A new study reveals that rat infestations in many cities worldwide are on the rise, with Washington, D.C. emerging as the biggest hotspot. 



The study, which was focused on rat sighting reports from 16 global cities, attributes the increasing rat populations to warming temperatures, urbanization, and other human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rat-sightings-on-the-rise">Rat sightings on the rise</h2>



The researchers conducted a first-of-its-kind analysis using publicly submitted rat complaint data. They discovered that in 11 of the 16 cities analyzed, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rats-have-a-very-complex-social-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rat</a> sightings have increased in recent years. 



Based on individual city trends, Washington D.C. led the pack, followed by San Francisco, Toronto, New York City, and Amsterdam. According to the study, the rat reporting trend in Washington D.C. was three times greater than that of Boston. 



Only three cities - New Orleans, Louisville, and Tokyo - experienced significant decreases in rat reports, with New Orleans showing the largest drop. The experts suggest that New Orleans’ strategies could serve as a model for other cities seeking to control rat populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-drivers-of-rat-population-growth">Key drivers of rat population growth </h2>



The research team performed statistical analyses of rat sighting reports and concluded that a little over 40% of the rising trend is due to warming temperatures. 



This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> is primarily a result of burning coal, oil, and natural gas, which leads to milder winters and longer foraging periods for rats. 



Study lead author Jonathan Richardson, a biologist at the <a href="https://www.richmond.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Richmond</a>, explained the mechanism.



“We're seeing these increasing trends in rats in cities that are warming the fastest, probably because this is a small mammal that has physiological challenges in the cold weather months,” said Richardson.&nbsp;



“If we're warming the climate and winter starts a week or two later and spring arrives a week or two earlier, that's one, two, maybe even three or four weeks across the entire year where those rats can be above ground foraging, acquiring more food and maybe squeezing out one or two more reproductive cycles.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urbanization-and-higher-population-density">Urbanization and higher population density </h2>



Even a few extra weeks of activity can have a dramatic effect, given that female rats can produce a litter every month. With each litter consisting of eight to 16 pups, this additional time significantly accelerates population growth.



In addition to the effects of warming, the study identified increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urbanization</a> and higher population densities as major factors. Rats thrive in built environments where food waste is abundant and human activity creates numerous shelters.&nbsp;



The experts note that these conditions allow rats to flourish in areas where people and their refuse provide a constant source of sustenance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rats-nature-s-ultimate-urban-survivors">Rats: Nature’s ultimate urban survivors</h2>



Rats have evolved to be remarkably adaptive in urban settings. New York City rat czar Kathleen Corradi stated during a conference that the rat is the third most successful mammal behind humans and house mice. So it evolved and engineered to live alongside us.&nbsp;



“They followed humans, Homo sapiens, across the continents and are in every single continent except Antarctica. So it's considered a wicked problem.”



Their ability to adapt and survive in close proximity to humans explains why rat populations are expanding even as cities implement various control measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-rising-rat-populations">Consequences of rising rat populations</h2>



While rats are undeniably adaptable, their increasing numbers pose serious risks. When rodent populations soar, public health and urban infrastructure can suffer. 



"When rodent populations are high, people get sick, motor vehicles become disabled, mental health declines, fires are started and foods fouled," said Houston rat expert Michael Parsons, who was not involved in the study.



This statement captures the multifaceted impact of rat infestations. High rat populations can lead to increased transmission of diseases, disruption of transportation systems, and other societal challenges. 



People are understandably disturbed by rats, primarily due to an instinctive fear of creatures that can transmit disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantifying-city-rats">Quantifying city rats</h2>



Rats are notoriously difficult to count accurately due to their secretive and elusive nature. The study did not count rats directly; instead, it analyzed rat sighting complaints submitted by city residents. 



Although these reports may not reflect the actual number of rats, they provide valuable insight into trends over time. Richardson emphasized that the long-term consistency of the reporting methods used in the study lends credibility to the observed trends.



Even though Washington D.C. exhibited the highest rate of increase, Richardson clarified that this does not necessarily mean the city has the most rats overall - it simply indicates that the number of rat complaints is rising faster than in other cities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevention-over-poison">Prevention over poison</h2>



The study's findings suggest that traditional methods of rat control, such as poisoning and trapping, may not be sufficient to combat the escalating problem. 



Instead, prevention measures appear to be more effective. In cities like New Orleans, public authorities are taking proactive steps. 



For instance, educational workshops and community campaigns focus on reducing conditions that attract rats, such as improper waste management and excess food availability.



“In New Orleans they make a big effort to get out into neighborhoods and do educational workshops and campaigns to talk to residents about what makes a property less likely to have rats,” Richardson said.



Similarly, New York City has initiated innovative strategies, including replacing street garbage bags with rat-resistant containers and forming an elite volunteer group known as the “NYC rat pack.” 



Early results from these initiatives are promising, although comprehensive data have yet to fully reflect their impact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-complex-urban-challenge">A complex urban challenge</h2>



While it is possible to better manage rat populations through improved urban planning and public education, complete eradication is unrealistic. 



As <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> conservation scientist Neil Carter pointed out, we can fight them better, but in the end “people need to coexist with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-addresses-the-global-need-for-human-wildlife-coexistence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a> in urban environments, even with rats.”



“Zero rats is impossible," noted Richardson. “But I think an expectation that we need to live with the number of rats that we're seeing in many of these cities is also an unhealthy perspective on this problem.”



In conclusion, this study offers a critical, data-driven look at the complex factors driving rat population growth in urban environments. 



As cities continue to warm, expand, and densify, the challenge of managing rat populations will require innovative and sustainable approaches that focus on prevention and public awareness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads6782" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



Image Credit: AP Photo/Mary Altaffer



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Rat populations are increasing in cities as temperatures rise

A new study reveals that rat infestations in many cities worldwide are on the rise, with Washington, D.C. emerging as the biggest hotspot. The study, which was focused on rat sighting reports from 16 global cities, attributes the increasing rat populations to warming temperatures, urbanization, and other human activities. Rat sightings on the rise The researchers conducted a first-of-its-kind analysis using publicly submitted rat complaint data. They discovered that in 11 of the 16 cities analyzed, rat sightings have increased in recent years.  Based on individual city...

Migration is a natural and adaptive phenomenon, often prompted by seasonal changes, that plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem health. Animals, including birds, may travel vast distances, sometimes covering thousands of miles, in search of food, better living conditions, or to find a mate. 



While human migration is typically driven by economic or social factors, it is less common and often involves complex motivations. But what if animal migration, particularly bird migration, also included a social component?



Joely DeSimone is a postdoctoral research scientist with the Animal Migration Research Group at the <a href="https://www.umces.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science</a> (UMCES) Appalachian Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-relationships-of-songbirds">Social relationships of songbirds</h2>



DeSimone collaborated with Emily Cohen, an associate professor at UMCES, and four North American bird observatories on a study funded by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a> (NSF). The research revealed consistent social relationships among different species of songbirds during migration.



