Every year, millions of birds migrate in search of warmer climates to escape the harsh winter. However, this seasonal journey does not necessarily help birds conserve energy as previously thought, according to a recent study from the <a href="https://www.ab.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior</a> (MPI-AB). 



By implanting miniaturized loggers into wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-blackbirds-get-sick-it-takes-weeks-for-them-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blackbirds</a>, scientists were able to record detailed measurements of the birds' heart rates and body temperatures every 30 minutes, from fall until the following spring. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-overall-energy-advantage-nbsp">No overall energy advantage&nbsp;</h2>



The study offers an unprecedented look into the true energetic costs of both migrating and staying in place. The data also uncovered an unexpected energy-saving mechanism used by blackbirds before migration begins.



“We never expected to discover that birds gain no overall energy advantage by escaping cold winters,” said Nils Linek, a first author of the study and researcher at MPI-AB.&nbsp;



“It was a longstanding textbook assumption that animals spend less energy by migrating to warmer places, but our findings have shown that these savings don’t add up. Rather, the energetics of migration is far more complex and interesting than theory predicted.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-energy-expenditure-of-blackbirds-nbsp">Measuring energy expenditure of blackbirds&nbsp;</h2>



Migration is a spectacular example of how animals adapt to changing seasons, but the fundamental question of why animals migrate has long puzzled scientists.&nbsp;



Part of the challenge has been the difficulty of studying the physiology of free-living animals over extended periods.&nbsp;



In this study, researchers from MPI-AB and <a href="https://www.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale University</a> made a significant breakthrough by using sensors that measured the energy expenditure of blackbirds over the course of a full year, including their migration. 



They then paired this physiological data with energy modeling to calculate the predicted energetic costs of regulating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/koalas-can-predict-hot-days-and-adjust-their-body-temperature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body temperature</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blackbirds-save-up-energy-for-their-journey">Blackbirds save up energy for their journey</h2>



The data showed that migrating blackbirds conserved substantial amounts of energy in preparation for migration by lowering their metabolism three weeks before departing. This adjustment may offset the energy costs of the migratory flights.&nbsp;



“They are essentially turning down their internal thermostat, allowing them to save energy for the journey ahead,” explained Linek.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicted-energy-surplus-nbsp">Predicted energy surplus&nbsp;</h2>



Yet, once the birds reached their warmer wintering areas, they did not seem to reduce their overall daily energy expenditure as expected.



“This was not what we anticipated,” said co-first author Scott Yanco, a scientist at the Yale Center for Biodiversity and Global Change.&nbsp;



“The energy modeling we did in the study predicted that migration should definitely create an energy surplus because of the substantially reduced cost of keeping warm in milder climates.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-costs-in-overwintering-sites-nbsp">Hidden costs in overwintering sites&nbsp;</h2>



The mystery remains: where did this predicted energy surplus go? “We can only speculate at this point, but we suggest that there may be other physiological adaptations or hidden costs that migrant blackbirds face in their milder overwintering sites,” said Linek. 



“These might include factors such as the need to maintain vigilance in new environments, immune functions, or unknown stressors that offset the thermal advantage they should have experienced.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-partially-migratory-blackbirds">“Partially migratory” blackbirds</h2>



The researchers conducted their study in southern Germany, where blackbird populations are “partially migratory.” This means that while some blackbirds migrate south to regions like Spain and France, others remain in Germany throughout the year.&nbsp;



To track both migrant and resident birds, the researchers implanted heart rate and body temperature loggers into 120 wild blackbirds. These devices recorded data continuously from September until May.&nbsp;



Additionally, the team used radio transmitters to monitor the departure and return of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Over one million data points were analyzed to compare the physiological differences between the two groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-blackbirds-in-remarkable-detail-nbsp">Tracking blackbirds in remarkable detail&nbsp;</h2>



“Using physiological data, we were able to see in remarkable detail how birds undertake and experience migration,” said co-author Tamara Volkmer, a doctoral student at MPI-AB.&nbsp;



“We could observe everything from the migratory flight itself to how they recovered afterward and what they did over the winter. By recording long-term, detailed energy measurements, we could glimpse the hidden costs of their impressive round trip.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-drivers-of-migration-nbsp">Evolutionary drivers of migration&nbsp;</h2>



The findings suggest that migration, despite its risks and challenges, does not result in energy savings in warmer climates. This raises new questions about the evolutionary drivers of migration.&nbsp;



“This could have implications for our understanding of migration and its underlying mechanisms across different bird species,” Linek explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The study also has broader implications for predicting how species will respond to future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-are-struggling-to-adapt-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate changes</a>.



Study senior author Jesko Partecke is a group leader at MPI-AB who has been studying blackbird migration for two decades.



