The collision of cargo vessels with whales is one of the leading causes of death for these majestic marine creatures. Despite high-profile accidents and localized research efforts, a comprehensive global picture of the risks posed by shipping to whales has remained elusive - until now.&nbsp;



A study led by the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> (UW), with contributions from <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> (UCSB) researchers, reveals that global shipping routes overlap with 92% of the migratory ranges of blue, fin, humpback, and sperm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-whales-continue-their-battle-for-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-risk-assessment-nbsp">Global risk assessment&nbsp;</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adp1950" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, the study offers the first global map of ship-strike risks for these four large whale species.&nbsp;



“Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship-strike</a> studies are done at a regional scale, which is critically important but doesn’t provide the full picture worldwide,” said co-author Rachel Rhodes, a project scientist at UCSB’s Benioff Ocean Science Laboratory.&nbsp;



“By taking this broader perspective, we can identify the highest-risk areas globally and strategically direct research and conservation efforts where they’re needed most.”



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="7sxoUzIVbl-4050404-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whales-and-ships-a-deadly-intersection">Whales and ships: A deadly intersection</h2>



Cargo vessels, often the size of skyscrapers and over ten times the length of an adult blue whale, dominate the oceans. Any whale crossing their path faces almost certain death.&nbsp;



As shipping lanes increasingly intersect with whale migration routes, the likelihood of collisions grows.&nbsp;



According to Professor Briana Abrahms, this translates to ships traveling thousands of times the distance to the moon and back within these species’ ranges each and every year.&nbsp;



“And this problem is only projected to increase as global trade grows in the coming decades,” said Abrahms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-in-local-conservation-efforts">Success in local conservation efforts</h2>



While the outlook may seem grim, successful initiatives like <a href="https://whalesafe.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whale Safe</a> off the California coast demonstrate the potential for mitigating these risks.&nbsp;



Whale Safe is a collaborative effort between researchers, citizen scientists, and shipping companies to reduce collisions by slowing vessels in whale-rich waters.&nbsp;



Tracking whale presence and providing data on ship compliance with slow zones have helped lower collision rates since the program’s launch in 2019.



“Getting the vessels to slow down works,” said UCSB marine ecologist and co-author Douglas McCauley, whose lab developed Whale Safe.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-adequate-protection-for-whales">Lack of adequate protection for whales</h2>



The Santa Barbara Channel, a vital migration corridor for blue, fin, and humpback whales, overlaps with major shipping hubs in Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Oakland.&nbsp;



Federal guidelines encourage ships to voluntarily reduce their speed from May to December to protect endangered whales.



Despite these localized successes, the study found that only 7% of the highest-risk areas globally have measures in place to protect whales from ship strikes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-whale-ship-collision-hotspots">Mapping whale-ship collision hotspots</h2>



To estimate collision risks, the researchers first needed to map whale habitats on an unprecedented global scale.&nbsp;



This involved compiling data from government surveys, public sightings, tagging studies, and even historic whaling vessel logbooks to track where blue, fin, humpback, and sperm whales live, feed, and migrate.&nbsp;



The team combined this information with the routes of 176,000 cargo vessels tracked between 2017 and 2022 using data from ships’ automatic identification systems and algorithms developed by <a href="https://globalfishingwatch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Fishing Watch</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-high-risk-regions-nbsp">Identifying high-risk regions&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed several new high-risk regions, including areas off southern Africa; the coasts of Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador in South America; the Azores; and East Asia, particularly near China, Japan, and South Korea.&nbsp;



“These are vast areas of the ocean where whales may quietly be being killed,” Rhodes said. “This may be a silent contributor to why we aren’t seeing more optimistic recoveries for some at-risk whale populations.”



The research also reaffirmed known hotspots, such as the Pacific coast of North America (including California), Panama, the Arabian Sea, Sri Lanka, the Canary Islands, and the Mediterranean Sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-policy-changes">Urgent need for policy changes</h2>



The team discovered that mandatory measures to prevent whale-ship collisions are exceedingly rare, covering just 0.54% of blue whale hotspots, 0.27% of humpback hotspots, and none for fin or sperm whales.&nbsp;



Even marine protected areas often lack speed regulations for vessels, as they were initially established to address issues like overfishing and industrial pollution rather than shipping-related risks.



Encouragingly, 95% of the hotspots identified lie within nations’ exclusive economic zones (EEZs), meaning individual countries have the authority to implement protective measures.&nbsp;



“From the standpoint of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>, the fact that most high-risk areas lie within exclusive economic zones is actually encouraging,” said lead author Anna Nisi, a UW postdoctoral researcher.&nbsp;



“It means individual countries have the ability to protect the riskiest areas.”&nbsp;



Expanding protective measures to cover an additional 2.6% of the ocean’s surface would safeguard all the identified collision hotspots, the researchers estimate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes-nbsp">Protecting whales from ship strikes&nbsp;</h2>



The experts hope their study will inspire local and regional research to refine hotspot maps, inform advocacy efforts, and address the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, which will alter whale and ship distributions as sea ice melts and ecosystems shift.



“Protecting whales from the impact of ship strikes is a huge global challenge,” said Jono Wilson, co-author and director of ocean science at <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>ù’s California Chapter.&nbsp;



“We’ve seen the benefits of slowing ships down at local scales through programs like ‘Blue Whales Blue Skies’ in California. Scaling up such programs will require a concerted effort by conservation organizations, governments, and shipping companies.”



Whales play a critical role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>, supporting biodiversity and contributing to ocean health. By identifying ship-collision hotspots and prioritizing these areas for conservation, this study offers a path forward to ensure their survival in an increasingly industrialized ocean.



Video Credit: Global Fishing Watch&nbsp;



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Ship routes overlap with 92% of whale habitats 

The collision of cargo vessels with whales is one of the leading causes of death for these majestic marine creatures. Despite high-profile accidents and localized research efforts, a comprehensive global picture of the risks posed by shipping to whales has remained elusive - until now.&nbsp; A study led by the University of Washington (UW), with contributions from University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) researchers, reveals that global shipping routes overlap with 92% of the migratory ranges of blue, fin, humpback, and sperm whales. Global risk assessment&nbsp; Published...

Elephants are known for their loving, complex social structures and their excellent problem-solving abilities. However, in Kenya, they have become quite a problem for small-scale farmers. So, is there a solution that can help the elephants and farmers live together in harmony?



In a study spanning nine years, researchers have discovered that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-2024-saving-the-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> are not big fans of honey bees.



The experts found that elephants would avoid beehive fences housing live honey bees up to 86% of the time during peak crop seasons. This not only helps to reduce the human-elephant conflict but also boosts income for local farmers.



The study was conducted by Save the Elephants (<a href="https://www.savetheelephants.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">STE</a>), Wildlife Research and Training Institute (<a href="https://wrti.go.ke" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WRTI</a>), Kenya Wildlife Service (<a href="https://www.kws.go.ke" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KWS</a>), and the University of Oxford.



The research offers new hope for using nature-based solutions to help protect livelihoods and wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shrinking-elephant-habitats">Shrinking elephant habitats</h2>



Kenya is experiencing rapid human population growth, with an increase of 59.4% from 2000 to 2020. As human settlements and infrastructure expand, elephant habitats are shrinking. 



It's a very real problem - how can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-elephant-conflict-will-escalate-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans and elephants coexist</a>? Agencies like KWS, who are tasked with protecting natural resources amid growing economic development needs, need to find solutions.



That's where the innovative strategy from Save the Elephants' Coexistence Program steps in, with beehive fences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beehive-fences-keep-elephants-at-bay">Beehive fences keep elephants at bay</h2>



Introduced in 2007 by STE and KWS, in partnership with the University of Oxford, beehive fences offered a very out-of-the-box solution. 



