A new study reveals that rat infestations in many cities worldwide are on the rise, with Washington, D.C. emerging as the biggest hotspot. 



The study, which was focused on rat sighting reports from 16 global cities, attributes the increasing rat populations to warming temperatures, urbanization, and other human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rat-sightings-on-the-rise">Rat sightings on the rise</h2>



The researchers conducted a first-of-its-kind analysis using publicly submitted rat complaint data. They discovered that in 11 of the 16 cities analyzed, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rats-have-a-very-complex-social-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rat</a> sightings have increased in recent years. 



Based on individual city trends, Washington D.C. led the pack, followed by San Francisco, Toronto, New York City, and Amsterdam. According to the study, the rat reporting trend in Washington D.C. was three times greater than that of Boston. 



Only three cities - New Orleans, Louisville, and Tokyo - experienced significant decreases in rat reports, with New Orleans showing the largest drop. The experts suggest that New Orleans’ strategies could serve as a model for other cities seeking to control rat populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-drivers-of-rat-population-growth">Key drivers of rat population growth </h2>



The research team performed statistical analyses of rat sighting reports and concluded that a little over 40% of the rising trend is due to warming temperatures. 



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> is primarily a result of burning coal, oil, and natural gas, which leads to milder winters and longer foraging periods for rats. 



Study lead author Jonathan Richardson, a biologist at the <a href="https://www.richmond.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Richmond</a>, explained the mechanism.



“We're seeing these increasing trends in rats in cities that are warming the fastest, probably because this is a small mammal that has physiological challenges in the cold weather months,” said Richardson.&nbsp;



“If we're warming the climate and winter starts a week or two later and spring arrives a week or two earlier, that's one, two, maybe even three or four weeks across the entire year where those rats can be above ground foraging, acquiring more food and maybe squeezing out one or two more reproductive cycles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urbanization-and-higher-population-density">Urbanization and higher population density </h2>



Even a few extra weeks of activity can have a dramatic effect, given that female rats can produce a litter every month. With each litter consisting of eight to 16 pups, this additional time significantly accelerates population growth.



In addition to the effects of warming, the study identified increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urbanization</a> and higher population densities as major factors. Rats thrive in built environments where food waste is abundant and human activity creates numerous shelters.&nbsp;



The experts note that these conditions allow rats to flourish in areas where people and their refuse provide a constant source of sustenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-nature-s-ultimate-urban-survivors">Rats: Nature’s ultimate urban survivors</h2>



Rats have evolved to be remarkably adaptive in urban settings. New York City rat czar Kathleen Corradi stated during a conference that the rat is the third most successful mammal behind humans and house mice. So it evolved and engineered to live alongside us.&nbsp;



“They followed humans, Homo sapiens, across the continents and are in every single continent except Antarctica. So it's considered a wicked problem.”



Their ability to adapt and survive in close proximity to humans explains why rat populations are expanding even as cities implement various control measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-rising-rat-populations">Consequences of rising rat populations</h2>



While rats are undeniably adaptable, their increasing numbers pose serious risks. When rodent populations soar, public health and urban infrastructure can suffer. 



"When rodent populations are high, people get sick, motor vehicles become disabled, mental health declines, fires are started and foods fouled," said Houston rat expert Michael Parsons, who was not involved in the study.



This statement captures the multifaceted impact of rat infestations. High rat populations can lead to increased transmission of diseases, disruption of transportation systems, and other societal challenges. 



People are understandably disturbed by rats, primarily due to an instinctive fear of creatures that can transmit disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-city-rats">Quantifying city rats</h2>



Rats are notoriously difficult to count accurately due to their secretive and elusive nature. The study did not count rats directly; instead, it analyzed rat sighting complaints submitted by city residents. 



Although these reports may not reflect the actual number of rats, they provide valuable insight into trends over time. Richardson emphasized that the long-term consistency of the reporting methods used in the study lends credibility to the observed trends.



Even though Washington D.C. exhibited the highest rate of increase, Richardson clarified that this does not necessarily mean the city has the most rats overall - it simply indicates that the number of rat complaints is rising faster than in other cities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevention-over-poison">Prevention over poison</h2>



The study's findings suggest that traditional methods of rat control, such as poisoning and trapping, may not be sufficient to combat the escalating problem. 



Instead, prevention measures appear to be more effective. In cities like New Orleans, public authorities are taking proactive steps. 



For instance, educational workshops and community campaigns focus on reducing conditions that attract rats, such as improper waste management and excess food availability.



“In New Orleans they make a big effort to get out into neighborhoods and do educational workshops and campaigns to talk to residents about what makes a property less likely to have rats,” Richardson said.



Similarly, New York City has initiated innovative strategies, including replacing street garbage bags with rat-resistant containers and forming an elite volunteer group known as the “NYC rat pack.” 



Early results from these initiatives are promising, although comprehensive data have yet to fully reflect their impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-complex-urban-challenge">A complex urban challenge</h2>



While it is possible to better manage rat populations through improved urban planning and public education, complete eradication is unrealistic. 



As <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> conservation scientist Neil Carter pointed out, we can fight them better, but in the end “people need to coexist with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-addresses-the-global-need-for-human-wildlife-coexistence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> in urban environments, even with rats.”



“Zero rats is impossible," noted Richardson. “But I think an expectation that we need to live with the number of rats that we're seeing in many of these cities is also an unhealthy perspective on this problem.”



In conclusion, this study offers a critical, data-driven look at the complex factors driving rat population growth in urban environments. 



As cities continue to warm, expand, and densify, the challenge of managing rat populations will require innovative and sustainable approaches that focus on prevention and public awareness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads6782" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



Image Credit: AP Photo/Mary Altaffer



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Rat populations are increasing in cities as temperatures rise

A new study reveals that rat infestations in many cities worldwide are on the rise, with Washington, D.C. emerging as the biggest hotspot. The study, which was focused on rat sighting reports from 16 global cities, attributes the increasing rat populations to warming temperatures, urbanization, and other human activities. Rat sightings on the rise The researchers conducted a first-of-its-kind analysis using publicly submitted rat complaint data. They discovered that in 11 of the 16 cities analyzed, rat sightings have increased in recent years.  Based on individual city...

We all know bumblebees as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-bee-day-2024-bee-engaged-with-youth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tireless workers</a> that buzz around our gardens, pollinating flowers and making honey. But did you know that these smart creatures are also capable of complex logical reasoning? 



A recent study from the <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Stirling</a> has revealed that bumblebees possess a surprising level of intelligence previously thought to be the exclusive domain of humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inferential-reasoning">Inferential reasoning</h2>



Inferential reasoning is a complex cognitive process that enables individuals to make informed deductions and judgments even when faced with incomplete information. 



Unlike simpler forms of reasoning that rely on direct observation or explicit instructions, inferential reasoning requires the ability to analyze available data, identify patterns, and apply logical principles to draw conclusions that extend beyond what is explicitly stated. 



This sophisticated cognitive skill has been traditionally considered a hallmark of human intelligence, but recent research suggests that it may be more widespread in the animal kingdom than previously thought.



In essence, inferential reasoning involves filling in the gaps of knowledge by connecting the dots between disparate pieces of information. 



It allows individuals to make sense of their environment, predict future events, and solve complex problems even when faced with uncertainty or ambiguity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-rewards-and-smart-bees">Sweet rewards and smart bees</h2>



Dr. Gema Martin-Ordas, the lead researcher behind this study, designed a clever experiment to test the bumblebees' logical prowess. 



