Wandering salamanders, also known as "skydiving salamanders," have fascinated scientists for years with their ability to jump and glide effortlessly through the towering canopies of coastal redwood forests. 



Despite their small size, these amphibians navigate high-altitude branches with precision, sticking their landings and taking off with ease. 



Until recently, the mechanics behind their remarkable acrobatic movement remained a mystery. Now, a new study reveals a surprising answer: blood-powered toes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salamanders-that-control-blood-flow">Salamanders that control blood flow</h2>



Researchers at Washington State University discovered that wandering salamanders (Aneides vagrans) can rapidly control the blood flow in their toe tips.



This ability allows them to grip, detach, and move through their arboreal environment with remarkable efficiency. 



The study not only sheds light on an unknown aspect of salamander physiology but also has potential implications for technological advances in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-suckers-the-future-of-underwater-adhesives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adhesives</a>, prosthetics, and robotic limbs.



The research team found that salamanders can fill, trap, and drain blood within their toe tips. 



This process helps them fine-tune their attachment and detachment from surfaces, providing the grip necessary for climbing and the release required for efficient movement.



The discovery challenges previous assumptions about the function of the visible red “lakes” of blood in their translucent toes. These structures were long thought to aid in oxygenation, but no scientific evidence supported that claim.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-the-control">Advantages of the control</h2>



The study suggests that controlling blood flow in the toes allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-salamander-like-beast-gaiasia-jennyae-top-predator-before-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salamanders</a> to adjust pressure asymmetrically.



 This fine-tuned control helps them navigate the irregular surfaces of tree bark. Surprisingly, the blood influx before “toe-off” does not aid in attachment but rather helps the salamanders detach. 



By slightly inflating their toe tips, they reduce the surface area in contact with the bark, minimizing the energy required to let go. This efficiency is crucial when gliding between branches and ensuring safe landings.



“Gecko-inspired adhesives already allow surfaces to be reused without losing stickiness,” said Christian Brown, lead author of the study, and a postdoctoral researcher in integrative physiology and neuroscience at <a href="https://wsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a>.



“Understanding salamander toes could lead to similar breakthroughs in attachment technologies.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-documentary-shoot">A documentary shoot</h2>



The origins of this study trace back to an unexpected moment during the filming of the documentary The Americas, which will air on February 23, 2025 on NBC and Peacock.



Brown was assisting on set as a salamander expert when he noticed something unusual through the production team’s high-powered camera lenses.



Just before a wandering salamander took a step, blood appeared to rush into its toe tips. Brown and camera assistant William Goldenberg observed this phenomenon multiple times. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/salamandar-wandering_Aneides-vagrans_hindfoot_suction_blood-flow_credit-WSU_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/salamandar-wandering_Aneides-vagrans_hindfoot_suction_blood-flow_credit-WSU_1s.webp" alt="The hindfoot of a live wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans). In the background, blood can be seen filling a toe tip. Photo: William P. Goldenberg/WSU" class="wp-image-1958372"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hindfoot of a live wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans). In the background, blood can be seen filling a toe tip. Photo: William P. Goldenberg/WSU</figcaption></figure>



The repeated occurrence caught their attention. “We looked at each other like, ‘Did you see that?’” Brown related.



Although the documentary team moved on to other subjects, Brown’s curiosity lingered. After filming wrapped, he reached out to Goldenberg and proposed an experiment. 



Using high-resolution film equipment, they would investigate whether salamanders consistently displayed this blood-powered toe mechanism under controlled conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salamanders-regulating-their-blood-flow">Salamanders regulating their blood flow </h2>



The research team conducted detailed video trials and microscopic analysis at Washington State University’s <a href="https://fmic.wsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Franceschi Microscopy &amp; Imaging Center</a>. 



Their findings confirmed that wandering salamanders regulate blood flow to each individual toe tip, which allows them to modify grip strength as needed.



This discovery provides insight into how salamanders navigate the complex terrain of the redwood canopy. The ability to release their grip efficiently is particularly significant. 



“If you’re climbing a redwood and have 18 toes gripping bark, being able to detach efficiently without damaging your toe tips makes a huge difference,” Brown said. 



The research suggests that this mechanism plays a crucial role in the salamanders’ ability to thrive in the towering heights of their natural habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-beyond-one-species">Implications beyond one species</h2>



While this study focused on&nbsp;Aneides vagrans, the findings could have broader implications. Other salamander species, including aquatic ones, also have vascularized toe structures. 



These structures may serve different purposes depending on the environment, from regulating grip on wet surfaces to enhancing movement across diverse landscapes.



The discovery could also inspire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-pushing-the-u-s-toward-an-unpredictable-transformation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovations</a> beyond biology. Scientists studying bioinspired design are particularly interested in nature’s solutions to movement and adhesion problems.



By understanding how salamanders control their grip with blood-powered toe tips, researchers may be able to develop new adhesives and prosthetics that mimic this ability.



Brown and his colleagues plan to expand their research to investigate how similar mechanisms function in other salamander species. 



“This could redefine our understanding of how salamanders move across diverse habitats,” Brown said. The findings could help explain how different species adapt to their environments and refine our knowledge of biomechanics in amphibians.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-salamander-movement">New perspective on salamander movement</h2>



The discovery of blood-powered toes in wandering salamanders challenges previous assumptions about their movement and grip strength. 



As scientists continue to study these remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frogs-and-toads-face-new-risks-as-their-habitats-dry-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">amphibians</a>, they may uncover even more secrets hidden within their physiology. 



For now, the ability of wandering salamanders to control their grip with precision remains an intriguing discovery in animal biomechanics.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.70026" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Morphology</a>. 



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'Skydiving' salamanders can fully control blood flow in their toes

Wandering salamanders, also known as "skydiving salamanders," have fascinated scientists for years with their ability to jump and glide effortlessly through the towering canopies of coastal redwood forests. Despite their small size, these amphibians navigate high-altitude branches with precision, sticking their landings and taking off with ease. Until recently, the mechanics behind their remarkable acrobatic movement remained a mystery. Now, a new study reveals a surprising answer: blood-powered toes. Salamanders that control blood flow Researchers at Washington State University discovered that wandering salamanders (Aneides vagrans) can rapidly control...

Have you ever wondered about the secret behind the lively leaps of Mexican jumping beans? 



Sold as popular souvenirs along bustling boardwalks, these seemingly animate objects are actually seeds that host the larvae of a small moth species. 



The beans "jump" when the larvae stir within, knocking against the seed wall. But could there be more to this intriguing phenomenon beyond just random movement?



Recently, an in-depth study by researchers at <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> has revealed some surprisingly complex behavior within this fascinating microcosm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jumping-beans-react-to-the-light">Jumping beans react to the light</h2>



Lindsey Swierk, an assistant research professor of biological sciences, was intrigued to find out how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unusual-jumping-behavior-recorded-in-beetle-larvae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larvae</a> respond to their surroundings. 



The landscapes where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-seeds-reveal-plant-migration-path-from-asia-to-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seeds</a> fall can vary dramatically, from sun-drenched plains to shadowy groves. This prompted Swierk and her students to investigate how the larvae inside the jumping beans react to varying light conditions.



The researchers found that these larvae are capable of registering different light colors, asserting more vigorous jumping actions under specific hues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jumping-to-escape-the-heat">Jumping to escape the heat </h2>



"When a seed drops to the ground from shrubs, the moth larva inside is at the mercy of whatever environmental temperature the seed experiences,” said Swierk.



