Creatures,Of,The,Cambrian,Period,,Underwater,Scene,With,Anomalocaris,,Opabinia,

A new investigation of tiny Cambrian shells has sparked excitement among experts who study how life changed when animals, both predators and prey, first expanded in number and variety. 



The research, published in&nbsp;Current Biology, focuses on shell fragments from a small animal related to brachiopods.



These ancient remnants come from the ocean covering what is now South Australia. The shells are dotted with tiny perforations that some unknown marine creature must have made about 517 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cambrian-waters-and-shells-of-prey">Cambrian waters and shells of prey</h2>



The <a href="https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2024/07/revisiting-the-cambrian-explosion-s-spark" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian Explosion</a> was a phase in Earth’s history when many animal groups appeared in the fossil record in a short span of time. 



It began roughly 541 million years ago, and it introduced an incredible diversity of organisms that possessed shells, spines, and other protective structures. Yet specialists have questioned how these defense features developed so quickly.&nbsp;



Did <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-predator-prey-feast-ever-seen-in-the-ocean-enormous-quickly-altered-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators force prey</a> to reinforce their shells and adapt? Or did environmental changes spark widespread new traits in ocean life? 



After puzzling over these questions for decades, experts are now pointing to new shell damage as possible proof of a rapid back-and-forth struggle between attackers and the creatures they targeted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shell-holes-reveal-predator-prey-interactions">Shell holes reveal predator-prey interactions</h2>



This fresh look at the shells was spearheaded by <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Russell-Bicknell" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Russell Bicknell</a> of the American Museum of Natural History. 



Bicknell joined forces with colleagues from the <a href="https://www.une.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New England</a> and <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a> to study the tiny armor of a Cambrian species called <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288292290_New_data_on_the_sclerite_morphology_of_the_tommotiid_species_Lapworthella_fasciculata" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lapworthella fasciculata</a>.&nbsp;



The shell fragments ranged from a little larger than a grain of sand to something about the size of an apple seed. Researchers spotted more than 200 pieces with punctures that look as if a worm-like or snail-like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/danger-zones-climate-change-is-altering-predator-prey-dynamics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> produced them. 



Over time, the shells appear to have become thicker and stronger, which suggests a quick answer by L. fasciculata to defend itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-reveals-attacks-on-shelled-prey">Evidence reveals attacks on shelled prey</h2>



The team examined the fossil remains across different points in <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/cambrian" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambrian</a> history. They found that holes in the shells gradually rose in frequency while the shell walls became tougher in a short window.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossil-shells_Lapworthella-fasciculata_Cambrian_credit-Bicknell_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/fossil-shells_Lapworthella-fasciculata_Cambrian_credit-Bicknell_1s.webp" alt="Examples of Lapworthella fasciculata shells (under scanning electron microscope) from the Mernmerna Formation, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, showing holes made by a perforating predator. Scale bars represent 200 micrometers. Credit: R. Bicknell, et al (2025) Current Biology" class="wp-image-1956329"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Examples of Lapworthella fasciculata shells (under scanning electron microscope) from the Mernmerna Formation, Flinders Ranges, South Australia, showing holes made by a perforating predator. Scale bars represent 200 micrometers. Credit: R. Bicknell, et al (2025) Current Biology</figcaption></figure>



“Predator-prey interactions are often touted as a major driver of the Cambrian explosion, especially with regard to the rapid increase in diversity and abundance of biomineralizing organisms at this time. Yet, there has been a paucity of empirical evidence showing that prey directly responded to predation, and vice versa,” said Bicknell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-speed-of-adaptation">Unexpected speed of adaptation</h2>



Scientists have long suspected that early animals developed new defenses to keep up with evolving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frogfish-lure-their-prey-with-a-built-in-fishing-rod-and-bait/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>. This shift is frequently described as an arms race because each improvement from one side pushes the other side to respond.&nbsp;



The remarkable part is how swiftly L. fasciculata managed to boost its shell thickness. In a few generations, the predator must have increased its ability to break through stronger shells.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Paleozoic-Era" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> from 1987, early <a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Paleozoic-Era">Paleozoic</a> life underwent several bursts of diversification, partly driven by escalating attacks in marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-shells-big-implications">Tiny shells, big implications</h2>



The tiny shells open a window into the daily struggles of creatures that once lived in shallow seas filled with new forms of life. 