She presented wild bumblebees with a series of sugar-coated paper strips, varying their position and color. The bees were then tasked with finding the corresponding strip that hid a sweet reward.



The results were astonishing. The bumblebees consistently searched in the correct location for the hidden treat, demonstrating a clear understanding of the relationship between the different strips. 



"The results are very robust because bees' performance was consistent across the experiments," says Dr. Martin-Ordas, one of study's researchers. This remarkable finding not only challenges our understanding of insect intelligence but also raises intriguing questions about the origins of logical reasoning itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smart-qualities-in-bumblebees">Smart qualities in bumblebees</h2>



The discovery that bumblebees can reason inferentially has scientists buzzing with excitement. 



"This is the first time that this ability is shown in invertebrates, specifically in insects, and questions whether language or big brains are required for this ability," explains Dr. Martin-Ordas. 



It seems that complex thought processes might not be limited to creatures with large brains or sophisticated language skills. This opens up a whole new world of possibilities for understanding intelligence across different species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-smart-bumblebees">Significance of the smart bumblebees</h2>



Aside from being a fascinating scientific discovery, understanding the cognitive abilities of bumblebees has important implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/different-bee-species-have-unique-nutritional-needs-and-appetites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. 



Bumblebees are essential pollinators, playing a crucial role in maintaining healthy ecosystems and food production. Unfortunately, their populations have been declining in recent years due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.



By understanding the intelligence of these vital insects, we can develop more effective strategies for protecting them and ensuring their survival. Dr. Martin-Ordas hopes that her research will contribute to these conservation efforts. 



"Bee decline has become a very public symbol of environment deterioration, which has galvanized conservation efforts through public appreciation. This conservation effort has been further propelled by many of the fascinating discoveries about bees' cognition. I hope the results of my study will also contribute to these conservation efforts," noted Dr. Martin-Ordas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-buzz-worthy-discoveries-to-come">More buzz-worthy discoveries to come</h2>



This study is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to understanding the intelligence of the smart bumblebees. 



As scientists continue to delve deeper into the minds of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny creatures</a>, we can expect even more exciting discoveries that challenge our preconceived notions about what it means to be smart and intelligent.



So, the next time you see a bumblebee buzzing around your garden, take a moment to appreciate its remarkable cognitive abilities. These little pollinators are more than just busy workers; they're also brilliant thinkers with a surprising capacity for logic and deduction.



And who knows, maybe they'll even teach us a thing or two about solving complex problems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0561" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Letters</a>.



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Bumblebees showcase smart logical reasoning abilities

We all know bumblebees as the tireless workers that buzz...

Snow leopards, those majestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-africas-leopards-have-the-highest-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a> of the snow-capped peaks, are renowned for their stealthy hunting skills and carnivorous diet. But what if these apex predators have a secret - a surprising preference for plants?



A fascinating study from <a href="https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyoto University</a> has uncovered this unexpected behavior, showing that these elusive cats are not strictly meat-eaters. 



By analyzing the DNA present in their feces, researchers have found that snow leopards consume a significant amount of plants, particularly a species called Myricaria, both in the wild and in captivity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feces-of-plant-eating-snow-leopards">Feces of plant-eating snow leopards</h2>



This revelation may surprise many, as felids (the family that includes cats) are traditionally classified as carnivores, with bodies adapted to a meat-based diet. 



Yet, the Kyoto University team found Myricaria DNA in 90 fecal samples collected from wild snow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-clouded-leopard-day-the-fight-to-protect-an-elusive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leopards</a> in the Kyrgyz Republic. Interestingly, the plant was most frequently found in samples with little or no trace of prey animal DNA.



"Given that felids are essentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-carnivores-need-protection-to-avoid-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carnivores</a>, we were surprised to see a higher frequency of Myricaria in samples with little or no trace of prey animal DNA, suggesting that the plant is consumed by snow leopards when they are hungry," explained Kodzue Kinoshita, the team leader from KyotoU's <a href="https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en/research/fields/graduate-schools/graduate-school-of-asian-and-african-area-studies-asafas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-snow-leopards-eat-plants">Why do snow leopards eat plants?</h2>



The discovery of snow leopards consuming plants raises intriguing questions about the motivations behind this behavior. Researchers are actively investigating several potential explanations.



One hypothesis suggests that plants may serve as a supplemental source of nutrients or hydration, especially in environments where prey is scarce or during periods of physiological stress. 



Another possibility is that certain plants could possess medicinal properties, aiding snow leopards in self-medicating against parasites or other ailments. Additionally, plant consumption might contribute to digestive health by providing fiber or aiding in the elimination of hairballs.



While each of these hypotheses presents a plausible explanation, further research is necessary to determine the precise reasons why snow leopards incorporate plants into their diet. 



By shedding light on this unexpected behavior, the study has paved the way for future investigations that could unlock the secrets behind this fascinating dietary adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-leopard-research">Snow leopard research</h2>



In addition to analyzing snow leopard feces, the research team expanded their study to include 36 fecal samples from other mammals inhabiting the same alpine environment. 



This marked the first instance of such a comprehensive approach to examining the relationship between prey animals and plant consumption in felid diets. 



By comparing data across different species, researchers can gain a broader understanding of dietary patterns and ecological interactions within this specific ecosystem. Prior research has documented the presence of plants in the feces of 24 out of 41 extant felid species. 



However, these previous studies lacked the depth to definitively conclude whether the consumption of specific plants, like Myricaria, is a behavior that is unique to snow leopards or simply a more common occurrence than previously understood.



The current study aims to address this knowledge gap by providing a more extensive analysis of plant consumption across various felid species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The findings of this study are not just interesting tidbits for animal enthusiasts. They have important implications for the conservation of snow leopards, a species listed as <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/endangered-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vulnerable</a> on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (<a href="https://www.iucn.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN</a>) Red List. Understanding their dietary habits could lead to improved captive environments and more suitable conservation plans.



"Through our innovative research, we anticipate providing insight into improved captive environments and more suitable conservation plans for the snow leopard," said Kinoshita.



The snow leopard's unexpected plant-eating habit serves as a reminder of the complexities of nature and the need for continued research. 



As we delve deeper into the mysteries of the animal kingdom, we uncover surprising behaviors that challenge our understanding and open up new possibilities for conservation.



While the snow leopard's penchant for Myricaria may remain an enigma for now, this study is a step towards unraveling the dietary secrets of these elusive creatures. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.240132" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Snow leopards: The carnivores that eat plants

Snow leopards, those majestic creatures of the snow-capped peaks, are...

In the vast, mysterious depths of the ocean, a drama spanning millions of years has been playing out in silence. A drama of survival, adaptation, and ultimately, diversity decline. The actors in this play are the sharks, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sign-of-the-times-solitary-orcas-are-hunting-great-whites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient predators</a> that have long captured our imaginations and fears. 



However, a recent study has illuminated a surprising twist in the story of sharks – a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shocking-shark-mortality-rates-are-on-the-rise-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decrease</a> in their functional diversity, signaling a profound shift in the ocean's ecological balance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functional-diversity">Functional diversity</h2>



Functional diversity refers to the variety of roles that different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/silky-shark-shatters-records-by-swimming-over-17000-miles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> play within an ecosystem. This concept extends beyond simply counting the number of species present. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of the different ways these species interact with their surroundings and with one another.



For instance, within a forest ecosystem, some species may be herbivores, consuming plants, while others are predators, controlling herbivore populations. 