“The ground could be scorching hot in direct sunlight. A little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-moths-develop-smaller-wings-survive-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moth</a> larva inside of a seed like this can only withstand so much heat - and so they jump away.”



Interestingly, the bean acts as an "extended architecture" for the larvae - a naturally occurring structure that the organism utilizes without constructing itself.



Much like a hermit crab finds refuge in a borrowed shell, the Mexican jumping bean becomes the adopted home for the larva, offering both shelter and a means of responding to the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-light-influences-survival">How light influences survival</h2>



To explore this intriguing relationship further, Swierk and her team designed experiments to understand how different light colors influence the behavior of these seed-bound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caterpillars-use-their-hair-to-detect-predators-static-electricity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caterpillars</a>. 



Contrary to expectations, the researchers discovered that light penetrates the seed wall only minimally - less than one percent -suggesting that the larvae rely on incredibly faint cues to sense their surroundings.



Despite this, the larvae respond differently to different light spectra, moving the most under red light and the least under purple light.



"Somehow larvae are picking up on these differences. Whether that's because of very minute temperature changes or because of extremely sensitive photoreceptors, we're not sure yet," noted Swierk. 



“But they're using light somehow as a cue to change their behavior, which probably has to do with the fact that these different lighting spectra are correlated with different environmental conditions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jumping-beans-under-environmental-stress">Jumping beans under environmental stress</h2>



Continuing their line of investigation into the impact of environmental factors on these larvae, Swierk and her students uncovered an intriguing dilemma. 



The researchers found that larvae possess the ability to repair their host seeds using silk threads, but this might compromise their heat evasion abilities.



The experiments revealed that when seed walls were damaged, the larvae's ability to respond to high heat by jumping decreased. This suggests that the disruption caused by the damage could disconnect the internal silk threads that enable the larva's movement.



Swierk noted that these animals are extremely sensitive to temperature. "A common story here is that we see these larvae using very nuanced cues to change their behavior in response to heat, and we're also seeing that additional stressors like predation attempts can impair their ability to appropriately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-has-increased-seasonal-insect-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">respond to temperature</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-insect-behavior">Climate change and insect behavior </h2>



The research does more than shed light on the remarkable world of Mexican jumping beans. The findings have broader implications for our understanding of insect behavior in the era of climate change.



"Responding to temperature change is a big deal. As the climate changes, we need to learn how animals detect imminent thermal stress and what limits their adaptive responses," said Swierk. 



"What we learn about Mexican jumping bean larvae might help us better understand how other insects with limited movement cope with heat stress in their environments."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376635724001086" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Behavioural Processes</a>.



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What makes Mexican jumping beans jump?

Have you ever wondered about the secret behind the lively...

In the current environmental crisis, how valid is the old saying: There are plenty more fish in the sea?



Well, this perennial fish tale might have a fresh twist. A recent study reveals that environmental conservation efforts have made a significant contribution to the amount of fish on coral reefs.



The international research team used survey data to estimate fish abundance on 2,600 tropical reef locations. Fish biomass is an important indicator of the health of coral reefs.



The experts developed a model which indicated nearly 10% of reef fish biomass can be attributed to environmental protection measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-of-overfishing">Threat of overfishing </h2>



The research was led by Professor Joshua Cinner in the School of Geosciences at the University of Sydney, who worked closely with lead analyst Dr. Iain Caldwell from the Wildlife Conservation Society.



Professor Cinner emphasized the issue of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, a threat to the livelihoods of coastal communities worldwide.



"Millions of people depend on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-coral-reef-fish-survive-in-the-worlds-warmest-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef fish</a> for their livelihoods and nutrition. Overfishing is severely threatening the well-being of coastal communities right across the globe. Protection can help boost fish stocks and have flow-on benefits for people," said Professor Cinner. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-coral-conundrum">The coral conundrum</h2>



Coral reefs, the vibrant underwater ecosystems, are buckling under human-induced pressures including climate change, pollution, and overfishing. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine protected areas</a> (MPAs) have been established by several governments. These areas restrict human activities to preserve marine habitats. However, currently only about 8% of the world’s oceans are covered by MPAs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bolder-framework-for-fish-conservation">Bolder framework for fish conservation </h2>



In a refreshing commitment towards preserving biodiversity, at the 2022 UN Biodiversity Conference, 196 countries pledged to protect 30% of the world’s terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine areas by 2030. 



This initiative, referred to as 30x30, is expected to significantly expand the reach of marine protected areas.



Professor Cinner elaborated on the enormous potential of the 30x30 initiative. "Our modeling showed that we could get up to 28 percent more fish on coral reefs globally by increasing the coverage of fully protected reefs to 30 percent - but only if these reefs are chosen strategically.”



On the other hand, Dr. Caldwell believes no-take zones aren't the only solution. "No-take zones are punching above their weight, especially when they are well complied with, but they aren't the only way to increase <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish populations</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-coral-reef-fish-stocks">Increasing coral reef fish stocks</h2>



The study revealed that more than half of the coral reefs surveyed had no fishing constraints. The research team estimated the potential benefits of fishing restrictions on these reefs.



The predictive model indicated that the implementation of fishing restrictions on all currently unmanaged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-could-vanish-if-temperatures-continue-to-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reefs</a> could further increase global coral reef fish stocks by an additional 10.5 percent.



"Fisheries restrictions aren’t as effective as no-take MPAs on a per area basis, but they tend to be less controversial with fishers, which means compliance can be better, and they can be implemented at very large scales," said Professor Cinner. "Sustaining coral reef fish populations will require using every tool in the toolbox.”



Can we, then, truly claim that there are still plenty more fish in the sea? The answer lies in strategic environmental protection measures, balanced fishing practices, and a collective commitment to marine conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-local-communities">Empowering local communities </h2>



Local communities play a vital role in marine conservation, especially in regions where fishing is a primary livelihood. In many tropical areas, coastal communities depend heavily on fish not only for food but also as a source of income.



Recognizing the importance of sustainable practices, several conservation programs now include community-led initiatives to monitor and manage fish stocks effectively.



Community-managed marine areas (CMMAs) have proven successful in regions like the Pacific Islands, where local fishers actively enforce sustainable fishing practices. 



These initiatives are designed to complement marine protected areas (MPAs), allowing communities to take an active role in preserving their marine resources while ensuring their livelihoods.



Incorporating local knowledge and building a sense of ownership can lead to higher compliance rates and more effective conservation outcomes. 



As the global push towards marine biodiversity gains momentum, community-driven solutions could be crucial for protecting fish populations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Plenty more fish in the sea? This depends on conservation efforts

In the current environmental crisis, how valid is the old...

On most sunny days, the sight of bees buzzing around flowers brightens our day. They fly around with a certain zest, full of purpose. 



But what if these hardworking bees can feel the weight of the world like we do? Fascinating new research reveals that bees experience stress, and it drives them to make pessimistic choices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-and-its-influence-on-bees">Stress and its influence on bees</h2>



Scientists at Newcastle University have discovered that bees, just like us humans, exhibit emotion-like responses to stressful events.



What does this mean? Well, the research findings tell us that when stressed, bees lower their expectations of rewards, which eventually influences how they approach <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-honey-bee-day-protecting-our-vital-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>.



So, how did the researchers find this out? The team trained the bees to decipher whether a specific color signaled a good or bad outcome.



The bees learned to associate different colors with different outcomes. One color pointed to a location full of sweet rewards, while another led them to a location with fewer rewards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-induced-pessimism-in-bees">Stress-induced pessimism in bees</h2>



The experiment further divided the bees into different groups where some experienced a simulated predatory attack, a cause of stress, while others did not. The results were intriguing



"Our study shows that bees are more pessimistic after stress as their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-nutrition-is-key-to-honey-bee-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> suggests that they do not expect to get rewards," explained study co-author Dr. Vivek Nityananda.