The fences are a series of live beehives strung together between posts, creating a physical, auditory, and olfactory deterrent to elephants.



The thought of being stung keeps elephants at bay, and the fences also benefit farmers by providing pollination services and generating income through honey and wax production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deterring-elephants-from-raiding-farms">Deterring elephants from raiding farms</h2>



By monitoring 26 farms with these fences near Tsavo East National Park, researchers were able to analyze around 4,000 incidents of elephant approaches. 



During six peak crop-growing seasons from November 2014 to January 2020, the fences successfully turned away an annual average of 86.3% of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>.



Interestingly, even during a drought, the fences deterred an annual average of 76% of elephants. Yet, the drought did pose a challenge, reducing hive occupation by 75% during 2017, which in turn affected honey production and profits for three years after.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beehive-fences-for-elephants">Beehive fences for elephants</h2>



Dr. Lucy King, who led the study for STE and the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>'s Department of Biology, was thrilled with the results but also warned of future risks. 



"Beehive fences are very effective at reducing up to 86.3% of elephant raids when the crops in the farms are at their most attractive, but our results also warn that increased habitat disturbance or more frequent droughts could reduce the effectiveness of this nature-based coexistence method," noted Dr. King.



According to Dr. Patrick Omondi, director of the Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Kenya is facing increasing challenges with&nbsp;human-elephant conflict, and solutions like&nbsp;beehive&nbsp;fences empower communities to manage their own farm protection.



"We need more research and support for nature-based solutions to help our communities live better alongside wildlife," said Dr. Omondi.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tapping-into-elephant-s-fear-of-bees">Tapping into elephant's fear of bees</h2>



Now, you might be wondering, why are elephants, those giant creatures, afraid of tiny honey bees? Earlier research has shown that elephants run away from disturbed bee sounds and show behaviors like head-shaking, dusting, and rumbling to warn others. 



Even though elephants have a thick skin, disturbed honey bees target sensitive areas like the eyes and mouth, and their stings cause discomfort.



This natural fear of bees has been harnessed as a practical tool to keep elephants away from farms, promoting a peaceful coexistence between humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinct-elephant-fossils-reveal-early-evidence-of-animal-butchery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>.



To date, over 14,000 beehives have been hung as elephant deterrents in 97 sites across Africa and Asia.



As we enter an era of increasing human-animal conflicts due to continuously encroaching habitats, it's encouraging to see the potential of innovative solutions to provide a more harmonious situation for all.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/csp2.13242" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Science and Practice</a>.



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Beehive fences keep elephants from raiding farms

Elephants are known for their loving, complex social structures and...

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells are a marvel of biological survival. Among them, arteriviruses, found in a variety of animals across the globe, have evoked great interest.



These viruses have remained largely elusive to the human immune system. A recent study has unveiled an intriguing mechanism by which arteriviruses sneak into host cells and initiate an infection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-friendly-protein-turned-foe">Friendly protein turned foe</h2>



In the center of this microscopic drama is a protein found in mammals - an unsuspecting gatekeeper that unwittingly opens the door to arteriviruses.



The research team also discovered a monoclonal antibody - an immune system ally - that binds to this protein, effectively shielding the cells from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-makes-a-virus-capable-of-causing-a-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arterivirus-infections">Arterivirus infections</h2>



Why should we concern ourselves with arteriviruses? These are viruses that we do not have immunity against.



“It’s important to consider that since we have no known arteriviruses infecting people that we’re essentially immunologically naïve, so we can’t rely on preexisting immunity to help us,” said co-lead author&nbsp;Cody Warren, assistant professor of&nbsp;<a href="https://vet.osu.edu/departments-offices/biosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">veterinary biosciences</a>&nbsp;at The Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>).



To understand the gravity of the situation, we must consider the potential implications. Arteriviruses are found in various mammals like non-human primates, possums, pigs, and horses. They are often present without causing noticeable disease.



But, when they switch hosts, the viruses can cause serious health problems such as pneumonia, hemorrhagic fever, or encephalitis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-of-a-virus-in-a-cell">Journey of a virus in a cell</h2>



In the realm of viruses, breaking and entering is a step-by-step process. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-use-gps-to-move-precisely-within-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a>, the first stop is the FcRn receptor, a protein complex formed by the coming together of two genes - FCGRT and B2M. This receptor otherwise plays a benign role, carrying antibodies across the placenta to a fetus.



However, when a virus comes along, the FcRn receptor becomes a conduit for infection. It is responsible for ushering in at least five different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/influenza-is-considered-the-biggest-pandemic-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arteriviruses</a> infecting monkeys, pigs, and horses.



When the researchers disrupted the FCGRT gene, the primary component of the FcRn complex, the cells became resistant to the infection. Better yet, pre-treating cells with monoclonal antibodies against FcRn protected them entirely.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arteriviral-infection-of-host-cells">Arteriviral infection of host cells</h2>



There's a fascinating genetic subplot to this story. It turns out, the susceptibility of mammalian hosts to the arterivirus infection varies based on differences in their FcRn's genetic sequence. 



Essentially, the sequence variations of this receptor protein can either facilitate or impede cross-species infections.



The surface protein CD163, which has a history of playing a gatekeeper role for the simian hemorrhagic fever virus (an arterivirus), also came into the spotlight in this study. 



Experiments demonstrated that CD163 interacts with FcRn and aids in arteriviral infection of host cells. By identifying these arterivirus infection steps, we have reached an important milestone.



“If we’re looking at virus biology, one of the most important things we can understand is entry mechanisms. Because if you can stop the ability of a virus to infect a cell through disrupting that initial virus-receptor contact, now you have a potential therapeutic strategy,” said Warren.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-prepared-for-the-next-pandemic">Getting prepared for the next pandemic </h2>



Unveiling the secrets of how arteriviruses infiltrate host cells leaves us better prepared to face any future viral threats that may emerge. 



With an existing monoclonal antibody that can prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-viruses-link-up-and-bloom-into-amazing-sunflower-structures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral infection</a> in cells, we have a ray of hope in our pre-pandemic preparedness toolkit.



"If one of these viruses emerged in humans, I believe we’d be in big trouble. So that is the motivator for me,” said Adam Bailey, assistant professor of pathology and laboratory medicine at the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a> and co-lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



Knowledge is indeed power. As we deepen our understanding of viruses infecting cells, we inch closer to better prevention methods and ideally, fewer global health crises. 



"Understanding the nuances of species-specific FcRn utilization will be important in anticipating the spillover of arteriviruses into new hosts, as our data indicates that FcRn can function as a molecular barrier to cross-species arterivirus infection," wrote the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-51142-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Animal viruses have a secret ally to infect human cells

Viruses, those tiny invaders wriggling their way into host cells...

Bats have evolved to display a variety of different skills, such as plucking insects off leaves or hovering over flowers to drink nectar. Despite their diverse behaviors, one question has always lingered: why don't we see any flightless bats?



There are birds that waddle along riverbanks like ostriches, or spend their lives by the sea like the wandering albatross. But why not bats?



The answer to this question might have just been found by a group of researchers at Cornell University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-bird-evolution-paradox">Bat-bird evolution paradox</h2>



It is important to understand that the evolutionary pathways of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-bats-can-remember-the-past-and-plan-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> and birds are markedly different.



The evolution of bats' wings and legs is tightly coupled, which seems to have limited them to fewer ecological niches than birds. A surprising finding was that the opposite is true for our feathered friends.



"We initially expected to confirm that bat evolution is similar to that of birds, and that their wings and legs evolve independently of one another. The fact we found the opposite was greatly surprising," said Andrew Orkney, postdoctoral researcher in the laboratory of Professor Brandon Hedrick.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flight-evolution-in-birds-and-bats">Flight evolution in birds and bats</h2>



The concept of wings and legs evolving independently makes intuitive sense, considering they perform different functions. 