“Global migrations of diverse animal species often converge along the same routes, bringing together seasonal assemblages of animals that may compete, prey on each other, and share information or pathogens,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



“These interspecific interactions, when energetic demands are high and the time to complete journeys is short, may influence survival, migratory success, stopover ecology, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-storks-choose-migration-routes-that-are-social-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory routes</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-interactions-during-migration">Social interactions during migration </h2>



Although it is challenging to study interactions among animals that migrate together, the findings of this analysis suggest that interspecies relationships play a significant role in shaping the ecology of animal migration.&nbsp;



While the co-occurrence of different species during migration is generally thought to be influenced by their preferred habitats and the timing of their movements, this study shows that these interactions are also shaped by consistent social relationships between species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meaningful-social-ties-among-songbirds">Meaningful social ties among songbirds </h2>



According to DeSimone, the team found evidence of meaningful social relationships among migrating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-songbirds-bright-colors-are-a-blessing-and-a-curse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">songbirds</a> that have generally been thought to undertake solitary, independent journeys,” said DeSimone. 



“Interactions among these animals - like harmful competition for food or beneficial information sharing about habitat and predators - could affect the success of their migrations,” said DeSimone.



“Interestingly, we found the species relationships to be largely positive, suggesting they don’t avoid each other and may actually benefit from social interactions during migration.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-data-on-migratory-movements-nbsp">Long-term data on migratory movements&nbsp;</h2>



Bird banding stations, such as those that contributed data to this study, capture thousands of birds as they stop to rest and refuel between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory flights</a> each spring and fall. 



These stations gather extensive long-term data on the migratory movements of various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-100-bird-species-have-been-lost-for-over-a-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird species</a>. The research team identified species relationships by applying social network analysis to over half a million banding records from 50 bird species collected over two decades.



“We found support for communities on the move - considering migrating birds as part of interacting communities rather than random gatherings of independently migrating species,” Cohen said. “This work could change the way we study and conserve animal migrations.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Human activities and climate change are posing significant threats to animal migrations worldwide. Migratory animals are in decline globally, and the timing of their movements is shifting.&nbsp;



DeSimone and Cohen suggest that species-specific processes might have far-reaching impacts on entire migrating communities in ways that have not yet been fully explored.



“Learning that migrating birds are characterized by persistent, non-random assemblages of interacting species opens the door to myriad questions at the intersection between networks, migration, and the environment,” said Steve Dudgeon, a program director at the NSF.&nbsp;



“Further research can help answer whether successful migrations depend on these networks, if some relationships are more important than others to migration, and whether key links in these networks are more vulnerable to environmental changes en route.”



This study, published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322063121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, could pave the way for a new field of research - the community ecology of migration - with the aim of fostering future investigations into the nature and implications of species interactions among migrating animals.



“Our findings support an understanding of animal migrations that consist of networked communities rather than random assemblages of independently migrating species, encouraging future studies of the nature and consequences of co-migrant interactions,” the authors concluded.



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Songbirds benefit from social networks during migration

Migration is a natural and adaptive phenomenon, often prompted by...

World Lizard Day is celebrated each year on August 14. While this day may not be very well-known, it is nevertheless celebrated on local levels in schools or parks by a variety of reptile enthusiasts who increasingly use the internet to spread information about lizards.&nbsp;



Since World Lizard Day has not yet been adopted by higher-level conservation organizations like the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Wildlife Fund</a>, it is primarily focused on awareness about reptiles as pets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-biology-of-reptiles-nbsp">Unique biology of reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



All <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/past-climate-change-drove-the-rapid-evolution-of-reptiles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reptiles</a>, including snakes, lizards, crocodiles, or tortoises, are air-breathing vertebrates covered in scales, plates of bone, or a combination of both. These animals shed their skin and are ectothermic, depending on the surrounding environment to regulate their body temperatures.&nbsp;



This reliance on external factors for regulating their core body temperatures means that reptiles are forced to find sun or shade to warm up or cool down. Thus, in regions with colder winters, reptiles usually experience a period of inactivity until the weather becomes warmer again.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-properly-caring-for-lizards">Properly caring for lizards</h2>



Lizards are no different, which is why they can frequently be found sunning themselves in warm gardens or on the bricks exposed to the sun throughout the day.&nbsp;



However, in order for pet lizards to remain warm or cool, owners may need to heat their tanks with heating lamps or pads, while paying attention not to overheat them. Thus, preparing and maintaining a tank for a lizard (or, in fact, any other reptile) requires continuous efforts.&nbsp;



Since each subspecies of reptile has its specific needs and preferences, it is recommended that reptile owners conduct research to understand exactly what their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concerns-reptiles-amphibians-pets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pets</a> need to remain healthy.&nbsp;



Before buying or adopting a pet lizard, research will help you figure out what kind of lizard would suit your lifestyle and budget constraints, and is crucial in ensuring that you make the right choice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-lizards">Fascinating facts about lizards</h2>



The incredible variety of lizard species - including a vast range of sizes and colors - showcases the diversity of life on Earth. Lizards are fascinating creatures with several unique characteristics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regeneration">Regeneration</h3>



Many lizards have the remarkable ability to regenerate lost body parts, particularly their tails. If a lizard is caught by a predator, it can detach its tail, which continues to move, distracting the predator and allowing the lizard to escape. Over time, the tail can regrow.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-adaptations">Diverse adaptations</h3>



Lizards are highly adaptable and can be found in a wide range of environments, from deserts to forests. Some, like the gecko, have specialized toe pads that allow them to climb smooth surfaces, while others, like the chameleon, have long, sticky tongues for catching prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-change">Color change</h3>



Chameleons are particularly well-known for their ability to change color. This ability is used for communication, temperature regulation, and camouflage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</h3>



Some species of lizards can reproduce through parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where an egg can develop into an offspring without fertilization by a male. This is particularly seen in some species of whiptail lizards.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensory-abilities">Sensory abilities</h3>



Lizards have acute senses that aid in survival. For example, many species have excellent vision, some even possessing the ability to see ultraviolet light. They also have a well-developed sense of smell and can detect chemicals in the environment through their tongues.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-diet">Diverse diet</h3>



Lizards have a wide range of dietary habits. Some are insectivores, feeding on insects, while others are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. This dietary diversity allows them to occupy various ecological niches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-lizard-day-activities">World Lizard Day activities</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visit-a-local-reptile-park-or-sanctuary">Visit a local reptile park or sanctuary</h3>



If you want to celebrate World Lizard Day,&nbsp; but don’t have any reptiles of your own, you could visit and support the local reptile park or farm.&nbsp;



There will most likely be an interesting and educational event being held, and you would have the chance to support a local business.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-donate-to-conservation-efforts">Donate to conservation efforts</h3>



Non-governmental organizations and institutions such as the World Wildlife Fund are making crucial efforts to rescue and conserve animals and their habitats, so a donation to such organizations could help the survival of lizards, which are currently <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-threatens-the-future-of-8-in-10-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered</a>.&nbsp;



However, if you would prefer seeing your money work on a smaller scale, you could find out if your local shelter or park has any lizards that you can sponsor.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educate-yourself-and-others">Educate yourself and others</h3>



Use World Lizard Day as an opportunity to learn more about lizards and the challenges they face. Share what you’ve learned with friends, family, or on social media to help raise awareness. The more people know about the importance of lizards, the more likely they are to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lizards-rely-on-trees-so-what-happens-when-they-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-create-a-lizard-friendly-environment">Create a lizard-friendly environment</h3>



If you have a garden, you can make it a haven for local lizards. Provide rocks, logs, and native plants to create shelter and basking spots. Avoid using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-have-become-increasingly-toxic-to-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>, as these can harm lizards and their food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consider-a-pet-lizard">Consider a pet lizard</h3>



If you’re thinking about getting a pet lizard, do your research first. Make sure you understand the species’ specific needs and are prepared to provide the care it requires.&nbsp;



Responsible pet ownership includes knowing where your lizard comes from and ensuring it was not taken from the wild illegally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrate-world-lizard-day-nbsp">Celebrate World Lizard Day&nbsp;</h2>



World Lizard Day 2024 is more than just a day to celebrate these fascinating creatures; it’s a reminder of the importance of conservation and our role in protecting the natural world.&nbsp;



Whether through education, conservation, or simply appreciating the lizards in your garden, everyone can contribute to ensuring that these remarkable animals continue to thrive. So, mark your calendar for August 14th and take part in the celebration of World Lizard Day!