“Emotions are complex states and in humans involve a subjective understanding of what you are feeling. We might never know if bees feel something similar, however, what this research can say is that bees have similar responses when they are stressed and make pessimistic choices.



“The best explanation for their behavior is that they expect high rewards to be less likely and exhibit traits of pessimistic people.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-stressed-bees">Implications of stressed bees</h2>



Why does this matter? Well, it matters a lot, especially for our ecosystem. Stress can impact how bees approach flowers and pollinate plants, and their ability to access high-quality rewards.



So, this stress-induced shift in behavior can potentially affect the entire pollination process.



On the brighter side, this research broadens our understanding of emotions, as we found similar traits in an organism as different as an insect.



"Our research suggests that, like other animals including humans, bees may experience emotion-like states when stressed, as demonstrated by a clear shift towards pessimism," noted Dr. Olga Procenko, who led this research at <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a> and is currently a researcher at the University of Birmingham.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



The fascinating findings of this study certainly pave the way for further exploration. The experts still need to investigate how this phenomenon may affect the pollination of flowers and plants.



"We need to figure out how bees evaluate rewards when stressed and whether these states in bees show other properties we see in emotions. We also need to investigate the neural mechanisms involved and see if bees in the wild show similar responses," noted Dr. Nityananda.



Certainly, the road to understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-face-a-multitude-of-complex-stressors-in-the-field/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our buzzing friends</a> better is filled with many more questions to answer. Perhaps in unraveling the mystery of the bees' world, we might also gain a better understanding of our own.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



Understanding the emotional states of bees offers profound insights not just on a theoretical level but also in practical applications affecting agriculture and ecology. 



Bees play a crucial role in pollinating approximately 80% of flowering plants and a staggering one-third of the human food supply is dependent on bee pollination. 



Recognizing how stress influences their foraging patterns could lead to improved strategies for managing bee populations and mitigating the adverse effects of environmental stressors. 



Enhanced satellite monitoring of bee habitats, development of stress-reducing habitats, and focused conservation efforts could be devised to maintain vital bee populations, thereby ensuring the stability and sustainability of many ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-capacities-of-insects">Emotional capacities of insects</h2>



The findings from Newcastle University serve as a springboard for further studies, encouraging scientists to explore the emotional capacities of insects.



The next phase of research could focus on the long-term effects of stress on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee populations</a> and analyze whether similar emotional responses are evident in other arthropods.



Additionally, interdisciplinary approaches involving neuroscience, ethology, and environmental science might uncover the neural pathways and physiological mechanisms driving these emotion-like states in bees. 



By expanding research to include varied environmental conditions, scientists can develop a comprehensive understanding of how these emotion-like states might influence ecological interactions, ultimately helping to devise better conservation strategies to protect these vital pollinators in an increasingly changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0512" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Stressed out bees get depressed and make bad decisions

On most sunny days, the sight of bees buzzing around...

The catastrophic event that wiped out the dinosaurs some 66 million years ago wasn’t all doom and gloom - it also set the stage for a remarkable mutualistic relationship between certain ants and fungi.&nbsp;



The meteor impact that led to mass extinctions created an environment ripe for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-may-communicate-using-up-to-50-words/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> that thrive on organic matter, which was in abundance as plants and animals perished. 



This opened the door for the ancestor of modern leafcutter ants to begin cultivating fungi, according to a new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn7179" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-of-ant-agriculture">Origin of ant agriculture </h2>



“The origin of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungus-farming-ants-work-hard-to-maintain-healthy-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus-farming ants</a> was relatively well understood, but a more precise timeline for these microorganisms was lacking,” explained André Rodrigues, a professor at the <a href="https://www.ibb.unesp.br/#!/english" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Biosciences at São Paulo State University</a> (IB-UNESP). 



“The work provides the smallest margin of error to date for the emergence of these fungal strains, which were previously thought to be more recent.”



Rodrigues coordinates the project “Collaborative research: Dimensions US-São Paulo: integrating phylogeny, genetics, and chemical ecology to unravel the tangled bank of the multipartite fungus-farming ant symbiosis,” supported by the <a href="https://fapesp.br/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">São Paulo Research Foundation</a> (FAPESP) collaboration with the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a> (NSF). 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-line-of-fungi">Evolutionary line of fungi</h2>



The research team made their breakthrough by analyzing ultraconserved elements (UCEs) in the genomes of 475 fungal species cultivated by ants. UCEs are genetic regions that remain stable across species, allowing scientists to trace evolutionary paths.



“In this case, we were interested in the regions close to these elements. They show the most recent differences between species and allow us to trace a fairly accurate evolutionary line,” explained co-author Pepijn Wilhelmus Kooij, a researcher at IB-UNESP.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-farmed-by-ants">Fungi farmed by ants</h2>



This method enabled the researchers to establish that two distinct fungal lineages, now cultivated by today’s leafcutter ants (known as Attini), emerged almost simultaneously 66 million years ago.&nbsp;



This discovery provides a clearer timeline for the development of this remarkable mutualism - where ants and fungi depend on each other for survival - occurring tens of millions of years before human agriculture.



The study also identified a second group of fungi, known as coral fungi, which began to be cultivated by ants around 21 million years ago. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-transfer-massive-amounts-of-carbon-to-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungi</a> form structures resembling tiny coral colonies and represent a fascinating diversification of this ancient relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ant-agriculture-expanded-under-pressure">Ant agriculture expanded under pressure </h2>



The research supports the idea that the fungi were already somewhat adapted for mutualism before ant agriculture began.&nbsp;



“It is likely that the ancestor of the leafcutter ant group lived in close proximity to fungi, possibly feeding on them or their byproducts,” Rodrigues said.&nbsp;



However, the intense environmental pressure from the meteor impact may have transformed this casual relationship into a full-blown mutual dependency, where the fungi relied on ants for survival and reproduction, while the ants depended on the fungi as a primary food source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ants-influence-the-growth-of-fungi">Ants influence the growth of fungi</h2>



Today, four different groups of ants cultivate four types of fungi. Some ants even influence the growth of the fungi to ensure they receive specific nutrients.&nbsp;



“When we cultivate them in the lab, the fungi take the expected form of hyphae. However, inside the colony, one of these hyphae types becomes swollen and forms structures similar to grape clusters, rich in sugars. We still don’t know how the ants do this,” Kooij said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-crisis-after-meteor-impact-nbsp">Nutritional crisis after meteor impact&nbsp;</h2>



Mauricio Bacci Junior, a professor at IB-UNESP and co-author of the paper, noted that the origin of this fungus-farming practice was likely an adaptation to a nutritional crisis faced by the ants after the meteor impact.&nbsp;



“With the abundance of fungi and fewer food options, ants that already had some relationship with fungi found them to be useful when cultivated,” he explained.&nbsp;



The fungi decompose organic matter brought by the ants, which in turn consume the substances produced by the fungi that they cannot obtain from other sources. “It’s as if the fungus were the insect’s external stomach,” Bacci said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-evolutionary-partnership-nbsp">Dynamic evolutionary partnership&nbsp;</h2>



After the ants began farming fungi, another evolutionary shift occurred around 27 million years ago with the expansion of the Cerrado, a savanna-like biome.&nbsp;



The expansion opened more arid areas, which provided a second selective pressure and led to the diversification of leafcutter ants. This adaptation also likely spurred the fungi to evolve and become more efficient at both producing food for the ants and decomposing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-matter-in-a-crater-sparks-new-questions-about-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic matter</a>.