These findings add weight to the idea that confrontation between small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-octopus-has-mastered-the-art-of-multispecies-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> and their prey influenced the rapid spread of protective traits, such as tougher shells, in the early Cambrian.&nbsp;



A thickened shell could have meant the difference between living and becoming a snack. Some scientists propose that these predator-prey interactions may have shaped early marine communities more than previously assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-filling-gaps-in-the-fossil-record">Filling gaps in the fossil record</h2>



Fossils from the Cambrian are not always easy to interpret. 



Soft-bodied creatures rarely fossilize well, and skeletal fragments often appear in fragments scattered through sedimentary rock. Many experts have struggled to figure out exactly which predators might have roamed these waters.&nbsp;



The punctured shells from L. fasciculata provide valuable clues because they are preserved well enough to show unmistakable signs of drilling or piercing. 



These marks are a real boost to understanding how shells and predatory tools advanced in lockstep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-it-matters-for-today-s-shelled-preys">Why it matters for today’s shelled preys</h2>



Shell protection still matters in modern oceans, from clams to snails. When researchers look at how Cambrian animals beefed up their shells, they see patterns that may match modern dynamics. 



Crabs, for instance, often feed on shelled prey, and those prey can shift their own growth strategies in response.&nbsp;



Looking at these ancient shells confirms that this tug-of-war between attacker and defender is nothing new. While more discoveries are needed, the takeaway is that even half a billion years ago, survival hinged on how well an organism handled the never-ending threat of becoming someone else’s lunch.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connections-to-broader-evolutionary-questions">Connections to broader evolutionary questions</h2>



Fossil shells tell us that the Cambrian Explosion’s rapid spread of animal life involved a tense duel between those doing the hunting and those trying to avoid it. 



This new research highlights that predation is more than a violent encounter; it is a potent force pushing creatures to adapt in surprising ways.&nbsp;



Scientists will likely hunt for similar evidence in other early animal groups. Future work may close gaps in our knowledge of who attacked whom in those ancient seas and how quickly the defenders responded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982224016476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Shell fossils reveal ancient predator-prey battle 517 million years ago

A new investigation of tiny Cambrian shells has sparked excitement among experts who study how life changed when animals, both predators and prey, first expanded in number and variety. The research, published in&nbsp;Current Biology, focuses on shell fragments from a small animal related to brachiopods. These ancient remnants come from the ocean covering what is now South Australia. The shells are dotted with tiny perforations that some unknown marine creature must have made about 517 million years ago. Cambrian waters and shells of prey The Cambrian Explosion...

As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trump-confuses-climate-change/">climate change</a> continues and progresses, scientists expect many organisms to respond to these changes in three ways; moving to new regions, changing the timing of their life stages, or shrinking in size. Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> have now found evidence of certain beetles experiencing that third strategy.

Until now, most of the evidence of organisms shrinking has come from laboratory work in a tightly controlled environment. Michelle Tseng, an assistant professor of botany and zoology at <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">UBC</a>, wanted to know whether this was happening out in the wild. Her and her students did this by examining beetle specimens in UBC’s Beaty Biodiversity Museum collection, along with historical weather data.

“In nature, there is so much going on that can affect body size so we weren’t sure we were going to see anything,” says Tseng. “This research provides evidence that climate change is affecting even the smallest organisms out there.”

The students examined eight species of beetles from the Lower Mainland and Okanagan, photographing more than 6,500 species and entering data about each insect. “We got data from 100 years of caught specimens,” says Sina Soleimani, a student who co-authored the paper and is now pursuing a doctor of pharmacy at UBC. “It’s cool that people have been collecting these insects since 1910 and noting all of their collection information. That’s probably what makes our paper stand out.”

