are also struggling with environmental changes that challenge their survival. For example, climate change has shifted ocean currents, affecting where their food is found.



Additionally, pollution from oil spills and plastic harms their habitat and health. Scientists are studying how these issues impact penguin populations, highlighting the need for strong conservation efforts. 



By understanding the various challenges faced by African penguins, we can create better solutions to help them recover.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-the-penguins-from-extinction">Saving the penguins from extinction </h2>



As we confront the reality of the African penguin’s predicament, it becomes increasingly clear that a coordinated global effort is essential to save penguins from extinction.



International conservation organizations, governments, and local communities must unite to implement sustainable solutions that reconcile penguin preservation with economic interests. 



Collaborative efforts could promote sustainable fishing practices, invest in habitat restoration, and develop adaptive management strategies that respond to changing marine conditions.



By embracing a shared responsibility for the African penguin's survival, we're not just preserving a species - we are upholding a legacy of biodiversity vital for ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-future-of-our-planet">Protecting the future of our planet</h2>



“The African penguin’s uplisting to Critically Endangered highlights a much bigger problem with the health of our environment. Despite being well-known and studied, these penguins are still facing extinction, showing just how severe the damage to our ecosystems has become," said Dr. Richard Sherley, a lecturer at the University of Exeter.



"If a species as iconic as the African penguin is struggling to survive, it raises the question of how many other species are disappearing without us even noticing. We need to act now - not just for penguins, but to protect the broader biodiversity that is crucial for the planet’s future.”



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African penguins have lost 97 percent of their population

The African penguin, a symbol of joy and playfulness for...

The warm, familiar image of hedgehogs has now turned into an alarming symbol of the ecological crisis our planet is facing.



Hedgehogs, once common in Europe, are now <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-a-new-mass-extinction-that-will-wipe-out-humans-and-all-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">struggling to survive</a>. Their habitats have decreased as a result of urban growth, intensive farming, and roads.



The IUCN has labeled them "near threatened" due to a significant population decline of 30% in the last decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sudden-disappearance-of-hedgehogs">Sudden disappearance of hedgehogs</h2>



Frenzied urban development hasn't been kind to hedgehogs. The concrete jungle and polluted air have made their existence an uphill battle, but that's just part of the problem. 



Our high-speed roads have morphed into death traps for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-european-hedgehog-lived-in-denmark/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critters</a> - who aren't known for their swift movements.



Even the rural landscapes, once considered safe havens, have become hostile territories. Technologically advanced farming techniques, especially the rampant use of pesticides, have not only eliminated insects - a primary food source for hedgehogs, but also pose a potential poison threat to the hedgehogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-of-hedgehog-extinction">Threat of hedgehog extinction</h2>



Even after concerted efforts by <a href="https://iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>, fully grasping the reasons behind the decline in hedgehog population remains a puzzle. 



“Unfortunately, evidence points towards a worrying and widespread downward trend. The red list assessment also highlights data uncertainties – for example, the limits of this species’ distribution are not entirely clear, and there are gaps in knowledge of its populations," said Abi Gazzard, a program officer at IUCN. 



"There is still a chance to halt the decline of the western European hedgehog, and we must aim to prevent any further worsening of status.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-hedgehogs-from-extinction">Saving hedgehogs from extinction</h2>



The Mammal Society is rallying the public to make their backyards and gardens more welcoming for hedgehogs. This could mean creating small passages in fences for their free movement, avoiding harmful pesticides, and setting up cozy shelters for them to rest.



“This decline will likely come as no surprise to the average person. When hedgehogs come up in conversation, it’s not long before someone says that they just don’t see them any more," said Hope Nothhelfer, a communications officer at the Mammal Society.



"The hope is that as hedgehogs become more and more like a distant memory from our childhoods, we will respond with action that will bring these memories back to life."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-red-list-revelations">Red List revelations</h2>



The hedgehog is not alone in its struggle. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> worldwide are facing similar challenges. In fact, the IUCN's red list has been buzzing with shifts and changes.