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World Lizard Day 2024: Celebrating our scaly companions 

World Lizard Day is celebrated each year on August 14....

Bird feeding is a common practice in homes around the world, often seen as a thoughtful way to support wildlife during harsh winters or breeding seasons. 



However, new research led by Andrew Abraham, an alumnus of <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> (NAU) and a researcher at Aarhus University in Denmark, shows that this seemingly benign activity could be altering local ecosystems and contributing to environmental pollution.



The study reveals that the extra nutrients provided by bird feeders, particularly phosphorus, may disrupt the natural balance, leading to unintended ecological consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phosphorus-overload-from-bird-feeding">Phosphorus overload from bird feeding</h2>



"The seeds, nuts, and grains provided for birds are rich with fats and proteins," said Abraham. "Yet most of this nutrient-rich bird food is sourced on the global market and transported thousands of kilometers to feeder stations."



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-birds-enjoy-eating-feces-and-what-it-means-for-their-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> are incredibly effective dispersers," added Ethan Duvall, a researcher from Cornell and co-author of the study. "They eat a lot, fly a lot, and poop a lot. This means that extra nutrients provided at feeders eventually make their way into local ecosystems."



Drawing from the UK as a case study, the researchers found that the amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-phosphorus-will-limit-growth-of-the-amazon-rainforest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phosphorus</a> supplied through supplementary foods for garden and game birds equals about 2.4 Gg/year.



This release of phosphorus was found to be comparable to other human activities, such as industrial waste and sewage misconnects, which are known environmental polluters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-game-birds-the-biggest-beneficiaries">Game birds: The biggest beneficiaries</h2>



The study also found that the greatest supply of these additional nutrients was directed at game birds like pheasants and partridges, with the phosphorus provided to these game birds being more than double that given to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-birds-and-bees-flock-to-gardens-with-rare-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garden birds</a>. 



While this supplementary food may assist in temporarily augmenting bird populations beyond the natural carrying capacity, it poses an ecological threat in the long run.



"When additional nutrients from bird feeding enter natural environments, they have profound consequences for the species that live there," noted Abraham. "If bird feeding occurs at high rates or over long periods, it can begin to change the fertility of the landscape, upsetting the balance of the ecosystem."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-fallout-eutrophication-and-beyond">Ecological fallout: Eutrophication and beyond</h2>



A significant fallout of this nutrient overload is the leaching of these excess substances, primarily phosphorus, into rivers, where they may exacerbate issues of eutrophication - dense algal growth that harms aquatic animals.



But does this mean bird feeders are inherently detrimental? It’s not that straightforward, the researchers insist. 



"It is important to study animal dispersal of nutrients, because in some places, animals can spread important nutrients in a way that benefits ecosystems. But in the case of bird feeding, they may spread too many nutrients, causing problems," explained Chris Doughty, a professor of ecology at NAU and co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reassessment-of-bird-feeding-practices">Reassessment of bird feeding practices</h2>



As new evidence continues to emerge, there's a need to reassess bird feeding practices.



"Previous research has already shown that bird feeding is linked to changes in bird community composition, behavior, distribution, and the transfer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/avian-influenza-h5n1-marine-mammals-spreading-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avian disease</a>," said Kate Plummer, senior research ecologist at the British Trust for Ornithology. 



"While our study suggests that the impact of garden feeding is significantly less than that of gamebird feeding when it comes to nutrient dispersal, the findings add a new dimension to our efforts to understand the balance of costs and benefits of putting out food in our gardens."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-feeding-and-environmental-consciousness">Bird feeding and environmental consciousness </h2>



As awareness of the ecological impact of bird feeding grows, it becomes increasingly important for individuals and communities to approach this practice with greater environmental consciousness. 



Experts suggest that responsible bird feeding should involve not only the choice of what to feed birds but also considerations of how, when, and where to feed them.



By balancing the desire to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-population-north-america-dramatic-decline-lost-3-billion-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird populations</a> with the need to protect local ecosystems, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable interaction with nature. 



As the conversation around bird feeding practices continues to evolve, ongoing research and public education will be key to finding solutions that benefit both birds and the environment.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2793" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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Bird feeding pollutes local ecosystems

Bird feeding is a common practice in homes around the...

Starfish are often admired for their beauty and simplicity, but beneath the surface, they hold countless mysteries. 



One of these mysteries was recently unveiled with the identification of a new starfish <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/north-atlantic-sea-stars-are-crossbreeding-and-it-may-help-them-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> in Japan, drawing attention to the captivating and largely unexplored underwater world.



The discovery of the new starfish was largely thanks to the efforts of various organizations working in tandem. One institution that played a key role in this discovery was the <a href="https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-more-than-just-a-name">Starfish: More than just a name</h2>



Before we get into the details of how this striking creature was found, let’s debunk a commonly held belief. 



Despite their name, starfish are not truly fish. They are more akin to the prickly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchins-are-struggling-to-survive-because-they-cant-get-a-grip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea urchins</a> and squishy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-cucumbers-protect-coral-reefs-from-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea cucumbers</a>.



Seemingly gentle and inactive when found stranded on a sandy beach, starfish are in fact significant predators, boasting up to 50 arms, capable of spanning a meter, and living for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-starfish">Interesting facts about starfish</h2>



Starfish, also known as sea stars, are fascinating animals with extremely unique characteristics.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regeneration">Regeneration</h3>



Starfish can regenerate lost arms. In some species, an entire new starfish can grow from just one severed arm, as long as part of the central disc is attached.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-brain-or-blood">No brain or blood</h3>



Despite their complex behavior, starfish do not have a brain or blood. Instead, they use a water vascular system to circulate nutrients and oxygen throughout their body.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tube-feet">Tube feet</h3>



Starfish move using hundreds of tiny tube feet located on the underside of their arms. These feet not only help them move but also allow them to grip surfaces and capture prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predatory-behavior-nbsp">Predatory behavior&nbsp;</h3>



Many starfish species are voracious predators, particularly of bivalve mollusks like clams and oysters. They can pry open the shells with their strong arms and then evert their stomachs to digest the soft tissues inside.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-starfish-species">Starfish species</h3>



There are over 2,000 species of starfish found in all the world’s oceans, from tropical coral reefs to the deep sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-paragonaster-hoeimaruae">Introducing Paragonaster hoeimaruae</h2>



Meet Paragonaster hoeimaruae, the newly discovered species of starfish. This distinctive creature belongs to the family Pseudarchasteridae and boasts a vibrant red and beige color, with five arms, spanning just over 10 centimeters. 



The team gathered a variety of species from around Japan between 2021 and 2023. They were collected from shrimp and crab cages used by fishers in Hokkaido and Shizuoka prefectures, in northern and central Japan, respectively, and beam trawl surveys conducted by a Yamaguchi prefectural fisheries research ship. 