Along with measuring the beetles’ size, the students also used a climate database to analyze changes in the environment in the regions where these beetles lived. The database showed that the Lower Mainland has had a 1.6 C° increase in autumn temperatures and the Okanagan has had a 2.25 °C increase in autumn temperatures in the past 45 years.

From the size data, the research team found that the larger beetle species were shrinking while the smaller ones were not. The four largest species of beetles shrank 20 percent in that same time period. This shows clear evidence that these beetles are responding to changes in their environment, likely due to the climate change that is happening globally. While these organisms are adapting, it shows how much of an impact climate change can have on even the smallest of species.

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

These beetles are shrinking in response to climate change

As climate change continues and progresses, scientists expect many organisms...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-dioxide-emissions-fuel/">Carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) can be a very dangerous gas, which is why many animals have built-in avoidance behaviors that help keep them away from its noxious fumes. As humans, we can even experience fear and panic attacks when there is too much CO2 in the air. But what makes this reaction possible? Researchers at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Japan may have just found the neuronal pathway behind this behavior.

Through experiments with zebrafish – a widely used animal model – the researchers tested neural response in the effects of carbon dioxide. In the larval stage, zebrafish have behaviors that are easy to characterize, as their transparent brains make imaging neuronal activity much easier. They are known to have a fast response when touched on the head – fleeing within 10 milliseconds. However, their avoidance response to carbon dioxide only occurred after 4 to 5 seconds (about 400 to 500 times slower). Furthermore, the escape routes the fish took to avoid CO2 were less predictable than their movements after being touched, and their avoidance speed was much slower.

These results led the researchers to believe that it had to be due to an unknown sensation-response pathway in the brain. By using transgenic zebrafish made especially for calcium imaging (calcium is a key molecule in the transmission of neuronal signals), they were able to identify this pathway.

In the presence of carbon dioxide, a series of responses occurred in the zebrafish brain, with the earliest being in the olfactory bulb – the part of the brain in which mammals process smell. The next response was in trigeminal sensory neurons, a nerve that carries touch and pain sensations from the face. And the final response was in the habenula, a part of the brain involved in learning associations with unpleasant experiences.

To determine which of these systems was imperative for the response to CO2, the researchers used a laser to remove each one separately. Only when the trigeminal pathway to the nose was damage was a zebrafish’s response to carbon dioxide affected. This was a surprising finding, as damaging the olfactory pathway itself did not affect avoidance behavior. This means that a non-olfactory component in the nose is necessary for avoiding CO2.

Calcium imaging of the zebrafish nose showed a cluster of cells that respond to carbon dioxide, and further testing found that these cells were part of the terminal nerve and their removal blocked the avoidance response to CO2. Interestingly, the zebrafish nose appears to contain terminal nerve chemosensors that are unrelated to smell and can control behavioral responses to noxious chemicals.

“We were surprised to find that the terminal nerve acts as a carbon dioxide sensor in zebrafish,” says lead author Tetsuya Koide. “Although it was identified as an additional cranial nerve in humans and other vertebrates more than a century ago, ours is the first to report its function in chemosensation.”

Since humans and other vertebrates also have this terminal nerve system, the researchers are looking to further characterize its chemosensory functions in species other than zebrafish, and possibly even humans. 

--

By <a href="mailto:certz@earth.com">Connor Ertz</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Humans have built-in instinct to avoid carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be a very dangerous gas, which...

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Researchers have shown that a species of small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/songbirds-dance/">songbirds</a> can retrieve mental images upon hearing alarm calls from other birds, which is similar to how humans associate visual images with words. This is the first study to demonstrate that nonhuman animals have this ability.

Toshitaka Suzuki is a researcher at <a href="http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en">Kyoto University</a> and a co-author of the study.

“The Japanese tit produces particular alarm calls when, and only when, encountering a predatory snake,” explained Suzuki.