Today, enzymes produced by the fungi cultivated by ants are being studied for their biotechnological potential. These enzymes not only break down organic material but are also being researched for their ability to degrade other substances, including plastics.



The study sheds new light on the complex and ancient relationship between ants and fungi, revealing a dynamic evolutionary partnership that has existed for millions of years.



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Dinosaur extinction led to the emergence of ‘ant agriculture’

The catastrophic event that wiped out the dinosaurs some 66...

Comb,Jelly,Drifting,Underwater,In,The,Ocean,Water,Column

In a captivating intersection of science and the oddities of nature, researchers have discovered that the comb jellyfish has an incredible ability to fuse with another individual after injury.



This species pushes the boundaries of what we understand about survival mechanisms, regeneration, and the very concept of individuality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comb-jellyfish-fuse-for-healing">Comb jellyfish fuse for healing</h2>



We are all familiar with the concept of healing. A cut finger knits itself back together, while a broken bone grows new threads of cells that gradually mend the fracture. But this regeneration, scientists have found, can take a more startling form in the world of comb jellies.



Imagine two injured jellies, each struggling to recover on their own. But now, put them together and watch the magic. They begin to fuse, and before you know it, two entities have become one. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-killifish-regeneration-may-help-us-heal-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healing</a> here is not just mutual - it's shared.



This intriguing observation was made by Kei Jokura and his team at the University of Exeter. The researchers have found that the synchronization extends not only to muscle contractions but also to their digestive systems, enabling them to feed together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocking-discovery-in-the-lab">Shocking discovery in the lab </h2>



It all started in a lab, with a population of comb jellies housed in a seawater tank. The researchers noticed that one unusually large jelly sported two sets of sensory apparatus where it should have had only one.



This odd sight led them to suspect that this individual might be a marvel of two injured jellies that had fused together.



To investigate, the team conducted an experiment where they removed partial lobes from individual comb jellies and placed them close together. In 9 out of 10 instances, the injured comb jellies fused into one entity, which lived for at least 3 weeks post <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-zebrafish-heart-regeneration-could-transform-human-cardiac-care/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fusion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-fusion-of-comb-jellies">Rapid fusion of comb jellies</h2>



Interestingly, this fusion didn't take months or weeks - it was a matter of just one night. The two original individuals became a single entity, with no apparent separation. When stimulated, the whole body reacted, indicating a complete fusion of their nervous systems as well.



“Resulting in a synchronized muscle contraction on the other side when mechanical stimulation is applied to one side of the fused ctenophore," explained Jokura.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="RWNOzoIYTC-3900257-12187" type="single"]</div>



Detailed observations revealed that the newly fused comb jellies spent their first hour exploring spontaneous individual movements. 



However, within two hours, their muscle contractions started to sync up. Astonishingly, 95% of the fused animal’s muscle contractions were completely synchronous.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-comb-jellyfish-fuse">Why do comb jellyfish fuse?</h2>



Even their digestive systems weren’t left out of this merger. When one of the fused entity's mouths consumed labeled brine shrimp, both sections of the body processed and expelled the food, although not simultaneously.



Despite these fascinating observations, the reasons behind this fusion remain a mystery. How does becoming one serve as a survival strategy? With further research, the scientific community hopes to unravel this mystery and shed light on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axolotls-regeneration-powers-critically-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deeper mechanisms</a> at play.



“The allorecognition mechanisms are related to the immune system, and the fusion of nervous systems is closely linked to research on regeneration,” said Jokura. “Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying this fusion could advance these crucial research areas.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-implications-of-fusion">Evolutionary implications of fusion</h2>



The phenomenon of fusion in comb jellies may hold profound evolutionary implications. Such intricate interactions could provide insights into how organisms negotiate individuality versus communal living, a balance pivotal to understanding multicellular life.



Theories suggest that this ability to merge may be a primitive evolutionary trait, which in certain environments could confer significant adaptive benefits, such as enhanced mobility or shared metabolic processes. 



Further genetic studies may reveal whether this ability is conserved across other species, potentially unveiling a deep-rooted ancestral trait that challenges conventional views on organism development and identity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-regenerative-research">Future of regenerative research </h2>



The potential applications of understanding comb jelly fusion extend into various scientific domains, ranging from regenerative medicine to robotics. 



By uncovering the molecular and genetic factors that enable such seamless integrations, researchers hope to draw parallels that could enhance tissue engineering and wound healing processes.



The regenerative capacity displayed by comb jellies might inspire new methodologies for repairing or replacing human tissues. Furthermore, the robotics industry could design systems with autonomous repair capabilities, mimicking biological systems.



As the scientific community continues to probe these fascinating occurrences, collaborations across disciplines will be crucial to harnessing the full potential of these findings and translating them into tangible innovations. 



Ultimately, this discovery opens up a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-way-to-regenerate-old-neurons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world of potential implications</a> for regenerative research.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(24)01023-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Comb jellyfish can 'fuse' with a friend and become one creature after injury

In a captivating intersection of science and the oddities of...

Can you imagine a world where the majestic whale sharks would vanish? Well, a new study offers a stark warning for whale sharks: the future for these creatures is uncertain, and it's not just because of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-whale-sharks-and-climate-warming">Whale sharks and climate warming </h2>



As global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sharks-survived-a-drastic-spike-in-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> continue to rise, the ripple effects reach far below the ocean's surface.



A team of researchers led by Dr. Freya Womersley, a postdoctoral research scientist at the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> and the Marine Biological Association (<a href="https://www.mba.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MBA</a>), set out to investigate the unseen consequences of our warming planet on whale sharks, the gentle giants of the sea.



The research suggests that by the end of the century, whale sharks may face a higher risk of ship strikes due to a shift in their habitats. 



The anticipation of this harmful synergy is based on wide-ranging projections derived from whale shark satellite-tracking data and global climate models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redistribution-of-whale-sharks">Redistribution of whale sharks </h2>



"Our model projects core habitat area losses of more than 50% within some national waters by 2100, with geographic shifts of over 1,000 kilometers. Greater habitat suitability is predicted in current range-edge areas, increasing the co-occurrence of sharks with large ships," noted the researchers.



"This future increase was&nbsp;∼15,000 times greater under high emissions compared with a sustainable development scenario." 



The future for whale sharks looks ominous, if not outright grim, if the current state of affairs continues unchecked.



Our relentless pursuit of industrial growth, expansion, and transportation has tipped the scales. These giants risk being displaced from their homes, and ironically, we are the ones who have set them sailing on this precarious journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-fatal-ship-strikes">Risk of fatal ship strikes</h2>



Why worry about shipping? The answer lies in the paths these steel behemoths carve across the oceans.



As climate change shifts the habitats of whale sharks, the experts predict a significant increase in close encounters between these marine creatures and large vessels.



This increasing intersection of whale shark habitats and shipping routes spells trouble. With this projected scenario, the risk of fatal strikes and disruptions becomes startlingly high, making the seas a dangerous place for the world's largest fish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-shark-conservation">Climate change and shark conservation</h2>



The research highlights an urgent need for factoring climate change into discussions concerning endangered species management. The task at hand is not easy, but it is vital for the preservation of our marine biodiversity.