"We discovered the starfish - newly named Paragonaster hoeimaruae - off the coast of the Izu Peninsula in the Sagami Bay, south of Tokyo. We also found another in the Sea of Japan, northwest of Yamaguchi Prefecture in southwestern Japan," noted lead researcher Itaru Kobayashi from the Misaki Marine Biological Station of the University of Tokyo. 



"They were caught between 150 meters and 350 meters deep, have a well-proportioned body with five arms, and are a beautiful red on the surface and beige underneath."



The starfish's name, hoei, was taken from the fishing vessel Hoei-maru, which first collected the specimen. 



Despite Japan being home to approximately 250 species of starfish, only four species of Pseudarchasteridae had been observed in Japanese waters until now. The astounding discovery of this new species highlights the rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/1-8-million-species-are-yet-to-be-identified-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity of marine life</a> in Japan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-species-diversity-in-japanese-waters">Species diversity in Japanese waters </h2>



Interestingly, the researchers also recorded other starfish species in locations different from where they had previously been found. One such starfish was Gephyreaster swifti, an impressively large starfish roughly 30 centimeters in diameter, found off the north coast of Hokkaido.



Until this moment, it had only been recorded across the Pacific west coast of the United States and Canada, all the way to islands in the Bering Sea to the north.



"About 250 species of starfish live around Japan, and we were surprised that one so large as this had been overlooked. Our research highlights how the diversity of species in Japanese waters is still underestimated," said Kobayashi. 



The exciting research further highlights the value of community-driven scientific endeavors.



"These exciting discoveries show how important it is for fishers, aquariums, universities, and other research institutions to work together to better understand our oceans and marine biodiversity," said Kobayashi.



Paragonaster hoeimaruae is a testament to the beauty, mystery, and vastness of our oceans. It's a call to all of us to invest more effort into exploring our marine environment, ensuring its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preservation</a> for future generations.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222933.2024.2377336" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Natural History</a>.



Image Credit: I. Kobayashi



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New starfish species discovered in Japan

Starfish are often admired for their beauty and simplicity, but...

The concept of "crazy cat ladies" has been firmly etched into our cultural psyche through popular media, with iconic portrayals ranging from Eleanor Abernathy in The Simpsons to Angela Martin in The US Office.



Can you think of other such characters? The stereotypical portrayal often depicts such individuals as neurotic solitaires. But are these portrayals based on a shred of truth, or merely figments of creative imagination?



A recent study from Down Under suggests that there may, surprisingly, be a larger grain of truth to the stereotype than we initially thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crazy-cat-lady-phenomenon">"Crazy cat lady" phenomenon</h2>



This distinctive study was led by two diligent psychologists, Jessica Oliva and Leah Michelle Baines, affiliated with <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> in Queensland, Australia.



While their research did not specifically probe into the "crazy cat lady" phenomenon, it unearthed some eye-opening findings that lend credibility to its existence.



"Cat ownership positively predicted neuroticism," the experts noted in their report, which is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927936.2024.2378592" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthrozoos</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facts-on-crazy-cat-people">Facts on 'crazy cat people'</h2>



The study conducted by Oliva and Baines involved an in-depth survey of 321 Australian adults, a mix of dog owners, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-mourn-the-loss-of-other-pets-similar-to-human-grief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cat</a> owners, and those who didn't own pets.



Survey participants who owned both dogs and cats were asked to choose the pet they were closest to or spent the most time with, to be classified as a dog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-people-experience-puppy-blues-with-a-new-pet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner</a> or cat owner. Overall, 60% of this group chose dogs.



Every participant was scrutinized for various personality traits that included extroversion, agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and resilience. After accounting for other factors such as age and gender, the results were quite revealing.



Dog owners, it seems, bagged the prize for resilience. Simply put, they were evidently better at managing and adapting to challenging situations. Cat owners, on the other hand, portrayed heightened levels of neuroticism. 



Interestingly, among cat owners, it was the women who outscored men on the neuroticism scale, giving some weightage to the crazy cat lady stereotype. But it's not a woman's game alone. The research also uncovered the existence of a "crazy cat gentleman."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-the-layers">Peeling the layers</h2>



These findings may raise more questions than they answer. What's causing these differential behaviors among our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/homeless-pet-owners-need-better-options-to-protect-their-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feline-loving and canine-adoring friends</a>? Could it be that people who are more introverted or neurotic choose cats, while the adaptable ones prefer dogs? Do our genes hold the key to this mystery?



"There is evidence to support the idea that genes guide ownership of a particular species," said Dr. Oliva. Another aspect to ponder is whether owning a cat can render someone more neurotic compared to owning a dog.



For instance, dogs need more outdoor time and hence, the owner naturally gets to spend more time outdoors, engage in social interactions, and potentially curb neurotic tendencies. In contrast, as cats are relatively low maintenance, their owners might not get the same level of social interaction.



Another angle Dr. Oliva brings to the light is the proven difference between "dog people" and "cat people."



"Dog ownership has been associated with reduced loneliness in people living alone during periods of prolonged isolation, like Covid lockdowns, suggestive of higher levels of resilience in dog owners," she noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



To sum it up, the study intriguingly suggests that cat owners might be more prone to anxiety and stress than dog owners. 



Whether this is down to temperament, genetics, or simply the nature and needs of the pet, requires further exploration. So, is the concept of crazy cat ladies (and gentlemen) a dramatic exaggeration, or mere art imitating life?



But remember, while these findings are fascinating to ponder, they are not universally true for every cat or dog <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owning-a-pet-can-lead-to-more-restless-nights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owner</a> out there. So, if you are a cat owner, don't worry - it doesn't mean you are neurotic. And if you are a dog owner, don't get too self-assured - resilience isn't a given. 



At the end of the day, we are as beautifully unique and complex as the pets we adore. Let's embrace that.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a class="" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08927936.2024.2378592" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anthrozoos</a>.&nbsp; 



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Are cat people really more 'crazy' than dog lovers?

The concept of "crazy cat ladies" has been firmly etched...

Researchers have collaborated to explore the unique growth and development patterns of early mammals from the Jurassic period. 



By examining growth rings in fossilized tooth roots, paleontologists have been able to determine the lifespan, growth rates, and even the timing of sexual maturity in these ancient creatures. Their findings have been published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado4555" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



“Never before have we been able to reconstruct the growth patterns of these early mammals in such detail,” said Elis Newham, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>. During the study, Newham was also a research fellow at the <a href="https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/university/university" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bonn</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammals-during-the-jurassic-nbsp">Mammals during the Jurassic&nbsp;</h2>



The experts focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teeth-fossils-prehistoric-dentistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized tooth</a> roots from various mammal species dating from the Early to Late Jurassic periods (200-150 million years ago) discovered at three distinct sites. 



The fossils found in Wales are among the oldest known mammalian precursors from the Early Jurassic, while those from Oxfordshire, UK, represent a diverse range of early mammals that coexisted. The third site in Portugal provided fossils dating from the Late Jurassic.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchrotron-x-ray-tomography">Synchrotron X-ray tomography</h2>



To analyze the fossils, the team employed synchrotron X-ray tomography, a technique where electrons are accelerated to near light speed, offering several advantages over traditional X-ray imaging.&nbsp;



This method allows the fossils to be analyzed intact, without the need for slicing, and produces higher quality images than conventional X-ray microtomography.