For their investigation, the researchers used audio playback of warning calls and short sticks. When the birds heard the recordings of snake-specific calls, they perceived a stick being moved in a serpentine fashion as being an actual snake.

The experts discovered that the birds did not respond to the stick when hearing other calls or when the stick's movement was not snake-like. This indicated that the birds retrieved a snake image from specific alarm calls before seeing a snake, which made them cautious of objects resembling snakes.

When Japanese tits encounter a real snake, they usually move in close and try to intimidate the potential predator by spreading out their wings and tail while hovering above. The birds observed in this study made a close approach, but did not follow through with their typical behavior.

“They may have realized that the stick was not a real snake once they got close enough,” explained Suzuki.

Previous research by Suzuki revealed that the Japanese tit’s response to snake-specific alarm calls varies depending on the circumstances. He found that when the birds heard the calls from their nests, they immediately flew off to dodge an attack. Outside of the nest, the birds turned their attention to the ground as if searching for a snake when they heard the warnings.


“These birds do not respond to the calls in a uniform way, but appear to retrieve a snake image and then decide how to deal with the predator according to the circumstance,” said Suzuki. 


For the last three decades, scientists have shown that many animals such as monkeys produce calls for specific types of food or predators.

“Retrieval of mental images may also be involved in other animal communication systems,” said Suzuki. “Uncovering cognitive mechanisms for communication in wild animals can give insights into the origins and evolution of human speech.”

The research is published in the <a href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Kyoto University / Toshitaka Suzuki

These songbirds visualize predators upon hearing alarm calls

Researchers have shown that a species of small songbirds can...

The eastern cougar has now been officially declared extinct and removed from the Federal List of Threatened and Endangered Wildlife. The large cats, which lived in states east of the Mississippi River and in eastern Canada for thousands of years, have not been seen in nearly eight decades.

Meagan Racey of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) told <a href="https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news.php">NCPR News</a>: “Essentially we really are correcting something that listed a species despite its having gone extinct many, many decades ago, even before the Endangered Species Act was even enacted in 1973. The last record we have of eastern cougars is actually from Maine in 1938.”

The eastern cougar was unofficially declared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cloning-reverse-extinction/">extinct</a> in 2011 after an investigation into the animal's status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

The agency explained in a <a href="https://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?ID=238E153F-9C6A-5597-DAE7A0638B1CE59B">press release</a>: “Accounts suggest that most eastern cougars disappeared in the 1800s, killed out of fear for human and livestock safety and were victims of massive deforestation and overharvesting of white-tailed deer, the cougar’s primary prey.”

The eastern cougar is one of 11 subspecies of mountain lions native to North America. In the last two decades, mountain lions in the western United States have been expanding their range eastward into the Midwest.

The USFWS stated: “While individual cougars have been confirmed throughout the Midwest, evidence of wild cougars dispersing farther east is extremely rare. In 2011, a solitary young male cougar traveled about 2,000 miles from South Dakota through Minnesota, Wisconsin and New York, and was killed on a Connecticut highway.”

Michael Robinson is a conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity. He explained that cougars are necessary for a healthy ecological balance because they help control deer populations and curb tick-borne diseases.

“Eastern states should move quickly to reintroduce these magnificent animals, which play such a critical role in controlling deer herds,” said Robinson.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Eastern cougars declared extinct after vanishing over 75 years ago

The eastern cougar has now been officially declared extinct and...

A recent discovery in the Sahara Desert in Egypt is considered the “Holy Grail” of dinosaur fossils in Africa as it is one of the few found in Africa that dates back to the late Cretaceous period. 

Paleontologists have long wondered how dinosaurs evolved in Africa and if they are related to  their European or South American relatives, but the lack of fossils dating back to that time has left many questions unanswered. 

However, scientists have now uncovered one of the most well preserved and complete fossils from the end of Creatiactos Period and found that it was a new species named Mansourasaurus shahinae. 

Mansourasaurus shahinae was a long-necked herbivore that measured about the length of a school bus. 