Some may be decomposers, breaking down dead organic matter, while others are pollinators, facilitating plant reproduction. Each of these roles contributes to the overall functioning of the ecosystem, ensuring its stability and resilience to disturbances.



When functional diversity is high, an ecosystem is better equipped to withstand environmental changes. If one species declines or disappears, others can often fill its ecological role, preventing a catastrophic collapse. 



This is why maintaining high functional diversity is crucial for the long-term health and sustainability of ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharks-and-declining-diversity">Sharks and declining diversity</h2>



Sharks have been around for over 250 million years, surviving countless environmental changes and mass extinction events. They are not simply mindless predators, but key players in maintaining healthy oceans. 



Some are apex predators, keeping prey populations in check and preventing them from overgrazing crucial habitats. Others are scavengers, cleaning up the seafloor and recycling nutrients. 



This functional diversity is a sign of a thriving ecosystem, a testament to the sharks' ability to adapt and thrive in a changing world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teeth-time-capsules-of-shark-diversity">Teeth: Time capsules of shark diversity </h2>



Studying the functional diversity of extinct sharks is a challenge, as their cartilaginous skeletons rarely fossilize. However, their teeth - made of durable enamel - are often preserved in the fossil record.



By analyzing the size, shape, and serrations of thousands of fossil and modern shark teeth, researchers can reconstruct the ecological roles these creatures played throughout history. It's like piecing together a jigsaw puzzle, revealing the hidden lives of these enigmatic predators.



“Measurements like tooth size, shape, and types of edges broadly reflect a shark’s functional traits such as body size and diet, allowing us to assess their functional diversity through time," noted study lead author Jack Cooper, a PhD student at <a href="https://www.swansea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swansea University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-golden-age-of-sharks">Golden age of sharks</h2>



The research paints a picture of a dynamic history. Sharks maintained high functional diversity for most of the last 66 million years, peaking around 20 million years ago during the Miocene epoch. This was a time of abundant marine life, and sharks thrived in their diverse roles.



From massive apex predators like the megalodon to smaller, specialized filter feeders, sharks occupied a wide range of niches, contributing to the overall health and resilience of the ocean ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-loss-of-ecological-specialists">A loss of ecological specialists</h2>



However, the past 10 million years have seen a steady decline in shark functional diversity. This decline has been driven by a combination of factors, including extinction events, environmental changes, and human-induced pressures such as overfishing. 



As we lose unique and specialized shark species, the ecological roles they once filled remain vacant, creating a ripple effect throughout the ecosystem.



One of the most significant losses in shark functional diversity is the extinction of the megalodon, the largest shark to ever exist. 



This apex predator occupied a unique ecological niche, a role that no other shark can fill today. Its disappearance marked a turning point in the ocean's history, altering the balance of power and leaving a void in the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-remaining-specialists">Protecting the remaining specialists</h2>



The decline in shark functional diversity is a sobering reminder of the impact we have on the natural world. It underscores the importance of protecting modern sharks, particularly those that fill unique ecological roles. 



By supporting sustainable fishing practices, reducing pollution, and advocating for marine protected areas, we can help preserve these ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprovoked-shark-attacks-and-fatalities-increased-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> and the vital roles they play in maintaining the health of our oceans.



The story of sharks is not just a tale of ancient predators and their changing fortunes. It's a reflection of our own relationship with the ocean and the consequences of our actions. By understanding the complex history and ecological significance of sharks, we can make informed decisions about their conservation and the future of our planet.



The ocean is a vast and mysterious realm, teeming with life and interconnectedness. Sharks are an integral part of this web of life, and their decline is a warning sign that we must heed. It's a call to action to protect these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whale-sharks-face-deadly-threats-in-shipping-lanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnificent creatures</a> and the fragile ecosystems they call home.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geb.13881" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Biogeography</a>.



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Shark diversity hits 66-million-year low

In the vast, mysterious depths of the ocean, a drama...

Although we often seek peace and quiet in the woods, a recent study led by the USDA Forest Service <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/research/rmrs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Research Station</a> has revealed that our recreation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise</a> follows us, disturbing wildlife. 



This noise triggers fear responses in animals, akin to escaping predators, raising concerns about whether these habitats offer real refuge when humans are present and highlighting the need to balance recreation and conservation.



“Providing outdoor recreational opportunities to people and protecting wildlife are dual goals of many land managers,” wrote the study authors.



“However, recreation is associated with negative effects on wildlife, ranging from increased stress hormones to shifts in habitat use to lowered reproductive success.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-responses-to-recreation-noise-nbsp">Wildlife responses to recreation noise&nbsp;</h2>



“Wildlife responses to recreation noise are often unobservable, and it was a fun research challenge,” said lead author Katherine Zeller, an expert in wildlife biology at the Rocky Mountain Research Station.&nbsp;



“Our study is the first to quantify responses to human-produced recreation noise based on recreation type, group size, group vocalizations, and wildlife species. Information like this can help managers balance recreation opportunities with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildlife-conservation-can-help-stabilize-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> management, which is critical as outdoor recreation continues to grow in popularity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicking-recreation-noise-to-study-wildlife">Mimicking recreation noise to study wildlife</h2>



The research was conducted in the Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. The scientists used an innovative method to isolate and study the effects of recreation noise on various mammal species.&nbsp;



The team placed wildlife cameras and speakers on trails, playing different types of noise when animals approached and capturing their reactions. These noises mimicked activities such as hiking, mountain biking, and off-highway vehicle use, with variations in group size and vocal presence.&nbsp;



This setup allowed scientists to observe immediate changes in animal behavior and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inequitable-impacts-of-urban-noise-pollution-harm-people-and-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> presence in response to these noises. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-of-the-study">Key findings of the study</h2>



<ul>
<li>Increased fleeing and vigilance: Wildlife were 3.1 to 4.7 times more likely to flee and showed vigilance behaviors for 2.2 to 3.0 times longer when exposed to recreation noise compared to natural sounds or silence.</li>



<li>Reduced wildlife presence: The local wildlife abundance was 1.5 times lower in the week following exposure to recreation noise.</li>



<li>Impact of group size and activity type: Larger groups, especially vocal hikers and mountain bikers, had a 6 to 8 times greater likelihood of causing wildlife to flee.</li>



<li>Species sensitivity: Elk and black bears were most sensitive to recreation noise, fleeing most consistently, while large carnivores were least affected.</li>
</ul>



“Our findings highlight the need for thoughtful planning, with potential consideration of noise mitigation measures to minimize the impact on wildlife while still providing outdoor recreational opportunities for people,” said study co-author Mark Ditmer, an ecologist at the Rocky Mountain Research Station.



“Noise from recreation can carry far beyond a trail system, so understanding how noise alone can affect wildlife is important for management.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-human-noise-on-wildlife">Impacts of human noise on wildlife</h2>



Human noise has significant impacts on wildlife, disrupting their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-and-light-pollution-alter-the-breeding-behavior-of-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural behaviors</a> and habitats. This noise, often originating from urban development, transportation, and industrial activities, can interfere with animals' communication, making it difficult for them to find mates, avoid predators, and care for their young. 



For instance, birds may sing louder and at higher pitches to be heard over the din, which can be energetically costly and less effective.&nbsp;



Marine life, particularly species like whales and dolphins that rely on echolocation, can be severely affected by underwater noise pollution from ships and sonar, leading to disorientation, stress, and even strandings.&nbsp;



Additionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-traffic-noise-disrupts-bird-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic noise exposure</a> can alter wildlife behavior, causing animals to avoid noisy areas, which may result in the loss of critical habitats and food sources. 