“We use synchrotron x-ray tomography of annual growth increments in the dental cementum of mammaliaforms (stem and crown fossil mammals) from three faunas across the Jurassic to map the origin of patterns of mammalian growth patterns, which are intrinsically related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ear-canals-may-reveal-when-mammals-became-warm-blooded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammalian endothermy</a>,” explained the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microscopic-growth-rings-nbsp">Microscopic growth rings&nbsp;</h2>



Using this advanced imaging technique, the experts were able to observe microscopic growth rings in the fossilized root cement, the bone tissue that connects teeth to the jaw.&nbsp;



“The rings are similar to those in trees, but on a microscopic level,” said senior author Thomas Martin from the University of Bonn's Vertebrates – Mammals working group.&nbsp;



“Counting the rings and analyzing their thickness and texture enabled us to reconstruct the growth patterns and lifespans of these extinct animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jurassic-mammals-grew-more-slowly">Jurassic mammals grew more slowly</h2>



The study revealed that the first signs of growth patterns typical of modern mammals, such as puberty growth spurts, began to appear around 150 million years ago.&nbsp;



Unlike today's small mammals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/incredible-discovery-some-mammals-attacked-dinosaurs-and-they-often-won-the-battle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early</a> mammals grew much more slowly but had significantly longer lifespans, living eight to fourteen years instead of the one or two years typical of modern small mammals like mice. 



However, early mammals also took much longer to reach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/respiratory-stress-is-linked-to-the-sexual-maturation-of-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sexual maturity</a>, often requiring several years, compared to the few months needed by their modern counterparts.



“Although all fossils studied exhibited slower growth rates, longer life spans, and delayed sexual maturity relative to comparably sized extant mammals, the earliest crown mammals developed significantly faster growth rates in early life that reduced at sexual maturity, compared to stem mammaliaforms,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-life-history-patterns-of-mammals">Distinctive life history patterns of mammals</h2>



The experts noted that the estimation of basal metabolic rates (BMRs) suggests that some fossil crown mammals had BMRs approaching the lowest rates of extant mammals.&nbsp;



“We suggest that mammalian growth patterns first evolved during their mid-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-extinction-may-hold-clues-about-our-oceans-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jurassic</a> adaptive radiation, although growth remained slower than in extant mammals.”



According to Newham, the findings suggest that the distinctive life history patterns of mammals, characterized by high metabolic rates and extended parental care phases for example, have evolved over millions of years. “The Jurassic period appears to have been a crucial time for this shift,” said Newham.



According to the study authors, the the mid-Jurassic radiation of crown mammals occurred coevally with the acquisition of the modern mammalian growth strategy.&nbsp;



“However, physiological evolution followed a long-fuse pattern, with considerable developments remaining between the earliest crown mammals and extant species.”



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Early mammals had slower growth rates and lived longer 

Researchers have collaborated to explore the unique growth and development...

Once upon a time, around 135 million years ago, a unique crocodile roamed the seas during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spinosaurid-found-in-portugal-had-a-crocodile-like-skull/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age of dinosaurs</a>. This marine predator, recently identified as Enalioetes schroederi, offers a fascinating glimpse into the diversity and lifestyle of ancient marine creatures.



The discovery of this species unveils a new chapter in our understanding of prehistoric crocodiles. The tale is set in the shallow seas of Germany during the Cretaceous Period, when Enalioetes schroederi thrived. 



The crocodile belonged to the unique Metriorhynchidae family, distinguished by their dolphin-like bodies, smooth scaleless skin, flippers, and a tailfin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-well-preserved-three-dimensional-skull">Well-preserved, three-dimensional skull</h2>



Metriorhynchids, primarily known from the Jurassic Period, hunted various prey - squid, fish, and even other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-known-marine-reptile-a-giant-ichthyosaur-has-been-found/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine reptiles</a>. 



But as Earth moved into the Cretaceous Period, their fossils began to fade from the record. The well-preserved, three-dimensional skull of the Enalioetes schroederi stands as the most significant metriorhynchid discovery from this era.



Sven Sachs, the project leader from <a href="https://namu-ev.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld</a>, expressed his fascination. "The specimen is remarkable as it is one very few metriorhynchids that is known by a three-dimensionally preserved skull."



The exceptional condition of the specimen enabled CT scans, revealing hidden secrets of the internal anatomy of these marine crocodiles. The experts were able to reconstruct internal cavities and even the inner ears of the animal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-ancient-crocodiles">Evolution of ancient crocodiles</h2>



Enalioetes sheds light on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-and-ecology-shaped-250-million-years-of-crocodile-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of metriorhynchids during the Cretaceous Period. Dr. Mark Young from the University of Edinburgh’s School of GeoSciences gives us a deeper understanding of the significance of the discovery.



"During the Jurassic, metriorhynchids evolved a body-plan radically different from other crocodiles - flippers, tailfin, loss of bony armor and smooth scaleless skin," explained Dr. Young. This transformation was driven by adaptations to an increasingly marine lifestyle.



Enalioetes had larger eyes and more compact bony inner ears than other metriorhynchids, which indicates it was a faster swimmer. These traits also suggest that the transformation of metriorhynchids continued into the Cretaceous.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-tale-of-the-lost-and-found-fossil">The tale of the lost and found fossil</h2>



Interestingly, the perfectly preserved skull and first neck vertebrae were discovered more than a century ago by German government architect D. Hapke in a quarry near Hannover. The specimen was assumed lost during WWII, but was later rediscovered in the Minden Museum, Western Germany.



Initially studied by Henry Schroeder of the Prussian Geological Survey in Berlin, the species was eventually named in his honor.



The conclusions drawn from this discovery were possible only through a meticulous comparison of the newly found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pseudosuchians-ancient-crocodile-like-reptile-discovered-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> with other museum collections. 



This comparative study confirmed that the fossil belonged to a species new to science, reinforcing our curiosity and fascination with the world's prehistoric times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-role-of-an-ancient-crocodile">The ecological role of an ancient crocodile </h2>



Understanding the ecological role of Enalioetes schroederi provides valuable insight into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-secrets-of-the-evolution-of-prehistoric-reptiles/">prehistoric marine</a> ecosystems. 



As a member of the Metriorhynchidae family, this ancient marine crocodile occupied a significant niche in the Cretaceous seas. With its streamlined body and adaptations for aquatic life, Enalioetes was likely an apex predator, preying on a variety of marine life, including fish and cephalopods.



Fossil evidence suggests that metriorhynchids, including Enalioetes, played a crucial role in maintaining the balance of prehistoric marine ecosystems. The hunting habits would have influenced the populations of their prey, helping to shape the biodiversity of their environment. 



Furthermore, the presence of such predators indicates a thriving ecosystem with a range of prey species, underscoring the importance of these creatures in our understanding of ancient marine life.



Moreover, studying the dietary habits and ecological interactions of Enalioetes schroederi can shed light on how marine reptile predators adapted over time in response to environmental changes. As climate and sea levels fluctuated throughout the Cretaceous, these adaptations would have been critical for survival. 



The fossil record not only provides a glimpse into the physical characteristics of these ancient creatures but also presents an opportunity to explore their behavior and ecological significance in the broader context of Earth’s history.



As researchers continue to analyze the find from Hannover, it opens up avenues for further studies into the evolutionary trends of marine reptiles and their ecosystems. 



Image Credit: Joschua Knüppe



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2359946" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</a>.