The grey plover, for instance, has seen its population drop by over 30% since the late 1990s, landing it in the "vulnerable" category.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-need-a-boost">Conservation efforts need a boost</h2>



With these distressing circumstances, global conservation efforts need a major revamp to save hedgehogs from extinction. 



Initiatives focusing on restoring habitats, legal protection drives, and public awareness programs are gaining momentum, as more and more people realize that preserving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-stop-the-extinction-of-north-atlantic-right-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> is critical. 



Education is a powerful weapon in the fight for conservation. By educating individuals about wildlife preservation, we equip them with the tools they need to actively contribute to the cause.



We have seen school curriculums and community workshops becoming more inclusive of modules on environmental awareness and biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-threat-to-trees">The threat to trees</h2>



If we want to help save hedgehogs, we must also turn our attention to trees. Hedgehogs rely on trees for shelter and nesting material. Trees also attract the insects that hedgehogs like to eat, such as beetles and caterpillars. 



The red list reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-one-third-of-the-worlds-trees-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">38% of the world's tree species</a> are wavering on the brink of extinction. It is our job to ensure that we are planting at the same rate, if not more, at which we are felling these trees.



Our heavy-handed urbanization and agricultural expansion are directly responsible for the loss of tree habitats. Other threatening factors include invasive species, pests, and diseases.



The research reminds us that many of the decisions we make, such as paving a driveway or selecting a pesticide, directly impacts the habitats of animals - and therefore, their survival.



Though the consequences of our actions may not always be immediate and visible, they certainly have long-lasting effects. 



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Hedgehogs face extinction as their habitats vanish

The warm, familiar image of hedgehogs has now turned into...

Inspired by bird flight, engineers have recently enhanced remote-controlled aircraft performance by adding rows of covert-inspired flaps to airplane wings.&nbsp;



These flaps, modeled after the covert feathers birds deploy during certain maneuvers, help aircraft resist stalling and improve stability.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improvements-in-aviation-performance">Improvements in aviation performance</h2>



The research, led by Professor Aimy Wissa from <a href="https://www.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University</a>, suggests significant improvements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-jet-fuel-could-revolutionize-aviation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aviation</a> performance by using lightweight, low-cost modifications that require no additional power.



“These flaps can both help the plane avoid stall and make it easier to regain control when stall does occur,” Wissa said.&nbsp;



The technology echoes bird biology, specifically covert feathers that birds use when landing or facing turbulent winds.&nbsp;



Although biologists have observed these feather movements, no study has precisely quantified their aerodynamic effects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird flight</a>. This study, however, demonstrates how similar flaps might function on aircraft.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-inspired-flaps-boost-aerodynamics">Bird-inspired flaps boost aerodynamics</h2>



Postdoctoral researcher and first author of the study, Girguis Sedky, described the flaps as “an easy and cost-effective way to drastically improve flight performance without additional power requirements.”&nbsp;



The flaps mimic covert feathers by deploying in response to changing airflow, with no need for external control systems. When strategically placed, these flexible flaps enhance performance and stability in aircraft without complex machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teardrop-shape-of-bird-wings">Teardrop shape of bird wings</h2>



The principle behind the design lies in a wing’s teardrop shape, which accelerates airflow over the top, creating lift through a combination of low pressure above and upward force below.&nbsp;



Under certain flight conditions, particularly at steep angles, the aircraft can stall as lift decreases sharply. By adding covert-inspired flaps, researchers discovered they could counter this drop in lift, allowing the aircraft to maintain control.



Wissa’s team conducted wind tunnel tests at Princeton’s Forrestal Campus to observe how these covert-inspired flaps affect air movement around the wings.&nbsp;



“The wind tunnel experiments give us really precise measurements for how air interacts with the wing and the flaps,” Sedky explained. The setup included sensors that capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revolutionizing-aerodynamics-airplane-emissions-ai-deep-learning-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerodynamic</a> forces on the wings, as well as a laser and high-speed camera to record the airflow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-secrets-of-bird-wings-nbsp">Unlocking secrets of bird wings&nbsp;</h2>



Through their testing, the researchers identified two aerodynamic control mechanisms, one of which - called shear layer interaction - was previously unknown.&nbsp;



This interaction occurs when a flap near the front of the wing adjusts the flow of air, enhancing stability. When placed near the back, the flaps engage the second mechanism, further aiding in lift.