Prior research had suggested that the origin of flight in vertebrates required forelimbs and hindlimbs to evolve independently, thereby allowing them to adapt to their distinct tasks more effectively. 



So, comparing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bats-navigate-noisy-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> and birds presented an ideal situation to test this idea. Since they do not share a common flying ancestor, birds and bats are independent examples to study flight evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-evolve-differently">Bats evolve differently</h2>



The research team measured the wing and leg bones of 111 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disappearance-of-bats-linked-to-a-rise-in-infant-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat species</a> and 149 bird species from around the world. The analysis included X-rays of museum specimens and new X-rays of bat specimens stored at the <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> Museum of Vertebrates.



A stark contrast in the evolution of these two flight capable creatures was noted. In both bats and birds, the shape of the bones within a species' wing (handwing, radius, humerus) or leg (femur and tibia) was found to be correlated - meaning that within a limb, bones evolve together. 



However, the correlation across legs and wings was significantly different in bats and birds. While bird species showed little to no correlation, bats displayed a strong one.



Essentially, in bats, forelimbs and hindlimbs did not evolve independently. When the wing shape changes (either increases or decreases) the leg shape follows the same trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-implications-of-bat-morphology">Ecological implications of bat morphology</h2>



The coupled evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>' wings and legs has profound ecological implications. Bats are predominantly adapted to aerial niches, which constrains them mainly to environments where flight is advantageous. 



This is in contrast to birds, whose limb independence allows them to occupy diverse habitats, ranging from arid deserts to aquatic environments.



The morphological constraints on bats mean that evolutionary pressures have favored adaptations which enhance aerial agility and efficiency, such as echolocation and varied wing shapes.



Consequently, bats have become specialized fliers, excelling in niches that demand proficient maneuverability and speed. 



However, this specialization may come with trade-offs, limiting their ability to exploit non-aerial ecological niches compared to the more versatile birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The discoveries from this research open avenues for further investigation into the evolutionary biology of flight.



Understanding how bone morphology influences ecological roles can provide deeper insights into the evolutionary constraints and drivers that shape species diversity. 



Future studies could explore the genetic and developmental factors underpinning the tight coupling between bat wings and legs. Additionally, research could focus on comparative studies across more vertebrate groups to dissect the underlying evolutionary mechanisms that enable or restrict limb independence. 



Such inquiries not only enhance our comprehension of evolutionary processes but also aid in conservation strategies by predicting how species may adapt to changing environments. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-evolved-to-stay-airborne">Bats evolved to stay airborne</h2>



The researchers acknowledge that the coupled evolution of wing and leg in bats could limit their capacity to adapt to new ecologies. However, this discovery has stirred interest in other areas. 



For instance, it raises questions about the evolution of pterosaurs, an extinct group of flying reptiles that had membranous wings akin to those of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-can-ramp-up-their-heart-rate-to-900-beats-per-minute/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>. 



With pterosaurs being significantly more diverse than either birds or bats, this research might shed some light on the factors behind their evolutionary prowess.



Following their discovery, the researchers have now redirected their focus to the evolution of bird skeletons.



"While we showed that the evolution of birds' wings and legs is independent, and it appears this is an important explanation for their evolutionary success, we still don't know why birds are able to do this or when it began to occur in their evolutionary history," said Orkney.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02572-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.&nbsp;



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Why didn't bats evolve to walk on land like birds?

Bats have evolved to display a variety of different skills,...

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called starfish, have a head or not. Unlike creatures like worms or fish, where it's clear which end is which, starfish have five identical arms that can all move independently. 



This has made it hard to figure out where their front or back might be.



"It's as if the sea star is completely missing a trunk, and is best described as just a head crawling along the seafloor," said Laurent Formery, a postdoctoral scholar and lead author of a new study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-symmetry-is-a-mystery">Starfish symmetry is a mystery</h2>



Formery works in the labs at <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Berkeley</a>, both led by investigators from the Chan Zuckerberg <a href="https://www.czbiohub.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biohub</a> San Francisco. 



Their research has found that, contrary to previous beliefs, starfish are now assumed to be "all head" and no traditional body at all.



The researchers discovered that genes associated with head development are active throughout the starfish's entire "body," while genes related to the torso and tail are mostly absent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-look-at-an-old-question">New look at an old question</h2>



Most animals, including humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unraveling-the-story-of-early-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">have a body plan</a> that's symmetrical on both sides and runs from head to tail. 



Scientists have long understood how genes control this body plan in creatures like fruit flies and worms. 



But starfish, which belong to a group called echinoderms, have puzzled researchers because of their unique five-point symmetry and lack of an obvious head or tail.



Echinoderms like starfish, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchins-have-some-unexpected-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea urchins</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea cucumbers</a> have always been a bit of a mystery. Their unusual body structure doesn't fit neatly into the typical patterns seen in most animals. 



Some scientists thought that perhaps each arm of a starfish was like a separate head-to-tail axis. Others speculated that the axis might run from the top to the bottom of the sea star.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-starfish-heads-with-cutting-edge-genetics">Studying starfish heads with cutting-edge genetics</h2>



To get to the bottom of this, the researchers used advanced genetic sequencing techniques. They partnered with <a href="https://www.pacb.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PacBio</a>, a company that develops genome-sequencing devices. 



Using a method called HiFi sequencing, they were able to read long stretches of DNA quickly and accurately. This allowed them to see which genes were active in different parts of the starfish's body.



"The kind of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-ocean-dna-study-uncovers-mysteries-of-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sequencing</a> that would have taken months can now be done in a matter of hours, and it's hundreds of times cheaper than just five years ago," said David Rank, a former PacBio Scientific Fellow and co-senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genes-of-starfish-are-only-associated-with-heads">Genes of starfish are only associated with heads</h2>



What they found was unexpected. Genes associated with the front part of the head in other animals were active in the middle of each starfish arm.



As you moved toward the edges of the arms, genes associated with more rear parts of the head became active. There was little to no expression of genes linked to the torso and tail.



"These results suggest that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-eating-sea-cucumbers-can-prevent-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echinoderms</a>, and starfish in particular, have the most dramatic example of decoupling of the head and the trunk regions that we are aware of today," Formery said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-curveball">Evolutionary curveball</h2>



This suggests that starfish might have lost their bodies over evolutionary time, ending up as creatures that are essentially all head. 



The team is excited about what this means for understanding evolution. They hope to investigate whether similar patterns are found in other echinoderms like sea urchins and sea cucumbers.



"If we take the opportunity to explore unusual animals that are operating in unusual ways, that means we are broadening our perspective of biology, which is eventually going to help us solve both ecological and biomedical problems," said Daniel Rokhsar of UC Berkeley, an expert on the molecular evolution of animal species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-unanswered-questions-remain">Many unanswered questions remain</h2>



Formery is also interested in learning more about the starfish's nervous system, which remains a bit of a mystery. 



Starfish walk by moving water through thousands of tube feet and digest their prey by extruding their stomachs outside of their bodies. 



It only stands to reason that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brittle-stars-have-no-brain-but-still-manage-to-learn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unusual creatures</a> have also evolved completely unexpected strategies for staying healthy.



"It just opens a ton of new questions that we can now start to explore," Formery added. 



Questions like how their unique body plan affects their behavior and interaction with the environment are next on the list.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Christopher Lowe, a marine and developmental biologist at Stanford University, highlighted the importance of collaborative efforts. 



"The Biohub's willingness to take risks and provide support for a joint position between our labs has been critical for the success of this project," he said.



The collaboration between institutions and the use of innovative technology have paved the way for this breakthrough. 