Our actions have set off a chain of events that are challenging the survival of endangered whale sharks. If proactive measures are not taken, the future could be a cruel place for many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sharks-are-abandoning-their-homes-due-to-ocean-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine species</a> we hold dear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-mitigation-and-adaptation">Strategies for mitigation and adaptation</h2>



In light of these findings, there is an urgent need to explore strategies that can mitigate the impending threats posed by climate change and ship traffic.



Collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders are crucial. Implementing marine protected areas (MPAs) could serve as a sanctuary for whale sharks, reducing the probability of ship strikes and allowing their populations to recuperate. 



Additionally, developing and enforcing guidelines to reroute shipping lanes away from critical habitats could significantly minimize collisions, offering a promising solution to preserve these gentle giants for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-united-conservation-efforts-are-needed">United conservation efforts are needed</h2>



The conservation of whale sharks and their habitats is far from being a one-person task; it demands a collective global commitment. 



Public awareness campaigns can play a pivotal role in highlighting the plight of these creatures, turning the tide towards more sustainable marine practices. 



Furthermore, funding and supporting research initiatives that enhance our understanding of whale shark ecology and interactions with changing oceanographic conditions are vital. 



By uniting efforts across sectors, we can create a resilient environment where whale sharks thrive alongside human advancements, ensuring they remain an integral part of our planet's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-sharks-live-up-to-500-years-whats-their-secret/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rich marine tapestry</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-sharks-from-climate-change">Saving sharks from climate change</h2>



Climate change isn’t just about rising temperatures; it disrupts ecosystems and threatens wildlife. As we face these challenges, we must remember that the effects go beyond what we see. 



"Global warming is one of the most pervasive facets of human-driven climate change, with the magnitude of projected temperature rises over the 21st century comparable to that of the largest global changes in the past 65 million years," noted the researchers.



"Biological responses to warming are already apparent across terrestrial, freshwater,&nbsp;and marine taxa. As environments change, species must either adapt, tolerate, move or face extinction."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02129-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Whale sharks move into dangerous territory as the climate warms

Can you imagine a world where the majestic whale sharks...

Celebrated each year on October 8th, World Octopus Day is a time to honor one of the most intelligent animals in the ocean.&nbsp;



World Octopus Day highlights the complexities of protecting marine animals as environmental threats like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-disrupts-the-distribution-of-marine-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and pollution continue to evolve.



Protecting marine habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds, is crucial for the survival of octopus species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-intelligence-of-octopuses-nbsp">Remarkable intelligence of octopuses&nbsp;</h2>



Research has shown that octopuses have both short-term and long-term memory. They can learn from experience and adapt their behavior to new challenges.



Octopuses have a highly developed nervous system with approximately 500 million neurons. Most of these neurons are located in their arms, which allows for complex motor control and independent movement.



Some octopus species have been observed using tools, such as using coconut shells or rocks for shelter or defense, indicating a level of cognitive sophistication.



Octopuses can rapidly change color and texture to blend into their surroundings. This requires advanced visual processing and environmental awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance-of-octopuses-nbsp">Ecological importance of octopuses&nbsp;</h2>



Octopuses play a vital role in marine ecosystems due to their various ecological functions.



As both predators and prey, octopuses help maintain the balance of marine food webs. They hunt various species, including crabs, fish, and mollusks, which helps control the populations of these organisms. In turn, they are prey for larger marine animals such as sharks, larger fish, and sea birds.



Some octopus species create dens in the ocean floor by using rocks, shells, and other materials. These dens can serve as habitats for other marine organisms, increasing local biodiversity.



Through their feeding and excretion, octopuses help cycle nutrients in the marine ecosystem. Their predation on benthic invertebrates can affect nutrient dynamics and promote a healthy seabed.



Octopuses serve as an indicator species, reflecting the health of their marine environments. Changes in their population or behavior can signal shifts in ecosystem health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-octopuses-nbsp">Threats to octopuses&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their ecological importance and remarkable intelligence, octopuses face an uncertain future due to several interconnected factors.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



Rising ocean temperatures and acidification affect marine ecosystems and can disrupt octopus habitats and prey availability.&nbsp;



A recent study showed that rising ocean temperatures may also cause <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-seas-impair-octopus-vision-to-a-critical-extent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vision impairment</a> in octopuses - a direct threat to their survival.&nbsp;



The researchers found that warmer ocean water alters the chemistry within their bodies, specifically affecting the proteins essential for proper vision.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overfishing">Overfishing</h3>



Octopuses are targeted for their meat, leading to overfishing in some regions.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Unsustainable fishing</a> also removes large quantities of fish and other marine species from the ecosystem, leading to a decline in the availability of food for octopuses. This can affect their growth, reproduction, and survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



Overfishing leads to habitat degradation, particularly when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-fishing-method-of-bottom-trawling-harms-both-the-ocean-and-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bottom trawling</a> and other destructive fishing methods are used. This can destroy the environments where octopuses and their prey thrive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-pollution">Ocean pollution</h3>



Pollutants like heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals accumulate in the marine environment.&nbsp;



Octopuses, being at the top of the food chain, accumulate these toxins in their bodies, leading to health issues such as weakened immune systems, reproductive problems, and even death.



Octopuses ingest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> either directly or through the consumption of contaminated prey. These tiny plastic particles can cause physical harm and may also release harmful chemicals into their systems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-research">Limited research</h3>



Octopuses are still relatively understudied compared to other marine species, making it challenging to assess their population health and develop effective conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-world-octopus-day">Celebrating World Octopus Day</h2>



Today, make an effort to educate yourself and others about marine ecosystems and the threats they face. Share your knowledge with friends and family to raise awareness about marine conservation issues.



You can also honor World Octopus Day by reducing plastic waste. Minimize single-use plastics by using reusable bags, bottles, and containers.&nbsp;



In addition, choose seafood that is sustainably sourced. Look for certifications like the <a href="https://www.msc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marine Stewardship Council</a> (MSC) or the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) to support responsible fishing and farming practices.



Furthermore, you can contribute to organizations that are working hard to protect marine environments, such as the <a href="https://donate.oceanconservancy.org/page/137494/donate/1?ea.tracking.id=24HAJWEAXX&amp;utm_medium=PaidSearch&amp;utm_source=Google&amp;utm_campaign=PMAX&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=Cj0KCQjwsJO4BhDoARIsADDv4vC9bqa6A9qMIWTIPuSZ8YnReI_QyjqDaqeCKvsFhLdQQnIDHMuhoTIaAuCIEALw_wcB" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ocean Conservancy</a>.



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World Octopus Day: The intelligent creatures of the sea

Celebrated each year on October 8th, World Octopus Day is...

Spiders, known for their venomous abilities, utilize a chemical arsenal to capture prey and defend themselves. While small neurotoxins targeting the central nervous system of their victims have been intensively studied, scientists in Germany shifted their focus to the enzymes present in the complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-new-way-to-study-venom-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">venom</a> cocktail.



The experts have discovered a vast, previously overlooked diversity of proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions. According to the researchers, these enzymes could hold significant value for bioeconomic applications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiders-produce-complex-venom">Spiders produce complex venom</h2>



With approximately 52,000 species worldwide, spiders are notably diverse and produce some of the most complex animal venoms. The venom of a single <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-turn-to-cannibalism-when-food-sources-are-limited/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> can contain over 3,000 molecules, primarily small neurotoxins used to overpower insects.



A team of researchers from the LOEWE Center TBG at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, branch of <a href="https://www.ime.fraunhofer.de/en/Research_Divisions/bioresources.html">Bioresources (IME-BR)</a> in Giessen, Germany, has investigated these previously neglected components of spider venom and made a surprising discovery.