Testing various configurations, from single to multiple rows of flaps, revealed that a five-row setup increased lift by 45 percent and reduced drag by 30 percent.&nbsp;



“The discovery of this new mechanism unlocked a secret behind why birds have these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a> near the front of the wings,” Wissa said. 



Adding more flaps near the front of the wing enhanced performance benefits, indicating that birds’ covert feathers likely play a crucial role in their aerodynamic control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-lab-to-field-real-world-testing">From lab to field: Real-world testing</h2>



Following the success of wind tunnel experiments, the team moved to field testing on Princeton’s Forrestal Campus.&nbsp;



They collaborated with Nathaniel Simon, a graduate student specializing in drone flight, to test the covert-inspired flaps on a radio-controlled (RC) plane equipped with an onboard flight computer.&nbsp;



Simon programmed the computer to repeatedly induce stall conditions, allowing the team to observe the flaps’ deployment and performance.



“It’s cool to be able to collaborate in the shared space at the Forrestal campus, and to see how many areas of research this project touched,” said Simon, describing the flaps’ in-flight effectiveness in reducing stall intensity.&nbsp;



The success in real-world conditions paralleled the wind tunnel findings, confirming that these flaps can significantly delay stall and stabilize flight.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-applications-beyond-aviation">Future applications beyond aviation</h2>



Beyond aviation, the researchers believe these bioinspired insights could benefit other fields where airflow modification could improve performance.&nbsp;



“What we discovered about how coverts alter the airflow around the wing can be applied to other fluids and other bodies, making them applicable to cars, underwater vehicles, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-wind-turbines-impact-property-values-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wind turbines</a>,” Sedky said.



The study also opens new doors for collaboration with biologists to deepen our understanding of covert feathers in bird flight. Wissa sees potential for advancing both engineering and biological research through these discoveries.&nbsp;



“That’s the power of bioinspired design. The ability to transfer things from biology to engineering to improve our mechanical systems, but also use our engineering tools to answer questions about biology,” she concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2409268121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Bird wings inspire improvements in airplane safety 

Inspired by bird flight, engineers have recently enhanced remote-controlled aircraft...

When it comes to our canine companions, their health matters to us just as much as our own. We often wish they could tell us when something is not right. But what if there was a way to listen to what dogs cannot say?



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> have developed a machine learning algorithm that can accurately detect heart murmurs - a key indicator of cardiac disease in dogs.



A regular feature in small breeds like King Charles Spaniels, cardiac disease is a serious issue that can significantly affect a dog's quality of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-dog-health-connection">Human-dog health connection</h2>



“Heart disease in humans is a huge <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medium-sized-dogs-have-a-greater-risk-of-developing-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health issue</a>, but in dogs it’s an even bigger problem,” said first author Dr. Andrew McDonald from Cambridge’s Department of Engineering.



“Most smaller dog breeds will have heart disease when they get older, but obviously dogs can’t communicate in the same way that humans can, so it’s up to primary care vets to detect heart disease early enough so it can be treated.”



The solution? Technology that can. The team at Cambridge adapted an algorithm initially created for humans to effectively detect and grade heart murmurs in dogs. 



And the results are astonishing. With a sensitivity accuracy of 90%, the algorithm performs at par with expert cardiologists. So how does this actually work?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-algorithm-for-dogs-heart-health">Algorithm for dogs' heart health</h2>



At the core of this technology is a machine learning algorithm fine-tuned to replicate whether a heart murmur has been detected by a cardiologist. 



Initially created with a database of heart sounds from about 1,000 human patients, the algorithm was then adapted to be compatible with heart sounds from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>.



The data for this adaptation came from nearly 800 dogs who underwent routine heart examinations at four veterinary specialist centers in the UK. 