The researchers utilized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spatial transcriptomics</a> to pinpoint which genes are active in precise locations within the starfish's body, providing a detailed map of genetic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-heads-and-humanity">Starfish, heads, and humanity</h2>



To sum it all up, this study flips our understanding of starfish on its head -- literally. 



By revealing that starfish are essentially all head and no body, the researchers have opened up a whole new way of thinking about these fascinating creatures. 



"Exploring these unique animals broadens our perspective of biology," Rokhsar concluded.



Their unique genetic makeup challenges what we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ecosystem-behavior-earth-first-sea-creatures-stirring-water-drove-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal evolution</a> and body structures.



Looking ahead, this discovery unravels some of the mysteries surrounding starfish while setting the stage for exploring other unusual animals.



Studying these amazingly unique creatures might even lead to breakthroughs in medicine and new approaches to fighting diseases. 



It's exciting to think about what other secrets the starfish holds and how we're going to figure them out.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06669-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Starfish are just "one big head" crawling on the seafloor without an actual body

For ages, people have wondered whether sea stars, commonly called...

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which in turn require detailed data that is not always easy to obtain. 



Ecologist Adrienne Chitayat has led important research in Tanzania’s Mahale Mountains National Park, becoming the first to systematically survey chimpanzee population density across the entire park. 



Chitayat’s doctoral dissertation, conducted at the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>, will likely serve as a crucial baseline for future conservation in this region - which is home to Tanzania's largest chimpanzee population. 



This area is significant not only for its biodiversity but because it represents the most southern range of the eastern chimpanzee, an endangered subspecies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-estimating-chimpanzee-population-density-nbsp">Estimating chimpanzee population density&nbsp;</h2>



Chimpanzees, along with <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/chimpanzees-vs-bonobos-whats-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bonobos</a>, are humans' closest living relatives. While the Greater Mahale Ecosystem is vast, covering nearly 20,000 square kilometers, there has been limited research on chimpanzee populations across the whole park.



“There have been estimates based on small-scale or localized surveys, but no comprehensive baseline data. And without that data, it is difficult to understand chimpanzee population patterns and develop good conservation strategies. My goal was to fill that gap,” Chitayat said.



Chimpanzees build new nests each night, rarely reusing them, which makes nest counting a reliable method for estimating population density.&nbsp;



Chitayat conducted these counts park-wide, determining density figures between 1.1 and 3.7 chimpanzees per square kilometer, depending on the specific habitat characteristics in each area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-threatened-by-climate-change">Ecosystems threatened by climate change</h2>



The Mahale Mountains feature diverse landscapes, from dense forests to expansive savannahs. Chitayat observed that chimpanzees occupy all these habitats, even the open vegetation, rather than sticking solely to forested areas. This discovery is crucial as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-apes-will-suffer-through-frequent-and-extreme-climate-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> threatens these ecosystems. 



“By looking at how the chimpanzees use the landscape and move within it, we can conclude that not only the densely forested areas are important for the protection of the animals,” said Chitayat.



Protecting this wide range of habitats, including establishing corridors, could support long-term population health and resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-chimpanzees-with-acoustic-detection">Monitoring chimpanzees with acoustic detection</h2>



Traditional nest counting, while effective, is labor-intensive and costly. Recognizing the limitations, Chitayat developed a new monitoring approach: a deep learning-based acoustic detector.&nbsp;



This technology uses passive acoustic monitoring to capture ambient sounds, including the calls of unhabituated chimpanzees that are difficult to observe up close.&nbsp;



“Passive acoustic monitoring is a revolutionary technique that automatically records all the sounds in the vicinity of the acoustic device, including the sounds of chimpanzees. It can be used to find out where the chimpanzees are, how often, at what times, and how many individuals,” said Chitayat.



“The problem is that you have hours, days, even weeks of sound recordings that are far too laborious to listen to manually.”



Fortunately, her <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-learning-can-help-track-changes-in-forest-cover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a> algorithm is able to automate the identification of chimpanzee sounds, saving time and resources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-chimpanzee-communication">Understanding chimpanzee communication</h2>



Creating the acoustic detector presented unique challenges. Chimpanzees <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-a-much-more-complex-language-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicate</a> through a complex range of sounds, from loud, long-distance “pant-hoots” to softer grunts. 



Chitayat focused her detector on pant-hoots, which are vital for group cohesion and individual identification but difficult to interpret due to their variability.&nbsp;



Developing the detector to recognize these calls required extensive training data and sophisticated algorithm design, marking a substantial achievement in bioacoustic technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-chimpanzee-conservation">Future of chimpanzee conservation</h2>



Chitayat’s work opens important doors for future innovations. She envisions refining the acoustic detector to distinguish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-mean-chimpanzees-fare-better-in-life-than-nice-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">individual</a> chimpanzees, offering insights into group demographics, social dynamics, and age and sex distributions. 



Such data would be invaluable for shaping targeted conservation strategies that address specific population needs. “The more we learn, the better we can protect chimpanzees,” said Chitayat.



This technology could enhance our understanding of not just population size but also the social structure and health of groups over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-resilience-through-data-driven-strategies">Building resilience through data-driven strategies</h2>



With her research, Chitayat aims to integrate ecological data into conservation planning for chimpanzees in the Greater Mahale Ecosystem.&nbsp;



By tracking population density, movement patterns, and habitat usage, conservationists can design interventions that align with the needs of this vulnerable species.&nbsp;



In an era of climate change, such comprehensive data enables proactive measures, from protecting essential habitats to creating corridors that allow chimpanzees to adapt to shifting environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuller-understanding-of-chimpanzee-populations-nbsp">Fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations&nbsp;</h2>



Chitayat’s contributions highlight the power of combining field ecology with advanced technology. By using nest counts, acoustic monitoring, and deep learning, her work brings a fuller understanding of chimpanzee populations and offers a model for innovative conservation strategies.&nbsp;



As climate change reshapes ecosystems, tools like Chitayat’s detector will be essential for adapting and responding to the challenges facing chimpanzee populations.



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How machine learning can help us protect chimpanzees 

The future of chimpanzee conservation relies on smart strategies, which...

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS - echolocation. A recent study published in the journal Science has provided new insights into the extraordinary navigational capabilities of bats, and these abilities are more fascinating than we realized.



Echolocation - a technique not disrupted by darkness - is used by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-north-american-bats-face-extinction-risk-in-15-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> to avoid obstacles and orient themselves in the vastness of their environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-dimension-of-bat-navigation">A new dimension of bat navigation </h2>



By bouncing sound waves off objects and listening to the echoes, these nocturnal creatures can skillfully navigate their surroundings. Now, a new dimension has been added to their echolocating prowess. 



The research was led by Iain Couzin’s group at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior and the Cluster of Excellence Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour at the <a href="https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Konstanz</a>.



Through experiments, the experts found that bats can recognize their location even after displacement and utilize echolocation for map-based navigation over long distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-a-bat-s-journey-home">Tracking a bat's journey home</h2>



In Israel's Hula Valley, a bat species named Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), weighing only six grams, was put to the test.



Across a few nights, 76 bats were relocated to various spots within a three-kilometer radius of their home. Each bat was equipped with an innovative lightweight reverse GPS tracking system, ATLAS, which offered high-resolution, real-time tracking.



Interestingly, even when solely dependent on echolocation, 95 percent of the bats found their way back home within mere minutes, demonstrating that bats are capable of navigating long distances using their localized, highly directional mode of sensing. 



The researchers discovered that bats also employ vision, if available, for enhanced navigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-bat-navigation">Science of bat navigation</h2>



To investigate further, the research team generated a detailed map of the entire valley.



"We wanted to visualize what each bat experienced during flight and understand how they used acoustic information to navigate," explained Xing Chen, an expert in the School of Zoology at <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>, who was responsible for developing the valley’s reconstruction.