The experts found that in addition to neurotoxins, spider venom also contains a wide variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/enzyme-plant-waste-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enzymes</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enzymes-in-spider-venom-nbsp">Enzymes in spider venom&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Tim Lüddecke is head of the Animal Venomics working group at the IME-BR in Giessen.



“In the past, a few pioneering studies suggested the presence of enzymes in spider venoms, but a targeted search for them has never been carried out,” said Lüddecke.



“We took on this task and systematically screened the raw data of all so far venom-wise analyzed spiders for enzymes. We were able to show that there are in fact more than 140 different enzyme families in their venom.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-diversity-of-spider-venom">Chemical diversity of spider venom</h2>



Lüddecke noted that the chemical diversity of spider venoms has been dramatically underestimated so far, as all calculations of complexity are based on the neurotoxins alone.



According to the experts, the findings not only enable new research approaches to better understand the evolution and function of spider venoms but also open new perspectives for their utilization.



“Enzymes are key building blocks of the bioeconomy. They accelerate chemical reactions and are characterized by very low by-product formation, low energy consumption and biodegradability,” explained study first author Josephine Dresler.



“They can therefore be used to create value in a highly sustainable way. Industry is constantly looking for new sources of enzymes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-opening-up-a-new-field-of-research-nbsp">Opening up a new field of research&nbsp;</h2>



Dresler noted that some of the enzymes identified in the study could be used in detergents or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-highlights-desperate-need-for-electronic-waste-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waste management</a> because of their fat-splitting or protein-degrading properties. “They could make a significant contribution to a sustainable transformation there.”



“So far, the spider venom community has focused exclusively on medical or agricultural applications. Our discovery opens up the possibility of establishing a completely new field of applied research,” said Lüddecke.



“But we are only at the beginning, as less than 1% of all spider species have been studied for their venoms. I am confident that we will make more exciting discoveries in the remaining 99% of the world's spider fauna.”



According to the researchers, the study revealed extensive discrepancy between public databases and publications with regard to enzyme coverage, which impedes the development of novel spider venom enzyme-based applications.&nbsp;



“Uncovering the previously unrecognized abundance and diversity of venom enzymes will open new avenues for spider venom biodiscovery,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-for-spider-venom-enzymes-nbsp">Applications for spider venom enzymes&nbsp;</h2>



Enzymes in spider venom have various potential uses in medicine and biotechnology due to their unique biochemical properties. Some potential applications include:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-painkillers">Painkillers</h3>



Some spider venom enzymes target nerve channels, making them potential candidates for developing non-opioid painkillers. For example, peptides from venom can block pain receptors without addictive side effects.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-treatment">Cancer treatment</h3>



Certain enzymes in spider venom may selectively target cancer cells. Research has shown that these enzymes can break down cell membranes or inhibit cell proliferation, making them potential tools for cancer therapy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuroprotective-agents">Neuroprotective agents</h3>



Some venom enzymes protect nerve cells by blocking toxic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, offering a possible therapeutic approach.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimicrobial-agents">Antimicrobial agents</h3>



Spider venom enzymes can break down bacterial cell walls, which could be harnessed to develop new antibiotics, especially in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-clotting">Blood clotting</h3>



Some spider venom enzymes can either promote or prevent blood clotting. This could be useful for developing treatments for blood disorders, such as hemophilia (promoting clotting) or for anticoagulant drugs to prevent clots.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insecticides">Insecticides</h3>



Since spider venom is highly effective at immobilizing or killing insects, enzymes from venom could be utilized in developing environmentally friendly insecticides for pest control.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44185-024-00058-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">npj Biodiversity</a>.



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Spider venom has hidden biochemical value

Spiders, known for their venomous abilities, utilize a chemical arsenal...

A common investment strategy used in finance may hold the key to protecting an endangered frog species in Puerto Rico. The modern portfolio theory is a tool typically used to balance risk and reward in financial investments.



The research suggests that using this tool to guide natural resource managers in making decisions could help preserve the coquí llanero, Puerto Rico's smallest and most endangered frog species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-habitats-for-endangered-frogs">Limited habitats for endangered frogs</h2>



The coquí frog is an iconic symbol of Puerto Rico, known for its distinct high-pitched chirp. Among the 17 species of coquí, the coquí llanero is the most at risk, with its population limited to just three small freshwater wetlands on the island's northern coast.&nbsp;



This restricted habitat makes it highly vulnerable to environmental threats, including severe storms, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a>, and the broader impacts of climate change.



“There’s only so much the coquí can do on their own to avoid climate risks,” said Mitch Eaton, lead author of the study and a research ecologist with the <a href="https://secasc.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center</a>. 



“So, it’s important that we think about how to manage and mitigate risk within this complex ecosystem.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-risks-by-diversifying-investments-nbsp">Reducing risks by diversifying investments&nbsp;</h2>



Modern portfolio theory, a concept rooted in economics, is widely used to build stable investment portfolios by balancing risks.&nbsp;



The idea is that diversifying investments - mixing high-risk, high-reward stocks with safer, low-return assets like bonds - can reduce overall risk in uncertain markets. The amount invested in each asset is based on how much risk the investor is willing to take.



But how does this financial theory apply to endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frog-saunas-hot-solution-to-fighting-global-amphibian-extinction-apocalypse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frogs</a>?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-the-best-decisions-for-endangered-frogs-nbsp">Making the best decisions for endangered frogs&nbsp;</h2>



In natural resource management, managers also face uncertainty about the future - especially when dealing with unpredictable climate conditions.&nbsp;



Like investors balancing a portfolio, managers must decide how to allocate resources by purchasing land for protection, restoring habitats, or relocating species to new environments.&nbsp;



In this study, researchers tested whether modern portfolio theory could be used to help managers make decisions that would best conserve the coquí llanero.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-risks-with-climate-uncertainty-nbsp">Managing risks with climate uncertainty&nbsp;</h2>



“Diversification of investments is kind of a magic bullet for stability under future market uncertainty,” Eaton said.&nbsp;



“The idea behind using modern portfolio theory is to manage risk under future climate uncertainty, and to help managers consider investments more carefully with realistic variables like budget constraints.”



To explore this idea, the researchers created models that incorporated various factors, such as currently protected habitats, projected sea-level rise, and future changes in temperature and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a>. 



The experts also accounted for different budget scenarios, simulating various levels of funding available to managers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-benefits-while-minimizing-risks">Maximizing benefits while minimizing risks</h2>



The models led to two different portfolio strategies. The first strategy aimed to maximize conservation benefits based on budget constraints. 



The second strategy balanced potential benefits with reducing the risk of extinction, also considering available funding.



The results showed that maximizing benefits at the lowest cost often involved relocating frogs to already <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-slow-down-biodiversity-loss-but-they-cant-reverse-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected areas</a>. 



However, a strategy that focused on reducing risk suggested that buying new land to relocate the frogs - despite the higher cost - was a more effective way to minimize the chances of extinction.&nbsp;



The study concluded that relying solely on existing protected areas may not be enough to safeguard the coquí llanero from future climate risks and that investing in additional habitats could be worth the extra cost.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-distribution-of-endangered-frogs-nbsp">Expanding the distribution of endangered frogs&nbsp;</h2>



The research also revealed unexpected potential relocation sites for the frogs on Puerto Rico’s eastern side, far from the species’ current range on the northern coast.&nbsp;



This discovery could provide resource managers with more options for protecting the coquí llanero by expanding its geographic distribution.