These disturbances can also affect reproduction rates and increase mortality rates due to accidents or predation in unfamiliar territories.&nbsp;



The overall biodiversity and health of ecosystems can be compromised as species struggle to adapt to the relentless presence of human-made noise.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.030" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Outdoor recreation noise triggers fear response in wildlife

Although we often seek peace and quiet in the woods,...

After 128 years of exploration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ugly-fossil-unveils-secrets-of-extinct-cats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> excavation, researchers have finally unearthed the skull of Genyornis newtoni.



The skull of Australia's own giant megafauna bird was discovered by researchers from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> in Adelaide, South Australia, shedding new light on the species that once roamed the Australian outback.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-skull-fossils-of-genyornis-newtoni">New skull fossils of Genyornis newtoni</h2>



The only previously known skull of Genyornis newtoni, reported in 1913, was heavily damaged, leaving much about this bird a mystery.



However, recent excavations from the saline, dry beds of Lake Callabonna in South Australia have brought new, nearly complete skull fossils to light. 



These findings, attributed to field trips in 2019, provide a clearer picture of what this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-known-bird-footprints-discovered-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient bird</a> looked like.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-the-fossil-skull">Insights into the fossil skull</h2>



Published in the journal Historical Biology, the detailed description of this remarkable skull has enabled researchers to explore the ecology, functional morphology, and evolutionary relationships of Genyornis newtoni.



Weighing around 230 kg, this bird was approximately five times the weight of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Cassowary</a>.



The skull features a massive braincase, large jaws, and a distinctive casque on its head. 



Its upper beak, in particular, shows surprising morphology, setting it apart from its closest relatives. 



"Genyornis newtoni had a tall and mobile upper jaw like that of a parrot but shaped like a goose, a wide gape, strong bite force, and the ability to crush soft plants and fruit on the roof of their mouth," explains Flinders University researcher Phoebe McInerney.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-evolutionary-mysteries">Unraveling evolutionary mysteries</h2>



The skull also showed complex similarities to early diverging waterfowl lineages, such as the South American Screamers and the Australian Magpie Goose. 



"The exact relationships of Genyornis within this group have been complicated to unravel; however, with this new skull, we have started to piece together the puzzle which shows, simply put, this species to be a giant goose," McInerney adds.



Co-author Dr. Trevor Worthy was particularly excited about discovering the first fossil upper bill of Genyornis. 



"For the first time, we could put a face on this bird, one very different from any other bird, yet like a goose," he says.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-the-past">Reconstructing the past</h2>



Examining the morphology of the skull provided researchers with insights into how the head functioned, including muscle and joint movement. 



"The form of a bone, and structures on it, are partly related to the soft tissues that interact with them, such as muscles and ligaments, and their attachment sites or passages," Co-author Jacob Blokland notes. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/genyornis-newtoni-skull_credit-Jacob-Blokland_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/genyornis-newtoni-skull_credit-Jacob-Blokland_1s.jpg" alt="Genyornis newtoni skull. Credit: Jacob Blokland" class="wp-image-1936557"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Genyornis newtoni skull. Credit: Jacob Blokland</figcaption></figure>



Using modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-largest-eagle-was-a-massive-predator/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> as comparatives, they are able to put flesh back on the fossils and bring them back to life.



Blokland has successfully reconstructed Genyornis newtoni through a scientifically accurate model, revealing its true form.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aquatic-adaptations">Aquatic adaptations</h2>



The study on skull fossils also uncovered several unusual adaptations for aquatic habitats in Genyornis newtoni.



These adaptations include features that allowed the bird to protect its ears and throat from water influx when submerged. 



The ability to close off its ears and throat would have been crucial for an animal living in or around water.



These adaptations suggest that Genyornis newtoni was well-suited to life in aquatic environments. The bird's ability to thrive in such habitats indicates a strong ecological connection to freshwater areas.



However, the transition of freshwater bodies in northern South Australia to salt lakes may have played a significant role in the extinction of Genyornis newtoni. 



The loss of suitable freshwater habitats would have made survival increasingly difficult for this species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-understanding-of-genyornis-newtoni">Greater understanding of Genyornis newtoni</h2>



With this new skull, researchers have gained a greater understanding of Genyornis newtoni. They have identified its unique features, including its tall and mobile upper jaw and its strong bite force. 



The skull also provided information about the bird's way of life, such as its diet and habitat preferences.



This discovery offers invaluable insights into the history of these giant birds. Researchers now have a clearer picture of how Genyornis newtoni lived and interacted with its environment.



Additionally, this finding helps explain the factors that led to the species' eventual disappearance from the Australian landscape.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2024.2308212" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Historical Biology</a>.



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Prehistoric 'giga-goose' bird recently discovered was a true giant

After 128 years of exploration and fossil excavation, researchers have...

Fossils discovered on the shores of Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe have unveiled a new dinosaur species, Musankwa sanyatiensis.



This discovery marks only the fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-discovered-in-new-mexico/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur species</a> named from Zimbabwe, with research published in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.



This discovery, led by Prof. Paul Barrett from the <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum</a> in London, is significant as it is the first dinosaur named from the Mid-Zambezi Basin of northern Zimbabwe in over 50 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-zimbabwean-dinosaurs">History of Zimbabwean dinosaurs</h2>



Musankwa sanyatiensis is only the fourth dinosaur named from Zimbabwe, following Syntarsus rhodesiensis (1969), Vulcanodon karibaensis (1972), and Mbiresaurus raathi (2022).



The new specimen's rocks date back to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/africas-oldest-known-dinosaur-recently-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Late Triassic period</a>, around 210 million years ago. The dinosaur is represented by a single hind leg, including the thigh, shin, and ankle bones.



"Despite the limited fossil material, these bones possess unique features that distinguish them from those of other dinosaurs living at the same time," says Dr. Kimberley "Kimi" Chapelle, assistant professor at <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a> and an honorary associate at Wits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-musankwa-sanyatiensis-and-its-relatives">Musankwa sanyatiensis and its relatives</h2>



The dinosaur was named after the houseboat "Musankwa," which means "boy close to marriage" in the Tonga dialect. 



This vessel served as the research team's home and mobile laboratory during two field expeditions to Lake Kariba in 2017 and 2018, thanks to David and Julie Glynn and their crew -- Coster Katupu, Godfrey Swalika, Simbarashe Mangoroma, and Never Mapira.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/dinosaur_musankwa-sanyatiensis_leg-bones_zimbabwe_Paul-Barrett_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/dinosaur_musankwa-sanyatiensis_leg-bones_zimbabwe_Paul-Barrett_1s.jpg" alt="Musankwa sanyatiensis leg bones discovered in Zimbabwe. Credit: Paul Barrett" class="wp-image-1936546"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Musankwa sanyatiensis leg bones discovered in Zimbabwe. Credit: Paul Barrett</figcaption></figure>



Evolutionary analysis shows that Musankwa sanyatiensis was a member of the Sauropodomorpha, a group of bipedal, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-necked-reptiles-tanystropheus-were-easily-decapitated-by-dinosaur-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-necked dinosaurs</a>.



It appears to be closely related to contemporaries in South Africa and Argentina. Weighing around 390 kg, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/isle-of-wight-fossils-suggest-that-europe-had-unique-plant-eating-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-eating dinosaur</a> was one of the larger dinosaurs of its era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-africa-s-dinosaur-discovery-history">Africa's dinosaur discovery history</h2>



Africa has a significant history of dinosaur discoveries. This history began with the first dinosaur found in the southern hemisphere in South Africa. 