The model revealed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-bat-appreciation-day-the-crucial-role-of-bats-in-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> have a preference for flying near areas with substantial "echoic entropy," or regions that provide rich acoustic information.



The bats, during the localization phase, would meander around until a certain point - after which their flight was directed toward their destination.



This behavior clearly indicates that the bats possess some acoustic mental map of their home range. This allows them to identify distinctive environmental features such as a tree or a road, which they use as acoustic landmarks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-maps-and-memory">Mental maps and memory</h2>



Beyond their acute sensory perceptions, memory plays a crucial role in a bat's ability to navigate efficiently. Researchers suggest that bats, like Kuhl’s pipistrelle, develop and refine a cognitive map of their environment over time. 



This mental map is not a static image but a dynamic collection of experiences and stored acoustic information that aids in re-orientation after displacement. 



Bats may rely on memory to access familiar routes or locations, integrating both real-time echolocation data and past experiences to optimize their flight paths. 



This complex interplay between memory and sensory input enhances their adaptive navigation strategies, enabling them to thrive even in rapidly changing environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The findings of this study serve as a potential blueprint for developing advanced navigation systems. By understanding how bats combine echolocation with memory to navigate, scientists can draw parallels in designing autonomous vehicles or drones that require minimal visual input. 



The high efficiency of bats in interpreting environmental acoustics presents opportunities to innovate and refine sonar-based technologies. 



Future research might focus on exploring how bats adapt their echolocation strategies over different terrains or in varying atmospheric conditions, contributing further to our knowledge of sensory integration and its applications in technological advancements. 



As our understanding deepens, the biosonar abilities of bats may inspire developments across various fields such as robotics, communication, and environmental monitoring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-senses-for-navigation">Combining senses for navigation </h2>



Kuhl’s pipistrelles are capable of navigating over several kilometers using echolocation alone, but when vision is accessible, they optimize their navigational efficiency by combining both senses.



After being displaced, they strategize by first identifying their new location and then flying home, using distinctive acoustically marked environmental features as their landmarks.



Drawing parallels from such remarkable findings could enhance human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fruit-bats-can-remember-the-past-and-plan-for-the-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">navigation methods</a>, particularly in situations where traditional GPS systems fail. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn6269" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Bats have acoustic mental maps to navigate total darkness

Bats navigate effortlessly over vast distances using their natural GPS...

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about the influence of parenting style on dog-ownership practices. 



What if the way your parents brought you up could determine how you treat your dog? According to this new study, it does, indeed, all boil down to your own childhood and how you were raised. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-child-to-dog-owner">From child to dog owner</h2>



The researchers examined the upbringing of 391 dog owners in the UK and US. 



Each participant contributed by completing an online survey, which quizzed them on the parenting styles they experienced as children and how they presently care for their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-honoring-mans-best-friend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine companions</a>.



One might think, what does human parenting have to do with how one treats their dogs? Well, surprisingly a lot.



The results suggested a distinct correlation. Participants who experienced a permissive parenting style -- characterized by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-human-speech-changes-when-we-talk-to-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high warmth</a> and low discipline -- were more likely to replicate this approach with their dogs.



Now, what does permissive parenting look like? 



Permissive parents are typically liberal, shying away from strict rules, and allowing a significant level of freedom in decision-making. 



They are nurturing, attuned to their children's needs, but often miss the mark when it comes to providing direction and structure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-authoritative-parenting-for-dogs">Authoritative parenting for dogs</h2>



On the other hand, an authoritative parenting style demonstrated the opposite effect. Participants raised in such environments were less likely to be permissive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-evolving-to-fit-the-modern-lives-of-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog owners</a>.



Authoritative parenting leans heavily on clear rules, high expectations, and consistent discipline. It fosters independence while maintaining an open line of communication. 



The focus here is more on obedience than understanding, and parental authority is of utmost importance.



The big question is, does this dynamic translate to their relationship with their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-can-remember-their-toy-names-for-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orientations-of-dog-owners">Orientations of dog owners</h2>



"This study explores how parenting styles towards dogs are influenced by experiences in one's own upbringing."



"We found that a permissive parenting style tends to be passed down across generations, with individuals who experienced it growing up being more likely to use it with their dogs," the researchers from Universities of <a href="https://www.gla.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glasgow</a> and <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stirling</a> said.



And there's more. The research not only analyzed parenting styles but also the attitudes and orientations of dog owners. 



Some owners displayed a 'protectionistic' orientation, emphasizing control and discipline, while others showcased a 'humanistic' attitude, focusing on treating dogs more like companions and favoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interacting-with-dogs-can-ease-physical-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional bonding</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-influence-on-dog-parenting">Cultural influence on dog parenting </h2>



Cultural background also emerges as a salient factor in shaping dog parenting styles. 



Various cultures around the globe possess distinct attitudes towards animal care, which inevitably influence how individuals interact with their pets.



For instance, in Western societies, there is a prevalent trend towards perceiving dogs as family members rather than just animals, which aligns with a more humanistic approach. 



These cultural ideologies often go hand in hand with the parenting styles experienced in childhood, further influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-and-human-brains-sync-up-during-eye-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog ownership practices</a>.



The interplay between cultural norms and parenting styles highlights the intricate web of factors that underpin how we choose to raise and care for our canine companions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



The findings of this study open the door to a multitude of implications, especially in terms of promoting responsible dog ownership. 



By understanding the profound impact of upbringing on how people treat their dogs, initiatives can be launched to educate current and prospective dog owners about the benefits of various parenting styles. 



Encouraging an authoritative style, which marries warmth with clear boundaries, may foster a balanced relationship that includes affection, discipline, and mutual respect between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner and the dog</a>.



Additionally, these insights can inform the development of training programs that consider personal and cultural history as part of cultivating healthy owner-dog relationships. 



As further research continues to unravel this complex dynamic, there is hope for improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-people-experience-puppy-blues-with-a-new-pet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pet welfare</a> and enriched human-animal interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



So, what does this tell us? As fascinating as these revelations are, this is merely the first step. The study has paved the way for further investigation into the link between parenting styles and how we treat our pets. 



Until then, perhaps it's time to reflect on how our childhood may be shaping the way we interact with our four-legged friends.



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How people treat their dogs is directly tied to their own childhood

A fascinating piece of research has opened the conversation about...

Lake Erie, known for its rich aquatic life, has been facing some challenges. Interestingly, the current regulations limiting nutrients from agriculture flowing into Lake Erie may be too restrictive for some fish species.



However, these restrictions are anticipated to maintain healthy fisheries until at least mid-century when taking our warming climate into consideration, according to a new study led by the <a href="https://umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-action-now-for-the-future">Taking action now for the future</h2>



"Hitting the target for the future is the right thing to do now," said&nbsp;<a href="https://seas.umich.edu/research/faculty/don-scavia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Don Scavia</a>, professor emeritus at U-M's School for Environment and Sustainability. "Even though the proposed limits are too much for now, I don't think they should be relaxed because it takes a decade or longer to affect change."



This intriguing study is the result of combined efforts from scientists across the United States and Asia. 



The team integrated climate projections, historical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-illuminates-fish-interactions-in-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishery</a> data, and innovative mathematical modeling of the lake's nutrient load. The researchers also looked at an important indicator of water quality - the oxygen levels in the lake's depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrients-in-lake-erie">Nutrients in Lake Erie</h2>



With all of these elements in the mix, the researchers found that the situation is even more complex than one might expect.



Reducing nutrient flows does indeed improve water quality, but this doesn't automatically translate into a boon for all fish species. 