“Understanding the physiological underpinnings of migration means that we can better forecast which species may adapt, which may alter their migratory patterns, and which may face greater risks as the world continues to warm,” said Partecke.&nbsp;



As climate change progresses, this research could prove essential in understanding how migratory species will cope with shifting environmental conditions, potentially altering migration strategies or even leading to the disappearance of certain migratory behaviors.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02545-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>, 



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Blackbirds reveal the true energy costs of migrating

Every year, millions of birds migrate in search of warmer climates to escape the harsh winter. However, this seasonal journey does not necessarily help birds conserve energy as previously thought, according to a recent study from the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB).  By implanting miniaturized loggers into wild blackbirds, scientists were able to record detailed measurements of the birds' heart rates and body temperatures every 30 minutes, from fall until the following spring.  No overall energy advantage&nbsp; The study offers an unprecedented look into the...

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she ventured across the Mediterranean Sea, serves as a poignant reminder of the multitude of threats marine creatures face today. 



A recent study highlights the vast distances these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">majestic beings</a> cover and the myriad dangers they encounter along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Young whale's journey in Mediterranean</h2>



Scientists tracked the movements of various marine species, including Cuvier’s beaked whales, bottlenose dolphins, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sperm-whale-physeter-macrocephalus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm whales</a>, off the coast of Israel. 



Utilizing advanced tracking technology, they observed these species to understand their migration patterns and the challenges they face. 



Among the animals they studied, a young adult male sperm whale stood out due to its remarkable journey. This particular whale, previously spotted off the coast of southern France, exhibited an extraordinary range of travel. 



A dedicated team of researchers from Greenpeace, the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>, and the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, observed a unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-face-increasing-dangers-along-their-migration-routes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> pattern in this particular whale.



It covered the longest recorded distance for a sperm whale within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This unprecedented movement not only highlights the whale's incredible endurance but also underscores the interconnectedness of marine habitats across the region. 



The whale’s journey serves as a crucial data point, illustrating the vast distances these creatures travel and the various threats they encounter, including heavy maritime traffic, pollution, and noise, which pose significant risks to their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-whale-s-fight-for-survival">Young whale's fight for survival</h2>



The young whale's journey, filled with obstacles, underscores the perilous conditions marine animals endure. 



“Marine life in the Mediterranean faces numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-poses-unknown-threats-to-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threats</a> -- from fishing and pollution to noise and boat strikes,” explained Dr. Kirsten Thompson, from the Greenpeace Research Laboratories at the University of Exeter. 



She noted the whale likely navigated through either the Sicily Channel or the Strait of Messina -- both heavily trafficked and hazardous routes for deep-diving species like sperm whales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unified-call-for-conservation">Unified call for conservation</h2>



This research transcends being a mere account of migration; it serves as a powerful call to action for the protection of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine habitats</a>. 



The study's findings revealed that the vocal patterns of whales off the Israeli coast matched those of whales across the Mediterranean. This match indicates a connected regional population, suggesting that these whales migrate and interact across vast distances. 



Such interconnectedness underscores the necessity for comprehensive conservation efforts that span national borders. Marine habitats face numerous threats, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/overfishing-and-habitat-degradation-have-devastated-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overfishing</a>, pollution, and maritime traffic, which endanger the lives of these majestic creatures. 



By highlighting the shared vocal patterns, the study on young whale across the Mediterranean emphasizes that protecting one region is insufficient. 



Effective conservation requires international collaboration and coordinated efforts to ensure the survival of these species. 



The research underscores the urgent need for protective measures and policy changes to safeguard the rich biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea, ensuring a healthier environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-solutions-for-marine-safety">Innovative solutions for marine safety</h2>



Dr. Thompson suggested that installing listening devices in narrow and shallow seas could pioneer an alert system to prevent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-new-approach-to-protecting-whales-from-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ship strikes</a> -- a significant threat to whales. This technological intervention could form a protective barrier around these vulnerable giants of the sea.



“The Mediterranean is the busiest sea in the world, with rich wildlife and a high human population. Unfortunately, some species like these threatened whales are facing further industrial development, with oil and gas exploration and the construction of a new gas pipeline between the eastern basin and Italy,” Dr. Thompson added. 



She highlighted how such developments not only challenge EU environmental protection laws but also threaten the survival of marine wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-our-seas">Safeguarding our seas</h2>



The conclusions of this study of the young whale venturing across the Mediterranean Sea are based on visual-acoustic surveys conducted over a two-month period.



During that time, scientists captured multiple interactions with these magnificent creatures. The findings highlight the urgent need for further research to protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-increase-in-shipping-traffic-threatens-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean effectively.



By chronicling the journey and challenges faced by a young whale, the researchers aim to illuminate the widespread issues impacting all marine inhabitants. 



The adoption of advanced monitoring technologies coupled with stringent conservation measures is essential for creating a safer environment for the region’s marine species. 