The ultimate goal? To make the innovative algorithm capable of distinguishing between murmurs associated with mild disease and those indicating advanced heart disease that requires further treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-dogs-heart-health">Protecting dogs' heart health</h2>



Professor Anurag Agarwal, who led the research, is a specialist in acoustics and bioengineering.



“Knowing when to medicate is so important, in order to give dogs the best quality of life possible for as long as possible,” said Professor Agarwal. "We want to empower vets to help make those decisions.”



And it is not just the vets who will benefit. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> owners, this technology could hold the key to extending their beloved pet's life with timely diagnosis and treatment.



“We can’t perform heart scans on every dog in this country&nbsp;- we just don’t have enough time or specialists to screen every dog with a murmur," noted study co-author Jose Novo Matos.



"But tools like these could help vets and owners, so we can quickly identify those dogs who are most in need of treatment."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-the-gap-with-ai">Bridging the gap with AI</h2>



Artificial intelligence (AI) is proving to be a transformative force in veterinary medicine, offering solutions that were deemed improbable not long ago. 



By bridging the communication gap between human caregivers and canine patients, AI technologies like the heart murmur algorithm not only enhance diagnostic precision but also expedite the decision-making process in clinical settings. 



This confluence of advanced technology and veterinary care illustrates the vast potential AI holds in revolutionizing animal healthcare. 



With further research and development, similar algorithms could emerge, specializing in detecting other common ailments in dogs, promising a new era of comprehensive and personalized vet care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaboration-across-disciplines">Collaboration across disciplines</h2>



Looking ahead, the journey from academic research to practical applications in veterinary clinics highlights the importance of collaboration across disciplines. 



The partnership between engineers, veterinary experts, and technology developers underscores a collective commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warning-dogs-drinking-from-public-water-sources-is-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improving animal welfare</a>.



Continued collaboration is vital to refine and expand diagnostic tools that leverage machine learning, ensuring veterinarians are well-equipped to face the challenges of modern pet healthcare. 



As innovations like these continue to evolve, they pave the way for a more integrated approach to managing and enhancing the longevity of dogs beyond heart health, ultimately fostering a deeper human-dog connection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-canine-cardiology">Future of canine cardiology </h2>



The results not only present a promising future in canine cardiology but also set the stage for how machine learning can benefit healthcare beyond humans.



As we continue to explore the possibilities of machine learning, this study reaffirms our belief that technology, when used well, is not a threat but a tool.



"So many people talk about AI as a threat to jobs, but for me, I see it as a tool that will make me a better cardiologist,” said Novo Matos.



The research was supported in part by the Kennel Club Charitable Trust, the Medical Research Council, and Emmanuel College Cambridge.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.17224" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine</a>. 



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AI can now ‘hear’ signs of heart disease in dogs

When it comes to our canine companions, their health matters...

In the endless dance of evolution, every species must continuously adapt to survive. A recent study focuses on the tale of ancient cicadas, who had to reshape their very wings under the pressure of predation.



It's a story of survival, revealing how the arrival of insect-eating birds shook the world of these noisy insects. It's a narrative that plays out over the span of millions of years, and today, we finally have the insights to understand it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-riddle-of-flight">Evolutionary riddle of flight</h2>



The quest to understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-cicadas-set-to-emerge-in-historic-u-s-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary history</a> of flight has been a longstanding pursuit – one spanning hundreds of years. 



But let's face it, it's not an easy task to trace the footprints of these fragile, fleeting features – the wings. Due to their delicate structure, wings rarely preserve well enough to become fossils. Consequently, despite our keen search, the evidence-base in this area has always been rather thin.



Enter the cicadas, these unique little creatures with some extraordinary wing characteristics that set them apart and make them a valuable subject of study. 



Cicadas offer a rare glimpse into the evolution of flight in insects as they have a history of preserving well, unlike most other winged creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-wings-of-cicadas">Changing wings of cicadas</h2>



The researchers in this study constructed a timeline showing the evolution of cicada wings over millions of years. By studying more than 80 species of cicada wings, they unveiled an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cicada-wings-inspire-new-antibacterial-technologies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interesting pattern</a>. 