"There are tradeoffs," said Scavia. He noted that as the planet continues to warm, temperature - not nutrient load - will be the primary influence over Lake Erie's oxygen levels and other similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-fish-populations-are-boosted-by-ocean-connectivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a> worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solutions-for-a-wicked-problem">Solutions for a "wicked problem"</h2>



Does this complexity mean we're in a no-win situation? Not at all. Instead, it simply means that management strategies will need to adapt as conditions change. 



Because there isn't a single, perfect solution for these ecosystems, our approach must remain flexible to accommodate new realities. In the world of land management, this is known as a "wicked problem."



The nutrients used in fertilizers, while incredibly beneficial for crops, pose a problem when they enter our water systems. They act as a buffet for microorganisms like algae and cyanobacteria, leading to algal blooms in places like Lake Erie, the northern Gulf of Mexico, and Chesapeake Bay.



As these blooms decompose, they create hypoxic, or low-oxygen, conditions that are disastrous for many fish species. 



While cyanobacteria thrive in nutrient-rich waters, so do the plankton that provide food for larger fish species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-nutrients-in-lake-erie">Balancing nutrients in Lake Erie</h2>



Stuart Ludsin, a professor in the Aquatic Ecology Laboratory at Ohio State University (<a href="https://www.osu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU</a>), explained that hypoxia is bad news for lake whitefish that prefer the cold bottom water of Lake Erie.



However, not all fish live in depths where hypoxia is a concern. Yellow perch, for instance, actually benefit from nutrient-rich waters, noted Professor Ludsin.



Currently, nutrient levels in Lake Erie are also beneficial to walleye. Achieving the right balance for both water quality and fish populations is a delicate, moving target.



The goal is not to encourage pollution to support fisheries but rather to find a level of nutrients that can balance water quality goals and support the lake's suite of fisheries.



Anna Michalak, founding director of Carnegie Science's Climate and Resilience Hub, suggests that determining this level should involve the system's managers and stakeholders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-tactics-to-tackle-the-issue">Adaptive tactics to tackle the issue</h2>



Michalak, who has been working with Scavia for a decade studying Lake Erie and other aquatic ecosystems, advocates for a systems-level approach. She emphasizes that the optimal choices for one aspect, such as water quality, might come with a cost to another, like fisheries.



According to Professor Dan Obenour of North Carolina (NC) State University, the study provides a template and prior knowledge that can be applied to other systems.



Pointing out that the climate-hypoxia model has proven robust and reliable over long time periods, Professor Obenour reinforces the need for adaptive tactics to tackle this wicked problem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



Climate change further complicates the web of challenges faced by Lake Erie nutrient limits and similar water systems. Rising global temperatures alter precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of intense rainfalls that wash more nutrients into bodies of water. 



This not only exacerbates the existing nutrient management issues but also demands more dynamic solutions. Scientists are beginning to incorporate climate resilience into their models to predict more accurately how these aquatic systems will change over time. 



By understanding and planning for these shifts, policymakers and stakeholders can better devise strategies that preemptively address the changing environmental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovation-in-environmental-policy">Innovation in environmental policy</h2>



Advancements in technology and data analytics are playing pivotal roles in shaping effective environmental policies. By leveraging satellite imagery and real-time sensor data, researchers can monitor nutrient loads and algal blooms with greater precision than ever before. 



These innovative tools allow for the rapid assessment of water quality and the development of more targeted mitigation strategies. 



As environmental challenges become increasingly complex, the integration of cutting-edge science with proactive policy measures stands to offer a beacon of hope for maintaining Lake Erie's ecological balance and preserving its invaluable natural resources.



Indeed, determining the best management solutions is a challenging task. Even after reaching a consensus, future changes will require continued <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-fishing-gets-a-boost-from-genomics-roadmap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reassessments</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322595121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Balancing the nutrient load in Lake Erie is a 'wicked problem'

Lake Erie, known for its rich aquatic life, has been...

Every organism on this planet, from the tiniest bacterium to the colossal blue whale, grapples with the task of adjusting to its ever-changing environment. Picture an animal on its never-ending quest for food, navigating the shifting sands of edible resources molded by the seasons.



Yet learning, as we know, isn't a walk in the park. It drains time and energy. An <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-and-bees-are-capable-of-complex-social-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organism</a> that sluggishly learns may find itself lagging behind the environmental shifts, while one that learns too quickly might find itself swept up in the whirlwind of insignificant fluctuations.



Enter a newly developed mathematical model that tackles this head-on. Constructed by researchers at the Complexity Science Hub (CSH) and <a href="https://www.santafe.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Santa Fe Institute</a>, this model breaks down the optimal pace of learning for any organism existing in our dynamic world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-rate-of-animals">Learning rate of animals</h2>



“The key insight is that the ideal learning rate increases in the same way regardless of the pace of environmental change, whether the organism changes its environment or alters its interaction with it. This suggests a generalizable phenomenon that may underlie learning in a variety of ecosystems,” said CSH Postdoc <a href="https://csh.ac.at/eddie-lee/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eddie Lee</a>.



In layman's terms, this model conceives an environment that transitions between various states such as wet and dry seasons or day and night.



The organisms pick up on these environmental cues and hold onto memories of these past states. But as time marches on, these older memories get relegated to the background, taking a backseat based on how quickly the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chick-emotions-shed-new-light-on-animal-welfare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organism</a> learns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-and-environmental-timescales">Learning and environmental timescales</h2>



Treading the line between animals learning too quickly and too slowly is no simple feat. The model brings forth an interesting proposition: the learning timescale should correspond to the square root of the environmental timescale.



Think of it in these terms: if the environment fluctuates twice as slowly, the organism's learning rate should dip by a factor of 1.4 (the square root of 2). The square root scaling tells us there's a limit to the benefits of having a long memory.



Our model doesn’t stop there. It also mimics organisms that aren’t passive learners. Some can actively reshape their environment, a power known as "niche construction."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-on-animal-learning">Environmental impact on animal learning</h2>



"If an organism can keep its surroundings stable, it gains an evolutionary advantage. But, this only works if the benefits stay within the organism. If other organisms move in and exploit the stabilized niche, the whole strategy falls apart," explained Lee.



The model uses beavers as an example to illustrate this. A beaver builds dams in rivers, leading to the formation of steady ponds that provide habitats for them and other species as well. 



This construct equips them with a crucial evolutionary advantage - constant food supply and defense against predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-effort-required-for-learning">Mental effort required for learning </h2>



An intriguing aspect of this model is its consideration of cognitive load - the mental effort required to adapt and learn. In a complex and rapidly changing environment, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms</a> must balance the amount of information they process to avoid cognitive overload.



An organism inundated with too much data might fail to effectively discern which changes are critical and which are benign. The model posits that there is an optimal level of cognitive load that allows organisms to respond adeptly to environmental shifts without becoming overwhelmed. 



This balance enables organisms to allocate their resources efficiently, maintaining focus on the most pertinent environmental cues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-learning">Implications for human learning</h2>



The principles outlined by this model hold potential implications for understanding human learning processes, particularly in educational and professional settings. 



As we encounter ever-growing volumes of information, determining an optimal learning rate becomes crucial. 



Educators can harness insights from the model to design curricula that sync with the natural pace of learning, ensuring students grasp <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drunk-animals-may-explain-humans-love-of-alcohol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex concepts</a> without succumbing to cognitive fatigue. 



In the workplace, this understanding could lead to tailored training programs that align with an employee's ability to absorb new information, promoting a more innovative and adaptive workforce.



By drawing parallels between the learning strategies of animals and humans, this model enriches our approach to education and lifelong learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-costs-and-learning">Metabolic costs and learning</h2>



Additionally, the researchers evaluated how learning capability interacts with the metabolic costs of maintaining life in animals. 



They propose that for smaller, short-lived beings like insects, the costs of learning and memory are critical. For larger, long-lived creatures like mammals, the metabolic costs overshadow the costs of learning.