“Ideally, modern portfolio theory acts as a handy tool for managers that gives them a new way of thinking about how to approach the implementation of management actions over space, in other words, how to pool their investments to manage risk and achieve maximal benefits,” Eaton said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



While the study focuses on the coquí llanero, the researchers believe the approach could be applied to other species and environmental management challenges.&nbsp;



However, they noted two key limitations: the study only considered one species, and high-cost investments would require a more detailed evaluation of local conditions and the specific costs of conservation efforts.



Even with these limitations, the study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2024.1444626" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Conservation Science</a>, shows that modern portfolio theory has the potential to guide resource management for various species, helping managers make smarter, more strategic decisions in an increasingly uncertain world.



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Common economic strategy could help save endangered frogs

A common investment strategy used in finance may hold the...

The white stork has been linked to human society for centuries. Legends and fables have portrayed storks as bringing luck, children, and prosperity, and today these birds are viewed as an emblem of a healthy environment.



So, just how deep does this kinship between humans and white storks run? Where and how did this relationship begin?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-storks-and-humans">Link between storks and humans</h2>



Addressing this puzzle required understanding the historical habitat of the stork. Dr. Ulrich Schmölcke, an esteemed archaeologist from the Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie in Schleswig (<a href="https://www.leiza.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LEIZA</a>), and ornithologist Kai-Michael Thomsen from the<a href="https://bergenhusen.nabu.de/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Michael Otto Institute within NABU</a>, set out to investigate.



The experts embarked on a unique quest to explore the range dynamics of the white <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-storks-choose-migration-routes-that-are-social-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stork</a> in Europe since the last ice age using archaeological evidence.



The exploration revealed a curious fact - the north-eastern part of Europe, today brimming with storks, only became part of their range in the recent past. The trailblazing study was recently published in the Journal of Ornithology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stork-s-past-with-humans">Stork's past with humans</h2>



To unravel the stork’s history, Schmölcke and Thomsen evaluated previously published findings of bird bones found near prehistoric or early historic settlements. 



A data set from 1999, for instance, provided information on over 7,500 archaeological sites with animal remains dating from the last ice age to the early modern period all over Europe. 



The two academics also delved into current research literature, thus rounding off an extensive database to make reliable statements about the white stork's distribution over the past millennia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-puzzle-solved">Historical puzzle solved</h2>



According to their findings, about 1,500 years ago, the white stork was found exclusively in southern and western Europe, notably on the Iberian Peninsula, in the Upper Rhine region, and the southern Balkans.



Intriguingly, the boundary of the stork's distribution at the end of antiquity matched precisely the extent of the Roman Empire. Ancient written sources validate this, showing that the white stork was closely associated with people in the Mediterranean region at the time. 



However, beyond the borders of the Roman Empire, the white stork didn't find suitable habitats. Why? The human population density was substantially lower there, with less open spaces due to less intensive agriculture.



"It was only around 1,000 years ago that the white stork's range expanded rapidly to the north-east. This coincides with the medieval 'Landesausbau,' when many forests were cleared and new agricultural land was created," noted Thomsen.



The adaptable white stork seems to have benefitted long-term from these changes in human landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study</h2>



This study doesn't just shed light on a fascinating chapter of natural history. It is also instrumental in understanding species distribution and disappearance patterns over time. 



"If we want to understand how species spread or why they disappear from some areas, we can't just look at the current pattern. We need to understand long-term developments," said Thomsen.



Schmölcke noted that understanding past environments and species prevalence is crucial to studying how the relationship between humans and the environment has evolved over time - something that researchers at LEIZA and the ROOTS Cluster of Excellence are already working on.



According to Schmölcke, the study shows the great potential of cooperation between ornithology and archaeology, especially if we include even more&nbsp;analytical methods&nbsp;such as genetics and isotope measurements in the future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storks-and-human-settlements">Storks and human settlements</h2>



The presence of white storks near human settlements throughout history highlights a remarkable symbiosis that has persisted for centuries. 



Storks, with their preference for open, agricultural landscapes, often chose nesting sites near human habitations, taking advantage of the structures for nesting and the agricultural practices that heightened food availability. 



As these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-behaviors-are-shaped-by-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> fed on rodents, insects, and other pests, they inadvertently provided a form of natural pest control, benefiting human communities by sustaining crops and, thereby, the food supply. 



The gear-driven harmony between storks and humans was not only sustenance-based but also symbolic, as storks became emblematic of good fortune and prosperity in various cultural narratives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-in-a-changing-world">Conservation in a changing world</h2>



As we move further into the 21st century, the challenges posed by climate change and habitat destruction cast a shadow on the once-thriving relationship between humans and white storks. 



Conservation strategies must be informed by the rich historical context provided by studies like that of Schmölcke and Thomsen. 



Future conservation efforts should take an interdisciplinary approach, integrating historical data to inform sustainable land-use practices that accommodate the needs of both humans and stork <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-feeding-pollutes-local-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>. 



By focusing on habitat preservation and landscape management, policymakers can ensure that the white stork continues to soar across European skies, embodying the interconnectedness between species and the environments we share.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tale-of-man-and-bird">Tale of man and bird</h2>



The bond between humans and the white stork is older and deeper than we thought, starting from ancient human civilizations and showing a surprising parallel with human expansion and land use changes. 



And it is fascinating discoveries like these that underscore how interconnected we are with the natural world. 



So, the next time you see a white stork, take a moment to appreciate not just its elegance, but also the rich, shared history it symbolizes.



The study is published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-024-02206-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Ornithology</a>.&nbsp; 



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White storks and humans have a long, intertwined history

The white stork has been linked to human society for...

Eurasian,Pygmy,Shrew,(sorex,Minutus),Mouse,In,Natural,Habitat.,This

Do you ever stop to marvel at the tireless beating of your heart, rhythmically pulsating at an average pace of 60 to 100 beats per minute? Now, try to imagine an organism, considerably tinier than our species, whose heart goes on a racing spree at around 1,020 beats per minute. Nope, this isn't a hyperbole; it's the humble shrew, a creature no bigger than your index finger with incredible hearts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-nature-s-artistry">Enigma of nature's artistry</h2>



The resting heart rate of a shrew reaches up to 17 beats per second, making it about 10-17 times faster than that of us humans. 



This biological marvel has intrigued scientists for years - how does such a tiny creature manage to maintain a heart rate that would be lethal for most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-mammals-live-depends-more-on-climate-than-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>?



This question has finally found an answer in a recent study published in the prestigious journal, Science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-shrew-s-heart">Mystery of shrew's heart</h2>



An international team of researchers, led by postdoc William Joyce during his time at Aarhus University (<a href="https://international.au.dk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AU</a>), and his colleague, Professor Kevin Campbell, previously of AU and currently with the <a href="https://umanitoba.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manitoba</a> (Canada), embarked on this mission to decode the shrew's heart. 



It was during this investigation that they discovered the secret lay in the heart protein called "cardiac troponin I."



"We discovered that a crucial part of the heart protein that regulates heart relaxation time is missing in shrews and closely related moles," explains Joyce, who has shifted his base to The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC) in Spain.



"This evolutionary loss permanently removes the brakes on heart relaxation, allowing their hearts to beat much faster."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-link-in-the-protein-chain">Missing link in the protein chain</h2>



The protein cardiac troponin I is integral to the way a heart works. It binds to calcium ions during contraction, a process pivotal for the heart muscle's function. 



In most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-mammals-play-a-vital-role-in-maintaining-forest-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mammals</a>, this protein contains two specific serine amino acids that are temporarily modified when the heart gets a burst of adrenaline from stress or physical activity. 



This modification allows the heart to relax faster between beats, providing more time for blood refill, thus setting the pace for the next contraction.