Cicadas, it appears, went through some swift wing transformations in reaction to the rapidly evolving birds that preyed on them.



Life as an ancient cicada wasn't easy. Early cicadas had wingspans comparable to modern butterflies, some even measuring up to 6 inches. But as their predators - the birds - evolved to become swifter and more efficient hunters, the cicadas had to up their game.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-survive">Adapting to survive</h2>



Over approximately 160 million years, cicada wings evolved. They grew wider but slimmer. The ancient insects also packed on some serious wing muscle mass. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cicada-urination-defies-what-scientists-thought-was-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptations</a>, the researchers argue, would have boosted their flight speeds by up to 39 percent.



This evolution of wing structure and flight speed wasn't for mere showmanship. Survival is the name of the game, and cicadas had no choice but to become faster fliers. 



They were in a wingspan war, and getting faster was the key to escape the clutches of the birds that were evolving to catch insects mid-flight. Sure, this meant burning up more energy for flight, but what better reason to burn energy than to evade ending up as a bird’s snack?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environment-in-cicada-wing-evolution">Environment in cicada wing evolution</h2>



The environment played an indisputable role in shaping cicada wing evolution. Diverse ecological niches presented various challenges and opportunities that influenced these adaptive changes. 



The ancient landscapes, replete with dense foliage and a myriad of predators, required cicadas to innovate continually. 



Their newfound wing structures enabled better maneuverability amid trees and shrubs, providing strategic advantages for feeding and mating while also serving as a critical defense mechanism. 



Notably, these environmental pressures prompted a microcosmic arms race, where cicadas continually refined their flight mechanisms as both a response to threats and a means of exploiting new ecological opportunities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-species">Implications for modern species</h2>



Understanding the evolutionary intricacies of cicada flight provides valuable insights into the broader concepts of adaptive evolution and survival strategies. 



This knowledge aids in deciphering the complex relationships between predators and prey, highlighting the dynamic interplay that drives evolution. These findings have profound implications, not only for the study of ancient species but also for contemporary biology.



For instance, they might offer clues into how current species could adapt in response to climate change and habitat disruption - a compelling reminder of evolution as a relentless, ongoing process.



As we go deeper into the story of cicadas and their evolutionary journey, we uncover layers that enrich our understanding of life's resilience and innovation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



This revelation about the interlinked evolution of cicadas and birds shows us once again how intricately connected all life forms are and how the struggle for survival drives evolutionary adaptation. 



Isn't it amazing how even creatures as small as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-cicadas-are-coming-brood-x/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cicadas</a> have such dramatic stories of survival etched in their ancient wings?



The study was led by researchers from <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and <a href="https://www.uni-jena.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena</a>. 



The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr2201" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Cicadas grew 'super wings' to dodge ancient birds

In the endless dance of evolution, every species must continuously...

The pursuit of energy efficiency is a constant endeavor in our modern world, and sometimes the best solutions come from the humblest sources. 



In this case, a team of scientists turned to the natural world to uncover how oscillating systems synchronize to maximize energy use. 



By studying natural rhythms, researchers hope to harness principles that could transform energy management in technology, from power grids to communication networks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronization-and-energy-efficiency">Synchronization and energy efficiency</h2>



Every day, we see examples of synchronization in nature - the rhythmic beating of our hearts in harmony with our lungs, or the mesmerizing flicker of fireflies in unison.



Inspired by these examples, researchers at <a href="https://engineering.unm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of New Mexico School of Engineering</a> studied natural rhythms to uncover hidden strategies that could enhance synchronization efficiency.



Their mathematical exploration of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-the-secrets-of-synchronization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">synchronization</a> uncovered that biological systems achieve efficiency by using distinct oscillation phases. If applied to human technology, this approach could yield substantial efficiency gains across various sectors.



"In terms of energy that is required for connected systems of oscillators to synchronize, our strategy shows we can have several orders of magnitude in energy savings," said Amirhossein Nazerian, a Ph.D. candidate in mechanical engineering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-inspired-energy-solutions">Nature-inspired energy solutions</h2>



The role of synchronization in biology isn't merely a fascinating phenomenon; it carries important implications for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-technologies-will-control-global-power-balance-usa-china/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">technological world</a>. 