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Ancient crocodile had dolphin-like flippers and smooth skin

Once upon a time, around 135 million years ago, a...

The moon has fascinated astronomers and poets alike for centuries, but did you know it also holds sway over the life-and-death struggles of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef</a> fish? As it turns out, for the sixbar wrasse, the moon's cycle plays a pivotal role in deciding their sex and survival.



Jeff Shima, an esteemed professor of ecology at Te Herenga Waka—<a href="https://www.wgtn.ac.nz" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Victoria University of Wellington</a>, trekked into the depths of reef life to understand the spawning patterns of the sixbar wrasse. 



His latest study illuminates how this fish species manipulates the moon's cycle to give their offspring the best chance at survival, and throws open the doors to some mind-boggling biological strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-moon-cycle-code">Cracking the moon cycle code</h2>



It's no secret that sixbars spawn most often on a new moon. But here's the clincher: offspring born at this time are least likely to survive. A downright paradox, right? 



Drilling deeper, Shima's research revealed that sixbar offspring born on a new moon needed to change their developmental rates. 



"We've known sixbars spawn most often on the new moon, but this pattern has been particularly puzzling because&nbsp;offspring&nbsp;born at this time are least likely to survive. In contrast, offspring born closer to the full moon do much better.



"What we found is that in order to survive, sixbar offspring born on a new moon needed to alter their development rates, which ultimately shaped their sexual maturation and meant they were more likely to become male," said Professor Shima.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moon-gambles-and-the-reef-fish">Moon gambles and the reef fish</h2>



It may sound like a high-stakes gamble. However, the study suggests that it might be a calculated risk. Surprisingly, the few babies who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-coral-reef-fish-survive-in-the-worlds-warmest-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manage to survive</a> are more likely to become male. And in the unique mating system of the sixbar wrasse, males have the advantage as they can produce many more offspring.



"Most of these babies won't survive, but the few that do are more likely to become male and that's akin to winning the lottery as males can produce many more offspring in the sixbar mating system.



"However, we think the spawning patterns of these fish may be calculated to spread their bets, with low-risk wagers (full moon spawning) coupled with some high-risk ones - in this case, spawning on the new moon."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reef-fish-in-the-company-of-the-moon">Reef fish in the company of the moon</h2>



The moon's influence doesn't end here. Its cycle has also been linked to the growth rates of young sixbars. 



"As larvae, sixbar wrasse can lengthen or delay their development to arrive at the reefs at the most opportune times, under cover of darkness," adds Shima. 



The mystery of the lunar cycle and sea-life continues to unfold. Yet, the challenges in this delicate balance are many.



"Moonlight is affected by artificial light at night from coastal urban areas, as well as from dramatic changes in the distribution and intensity of cloud cover - a result of climate change," notes Shima.



"These human-induced changes in nocturnal illumination may have large, and largely unrecognized, consequences for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-corals-and-fish-in-an-exclusive-relationship-its-complicated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth, survival</a>, and reproductive success of organisms in some areas."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-moon-phases-for-reef-fish">Importance of moon phases for reef fish</h2>



The timing of spawning events for the sixbar wrasse is an elegant dance shaped by the rhythmic pulse of the moon’s phases. 



As Shima’s research underscores, this synchronization is not merely coincidence; it reflects an evolutionary strategy fine-tuned over generations. 



By aligning their reproductive cycles with the new moon, sixbars increase the chances of their eggs being released amid the ebb and flow of ocean currents, dispersing them across vast areas.



This strategy enhances genetic diversity, which is paramount for the species’ resilience against environmental changes and predation. The challenge lies in ensuring that enough offspring survive to continue this delicate balance, as the numbers are heavily skewed against them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-reef-ecosystems">Implications for reef ecosystems</h2>



The implications of Shima's findings extend beyond the sixbar wrasse, touching upon broader conservation concerns within marine ecosystems. 



With the moon's luminance swinging between extremes and the introduction of artificial light, there is an urgent call to preserve the natural darkness of coastal habitats. This artificial illumination can disrupt the delicate synchrony between spawning and survival, potentially leading to cascading effects on reef biodiversity. 



The resilience of the sixbar wrasse, as unveiled in Shima's research, serves as a poignant reminder of how intricately connected the lives of marine species are to their environmental context. 



Thus, understanding these interactions is critical for the effective preservation of not only the sixbar wrasse but also the rich tapestry of life within reef ecosystems.



The findings lead us to an intriguing question: Have some species evolved reproductive strategies that use the moon to determine the sex of their offspring? Has nature devised a celestial ballet between the moon and marine life?



While researchers work to unravel these mysteries, we might just have to be content with marveling at the intelligence of species like the sixbar wrasse, who've found a way to dance with the moon.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0613" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</a>.



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Some fish use the moon cycle to manipulate their offspring's sex

The moon has fascinated astronomers and poets alike for centuries,...

New research from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has revealed significant differences in how male and female wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honoring-the-king-of-the-jungle-on-world-lion-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lions</a> experience changes in their social networks as they age, and these differences may have a profound impact on their survival. 



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.040" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>, provides new insights into the emerging field of social aging, which examines how individuals' social behavior evolves with age and the consequences this has for various aspects of their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-relationships-of-lions">Social relationships of lions</h2>



Among big cats, African lions (Panthera leo) are unique in their heavy reliance on social relationships for essential activities, including hunting, territory defense, and raising cubs.&nbsp;



Despite this, until now, it was not well understood how a lion's social connections change over time and what implications these changes might have for their survival and overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-aging-in-lions">Social aging in lions</h2>



This study is the first to investigate social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aging-may-be-driven-by-genetic-imbalances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> in wild lions, taking into account both sexes and spanning multiple generations. 



The research is based on an extensive dataset compiled over 30 years, involving more than 150,000 field observations of 665 individual lions in the Serengeti, collected by the Serengeti Lion Project from 1984 to 2013.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-patterns-in-social-connections-nbsp">Distinct patterns in social connections&nbsp;</h2>



The findings reveal distinct patterns in how social connections evolve with age for male and female lions. For female lions, their connections to males are strongest in midlife, after which they gradually weaken as the females age.&nbsp;



In contrast, their connections to other females steadily decline from early adulthood onwards. This decline in female-to-female social connectivity suggests that as female lions grow older, they become less socially integrated within their pride.



Male lions, on the other hand, exhibit a different pattern. Their social connections to other males are weakest during midlife but strengthen again as they age.&nbsp;



Males' connections to females, however, are strongest during midlife and weakest at the beginning and end of their lives. These shifting social dynamics reflect the complex and competitive nature of male lion life, where alliances and rivalries can change rapidly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-social-lions">Survival of the social lions</h2>



The study highlights the critical role that these social connections play in the survival of lions. For female lions, maintaining strong connections with “friends” is crucial for a longer life. 



The researchers found that females with stronger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-bonds-are-more-advantageous-for-long-lived-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social bonds</a> tend to live longer, likely because these connections provide protection and support in critical activities such as defending territory, rearing cubs, and cooperative hunting. 



“The importance of close female bonds, particularly in early adulthood, could be because 'friends' can help protect against threats such as infanticidal males,” explained lead author Lauren Rudd from the Department of Biology at Oxford.&nbsp;



“They could also be valuable allies for territory defense, hunting, and cub rearing - all of which require cooperation. Combined these factors potentially explain why better-connected females live longer.”