This discovery happened just three years after Sir Richard Owen introduced the term "dinosaur" in 1842. Since then, Africa has continued to yield important dinosaur fossils, contributing to our understanding of prehistoric life on the continent. 



The discoveries from Africa include many species that help scientists learn more about dinosaur diversity and evolution.



However, most known dinosaur fossils come from just ten countries, primarily in the northern hemisphere, leading to a sparse representation of African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-highlight-dinosaur-diversity-in-prehistoric-patagonia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur diversity</a>.



"The main reason for the underrepresentation of African dinosaur fossils is 'undersampling,'" says Barrett. "There have been fewer people looking for and unearthing dinosaurs compared to other regions of the world."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-zimbabwe-s-fossil-record">Importance of Zimbabwe's fossil record</h2>



Despite fewer discoveries in Africa, many fossils are historically and scientifically significant, including some of the oldest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-not-the-only-animals-that-grew-fast-during-the-mesozoic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> like Nyasasaurus parringtoni from Tanzania and Mbiresaurus raathi from Zimbabwe.



The Late Triassic-Early Jurassic sediments of Zimbabwe are vital for studying the End-Triassic extinction event. This event occurred around 200 million years ago and significantly altered the diversity of life on Earth. 



By examining these sediments, scientists can gain insights into the environmental changes and biological impacts that occurred during this period. 



Understanding these changes helps researchers reconstruct the history of life on Earth and the factors that led to the mass extinction and subsequent evolution of new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-musankwa-sanyatiensis-paleontological-potential">Musankwa sanyatiensis paleontological potential</h2>



This new species highlights the untapped potential of Zimbabwe for further paleontological discoveries. 



"Over the last six years, many new fossil sites have been recorded in Zimbabwe, yielding a diverse array of prehistoric animals, including the first sub-Saharan mainland African phytosaurs, metoposaurid amphibians, lungfish, and other reptile remains," Barrett elaborates.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/dinosaur_musankwa-sanyatiensis_zimbabwe_illustration_Atashni-Moopen_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/dinosaur_musankwa-sanyatiensis_zimbabwe_illustration_Atashni-Moopen_1s.jpg" alt="Illustration of Musankwa sanyatiensis. Credit: Atashni Moopen" class="wp-image-1936548"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Illustration of Musankwa sanyatiensis. Credit: Atashni Moopen</figcaption></figure>



As more fossil sites are explored, there is hope for uncovering further significant finds that will shed light on the early evolution of dinosaurs and their ecosystems. 



"Based on where it sits on the dinosaur family tree, Musankwa sanyatiensis is the first dinosaur of its kind from Zimbabwe," Dr. Chapelle explains. "It highlights the potential of the region for further paleontological discoveries."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-effort-by-international-scientists">Collaborative effort by international scientists</h2>



An international team from the University of the Witwatersrand (<a href="https://www.wits.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wits</a>) in South Africa, the Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe, and <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a> in New York, led by Prof. Paul Barrett from the Natural History Museum in London, conducted the study.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app011002023.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</a>.



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New dinosaur species is named Musankwa sanyatiensis

Fossils discovered on the shores of Lake Kariba in Zimbabwe...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gray-whales-reveal-alarming-effects-of-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gray whales</a> that spend their summers feeding off the Pacific Northwest coast have significantly decreased in body length since around 2000, according to a new study led by <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> (OSU). This reduction in size could have serious implications for the health and reproductive success of the gray whales and raises concerns about the state of the ecosystem. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-warning-sign-of-population-decline">Early warning sign of population decline</h2>



“This could be an early warning sign that the abundance of this population is starting to decline, or is not healthy,” said co-author K.C. Bierlich, an assistant professor at OSU’s Marine Mammal Institute in Newport. 



“And whales are considered ecosystem sentinels, so if the whale population isn’t doing well, that might say a lot about the environment itself.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-coast-feeding-group">Pacific Coast Feeding Group</h2>



The experts focused on the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG), a small subset of about 200 gray whales from the larger Eastern North Pacific (ENP) population of around 14,500.&nbsp;



Unlike the majority that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-increasingly-disrupting-whale-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migrate</a> to the Arctic, this subgroup stays closer to shore along the Oregon coast, feeding in warmer, shallower waters. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-whales-with-worse-body-condition-nbsp">Smaller whales with worse body condition&nbsp;</h2>



Recent OSU studies have shown these whales are smaller and in worse body condition than their ENP counterparts, with the current study revealing a further decline in size over recent decades.



The <a href="https://mmi.oregonstate.edu/gemm-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Mammal Institute’s Geospatial Ecology of Marine Megafauna (GEMM) Lab</a> has been studying this subgroup since 2016, utilizing drones to measure their size. 



Analyzing images from 2016-2022 of 130 individual whales, researchers determined that a gray whale born in 2020 is expected to be 1.65 meters shorter as an adult than one born before 2000. This accounts for a reduction of over 13% of their total length, significant for whales that grow to be 38-41 feet long.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-smaller-size-affect-whales">How does smaller size affect whales?</h2>



“In general, size is critical for animals,” said lead author Enrico Pirotta, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of St. Andrews</a> in Scotland. “It affects their behavior, their physiology, their life history, and it has cascading effects for the animals and for the community they’re a part of.”



Smaller whale calves may struggle with survival post-weaning, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-right-whales-are-getting-shorter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller adult whales</a> face reproductive challenges. 



“With them being smaller, there are questions of how effectively these PCFG gray whales can store and allocate energy toward growing and maintaining their health. Importantly, are they able to put enough energy toward reproduction and keep the population growing?” Bierlich said.



Researchers are also concerned about the impact of scarring from boat strikes and fishing gear entanglement, which could be exacerbated by the whales’ smaller size and lower energy reserves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gray-whale-size-and-ocean-cycles">Gray whale size and ocean cycles</h2>



The study also investigated ocean environmental patterns that regulate food availability for these whales, focusing on cycles of “upwelling” and “relaxation” in the ocean. Upwelling brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-seafloor-nutrients-support-the-entire-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a> to shallower waters, while relaxation periods keep these nutrients in the light-rich areas for plankton growth, which is essential for the whales' prey.



“Without a balance between upwelling and relaxation, the ecosystem may not be able to produce enough prey to support the large size of these gray whales,” said co-author Leigh Torres, the&nbsp; director of the GEMM Lab at OSU.



The decline in whale size coincided with changes in these ocean cycles. “We haven’t looked specifically at how climate change is affecting these patterns, but in general, we know that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-in-the-southern-ocean-are-losing-weight-due-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> is affecting the oceanography of the Northeast Pacific through changes in wind patterns and water temperature,” Pirotta said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



With the knowledge that PCFG gray whales' body size is decreasing, researchers are now probing the potential downstream consequences and contributing factors.&nbsp;



“We’re heading into our ninth field season studying this PCFG subgroup. This is a powerful dataset that allows us to detect changes in body condition each year, so now we’re examining the environmental drivers of those changes,” Bierlich concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17366" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Gray whales in the North Pacific are shrinking in size

Gray whales that spend their summers feeding off the Pacific...

As the world grapples with the escalating effects of climate change, scientists are exploring unconventional solutions to ensure a sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carolina-azolla-plant-could-help-reduce-global-food-insecurity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supply</a>. One such solution, as surprising as it may sound, lies in cow sweating.