The lessons learned from these natural, biological systems could help improve the design and management of various types of technology like power grids and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drones-reveal-hidden-biodiversity-in-rainforest-canopies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drones</a>, by enabling them to conserve energy during oscillation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-the-energy-efficiency-of-nature">Mimicking the energy efficiency of nature</h2>



By mimicking the precise timing observed in nature, engineers could develop systems that operate more smoothly, efficiently, and sustainably - transforming how we approach energy management.



Francesco Sorrentino is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the lead researcher of the study. 



"We looked at this from a mathematical point of view and asked how systems in nature, in the human body, and in ecological and social systems synchronize. In nature, efficiency is very important, whether in animals or in cells, as these systems cannot afford to waste energy," said Professor Sorrentino.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manipulating-coupling-strength">Manipulating coupling strength</h2>



In collaboration with Matteo Lodi at the University of Genoa and Joseph Hart at the U.S. Naval Research Lab, the UNM team made a remarkable discovery.



"Coupling strength" refers to how strongly components of an oscillating system communicate.



The researchers found that, by understanding the varied stages of oscillation in a system, they could manipulate its coupling strength - leading to a drastic reduction in energy expenditure.



This strategy involves dynamically adjusting the coupling strength depending on the phase of oscillation a system is in, allowing for precise energy control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-energy-efficiency">Maximizing energy efficiency </h2>



This innovative approach indicates that synchronization can be achieved more efficiently if the coupling between the oscillating systems is only activated when needed, significantly minimizing essential energy expenditure and preventing unnecessary power loss.



It's an intriguing finding that may ultimately lead to the development of more energy-efficient systems.



After all, if tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fireflies-use-social-cues-to-synchronize-their-lights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fireflies</a> can master the art of efficient synchronization, who's to say our power grids and advanced technologies can't do the same?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



The insights gained from nature’s synchronization methods offer promising applications across multiple industries, where even small improvements in efficiency can lead to significant energy savings. 



For instance, in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/renewable-energy-must-be-doubled-by-2030/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> systems like wind and solar farms, synchronization can help stabilize power fluctuations by aligning the output of multiple energy sources. When these systems work in harmony, the overall energy yield is maximized with less wasted power.



In transportation networks, synchronization techniques could make autonomous vehicle fleets more energy-efficient by coordinating traffic flows, reducing stop-and-start patterns, and lowering fuel consumption. 



Healthcare technology also stands to benefit, as medical devices, such as pacemakers or diagnostic equipment, could become more reliable and energy-efficient through synchronized oscillation methods. 



By mirroring nature’s finely tuned rhythms, researchers envision a future where industries can operate more sustainably, delivering better performance with reduced environmental impact.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-52486-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Nature's rhythms inspire a new approach to energy efficiency

The pursuit of energy efficiency is a constant endeavor in...

A new camera system is making it possible for humans to see colors in the way animals do, opening up a vivid new perspective on the natural world.



Led by researcher Vera Vasas, who has spent years studying animal vision, this innovative project is changing how we understand what animals actually see. 



In collaboration with colleagues from the Hanley Color Lab at <a href="https://www.gmu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Mason University</a>, Vasas has developed a tool that lets us experience the world through the eyes of different species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-animals-see-color">How animals see color</h2>



Animals perceive color through photoreceptor cells in their eyes, and the number and type of these cells can vary widely among species.



While humans have three types of cone cells sensitive to red, green, and blue light, many animals have additional types that allow them to see colors <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/imaging-system-inspired-by-butterfly-vision-can-detect-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond our visible spectrum</a>.



Birds, for instance, often have superior color vision compared to humans. They possess tetrachromatic vision, which includes the ability to see ultraviolet light. 



This extra range is crucial for behaviors like selecting mates and finding food. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-vision-reveals-a-hidden-world-that-we-cannot-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Many insects, like bees</a>, also see ultraviolet light, helping them detect patterns on flowers that are invisible to us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reds-greens-and-colors-different-animals-see">Reds, greens, and colors different animals see</h2>



On the other hand, mammals such as dogs and cats have dichromatic vision. They can't distinguish between red and green, much like humans with red-green color blindness. 