The discovery was made by a team of researchers from the <a href="http://islandafrica.org/muvp.htm">Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology</a> (MUVP) initiative, led by Dr. Hesham Sallam of the Department of Geology at <a href="http://www.mans.edu.eg/en">Mansoura University</a> in Egypt.

The find is noteworthy in that it helps fill in the evolutionary gaps of African dinosaurs. 

“When I first saw pics of the fossils, my jaw hit the floor,” said Matt Lamanna of <a href="https://carnegiemnh.org/">Carnegie Museum of Natural History</a>, a co-author of the study. “This was the Holy Grail--a well-preserved dinosaur from the end of the Age of Dinosaurs in Africa--that we paleontologists had been searching for for a long, long time.” 

The researchers analyzed the fossils and found that its features were related to European and Asian dinosaurs rather than those in South America or farther south in Africa. 

This means that Mansourasaurus likely evolved from dinosaurs that migrated from Europe and traveled across continents near the end of the Cretaceous period, which helps shed light on continent formation during that time. 

“Africa's last dinosaurs weren't completely isolated, contrary to what some have proposed in the past,” said Eric Gorscak, a contributing author on the study. “There were still connections to Europe.”

Gorscak also notes that the new find is monumental for paleontologists looking understand and fill in the gaps in Africa's fossil record. 

Mansourasaurus shahinae is an exciting find that could provide answers to the many mysteries surrounding African dinosaurs and now, thanks to the ease of access to fossil sites and experienced team behind the find, more discoveries are sure to come.

--

By<a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com"> Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Image Credit: Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Major dinosaur species discovery made in the Sahara Desert

A recent discovery in the Sahara Desert in Egypt is...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> are reporting that warm-blooded animals have a better chance of adapting to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-california-vegetation/">climate change</a> than cold-blooded animals. The research was based on over 270 million years of data on animals such as birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians.

“We see that mammals and birds are better able to stretch out and extend their habitats, meaning they adapt and shift much easier,” said lead author Jonathan Rolland. “This could have a deep impact on extinction rates and what our world looks like in the future.”


The researchers compared data from the current distribution of animals with fossil records and phylogenetic information for 11,465 species. The team reconstructed where animals have lived over the past 270 million years and analyzed what temperatures they needed to survive in these regions.

The study revealed that the Earth's changing climate throughout history significantly impacted where animals resided. For example, warm and tropical conditions 40 million years ago made the planet suitable for many species to thrive. 

Birds and mammals were able to adapt during the subsequent cooling phase of the planet, which enabled them to move into extreme northern and southern regions.

“It might explain why we see so few reptiles and amphibians in the Antarctic or even temperate habitats,” said Rolland. “It's possible that they will eventually adapt and could move into these regions but it takes longer for them to change.”

According to Rolland, animals that can regulate their body temperatures might be better able to survive in these places because they can keep their embryos warm and take care of their offspring.

“These strategies help them adapt to cold weather but we rarely see them in the ectotherms or cold-blooded animals,” said Rolland.

The research team believes that understanding the past evolution and adaptations of species can provide important insight into how future climate change may impact Earth’s biodiversity.

The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/">Nature Ecology</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Birds and mammals are the most likely to survive climate change

Researchers from the University of British Columbia are reporting that...

The brown recluse spider is not nearly as much of a widespread threat as it has been portrayed to be, according to a study from the <a href="http://www.ucr.edu/">University of California, Riverside</a>. Researchers are working to counter misconceptions about the spider, which is often blamed for a variety of unrelated medical conditions.

Retired entomologist Richard S. Vetter has spent much of his career focused on separating fact from fiction when it comes to the brown recluse. He says that for decades “negative word of mouth in the general public gave life to the myth of the brown recluse, without a countering voice.” 

The brown recluse, or Loxosceles reclusa, can cause serious tissue damage or even death in humans, and in areas within the species known range it must be regarded with great caution. However, Vetter explains that the brown recluse is not as big of a threat as it is perceived to be, particularly in locations far outside of its known range.