This suggests that short-lived organisms like insects have well-rounded memories tailored to their environments. 



“In contrast, larger organisms like elephants have longer memories, but exactly how long they retain information may have more to do with non-learning costs or other types of environments such as social groups which impose further cognitive demands,” said Lee.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-and-memory-of-animals">Learning and memory of animals</h2>



Ultimately, the model serves as a quantitative mechanism to discern how organisms juggle learning demands and survival imperatives in our ever-evolving world.



The results point towards an optimal pace of adaptation that's in sync with the speed of environmental change and lifespan of the organism, touching every rung of the ladder of life - from microbes to humans.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1606" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Animal learning speed: Keeping pace with a changing environment

Every organism on this planet, from the tiniest bacterium to...

In a remarkable development in the fight against wildlife trafficking, African giant pouched rats have been trained to detect pangolin scales, elephant ivory, rhino horn, and African blackwood.&nbsp;



Previously known for detecting explosives and tuberculosis, these rodents are proving to be versatile allies in conservation efforts.



“Our study shows that we can train African giant pouched rats to detect illegally trafficked wildlife, even when it has been concealed among other substances,” said lead author Isabelle Szott, a researcher at the <a href="https://okeanos-foundation.org/">Okeanos Foundation</a>. 



“The rats also continued to detect the wildlife targets after not encountering that species for a long period,” added co-author Kate Webb, an assistant professor in psychiatry and behavioral sciences at <a href="https://duke.edu/">Duke University</a>.



The study was conducted at <a href="https://apopo.org/">APOPO</a>, a non-profit organization based in Tanzania that develops low-tech, cost-effective solutions to humanitarian challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-in-the-fight-against-wildlife-trafficking">Rats in the fight against wildlife trafficking</h2>



To prepare for the detection tasks, the rats - Kirsty, Marty, Attenborough, Irwin, Betty, Teddy, Ivory, Ebony, Desmond, Thoreau, and Fossey (many named after renowned conservationists) - underwent a series of training stages.&nbsp;



Each rat learned to recognize specific wildlife scents through what researchers called “indication training,” where the rats held their noses over a scented target for a few seconds. A correct response was rewarded with flavored rodent pellets, motivating them to repeat the behavior.



As their training progressed, the rats were introduced to various non-target scents such as electric cables, coffee beans, and washing powder - substances often used by traffickers to mask wildlife scents.&nbsp;



“During the discrimination stage, rats learn to only signal the odors of the wildlife targets while ignoring non-targets,” Szott explained.



The study demonstrated the rats’ impressive retention <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-rats-have-an-imagination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abilities</a>. After periods of five and eight months without exposure to the target scents, the rats could still recognize them with perfect retention scores, a level of cognitive retention comparable to that of trained <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-smell-human-stress-and-it-makes-them-feel-gloomy/">dogs</a>. 



By the end of the training program, eight rats successfully identified four wildlife species from 146 other substances commonly found in shipping cargo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-are-a-practical-solution">Rats are a practical solution </h2>



“Existing screening tools are expensive and time intensive, and there is an urgent need to increase cargo screening. APOPO's rats are cost-efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-nose-is-a-clever-smell-prediction-system/">scent detection</a> tools,” said Szott.



“They can easily access tight spaces like cargo in packed shipping containers or be lifted up high to screen the ventilation systems of sealed containers.”&nbsp;



Given their size and agility, these rats offer a practical solution for wildlife detection in various port and cargo environments.



The research team’s next objective is to adapt these rats for use at international ports. To achieve this, the rats will wear specially designed vests fitted with a small pull cord. When they detect a target scent, they can pull the cord to emit a beeping sound, signaling their handler.



“The vests are a great example of developing hardware that could be useful across different settings and tasks, including at a shipping port to detect smuggled wildlife,” Webb said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-development">Challenges and future development</h2>



This study, while promising, does face some limitations. For instance, the research was conducted in a controlled environment that differs significantly from the busy, noisy, and variable conditions typically found at ports and trafficking checkpoints.&nbsp;



Deploying rats in real-world settings will require additional testing and adjustments to ensure their effectiveness and reliability under less predictable conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research-nbsp">Broader implications of the research&nbsp;</h2>



Furthermore, while the current study focused solely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-using-forensic-science-to-fight-wildlife-trafficking/">wildlife trafficking</a>, researchers believe that these detection skills could also aid in other efforts to disrupt organized crime.&nbsp;



“Wildlife smuggling is often conducted by individuals engaged in other illegal activities, including human, drug, and arms trafficking,” Webb noted. “Therefore, deploying rats to combat wildlife trafficking may assist with the global fight against networks that exploit humans and nature.”



This study opens new avenues for wildlife <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/">conservation</a> and anti-trafficking measures. If African giant pouched rats can effectively identify and signal the presence of endangered species products, they could become a critical component in stopping illegal wildlife trade and reducing its impact on vulnerable species.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1444126">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a>.



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Rats can sniff out horns and tusks to combat wildlife trafficking

In a remarkable development in the fight against wildlife trafficking,...

Tales of animals appearing “drunk” after eating fermented fruit have circulated for years. Still, many scientists believed that ethanol consumption among wild animals was rare and largely accidental.&nbsp;



Challenging this assumption, ecologists now argue that animals frequently consume low levels of alcohol in their natural diets.&nbsp;



Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.09.005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>, a new review suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oriental-hornets-have-the-highest-alcohol-tolerance-of-any-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a> is ubiquitous across ecosystems and regularly consumed by many fruit- and nectar-eating species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-ethanol-in-nature">The role of ethanol in nature</h2>



Behavioral ecologist Kimberley Hockings of the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> believes that this finding broadens our understanding of ethanol’s role in nature.&nbsp;



“We’re moving away from this anthropocentric view that ethanol is just something that humans use,” she said. “It’s much more abundant in the natural world than we previously thought, and most animals that eat sugary fruits are going to be exposed to some level of ethanol.”&nbsp;



This perspective emphasizes that ethanol isn’t unique to human consumption but rather a natural compound that animals regularly encounter in their environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethanol-dates-back-100-million-years">Ethanol dates back 100 million years</h2>



The presence of ethanol in the environment dates back approximately 100 million years, around the time <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-of-life-created-for-flowering-plants-using-400-million-specimens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering plants</a> began to flourish.&nbsp;



These plants produce sugars in nectar and fruits, creating an ideal environment for yeast fermentation, which naturally generates ethanol.&nbsp;



Today, ethanol is present in ecosystems worldwide, with tropical and humid regions showing higher concentrations due to more consistent warmth and moisture.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-in-fermented-fruits">Alcohol in fermented fruits</h2>



In most cases, fermented fruits have alcohol levels of 1%-2% by volume (ABV), though over-ripe fruits, such as some palm fruits in Panama, have been found to reach up to 10.2% ABV.



Long before the appearance of ethanol-producing yeast, animals had already evolved genes to break down ethanol. Evidence suggests that evolution further adapted these genes for mammals and birds that consume fruit and nectar regularly, particularly in species like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-may-have-inherited-a-love-of-alcohol-from-monkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">primates</a> and treeshrews.&nbsp;



This evolutionary adjustment likely enabled animals to tolerate the presence of ethanol in their food sources, allowing them to consume it without experiencing severe intoxication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-need-the-calories-in-alcohol">Animals need the calories in alcohol</h2>



“From an ecological perspective, it is not advantageous to be inebriated as you’re climbing around in the trees or surrounded by predators at night - that’s a recipe for not having your genes passed on,” said co-author Matthew Carrigan, a molecular ecologist at the <a href="https://www.cf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Central Florida</a>.&nbsp;



“It’s the opposite of humans who want to get intoxicated but don’t really want the calories - from the non-human perspective, the animals want the calories but not the inebriation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-animal-alcohol-consumption">Benefits of animal alcohol consumption</h2>



Though researchers are still investigating whether animals actively seek out ethanol, it’s becoming clear that its consumption may offer several benefits.&nbsp;



First and foremost, ethanol provides an additional source of calories, which is vital for survival. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fermented-foods-combat-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fermentation</a> also releases odorous compounds that can lead animals to food, although it remains uncertain if animals are capable of detecting ethanol itself or are simply drawn to the overall scent of fermentation.