These efforts are vital not only for preserving biodiversity but also for upholding the ecological integrity of one of the world’s most historically important seas.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.4155" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems</a>.



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Young whale's epic voyage exposes perils of the Mediterranean

The expansive journey of a young whale, tracked as she...

Long considered cold-blooded behemoths, new research challenges the conventional wisdom about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megaraptor-species-named-fujianipus-yingliangi-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. The study suggests that some of these ancient creatures may have been <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/sites/news/files/styles/large_image/public/dromaeosaur_in_the_snow_by_davide_bonadonna_squared_-_hd_cropped_again.jpg?itok=yP90Eftt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warm-blooded</a>, a revelation that could rewrite our understanding of their evolutionary history and physiology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-dinosaurs-warm-blooded-traits">Climate impact on dinosaurs' warm-blooded traits</h2>



Picture this: It's the Early Jurassic period. Intense volcanic activity triggers a global warming event known as the Jenkyns event. This dramatic climate shift leads to the extinction of various plant species. It paves the way for the emergence of many new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-of-the-dinosaurs-were-warm-blooded/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> groups.



But what's truly remarkable is the impact of this environmental crisis. It may have been the catalyst for endothermy, which is the ability to internally generate heat. This trait is a defining characteristic of mammals and birds.



Endothermy allowed certain dinosaurs to thrive in changing climates. This adaptation enabled them to maintain high activity levels and survive in colder environments. The evolution of endothermy marks a significant turning point in dinosaur physiology. It highlights their incredible ability to adapt to environmental challenges.



"Our analyses show that different climate preferences emerged among the main <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-less-intelligent-than-modern-day-monkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur</a> groups around the time of the Jenkyns event 183 million years&nbsp;ago,"&nbsp;explained study lead author Dr. Alfio Alessandro Chiarenza of <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/ucl-earth-sciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL Earth Sciences</a>.



"The adoption of endothermy, perhaps a result of this environmental crisis, may have enabled theropods and ornithischians to thrive in colder environments."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theropods-and-ornithischians">Theropods and ornithischians</h2>



Theropods, the group that includes the iconic T. rex and Velociraptor, and ornithischians, which include relatives of the plant-eating Stegosaurus and Triceratops, were the first to embrace this newfound ability to regulate their body temperature. 



This allowed the dinosaurs to venture into colder climates, where they could remain active for longer periods, grow faster, and produce more offspring.



"Theropods also include birds and our study suggests that birds' unique temperature regulation may have had its origin in this Early Jurassic epoch,"&nbsp;noted co-author Dr. Sara Varela of the <a href="https://www.uvigo.gal/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidade de Vigo</a>.



But what about the other major dinosaur group, the sauropods? These gentle giants, including the Brontosaurus and Diplodocus, opted to stick to warmer climates. They achieved this by growing to enormous sizes, which helped them retain heat due to their smaller surface area to volume ratio.



"Sauropods, on the other hand, which stayed in warmer climates, grew to a gigantic size at around this time – another possible adaptation due to environmental pressure,"&nbsp;said Dr. Varela.&nbsp;"Their smaller surface area to volume ratio would have meant these larger creatures would lose heat at a reduced rate, allowing them to stay active for longer."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-revolution-from-cold-to-warm-blooded">Dinosaur revolution from cold to warm-blooded</h2>



This study fundamentally challenges the long-held notion that all dinosaurs were cold-blooded. It reveals a more complex picture of their physiology. Dinosaurs were not uniform in thermoregulation. They showcased diverse adaptations to their environments.



The evolution of endothermy, or warm-bloodedness, occurred in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-birds-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theropods</a> and ornithischians during the Early Jurassic period. This development was potentially triggered by environmental pressures like the Jenkyns event. It gave them a significant edge over their cold-blooded counterparts.



This adaptation allowed dinosaurs to thrive in colder climates. It drove their diversification and success. The ability to internally regulate body temperature was pivotal in dinosaur evolution. This trait potentially contributed to the rise of birds - the only surviving dinosaur lineage.



This new understanding of dinosaur physiology opens up intriguing research avenues. It prompts scientists to re-evaluate long-held assumptions about their biology, behavior, and evolutionary trajectories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warm-blooded-dinosaur-evolution">Warm-blooded dinosaur evolution</h2>



While this study offers fascinating insights into the evolution of warm-blooded traits in dinosaurs, many questions remain unanswered. For instance, researchers are still unsure exactly how this adaptation occurred and what other factors may have contributed to its emergence.



"This research suggests a close connection between climate and how dinosaurs evolved,"&nbsp;said co-author Dr. Juan L. Cantalapiedra of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales.&nbsp;"It sheds new light on how birds might have inherited a unique biological trait from dinosaur ancestors and the different ways dinosaurs adapted to complex and long-term environmental changes."