This reduced color perception limits their ability to see the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-retinal-cells-explain-complex-color-perception/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">full spectrum of colors that we can</a>, affecting how they interact with their surroundings.



Understanding these differences isn't just fascinating trivia -- it's essential for studying animal behavior and ecology. But until now, visualizing how animals see the world has been a significant challenge.



False color imaging has offered glimpses into animal vision but comes with drawbacks. It's time-consuming, requires specific lighting conditions, and can't capture movement effectively.



These limitations have made it tough for scientists and filmmakers to represent animal vision accurately.



Addressing these hurdles, Vasas's team developed a <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cutting-edge camera</a> and software system capable of recording and processing videos under natural lighting conditions. This means we can now see colors just as animals do, in real time.



"Our system records in four color channels: blue, green, red, and UV," explains Vasas. "It then converts this data into 'perceptual units' -- essentially translating it into a format that replicates animal vision based on known photoreceptor data."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-accuracy-and-practical-use">High accuracy and practical use</h2>



Impressively, when compared to traditional spectrophotometry methods, this new system boasts over 92% accuracy in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-and-monkeys-probably-see-color-differently/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predicting the colors</a> that animals perceive. 



That's a significant improvement, making the technology not just innovative but also reliable.



This opens up unprecedented avenues for scientific research. Scientists can now explore the dynamic, colorful world as seen by various species, leading to deeper insights into animal behavior and ecology.



Filmmakers stand to benefit immensely from this technology. They can create more accurate and engaging representations of animal vision, bringing audiences closer to understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bull-ants-use-moonlight-for-nighttime-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural world</a>. 



Imagine documentaries where viewers can experience the ultraviolet patterns that guide bees or the limited color palette seen by dogs.



"This technology bridges the <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gap between human and animal perception</a>," says Vasas. "It allows us to not only study animals more effectively but also to educate and inspire people by showing them a world they've never seen before."



One of the most impressive aspects of this system is its practicality. It's constructed from readily available commercial cameras, housed in a modular, 3D-printed casing. This makes it accessible for researchers and filmmakers without requiring specialized, expensive equipment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-spectrum-seen-through-animal-eyes">Colorful spectrum seen through animal eyes</h2>



The way animals see and perceive color is more than just a scientific curiosity -- it's a key to understanding their survival strategies. 



For instance, the mantis shrimp has one of the most complex vision systems known, with twelve to sixteen types of photoreceptor cells. 



This allows them to detect polarized light and <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/figure/image?size=large&amp;download=&amp;id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444.g002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">see a spectrum far beyond human capability</a>, helping them spot prey and predators in the intricate underwater world.



Snakes use infrared vision to hunt warm-blooded prey in the dark, while reindeer see ultraviolet light to spot predators against the snowy landscape. 



These abilities aren't just interesting facts; they're essential adaptations that have evolved over millions of years.



Evolution has tailored the vision of each species to meet its specific needs. Animals develop unique color vision abilities based on their environment and survival challenges. This results in a rich diversity of visual capabilities across the animal kingdom.



"Understanding how animals see the world helps us make better decisions about conservation and habitat management," notes Vasas. "It can inform how we design buildings, roads, and even lighting to minimize negative impacts on wildlife."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-lens-on-the-natural-world">New lens on the natural world</h2>



To sum it all up, this new camera technology allows us to step into the shoes -- or rather, the eyes -- of other creatures. It's a tool that brings us closer to the natural world, fostering empathy and understanding. 



As we continue to explore these new perspectives, we gain not just knowledge but also a deeper connection to the diverse creatures that share our planet.



The possibilities are vast. From academic research to immersive educational experiences, this technology is set to transform how we see and interact with the animal kingdom. 



It's a reminder that even in our high-tech world, there's still so much to discover when we look through a different lens.



The full study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002444" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



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New camera lets us see the colors of the world through the eyes of animals

A new camera system is making it possible for humans...