For male lions, however, it is not just the strength but the number of social connections that appears to be key for survival.&nbsp;



The study suggests that having a larger number of associates is associated with a longer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-mammals-live-longer-than-males-in-the-wild/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifespan</a> in males. This may be because a broad social network provides males with greater opportunities to form coalitions, which are vital for acquiring and maintaining dominance and access to mates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of these findings extend beyond understanding lion behavior. The researchers pointed out that changes in sociality based on age and sex could have significant consequences for the dynamics of disease outbreaks in wild lion populations.&nbsp;



Rudd noted that while aging females may be less exposed to pathogens as their social connections decline, aging males' exposure risk could increase as they gain new associates. This insight could be critical for wildlife management and conservation efforts, particularly in predicting and controlling disease transmission in lion populations.



This study marks an important step forward in the field of social aging, but there is still much more to learn. The researchers are now focusing on how the loss of social connections throughout a lion's life influences their behavior and position within their social network.&nbsp;



This ongoing research aims to uncover the underlying mechanisms of social aging and to understand how the death or departure of certain individuals affects the social structure and dynamics of the remaining population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-aging-across-various-species-nbsp">Social aging across various species&nbsp;</h2>



“Natural animal populations, where many individuals are being simultaneously monitored in detail across their entire lives and across many generations, offer unique opportunities to better understand social aging and how this process operates across many different types of societies,” said co-author Josh Firth from the Department of Biology at the University of Oxford and the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a>.



This work on lions could pave the way for similar studies in other wild animal societies, helping to reveal how different sex roles influence social aging across various species.&nbsp;



The research underscores the complex interplay between social behavior and survival, providing valuable insights into the life dynamics of one of the most socially intricate big cats in the wild. As scientists continue to explore these patterns, our understanding of social aging and its broader implications for animal populations will undoubtedly deepen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Male and female lions have different social strategies for survival 

New research from the University of Oxford has revealed significant...

Each year on August 12th, World Elephant Day turns the planet’s gaze toward the plight of elephants. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-movement-is-influenced-by-habitat-suitability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a>, carrying the weight of historical richness on their sturdy backs, sit at the heart of their ecosystems.



Yet, through the fog of habitat loss, the shadow of illegal poaching and the threat of human-wildlife conflicts, their survival hangs by a thread.



A special mention should be given to Patricia Sims and the Elephant Reintroduction Foundation of Thailand. They started this critical dialogue on August 12, 2012, by founding World Elephant Day. 



The day is now celebrated by over 100 organizations worldwide, all rallying to protect elephant habitats and promote their conservation. The spotlight is also turned to the elephants, the keystones of the ecosystems they inhabit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-act-of-elephants">Balancing act of elephants</h2>



The 2024 theme, "Personifying Prehistoric Beauty, Theological Relevance, and Environmental Importance," captures the significance of the occasion. 



Known as gardeners of the forest, elephants are catalysts in seed dispersal and necessary partners in forest regeneration. By safeguarding their habitats, we also help to shield biodiversity and ensure the survival of the ecosystems that elephants support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-world-without-elephants">A world without elephants? </h2>



Can we imagine a world without elephants? Absolutely not! These hulking creatures are not just symbols of strength and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-specific-names-to-address-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intelligence</a>. 



Their everyday activities <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-dung-feeds-over-2-million-beetles-daily/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shape the structure of various ecosystems</a> and provide essential support to a multitude of species. Without the jumbo-sized helping hand of our elephants, many forests and savannas would simply wither away.



At the core of the threats against elephants lies the insatiable and illicit ivory trade. Despite international bans, the demand for ivory continues to fuel poaching, with tens of thousands of elephants falling victim to this atrocity every year.



Adaptation under such distress has led to a shocking genetic mutation, resulting in some female elephants being born tuskless. This modification stands as a poignant symbol of survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action-world-elephant-day-2024">A call to action: World Elephant Day 2024</h2>



Now that you know what's at stake, are you ready to leap into action this World Elephant Day? You can donate to reputable organizations working to protect elephants, such as the <a href="https://elephantcrisisfund.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Elephant Crisis Fund</a>, or the David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust.



Take a pledge to learn more about the challenges faced by elephants and raise awareness. Use the power of social media and trending hashtags like #WorldElephantDay.



Invite your circle of friends and family to sign petitions, share relevant information, and participate in local events for elephant conservation. You can even <a href="https://gifts.worldwildlife.org/gift-center/gifts/Species-Adoptions/African-Elephant.aspx?sc=AWY1800OQ18681A01695RX&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjw5ea1BhC6ARIsAEOG5pwO_Xm0ZGhK-m8qeFCFNQ3MMZKr0jTf28R_U1XlPvC9jMuobTduvUsaAub9EALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adopt</a> an African elephant symbolically through the World Wildlife Fund. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intricate-social-structures">Intricate social structures </h2>



Elephants are not just individuals; they form tight-knit family units that showcase some of the most complex social structures in the animal kingdom. 



Matriarchs lead these groups, possessing vast knowledge of the environment, including water sources and safe migration routes. The bonds between members are profoundly emotional, with displayed affection, empathy, and grieving processes akin to human behaviors. 



These remarkable relationships ensure the survival of both the group and its traditions, as younger elephants learn survival skills essential for their future. Understanding these social dynamics deepens our appreciation for their roles in promoting the ecological balance of their habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephant-conservation">Elephant conservation</h2>



Saving elephants is a long-term effort, not a quick fix. The challenges which threaten their survival require sustained attention and resources over time. 



Furthermore, elephants have long gestation periods (around 22 months) and typically give birth to a single calf. This means their populations grow slowly, making recovery from threats like poaching or habitat loss a prolonged process.



Therfore, elephant conservation is not something that can be resolved quickly; it requires a persistent, multi-faceted approach over decades. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-initiatives">Global initiatives</h2>



Elephants face many challenges, but there are global efforts to help them. Governments, NGOs, and local communities are coming together to promote conservation that benefits both wildlife and people.



Projects focus on getting locals involved in protecting their natural resources, creating reasons to save elephants instead of harming them.



Educational campaigns are also working to spread awareness about why elephants are important to our ecosystem, rallying support for their protection. Moving forward, we need to work together to ensure that we can coexist peacefully with these amazing animals.



Today, on World Elephant Day, let’s join forces with passion and purpose to make a powerful difference in the protection and preservation of these magnificent creatures.



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World Elephant Day 2024: Saving the gentle giants

Each year on August 12th, World Elephant Day turns the...

The world is on the brink of a major breakthrough in discovering elusive marine species, unlocking secrets hidden in the depths of our oceans. 



With the majority of the planet's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-is-the-climate-impacting-aquatic-life-in-mountain-streams/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic life</a> remaining largely unexplored, we are about to take a deep dive into an initiative that is revolutionizing marine species discovery and documentation.



This innovative effort promises to shed light on the countless unknown organisms dwelling beneath the waves, significantly advancing our understanding of marine biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-turning-tide-for-marine-species-discovery">A turning tide for marine species discovery</h2>



The magnitude of Earth's biodiversity is staggering, encompassing a vast array of life forms across various ecosystems. 



However, most of the estimated two million marine organisms have not yet been identified, leaving significant gaps in our understanding of oceanic life. 



A primary hindrance to studying and conserving these species has been the painfully slow process of scientific description, with delays of 20-40 years before a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-deep-sea-squid-discovered-that-broods-giant-eggs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a> is officially recognized.