Vetter teamed up with pest management consultant Stoy Hedges to develop a guide that will aid both the public and pest control professionals in identifying and managing the brown recluse.

The authors describe the brown recluse as having a violin-shaped marking, but they say it is more accurately identified by its six eyes. These consist of three pairs in a U-shape line with a space between each pair. 

When found in homes, the spiders will most likely reside in dark spaces that they can crawl under or behind. The study authors point out that brown recluses “are reluctant to bite and so even in heavily infested homes, confirmed recluse bites are uncommon.”

The brown recluse is located in a range from southeastern Nebraska to southwestern Ohio, south to northwestern Georgia and into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/texas-earthquakes-dormant-faults/">Texas</a>. According to the experts, occurrences outside of this range are exceedingly rare. 

Vetter and Hedges recommend continued monitoring by a pest management professional to control an infestation. They also emphasize that “in areas where recluses are indigenous, the occasional recluse sighting is a fact of life.”

The guide is published in the Entomological Society of America's <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jipm">Journal of Integrated Pest Management</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Richard S. Vetter

The brown recluse spider is not as big of a threat as many think

The brown recluse spider is not nearly as much of...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.en.uni-muenchen.de/">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet</a> (LMU) in Munich recently discovered the oldest fossil in the Archaeopteryx genus, and their findings shed new light the evolutionary steps between bird-like dinosaurs and modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-birds-shrink/">birds</a>. 

The genus Archaeopteryx describes a group of feathered dinosaur species and is considered the earliest known bird. Paleontologists often describe Archaeopteryx fossils as transitional because they bridge the gap between dinosaurs and birds. 

Archaeopteryx lived during the late Jurassic Period 1150 million years ago in what is now Northern Bavaria. The landscape would have been subtropical with lagoons and reef islands during that time.

All Archaeopteryx fossils have been found in Northern Bavaria in the Altmühl River valley. The most recent fossil belonging to the genus was unearthed in 2010 and is the oldest known fossil of Archaeopteryx that has been discovered. 

The new find is the 11th fossil specimen of Archaeopteryx found to date. 

Researchers led by Oliver Rauhut, an LMU professor from the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, analyzed the fossil using stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is used by geologists and paleontologists a way to map the geological history of different layers, or strata, in rocks. 

The discovery provided new insight into the genus and showed some features that were not yet known about the group of species. 

The researchers were able to use the fossil to show differences between Archaeopteryx and both of its bird and dinosaur relatives. 

Because of the limited number of fossils that have been found and the wide range of variations in anatomy among them, there is a good deal of uncertainty about the genus and its species. 

“The high degree of variation in the teeth is particularly striking - none of the specimens shows the same pattern of dentition as any other, which could reflect differences in diet,” said Rauhut. “It is even conceivable that this primeval bird genus might, in a similar fashion, have diversified into several specialized forms on the islands of the Solnhofener Archipelago.”

--

By<a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com"> Kay Vandette</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Image Credit: O. Rauhut, LMU Munich

Oldest known fossil in feathered dinosaur genus discovered

Researchers from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich recently discovered the...

Two years ago on my birthday, I was surprised by sighting a Burrowing Owl while on a hike.  The owl goggled at me with comically large eyes, keeping her distance.  I watched as the owl perched on an incredibly thin Yucca stalk, a testament to the light build of birds.  Prairie Dogs were everywhere, screaming their dramatic alarm call at my girlfriend Erin and me as we stopped to watch the owls.  

I couldn’t help think this is what so much of the U.S. once looked like: a sea of grass inhabited by an abundance of almost secret, private wildlife.  These ecosystems sustained not only owls and Prairie Dogs but historically wolves, bears, bison, elk, deer, pronghorn antelope.  Snakes take advantage of prairie dog burrows just like the mis-named Burrowing Owls.  Indeed the baby owls make a sound reminiscent of a rattlesnake to discourage unwanted intruders into their subterranean homes.  The animals living on the prairie in turn supported Native American cultures focused on migrating with game animals, living in tipis and covering enormous distances on foot for food and shelter.  