New research reveals that owners who believe their horses experience emotions and treat them with care significantly improve the health of these animals.&nbsp;



For millions in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), working horses are essential to agriculture, transport, and household tasks. In these settings, healthy horses directly support livelihoods, emphasizing the mutual benefit of compassionate animal care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attitudes-toward-horse-emotions">Attitudes toward horse emotions</h2>



Conducted by the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> and <a href="https://www.thebrooke.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brooke</a>, a charity dedicated to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chick-emotions-shed-new-light-on-animal-welfare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a>, this study examined 299 horse owners and their animals in Senegal’s regions of Diourbel, Louga, and Thiès. 



The researchers assessed owners’ attitudes towards their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, asking questions about their beliefs in the animals’ ability to feel emotions like pain. They then evaluated the horses’ welfare. 



The findings, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>, highlight a powerful link between an owner’s empathy and their horse’s physical condition, suggesting that fostering compassionate care could enhance conditions for working horses globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-lifeline-for-communities">Horses as a lifeline for communities</h2>



Working horses and other equids are integral to household income in LMICs. Research by Brooke in Senegal showed that families with horses can increase agricultural production by up to 78% for certain crops, and similar findings exist across other countries. 



These animals are also critical for tasks like water transportation and livestock feeding.



A spokesperson for Brooke explained that the health and welfare of working equids is intimately linked to their owners.&nbsp;



“If animals become sick or injured and are unable to work, this has a direct impact on the income-generating opportunities and well-being of the communities who depend on them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-empathy">The impact of empathy</h2>



Researchers discovered a clear relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sports-coaches-are-more-effective-when-they-lead-with-empathy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">empathy</a> and animal welfare. 



Owners who believed in their horses’ capacity to feel emotions tended to provide more care in the form of nutrition and veterinary attention.&nbsp;



Horses of empathetic owners had healthier body conditions and overall improved welfare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-of-the-study">Key findings of the study</h2>



The study revealed that owners who attributed sentience to their horses - recognizing their capacity for pain or emotion - had animals with better physical health, benefiting from consistent nutrition and proper housing.



In addition, higher household income and financial stability were associated with better care for animals. These households were more likely to provide adequate food, shelter, and medical support for their horses.



Furthermore, the researchers found that owners with positive attitudes toward their horses ensured better living conditions, showing that a compassionate approach to animal care directly contributes to improved welfare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-socio-economic-and-cultural-ties">Socio-economic and cultural ties</h2>



The study highlighted that socio-economic stability is also essential to animal welfare. Households that could consistently meet their own needs were better able to invest in their animals’ needs.&nbsp;



This stability allows for consistent veterinary care, nutrition, and shelter. Financial support for these households, therefore, has the potential to improve animal welfare on a broader scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-connection-with-horses">Emotional connection with horses</h2>



Study senior author Leanne Proops, a lead researcher at the University of Portsmouth, emphasized the strong link between owner empathy and horse welfare.



“Our research highlights the profound connection between human attitudes and animal welfare. When owners view their horses as sentient beings capable of feeling, they are more likely to invest in their care.”&nbsp;



Proops noted that this knowledge could guide welfare organizations toward fostering empathy in communities, as it directly enhances animal welfare.



She also pointed out that this relationship works in both directions: owners may downplay an animal’s capacity for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-have-healthier-lives-when-owners-acknowledge-their-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotions</a> to protect themselves from distress when they cannot fully care for them. 



Insights from this study could help drive policies that protect working animals, secure funding for welfare initiatives, and raise awareness about the benefits of empathetic care in improving both human and animal lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-horse-emotions">Recognizing horse emotions</h2>



The study offers a valuable perspective for welfare organizations, policymakers, and communities. Recognizing that animals are sentient beings deserving of care can improve their welfare and productivity, directly benefiting the people who rely on them.&nbsp;



Emphasizing this human-animal connection has the potential to foster sustainable, mutually beneficial relationships in low and middle-income countries where working animals are essential to community life.



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Recognizing emotions in horses can improve their health

New research reveals that owners who believe their horses experience...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...