In response to this daunting challenge, the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative was launched. This ambitious project, led by the Senckenberg Ocean Species Alliance (SOSA), offers a revolutionary platform for rapid, yet comprehensive taxonomic description of marine invertebrate species.



SOSA's mission goes beyond mere discovery, aiming to foster protection, awareness, and appreciation of marine invertebrates before they fall into oblivion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-wave-of-collaborative-research">A new wave of collaborative research</h2>



A team of 25 researchers from around the world collaborated for this groundbreaking project, resulting in data on thirteen marine invertebrate taxa.



The significant discoveries include the identification of a new genus, eleven new species, and the reinstatement of one previously described species.



These remarkable creatures originate from various global locations and inhabit depths ranging from a shallow 5.2 meters to an astounding 7,081 meters beneath the ocean surface.



The findings have been compiled and made accessible through open-access publications via the <a href="https://bdj.pensoft.net/article/128431/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity Data Journal</a>.



The publication format breaks away from the traditional approach of isolating species' descriptions. Instead, it allows for diverse marine invertebrate taxa to be elucidated collectively.



This collaborative approach not only expedites the scientific process but also incentivizes researchers to disclose their new discoveries more promptly, fostering a more dynamic and integrated understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-marine-species-discovered">New marine species discovered</h2>



Among the new species featured in the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative is Cunicolomaera grata, an amphipod whose intricate burrowing patterns along the seafloor have sparked significant scientific icuriosity.



This tiny creature's behavior and habitat offer valuable insights into the complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. 



Contrastingly, there's Lepetodrilus marianae, a wrinkly-shelled limpet that thrives in the extreme environment of hydrothermal vents, where temperatures can soar up to a sweltering 400 degrees Celsius.



The unique adaptations of this limpet to such harsh conditions highlight the incredible resilience and diversity of marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-race-against-time">The race against time</h2>



These discoveries underscore the urgent need to reduce the time taken from discovering a new species to its public description. 



Speeding up this process is critical to ensuring that new species are recognized and protected before it is too late. 



Many of these organisms reside in fragile and threatened environments, such as hydrothermal vent zones that are at risk due to deep-sea mining activities. 



Others, like the purple sea cucumber Psychropotes buglossa, inhabit areas of significant economic interest, endangered by polymetallic-nodule extraction.



Such scenarios highlight the very real risk of losing unknown species even before they are discovered, studied, and understood, underscoring the importance of rapid and effective documentation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-arms">A call to arms</h2>



"Only by leveraging the collective strengths of global progress, expertise, and technological advancements, will we be able to describe the estimated 1.8 million unknown species living in our oceans," said Dr. Julia Sigwart.



This beckoning call invites taxonomists specializing in marine invertebrates from around the globe to contribute their expertise to the Ocean Species Discoveries initiative. 



By joining this crucial effort, these scientists can play a pivotal role in accelerating the identification and protection of marine species, many of which are at risk of being lost forever. 



Their contributions will not only enhance our understanding of marine biodiversity but also ensure that these unique and often fragile organisms are recognized and conserved for future generations. 



The collective efforts of the global scientific community are essential to safeguard our oceans' rich and diverse life forms before they disappear into oblivion.



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1.8 million species are yet to be identified in the ocean

The world is on the brink of a major breakthrough...

Have you ever wondered how butterflies remain firmly attached to branches during their fascinating transformation, known as metamorphosis? The answer springs from the world of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-love-pretty-butterflies-and-that-complicates-data-for-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny yet mighty creatures</a>, revealing a remarkable testament to nature's ingenuity.



Researchers Qingyou Xia and Zhaoming Dong have explored the familiar yet enigmatic realm of butterfly metamorphosis. The team made some unexpected discoveries about their ability to stay anchored during this critical period of life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silk-s-role-in-the-metamorphosis-of-butterflies">Silk's role in the metamorphosis of butterflies </h2>



While we may often associate silk with the industrious silkworm, our fluttering friends – the butterflies - also play their part in this web of life. 



In their caterpillar stage, the future butterflies leverage silk for many purposes: to build safety nets that protect them from falls, to create ingenious hiding spots within leaf bundles, and to craft silk carpets that play a crucial role during metamorphosis.



When it's time for a caterpillar to morph into a chrysalis, it utilizes a unique structure known as a cremaster. This arm-like feature grips onto the spun silk carpet, anchoring the chrysalis to a branch and providing a stable base for the miraculous transformation about to unfold.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strength-of-the-silk">Strength of the silk</h2>



The researchers raised caterpillars of two species of butterflies – Danaus chrysippus, also known as the Plain Tiger, and Papilio polytes, or Common Mormon – along with two species of silkworms in controlled environments. They then measured the diameter and tensile strength of the silk threads spun by these creatures.



The results showed that despite its utility, butterfly silk, surprisingly, was thinner and weaker compared to that spun by silkworms.



When the experts analyzed the primary structural proteins in the silks, they found that butterfly silk had a lesser number of beta sheet structures, explaining its relative weakness.



Butterflies, however, are not daunted by the weakness of their silk. Instead, they employ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-static-electricity-to-catch-pollen-without-touching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique and intricate strategies</a> to maximize their silk's efficiency. They use the cremaster in a hook and loop mechanism, much like a Velcro fastener, to attach themselves firmly to the silk carpet.



Some species even spin a safety tether around their thorax for added security. It's this ingenious application of relatively weak silk that ensures the chrysalis stays put until it's time for the butterfly to emerge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chrysalis-stage-of-butterfly-metamorphosis">Chrysalis stage of butterfly metamorphosis</h2>



The chrysalis stage is not just a transitional phase; it is vital for the development of a butterfly's body. During this period, the caterpillar's cells undergo a remarkable transformation, reorganizing into newly formed tissues and organs essential for the adult butterfly.



This complex process is known as histolysis, where the caterpillar tissues break down, and histogenesis, where new structures develop. 



The resilience of the chrysalis, which protects the delicate developing butterfly within, highlights the importance of a secure anchoring system that comes from the silk and cremaster interplay, ensuring the transformation can occur without disturbance.



After days or weeks of transformation, the moment arrives for the butterfly to break free from its chrysalis. With tremendous energy, the freshly emerged butterfly struggles to escape, often taking several minutes to fully unfurl its damp wings. 



This process is crucial, as it not only strengthens the wings but also helps pump fluid into them, allowing for proper expansion and eventual flight. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-silk-seatbelt-in-butterfly-metamorphosis">Silk seatbelt in butterfly metamorphosis</h2>



When forming their protective "seatbelts," caterpillars can spin together nearly 20 different strands into a rope-like form, multiplying its strength eight-fold. This illustrates that these creatures are not mere victims of their circumstances but active agents who make the best of what they have.



The diligent work of researchers like Xia, Dong, and their team provides us with an enlightening peek into these marvelous strategies that caterpillars use to remain safe and secure until they take flight in their final, radiant butterfly forms.



This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key Research and Development Program of China, the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. 



So, the next time you see a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-learn-about-butterflies-day-an-enchanting-world-awaits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterfly fluttering by</a>, take a moment to appreciate its remarkable journey. Against all odds, it has managed to stick to branches, overcome its limitations, and transform into the absolute beauty we behold.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00237" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Biomaterials Science &amp; Engineering</a>.



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Butterflies create silk 'seatbelts' to strap in for metamorphosis

Have you ever wondered how butterflies remain firmly attached to...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...