In the face of rising global temperatures, the agricultural industry is facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-food-swaps-could-have-a-major-environmental-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unprecedented challenges</a>. Heat stress, a major threat to livestock, is causing significant losses in productivity and threatening the livelihoods of farmers worldwide. 



However, researchers are discovering that the humble act of bovine perspiration may hold the key to mitigating these challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cow-sweating">Cow sweating</h2>



We've all seen cows lazing around in the sun with their hides glistening with sweat. But what if that sweat held the secret to their resilience in a hotter world?



A recent study led by Raluca Mateescu, a professor at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://ifas.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UF/IFAS</a>), is delving into the genetics of sweating in cows. It turns out, a cow's ability to sweat isn't just about staying cool; it's a matter of survival.



As global temperatures rise, heat stress is becoming a major threat to cattle health and productivity. When cows get too hot, they stop eating, which hampers their growth and reproduction. 



This, in turn, jeopardizes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/python-meat-is-a-more-sustainable-food-than-chicken-or-beef/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supply</a> from these herds. In the scorching subtropical regions, heat stress is wreaking havoc on beef production, resulting in an annual loss of $369 million due to decreased performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-blueprint-of-sweating-cows">Genetic blueprint of sweating cows</h2>



Mateescu's research offers a glimmer of hope. The study reveals that sweating ability in cattle is partially determined by their genes. This means that breeders can potentially select cattle with superior sweating capabilities, leading to herds that thrive even in sweltering conditions.



"Heat stress is the main threat of food security," explained Mateescu. "Under heat stress, the growth, production and reproduction of cattle are affected."



By identifying the genetic markers associated with sweating prowess, farmers can breed heat-tolerant cows that maintain their productivity in a warming world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brangus-the-sweatiest-breed">Brangus: The sweatiest breed?</h2>



The study focused on Brangus cattle, a cross between Brahman and Angus breeds. The researchers examined 2,401 Brangus cattle from two Florida ranches, analyzing skin biopsies to assess sweat gland characteristics like area, depth, and length.



Through genotyping and sophisticated software, they estimated the genetic parameters influencing sweating ability.



The findings were intriguing: a moderate degree of variation in sweating ability is indeed genetic. This means that by selecting cattle based on specific genetic markers, farmers can cultivate herds that are better equipped to handle rising temperatures. 



Interestingly, both Brahman and Angus genes contribute positively to sweating ability in Brangus cattle, highlighting the potential of crossbreeding to enhance heat tolerance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cow-sweating-for-a-sustainable-future">Cow sweating for a sustainable future</h2>



The research emphasizes the critical need to address the detrimental effects of heat stress on cattle. Heat stress significantly impacts cattle health, growth, and reproduction, posing a threat to global food security as temperatures rise due to climate change.



"Unless we’re doing something to affect the ability of our cattle to thrive in heat stress conditions, they are not going to reproduce, so there’s a food security concern there,” noted Mateescu.



By focusing on genetic selection for enhanced sweating ability, scientists aim to develop cattle breeds that are resilient to heat stress. These heat-tolerant cattle would be able to maintain their productivity and reproductive capabilities even in hotter environments, ensuring a consistent food supply for the growing global population.



This study highlights the potential of utilizing genetic tools to mitigate the challenges posed by climate change in the agricultural sector.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-farming">Future of farming</h2>



While the concept of sweaty cows might raise a few eyebrows, it's a testament to the ingenuity of scientists in tackling the challenges of climate change. 



By focusing on seemingly mundane aspects like perspiration, we can develop innovative solutions that ensure a sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-biggest-concern-people-making-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food supply</a> for generations to come.



The next time you see a cow cooling off with a good sweat, remember that this simple act could be a vital component of our future food security. 



Thanks to insightful research, we are one step closer to a world where cows not only provide nourishment but also contribute to a more resilient and sustainable agricultural system.



The study is published in the <a href="https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40104-024-01025-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology</a>.



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Sweating like a cow: The key to food security in a warming world

As the world grapples with the escalating effects of climate...

Over 17 million <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-migration-animal-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> migrate annually through a single mountain pass on the France-Spain border in the Pyrenees, according to new research from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>. 



Scientists studied insects in the Pass of Bujaruelo, a narrow 30-meter gap in the Pyrenees, during autumn over four years. They found a variety of day-flying insects heading south, suggesting billions cross the region each year.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incredible-spectacle-of-insect-migration-nbsp">Incredible spectacle of insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



“More than 70 years ago, two ornithologists - Elizabeth and David Lack - chanced upon an incredible spectacle of insect migration at the Pass of Bujaruelo,” said lead author Will Hawkes, an expert in ecology and conservation at Exeter.&nbsp;



“They witnessed remarkable numbers of marmalade hoverflies migrating through the mountains, the first recorded instance of fly migration in Europe.”



“In 2018, we went to the same pass to see if this migration still occurred, and to record the numbers, species, weather conditions and ecological roles and impacts of the migrants.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-the-insect-migration-nbsp">Capturing the insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers used various methods, including video cameras, visual counts, and flight intercept traps to identify and quantify the insects that migrate through the Pyrenees.



“What we found was truly remarkable,” Hawkes said. “Not only were vast numbers of marmalade hoverflies still migrating through the pass, but far more besides.”&nbsp;



“These insects would have begun their journeys further north in Europe and continued south into Spain and perhaps beyond for the winter. There were some days when the number of flies was well over 3,000 individuals per meter, per minute.”



“To see so many insects all moving purposefully in the same direction at the same time is truly one of the great wonders of nature,” added senior author Karl Wotton, an expert in animal migration at the same university.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peak-of-insect-migration-nbsp">Peak of insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



Insect migration peaked under warm, sunny, and dry conditions with low wind speeds and a headwind that kept the insects low over the pass, making them easier to count. While flies made up 90% of the total, butterflies and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-may-migrate-across-the-indian-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dragonflies</a>, though well-known migratory insects, comprised less than two percent.



Among the insects that migrate through the Pyrenees, the scientists identified familiar garden species like the cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae) and the house fly (Musca autumnalis), as well as tiny grass flies (Chloropidae), only 3mm long.



“I would sweep my net through seemingly empty air and it would be full of the tiniest of flies, all journeying on this unbelievably huge migration,” Hawkes said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-ecological-roles-of-the-insects">Crucial ecological roles of the insects</h2>



These insects play crucial ecological roles. Nearly 90% were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>, moving genetic material between plant populations, enhancing plant health. 



Some insects were pests, but many were pest controllers like hoverflies, which consume aphids during their larval stage. Others contributed to decomposition and nutrient transport, impacting soil health and plant growth.



Due to climate change and habitat loss, these essential insect migrants are believed to be in decline.&nbsp;



“By spreading the knowledge of these remarkable migrants, we can spread interest and determination to protect their habitats. Insects are resilient and can bounce back quickly. Together, we can protect these most remarkable migrants of all,” said Hawkes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-insect-migration-nbsp">More about insect migration&nbsp;</h2>



Insect migration is a fascinating natural phenomenon involving the large-scale movement of various insect species from one location to another, often over considerable distances.&nbsp;



This behavior is driven primarily by the need to find suitable habitats for feeding, breeding, and avoiding adverse environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures or scarcity of food.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-butterflies-nbsp">Monarch butterflies&nbsp;</h3>



Among the most well-known insect migrants are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-disorients-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monarch butterflies</a>, which undertake an extraordinary journey of thousands of miles between North America and central Mexico, where they overwinter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencing-factors">Influencing factors</h3>



Insect migration can be seasonal, with many species moving in response to changing weather patterns and the availability of resources.&nbsp;



For instance, locusts are infamous for their migratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-swarms-charge-the-lower-atmosphere-with-static-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swarms</a>, which can travel vast distances and devastate crops along the way. 