The Black Footed Ferret is a common symbol of endangered prairie as well as American wildlife, followed closely by Burrowing Owls in apparent popularity.  Both of these animals depend entirely on the survival of the much maligned Prairie Dog.  

Prairie dogs in many states can be shot on sight for no reason and without license.  Growing up in Wyoming and Colorado I’ve heard many people joke casually about massacring entire colonies of the mammal, just for fun.  Apparently some people have such little empathy that plugging away at hundreds of small rodents from a distance with a scope passes as entertainment.  

When I think of the senseless slaughter, I am reminded of the hide hunters who nearly wiped out the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-parks-trump-ghost-teddy-roosevelt/">American Buffalo</a> (Bison bison) but then again, at least hide hunters were making money.  As killing bison devastated the Native Americans, bringing proud people to their knees before a ruthless American government, so killing Prairie Dogs devastates entire ecosystems.  Foxes, coyotes, raptors, owls (as mentioned), other raptors, even grasses all are benefited by the humble Prairie Dog. 

The prairie as an environment has failed to capture the cultural imagination like the mountains, the ocean or even the desert yet it is amazing.  I’ve watched as thousands of Sandhill Cranes fly over a prairie river valley.  I’ve howled back at singing coyotes and watched them move silently through the grass.  After a long day at a dinosaur dig, I watched a doe deer moving delicately across the prairie; an embodiment of grace.  

As a keystone species of perhaps the most American of ecosystems, prairie dogs should be revered, not treated as target practice.  If we’re serious about protecting the Black Footed Ferret or Burrowing Owls or grasslands or even Bison, we must protect first the Prairie Dog.  

--

By <a href="mailto:zachfitzner@yahoo.com">Zach Fitzner</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Why the Prairie Dog is a true underdog

Two years ago on my birthday, I was surprised by...

A remarkable find off the coast of Tasmania has more than doubled the known population of an incredibly rare species of red handfish known as Thynnichthys politus. 

First tipped off by a member of the public, seven divers from the <a href="http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/">Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS)</a> went in search of the red handfish, which was thought to only exist near a reef in Frederick Henry Bay near Southeast Tasmania. 

The divers discovered several individual new handfish not previously accounted for near the reef at two different sites, which led the team to believe that there were 20 to 40 more fish in the species than thought, double the current population. 

It was almost a lost cause for the diving team, as their search mission using GPS coordinates handed down from someone else yielded no results at first.

“We were diving for approximately three and a half hours, and at about the two-hour mark we were all looking at each other thinking this is not looking promising,” team diver Antonia Cooper told <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jan/24/tasmania-new-find-of-extremely-rare-red-handfish-doubles-population-to-80">The Guardian</a>. “My dive partner went to tell the other divers that we were going to start heading in, and I was half-heartedly flicking algae around when, lo and behold, I found a red handfish.”  

Red handfish get their name their unique modified fins which almost resemble hands, and the handfish propels himself by “walking” on the fins.  

The rare and endangered species was thought to be nearly extinct, with only 20 to 40 remaining until the recent discovery. Habitat degradation and low breeding rates are to blame for the species’ low numbers. 

However, now with its bolstered population numbers, researchers are reconsidering a breeding program that would help increase the handfish’s population and bring it back from the verge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cloning-reverse-extinction/">extinction</a>. 

Previously, a captive breeding program that would help ensure the species’ continued survival was out of the question because of such low numbers. 

“It was considered too risky to remove any egg masses or individuals because it could be the last population,” said Rick Stuart-Smith, IMAS scientist. “There's going to be a re-discussion (about breeding).” 

--

By <a href="mailto:kayvandette@gmail.com">Kay Vandette</a>,<a href="https://www.earth.com/"> Earth.com </a>Staff Writer

Image Credit: Antonia Cooper/University of Tasmania

New population of red handfish discovered, doubling its numbers

A remarkable find off the coast of Tasmania has more...