In addition to being a source of energy, ethanol may have protective effects against certain environmental threats. For example, fruit flies lay eggs in ethanol-containing substrates, which can deter parasites.&nbsp;



Likewise, when parasitized by wasps, fruit fly larvae increase their ethanol consumption as a protective measure. Ethanol could have other biochemical or medicinal benefits in wild animals, an area researchers are keen to explore further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-effects-on-animal-behavior-nbsp">Potential effects on animal behavior&nbsp;</h2>



“On the cognitive side, ideas have been put forward that ethanol can trigger the endorphin and dopamine system, which leads to feelings of relaxation that could have benefits in terms of sociality,” adds lead author Anna Bowland, a behavioral ecologist at the University of Exeter.&nbsp;



“To test that, we’d really need to know if ethanol is producing a physiological response in the wild.”&nbsp;



Such a physiological response could mean that ethanol’s presence in animals’ diets has broader social or psychological impacts, potentially influencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> in subtle ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-questions-remain-nbsp">Many questions remain&nbsp;</h2>



Despite these intriguing insights, the extent and implications of ethanol consumption in wild animals remain largely unknown.&nbsp;



The research team plans to examine the behavioral and social effects of ethanol intake in primates and investigate how alcohol-metabolizing enzymes function across species.&nbsp;



They are particularly interested in whether animals consume ethanol intentionally or if it’s simply a byproduct of their search for food.&nbsp;



This question opens the door to understanding how evolution might have shaped animals’ ability to tolerate or benefit from low ethanol levels in their diets.



“To really understand if animals consume ethanol intentionally, we need to observe how they interact with ethanol-containing fruits in their natural habitats,” Hockings said.&nbsp;



These future studies could reveal whether ethanol has played an adaptive role in the diets of certain species, and if so, what evolutionary benefits it may have conferred.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-in-the-animal-kingdom">Alcohol in the animal kingdom</h2>



This research challenges the assumption that ethanol consumption is unique to humans and raises new questions about its evolutionary significance for nonhuman species.&nbsp;



By exploring the role of ethanol in natural ecosystems, scientists may uncover previously overlooked benefits that ethanol offers animals.&nbsp;



Understanding how animals consume and process ethanol could reveal broader ecological patterns and even help us trace the evolutionary origins of how different species interact with this potent molecule.



“There is much more to learn about how ethanol affects wildlife and whether it plays a larger part in the ecological relationships that shape species interactions and evolution,” Carrigan concluded.



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‘Drunk animals’ may explain humans’ love of alcohol

Tales of animals appearing “drunk” after eating fermented fruit have...

The mythical chupacabra, with its gray, scaly skin, protruding spines, and fangs, has intrigued and frightened communities across the Americas for decades. Known for allegedly preying on small livestock, this monster has spawned numerous legends and origin stories.&nbsp;



However, according to John Tomeček, a wildlife expert from <a href="https://agriliferesearch.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research</a>, the real explanation for these sightings is rooted in science, not the supernatural.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-explanation-for-chupacabra-sightings">Scientific explanation for chupacabra sightings</h2>



Tomeček, an associate professor in the Department of Rangeland, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management at Texas A&amp;M, suggests that many reported sightings of the chupacabra are actually cases of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coyotes-can-make-puppy-dog-eyes-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coyotes</a> suffering from advanced stages of mange. 



“Mange is a debilitating disease that can infect a wide range of fur-bearing mammals,” explained Tomeček.&nbsp;



The disease, caused by microscopic mites that burrow into the skin, leads to intense irritation, fur loss, scabbing, and thickening of the skin.



Tomeček notes that as mange progresses, it follows a particular pattern on the animal's body.&nbsp;



“On canids, the last place they lose fur is right between the shoulder blades in an area that we call the ruff,” he said. This pattern can create the appearance of spines or ridges, aligning with descriptions of the chupacabra.&nbsp;



The extreme emaciation and weakened state of mange-infested animals further contribute to their eerie, otherworldly appearance, especially when seen in the dim light of dawn or dusk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-changes-in-sick-wildlife">Behavioral changes in sick wildlife</h2>



The advanced stages of mange not only alter the appearance of animals but also change their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-tool-superanimal-can-accurately-analyze-animal-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a>, making them more desperate and bold in their search for food. This desperation can lead to encounters with humans and livestock that would typically be avoided. 



“When you have a coyote that is in late-stage mange, they are bolder as far as approaching residential areas to find food because they are desperate,” Tomeček explained. “They're taking risks that an otherwise healthy animal wouldn't take.”



The legend of the chupacabra, which translates to “goat sucker” from Spanish, originated in Puerto Rico, where reports of livestock deaths with drained blood first emerged.&nbsp;



Tomeček suggests that these behaviors align with those of a sick predator. Infected animals may target small, confined livestock that are easier to catch than wild prey, which tend to be more agile and alert.&nbsp;



The characteristic puncture wounds often found on these animals also correspond to the predation style of coyotes.&nbsp;



“Coyotes' mouths are not good at getting and maintaining a grip, so they have to re-bite,” Tomeček noted, which can result in puncture wounds that lead to significant blood loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misinterpreting-the-signs-of-predation">Misinterpreting the signs of predation</h2>



Tomeček also addressed the myth that chupacabras completely drain their prey of blood. He explained that this perception might stem from a misunderstanding of how blood settles and coagulates in a dead animal, creating the appearance of an empty circulatory system.



While sick animals may be more likely to venture into human areas, Tomeček stressed that their increased boldness does not necessarily mean aggression.&nbsp;



“I always make the distinction between an animal being bold and an animal being aggressive,” he said. “Being bold just means an animal is taking risks and doing things that they normally wouldn't because they're desperate.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounters-with-mange-infected-wildlife">Encounters with mange-infected wildlife</h2>



Given that mange can be transmitted to both humans and domestic animals, Tomeček advises caution when encountering infected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-wildlife-overlap-is-rapidly-rising-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>. 



He recommends securing pets and contacting local wildlife officials, such as county wildlife biologists with the <a href="https://tpwd.texas.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Parks and Wildlife Department</a>, rather than approaching the animal directly.



Tomeček also highlighted the importance of ensuring that the animal in question is not a domestic pet suffering from mange before considering any action.&nbsp;



“There are no known preventative measures for mange, but if you live in a region where the disease is common, it would be wise to consider a regular bathing regime for your working and companion animals that includes some sort of acaricide treatment,” he advised, urging pet owners to seek appropriate veterinary care when necessary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-the-myth-of-the-chupacabra">Beyond the myth of the chupacabra </h2>



While the folklore of the chupacabra can capture the imagination, Tomeček emphasizes the need to focus on the scientific reality behind these sightings.&nbsp;



“When dealing with a 'chupacabra,' we are dealing with a real animal - typically a coyote - that's experiencing a serious health problem,” he said. “Treat the situation accordingly so we can help steward our wildlife resources.”



By shedding light on the science behind the chupacabra phenomenon, Tomeček hopes to encourage a better understanding of wildlife health issues like mange and promote responsible management of the animals that share our ecosystems.



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Spooky stories of the blood-sucking chupacabra: Fact or fiction?

The mythical chupacabra, with its gray, scaly skin, protruding spines,...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...