These migrations are typically triggered by population density and food shortages, leading to synchronized movements that can cover hundreds of miles.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-generations-nbsp">Multiple generations&nbsp;</h3>



Other insects, like certain dragonflies, also migrate, often following similar routes year after year. These journeys can span continents and involve multiple generations to complete, with the offspring continuing the journey their parents started.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-balance-nbsp">Ecological balance&nbsp;</h3>



Insect migration plays a critical role in maintaining ecological balance, as these movements help with pollination, pest control, and the distribution of nutrients across different ecosystems.&nbsp;



Despite the challenges and dangers they face, migratory insects are remarkably adapted to their arduous journeys, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of these small but vital creatures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2831" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Millions of insects migrate through the Pyrenees each year

Over 17 million insects migrate annually through a single mountain...

Chromosome sequences from non-human primates have been completely mapped for the first time, marking a significant advancement in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landmark-study-reveals-275-million-new-genetic-variants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic</a> research. 



Scientists funded by the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institutes of Health</a> achieved this milestone, uncovering new insights into primate genetics.



Published in a recent edition of Nature, this study reveals a surprising degree of variation between the Y chromosomes of various primate species, underscoring a rapid evolutionary process.



This research not only fills in gaps in our understanding of great ape genomes but also enhances our insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosome-sequences-of-non-human-primates">Chromosome sequences of non-human primates</h2>



The focus of the study was the X and Y chromosomes, which are crucial for sexual development and fertility. 



The team successfully sequenced these chromosomes from five great ape species -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-chimpanzees-and-humans-learn-to-communicate-in-the-same-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzees</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peaceful-bonobos-are-actually-more-aggressive-than-chimps/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-early-life-adversity-in-gorillas-lead-to-hardship-as-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gorillas</a>, and both Bornean and Sumatran <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/already-endangered-orangutans-now-face-new-threats-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orangutans</a> -- as well as from the siamang gibbon, a primate more distantly related to humans.



Brandon Pickett, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow at the National Human Genome Research Institute (<a href="https://www.genome.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NHGRI</a>), part of NIH, and a contributor to the study, emphasized the significance of this research.



"These chromosome sequences add a significant amount of new information. Previously, only the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-catalog-of-chimpanzees-will-help-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimpanzee genome</a> sequence was nearly complete, yet it contained large gaps, especially in regions of repetitive DNA."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-dna-puzzle">Decoding the DNA puzzle</h2>



This new data estimates that 62 to 66% of the X chromosomes and 75 to 82% of the Y chromosomes consist of repetitive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meet-the-pangenome-the-clearest-snapshot-ever-taken-of-human-genomic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA sequences</a>.



Such sequences pose substantial challenges for genetic characterization, a task made feasible only recently through advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creating-lasting-memories-damages-dna-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> sequencing technologies and analysis methods.



By comparing the ape chromosomes with human ones, researchers could trace their evolutionary histories. 



Interestingly, while the great ape Y chromosomes have far fewer genes than the X chromosomes, their structure showed high variability. 



For instance, over 90% of the ape X chromosome sequences aligned with the human X chromosome, indicating little change over millions of years.



However, only 14% to 27% of the ape Y chromosome sequences showed alignment with the human Y chromosome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosome-evolution-in-non-human-primates">Chromosome evolution in non-human primates</h2>



"The extent of the differences between the Y chromosomes of these species was very surprising," noted Kateryna Makova, Ph.D., a professor and the study's leader. 



She explained that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-primates-oddly-enough-dont-have-great-color-vision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primate species</a> diverged from the human lineage as recently as seven million years ago. "This shows that the Y chromosomes are evolving very fast."



One interesting aspect discovered was the variation in chromosome length among species, influenced by the number and types of DNA repeats. For example, the Y chromosome of the Sumatran orangutan is twice as long as that of the gibbon. 



Another unique feature highlighted was the presence of palindromic DNA sequences -- stretches of DNA that read the same forwards and backwards, much like the word "racecar." 



These palindromes, often spanning over a hundred thousand letters, contain genes that repeat many times, providing a backup to protect genes, particularly on the Y chromosome.



"Having these genes in palindromes is like keeping a backup copy. We expected to see the same genes in palindromes across different species, but this doesn’t seem to be the case," added Adam Phillippy, Ph.D., a senior investigator at NHGRI and the study's senior author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity">Genetic diversity</h2>



Researchers also studied various genes within these palindromes on the chromosome sequences, many of which are crucial for sperm production and hence, fertility. 



While palindromes appeared on all studied primate Y chromosome sequences, the specific palindrome sequences and the genes they contained often varied between species.



"There may be even more variation we’re not yet seeing. On the human Y chromosome, some genes can vary in number between individuals. For each of these other primate species, we’re only looking at a single individual. We don’t know what the rest of the population looks like yet and what other variations we might find," Dr. Phillippy mentioned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-evolutionary-insights">Conservation and evolutionary insights</h2>



These findings related to the chromosome sequences of non-human primates have practical implications for conservation efforts, especially since all studied great ape species are endangered.



"Not only can we learn about human evolution from these sequences, but we can also apply what we know about their genomes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complete-sequencing-of-the-human-genome-reveals-new-findings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human genomes</a> to better understand the biology and reproduction of these endangered species," Dr. Makova concluded.



This study, therefore, opens new avenues for exploring great ape genomes, offering a clearer picture of our closest living relatives and their evolutionary journeys.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07473-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Non-human primate chromosomes mapped for the first time

Chromosome sequences from non-human primates have been completely mapped for...

We've all seen birds soaring effortlessly in the sky, riding thermal currents without a single flap of their wings. These impressive feats of aerial acrobatics have captivated humans for centuries. But have you ever wondered how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds manage to stay aloft</a> for so long?



An international team of researchers led by Dr. Emma Schachner from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a> has unveiled a groundbreaking discovery that sheds light on this age-old mystery.



The study reveals that soaring birds possess a unique adaptation within their lungs that enhances their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-flight-feathers-may-reveal-which-dinosaurs-could-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flight capabilities</a>. This adaptation is an air-filled sac, known as the subpectoral diverticulum (SPD), which has evolved over time to optimize the biomechanics of flight in these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-breathing-and-flying">Connection between breathing and flying</h2>



"It has long been known that breathing is functionally linked to locomotion, and it has been demonstrated that flapping enhances ventilation," explained Dr. Schachner.



"But our findings demonstrate that the opposite is also true in some species. We have shown that a component of the respiratory system is influencing and modifying the performance of the flight apparatus insoaring birds, who are using their lungs to modify the biomechanics of their flight muscles."



Unlike the flexible, tidally ventilated lungs of mammals, birds have a unique respiratory system. Their lungs are stationary, and air is pumped through them in one direction by a series of balloon-like air pockets. 



Branching off from these air pockets are small extensions called diverticula, whose functions have remained largely mysterious until now.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accidental-discovery-in-soaring-birds">Accidental discovery in soaring birds</h2>



The discovery of the SPD happened serendipitously while Dr. Schachner was working on an unrelated project involving the anatomy of red-tailed hawks.



As she examined CT scans, she noticed a prominent bulge nestled between the pectoralis (the downstroke flapping muscle) and the supracoracoideus muscle (the upstroke flapping muscle). Intrigued by this unusual structure, Dr. Schachner hypothesized that it might play a role in the mechanics of soaring flight.