But a remarkable deviation occurs in the case of shrews.



"In an early ancestor of shrews, the DNA region encoding the two serines became inactivated. This means the protein always functions as if it were activated by adrenaline, even when the animal is at rest, allowing shrews to achieve their extreme heart rates," explains Campbell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shrews-bats-and-their-heart-rates">Shrews, bats and their heart rates</h2>



To understand how this evolution towards high heart rates has unfolded, the research team studied the heart protein in bats. Like shrews, bats also boast heart rates exceeding 1,000 beats per minute.



"Our analysis shows that some bat species can skip over the part of the gene that codes for the two serine amino acids when the protein is formed," Campbell continued.



Ancient shrews and moles likely had the same ability, and evolution gradually favored their troponin I proteins to completely lose this region. This permitted them to evolve even higher heart rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-humans">Implications for humans</h2>



The findings about the shrew's cardiac adaptations provide intriguing insights into the potential avenues for advancing human health and medicine. 



Understanding how the removal of the regulatory serine amino acids leads to enhanced heart rate capabilities in shrews could inspire new therapeutic strategies aimed at treating heart conditions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-know-far-less-about-four-footed-animals-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a>. 



For instance, manipulating similar pathways could help develop treatments that ameliorate conditions marked by slowed or inefficient heartbeats. 



By revealing how nature adapts efficiently under high metabolic demands, these discoveries might pave the way for medical innovations that can mimic these natural developments for human benefit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-shrew-s-heart">Future research on shrew's heart</h2>



This research not only elucidates the evolutionary paths taken by shrews and bats but also opens new frontiers in cardiovascular research. 



Future studies could delve deeper into the genetic and molecular underpinnings that enable such high heart rates, potentially harnessing these mechanisms for translational applications. 



Continued exploration into the genetic coding of cardiac proteins across different species may uncover more evolutionary strategies that have yet to be understood, shedding light on the diversity and adaptability of life on Earth. 



By investigating these natural adaptations, scientists may unlock new strategies for improving heart function, offering unprecedented insights into both human health and evolutionary biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-implications-for-biomedicine">Potential implications for biomedicine</h2>



The findings from this study are not just fascinating trivia about tiny mammals like shrews and their heart rate. They may have far-reaching implications for the field of biomedicine. 



"Our goal is to translate our findings into biomedicine. This means replicating the splicing of troponin I, as observed in bats, in model organisms and potentially -- eventually -- in human hearts to mimic the beneficial effects," Joyce comments.



Indeed, the implications of this research stretch far and wide, from a deeper understanding of the heart's mechanics to possibly revolutionizing biomedical strategies. 



It’s a stark reminder of how much we can learn from the smallest creatures whose hearts have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammal-evolution-kicked-off-with-daring-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lessons</a> to teach us far beyond our own human pace.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi8146" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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How shrews and other tiny creatures have superfast heartbeats

Do you ever stop to marvel at the tireless beating...

Long before the skies of the Mesozoic era (252 - 66 million years ago) became the domain of some of history’s most remarkable flyers, pterosaurs were already captivating creatures. These winged vertebrates didn’t just rule the skies; they also thrived on land in unexpected ways.



Yes, you read that right - pterosaurs were adept at terrestrial living. A new study sheds light on a fascinating twist in their evolutionary journey.



The ability of pterosaurs to adapt to life on land was instrumental in their transformation into massive aerial giants, with wingspans reaching up to 10 meters.



This research, carried out by paleontologists at the <a href="https://le.ac.uk/research/centres/cpbe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leicester’s Centre for Palaeobiology and Biosphere Evolution</a>, closely examines the structure of pterosaurs’ hands and feet to unravel their surprising story.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-all-started-with-tree-climbing">It all started with tree climbing</h2>



"Early pterosaurs were highly specialized for climbing, with extreme modifications in their hands and feet, similar to those found in climbing lizards and birds like woodpeckers today," said lead researcher Robert Smyth from the University of Leicester.



"Clinging to vertical surfaces by your fingertips for long periods is hard work - it’s a lot easier for small, lightweight animals.” 



Consequently, these early pterosaurs were likely restricted to arboreal habitats and consequently, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-pterosaurs-were-fierce-competitors-in-the-late-cretaceous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small body sizes</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-of-pterosaurs-on-land">Life of pterosaurs on land</h2>



Everything changed during the Middle Jurassic period. The hands and feet of pterosaurs underwent a drastic transformation, resembling more those of ground-dwelling animals.



This shift opened up a whole new world of ecological opportunities, empowering them with a range of feeding strategies.



"These findings underscore the need to examine all aspects of pterosaur locomotion, not just flight, to fully understand their evolution. That <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-park-was-wrong-about-how-fast-pterosaurs-could-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pterosaurs could fly</a> is only one part of their story," said Smyth.



"By exploring how they lived in the trees or on the ground, we can begin to understand the roles that they played in ancient ecosystems."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-pterosaur-bones">Evolution of pterosaur bones</h2>



Details of the pterosaur's hands and feet were crucial to this transformative process. Early pterosaurs had short bones at the base of their fingers and toes, ideal for climbing trees.



However, as evolution spun its web, their structural pattern reversed - base bones grew longer, while the farther ones shortened. Their claws also became flatter and less curved, suggesting better adaptation for walking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pterosaurs-mobility-on-land">Pterosaurs' mobility on land</h2>



With the ground already brimming with dinosaurs and other reptiles, it was a clever game of competition avoidance that led pterosaurs to exploit ecological niches that required both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cracking-the-code-of-pterosaur-flight-soaring-vs-flapping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flying</a> and walking abilities. 



"In early pterosaurs the hind limbs were connected by a flight membrane which severely impeded walking and running. In later, more advanced pterosaurs, this membrane became separated along the midline, allowing each hind limb to move independently," noted Dr. David Unwin from the University of Leicester.



"This was a key innovation that, combined with changes to their hands and feet, greatly improved pterosaurs’ mobility on the ground."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-ways-of-life">Diverse ways of life</h2>



The ability to adapt ultimately freed pterosaurs from the constraints of climbing, allowing them to grow into massive sky creatures.



At the same time, such evolution brought forth some bizarre feeding strategies. One such feature resulted in hundreds of fine, needle-like teeth for filter-feeding - resembling the feeding method of modern flamingos, a good 120 million years prior to the first flamingos' evolution.



All in all, this exciting discovery provides a more complete picture of the diverse ways of life that pterosaurs enjoyed, from tree-top dwellers to ground explorers and eventually, giants of the sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-pterosaur-evolution">Rethinking pterosaur evolution</h2>



This new understanding of pterosaur terrestrial locomotion sheds light on the broader factors behind their evolutionary success. 



Moving beyond their aerial abilities, it becomes clear that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-jurassic-pterosaur-found-on-the-isle-of-skye/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient reptiles</a> adapted to diverse ecosystems, mastering both the skies and the ground. This dual capability likely contributed to their remarkable resilience and longevity throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-not-the-only-animals-that-grew-fast-during-the-mesozoic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mesozoic era</a>.



By exploring how pterosaurs thrived across various environments, researchers are beginning to see a more complete picture of their evolutionary journey. 



Such findings also inspire further investigation into other prehistoric creatures that might have displayed similarly unexpected adaptations. 



As we uncover more about these ancient worlds, it’s clear that evolution often involves surprising strategies that help species overcome the challenges of their time.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982224012260" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Pterosaurs mastered land before dominating the sky

Long before the skies of the Mesozoic era (252 -...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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