Experts at the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> are reporting that declining populations of honeybees must not be treated as part of the global biodiversity crisis. The researchers argue that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-orchard-bees/">honeybees</a> are basically the same as livestock, and should not be categorized with the thousands of wild pollinator species which are experiencing dramatic declines.

The authors of the study said that there is a “lack of distinction” between an agricultural problem and an urgent biodiversity issue. The researchers explained that domesticated honeybees are actually contributing to the disappearance of wild bees.

“Honeybees are artificially-bred agricultural animals similar to livestock such as pigs and cows. Except this livestock can roam beyond any enclosures to disrupt local ecosystems through competition and disease,” explained study co-author Dr. Juan P. González-Varo.

According to the experts, the proposed initiatives to keep honeybees in urban areas or protected regions would contribute to the loss of wild pollinators.

“The crisis in global pollinator decline has been associated with one species above all, the western honeybee,” said co-author Dr. Jonas Geldmann. “Yet this is one of the few pollinator species that is continually replenished through breeding and agriculture.” 

Geldmann explained that saving the honeybee does not help wildlife. 

“Western honeybees are a commercially managed species that can actually have negative effects on their immediate environment through the massive numbers in which they are introduced.”

Developing honeybee colonies for crop pollination becomes a problem because many major flowering crops only bloom for a period of days or weeks, yet honeybees are active for nine to twelve months. This results in a massive “spillover” of farmed honeybees into the landscape, potentially out-competing wild pollinators.

“Levels of wild pollinators, such as species of solitary bumblebee, moth and hoverfly, continue to decline at an alarming rate. Currently, up to 50% of all European bee species are threatened with extinction,” said Geldmann.

“The past decade has seen an explosion in research on honeybee loss and the dangers posed to crops. Yet little research has been done to understand wild native pollinator declines, including the potential negative role of managed honeybees.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Conservationists argue saving honeybees is an agricultural issue

Experts at the University of Cambridge are reporting that declining...

Researchers at <a href="http://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/">Goethe University Frankfurt</a> are reporting that mammals are much less mobile in human-modified landscapes. The study is the first to examine the movement of many different species across the globe in both natural and man-made settings. The experts say that this decreased mobility may have widespread consequences.

A team led by biologist Dr. Marlee Tucker has shown that animal movement is significantly reduced in areas which have been altered by people. The study revealed that mammals move across up to 50 percent less distance in human-affected regions compared to what they cover in more preserved land areas.

Tucker and 114 co-authors collected movement data from 803 animals of 57 different species from all over the world. 

“Our study looks at everything from hares to wild boars to elephants,” said Tucker. “The scientists in our team equipped individual animals with a GPS tracking device that recorded each animal's location every hour for a period of at least two months.”

The results were compared to data from the Human Footprint Index. This tool provides measurements of how much an area has been altered by human activities such as infrastructure and agriculture.

Over a period of 10 days, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-identify-smells-second/">mammals</a> were found to only cover a half to one third of the land in areas with a large human footprint compared to those animals in natural landscapes. The study also revealed that, over the course of time frames shorter than ten days, movement among the mammals was no different between the varying landscapes. 

The researchers said that the animals may move less simply because they have changed their behavior to adapt to human activities.

“In some of these areas there might be more food available so that animals do not need to cover such large distances,” said co-author Dr. Thomas Mueller. “In addition, landscape fragmentation and barriers created by infrastructure might limit mammalian movements.”

The experts pointed out that the reduced travel distances could affect the productivity of ecosystems that depend on animal movements. 

“It is important that animals move, because in moving they carry out important ecological functions like transporting nutrients and seeds between different areas,” explained Tucker. “Additionally, mammalian movements bring different species together and thus allow for interactions in food webs that might otherwise not occur. If mammals move less this could alter any of these ecosystem functions. For example, the dispersal of plant seeds by animals between different habitats could be endangered.”

The study is published in the journal <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/">Science</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: © Adam Wajrak

Mammals are moving less as humans alter their landscapes

Researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt are reporting that mammals are...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...