To investigate her hypothesis, Dr. Schachner collaborated with Dr. Andrew Moore of Stony Brook University and Dr. Scott Echols, an avian surgery specialist who had amassed a collection of micro CT scans of live birds for clinical purposes. 



Together, the experts surveyed the presence or absence of the SPD in 68 bird species representing a broad spectrum of avian diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-subpectoral-diverticulum">The role of the subpectoral diverticulum </h2>



The results of their analyses were striking: The subpectoral diverticulum had evolved independently in soaring lineages at least seven different times, and it was conspicuously absent in all non-soaring birds.



"This evolutionary pattern strongly suggests that this unique structure is functionally significant for soaring flight," said Dr. Schachner .



To delve deeper into the SPD's impact on flight mechanics, Dr. Schachner teamed up with Dr. Karl Bates from the University of Liverpool. They developed a digital model to simulate the SPD's effect on the pectoralis muscle in red-tailed and Swainson's hawks.



"Measuring the behavior of the SPD in a real hawk as it soars in the sky is close to impossible, so instead we built a computer model of the SPD, bones, and wing muscles to gain the first insights into how they might interact," said Dr. Bates.



"This computer model also allowed us to change hawk anatomy, specifically to remove the SPD - again, something we can't do in a real bird - to further understand its impact on flight."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soaring-birds-optimal-flight-performance">Soaring birds' optimal flight performance</h2>



The computer models revealed that inflating the air sac increases the lever arm of the pectoralis muscle, effectively enhancing the force it can generate. This principle is akin to using a screwdriver to open a paint can, where the increased lever arm provides better leverage than using a coin.



Furthermore, the research team found that the anatomy of the pectoralis muscle in soaring birds differs significantly from that of non-soaring birds, with adaptations that improve force generation. 



These findings collectively provide compelling evidence that the SPD optimizes the function of the pectoralis muscle in soaring birds, enabling them to maintain a static, horizontal wing position with greater efficiency.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiration-and-locomotion-in-soaring-birds">Respiration and locomotion in soaring birds</h2>



"Part of what makes this such an important discovery is that it reshapes how we think about the interaction between locomotion and respiration," noted Dr. Schachner.



"From previous studies, we know that locomotion, like running or wing flapping, enhances lung ventilation. But now we've shown the inverse: The lung is also able to fundamentally modify the way that locomotion works in soaring birds."



The experts meticulously ruled out other possible functions for the SPD. By observing CT scans of a live, sedated red-tailed hawk, they confirmed that the birds can voluntarily collapse the air sac while continuing to breathe, and they can also independently open and close it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-story-of-convergent-evolution">A story of convergent evolution</h2>



"The evolutionary story here couldn't be clearer," said Dr. Moore. "Our data indicate that the SPD only evolves in birds that soar, and did so at least seven times independently across distantly related soaring lineages." 



"So, whether you're looking at a Western gull, a turkey vulture, a sooty shearwater, a bald eagle, or a brown pelican, they've all got an SPD that improves their ability to soar."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-untapped-potential-of-bird-lungs">Untapped potential of bird lungs</h2>



This remarkable research not only deepens our understanding of the intricate relationship between respiration and locomotion but also hints at the untapped potential of the avian lung. It suggests that bird lungs may harbor a myriad of other non-respiratory functions yet to be discovered.



"Birds are wildly diverse. Think about how different an ostrich is from a hummingbird or a penguin," said Dr. Schachner. "It is likely that their lungs are involved in an array of really fascinating functional and behavioral activities that are waiting to be discovered."



As scientists continue to explore the wonders of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/buzzards-day-celebrating-the-wonders-of-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian</a> anatomy and physiology, we can anticipate even more exciting revelations about the hidden talents of these remarkable creatures. 



So, the next time you witness a bird effortlessly gliding through the sky, remember that there's more to their aerial prowess than meets the eye. 



Within their lungs lies a remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a> that has evolved over millennia to optimize their flight performance, a testament to the ingenuity of nature's design.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07485-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Soaring birds have a special air sac that helps them fly better

We've all seen birds soaring effortlessly in the sky, riding...

We all love a good underdog story, and it turns out that the key to helping shelter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> find their forever homes might be simpler than we thought. Interestingly, a recent <a href="https://www.vt.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> study suggests that the solution to their stress might lie in a surprisingly simple intervention: companionship. 



Research indicates that pairing shelter dogs with compatible companions significantly reduces their stress levels and expedites their adoption process, demonstrating the profound impact of social connection on their well-being and prospects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lonely-life-and-stress-of-a-shelter-dog">Lonely life and stress of a shelter dog</h2>



Transitioning from a familiar home environment to the unfamiliar, often chaotic atmosphere of an animal shelter can be a jarring experience for a dog. 



The sudden loss of routine, coupled with the constant noise, unfamiliar smells, and lack of personal space, can lead to significant stress and anxiety in these animals. 



This heightened stress can manifest in various ways, from behavioral issues to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical</a> ailments, making it harder for them to adjust and ultimately find a new home.



"Despite being a social species, dogs are often housed alone in shelters to reduce disease transmission and possible injury from inter-dog conflict. But this social isolation can work against dogs’ behavioral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-neutering-linked-to-serious-health-risks-in-some-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> and adoptability," said Erica Feuerbacher, the lead researcher behind this remarkable study.



Each year, nearly 4 million dogs find themselves in shelters across the United States, according to the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. These dogs often face chronic stress due to factors like noise, confined spaces, and limited social interaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-dogs-are-better-than-one">Two dogs are better than one</h2>



But what if the solution to easing this stress and improving their chances of adoption was as simple as giving them a friend? Feuerbacher's team set out to test this idea at the Humane Society of Western Montana.



Half of the 61 dogs in the study were paired with carefully matched companions, while the other half stayed in their kennels alone. Researchers closely observed both groups, recording stress behaviors (like lip-licking, whining, and pinned-back ears) and measuring stress hormones in their urine.



The results were striking. The dogs who had a roommate showed fewer signs of stress and, perhaps most importantly, were adopted an average of four days faster than their solo counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-win-win-for-dogs-and-shelters">Win-win for dogs and shelters</h2>



"Dogs housed together not only showed fewer stress behaviors, but they also were adopted, on average, four days sooner than single-housed dogs," noted Feuerbacher.



Implementing cohousing programs could revolutionize shelter operations, addressing issues like overcrowding and resource constraints. By reducing stress and improving well-being, this approach not only benefits the dogs but also streamlines the adoption process. 



When potential adopters witness positive interactions between canine companions, they gain valuable insights into the dog's temperament and social skills, leading to more informed and successful adoptions. 



This approach could create a virtuous cycle, where improved animal welfare leads to increased adoption rates, further alleviating the burden on shelters and ultimately improving the lives of countless dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



While this study focused on short-term shelter stays, Feuerbacher and her team hope to explore the benefits of pairing in longer-term scenarios as well. They also want to delve deeper into the types of interactions that lead to successful pairings.



"Clearly exhibiting that a dog can successfully interact with other dogs might highlight those dogs as good matches - leading to more successful adoptions,” said Feuerbacher.



The next time you visit a shelter, don't be surprised to see a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-barks-can-be-translated-using-human-speech-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> sharing a kennel. It's not just about saving space - it could be the key to finding these furry friends their forever families.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301137" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Pairing up shelter dogs could be the key to reducing their stress

We all love a good underdog story, and it turns...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...