As researchers continue to delve into the mysteries of dinosaur evolution, one thing is certain. These ancient creatures were far more complex and fascinating than we ever imagined. Their ability to adapt to diverse environments showcases their evolutionary ingenuity. 



Each new discovery adds layers to our understanding of dinosaur biology and behavior. Fossil evidence continues to surprise scientists with unexpected traits and adaptations. Advances in technology and methods allow for deeper exploration of their physiology.



And who knows what other surprises they might have in store for us? The world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-debunk-bergmanns-rule-classic-climate-theory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a> remains full of undiscovered secrets waiting to be unveiled.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00525-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982224005256%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Some dinosaurs became warm-blooded to survive climate change

Long considered cold-blooded behemoths, new research challenges the conventional wisdom about...

In the face of natural disasters like flooding, fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/fire-ants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ants</a> demonstrate a remarkable survival tactic. These tiny creatures come together, interlocking to form a buoyant structure akin to a raft. 



This living raft is not only about survival but also represents a dynamic, adaptive system, much like the materials scientists aspire to create.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-fire-ants-shape-material-science">How fire ants shape material science</h2>



Professor Rob Wagner from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> has taken a deep dive into understanding these natural phenomena.



Previously part of the Vernerey Soft Matter Mechanics Lab, Professor Wagner has been exploring how fire ants adjust and change their structure under various conditions. His research aims to decipher the secrets of these living systems to enhance our material sciences.



“Living systems have always fascinated me because they achieve things that our current engineered materials cannot - not even close,” said Wagner.



He highlighted the contrast between passive materials used today, like metals and ceramics, and the active, energy-converting mechanisms observed in living systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mimicking smart behaviors</h2>



In their recent work, the team investigated how fire ant rafts react to mechanical stress. They observed that unlike polymers that flow or break under different stresses, the ant bonds held strong consistently.



“Many polymers are held together by dynamic bonds that break, but can reform,” explained Professor Wagner. “When pulled slowly enough, these bonds have time to restructure the material so that - instead of fracturing - it flows like the slime our kids play with, or soft-serve ice cream."



"When pulled very fast, though, it breaks more like chalk. Since the rafts are held together by ants clinging onto one another, their bonds can break and reform. So, my colleagues and I thought they’d do the same thing.”



However, the researchers found that the ants’ bonds did not weaken or flow regardless of the pulling speed. Professor Wagner speculates that the fire ants intensify their grip under stress, likely due to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ants-build-mini-eiffel-tower/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a> instinct that maintains cohesion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Catch bond behavior</h2>



The phenomenon where bonds strengthen under force is termed "catch bond behavior." This feature likely serves as a protective mechanism, enhancing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-role-colony-neurobiology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colony</a>'s cohesion, crucial for their survival.



“As you pull on typical bonds with some amount of force, they’re going to let go sooner, and their lifetime goes down - you’re weakening the bond by pulling on it. That is what you see in almost any passive system,” noted Professor Wagner. “But in living systems, because of their complexity, you can sometimes have catch bonds that hold on for longer durations under some range of applied force."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Fire ants inspire the next wave of engineered materials</h2>



Looking ahead, Professor Wagner believes that replicating catch bonds in engineered materials could revolutionize various fields. This adaptation could significantly improve the durability and functionality of biomedical implants, adhesives, fiber composites, and components used in soft robotics.



Inspired by collective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-queen-behavior-changes-based-on-social-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect behaviors</a>, other researchers are also venturing into materials with responsive mechanical properties. 



“A natural progression of this work is to answer how we can get the interactions between these ribbons or other soft building blocks to ‘catch’ under load like the fire ants and some biomolecular interactions do,” said Professor Wagner.



The ongoing research inspired by fire ants not only deepens our understanding of nature but also paves the way for innovations in material science, illustrating once again how much we can learn by observing the world around us.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about fire ants</h2>



Fire ants are remarkable engineers, constructing intricate nests that serve both as shelters and as a means of regulating their internal environment. 



These ants start building by digging out soil with their mandibles, creating underground networks of tunnels and chambers. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fire ant nests</h3>



The architecture of a fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ant-nests-could-help-humans-build-better-transportation-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ant nest</a> is primarily designed to maintain a stable internal climate, protect against predators, and manage water ingress during rain.



The nests vary in depth and complexity based on the soil type and environmental conditions. In sandy soils, fire ants can build deeper and more elaborate tunnels, while in clay-rich soils, the structures might be shallower but spread wider.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Air flow and temperature&nbsp;</h3>



Fire ants also cleverly use the soil they excavate to build mounds above ground, which help regulate the nest’s temperature and provide an emergency exit during floods.



These mounds are not just piles of dirt; they are engineered to optimize air flow and temperature. The tunnels within allow heat from the sun-warmed mound to circulate down and warm the nest on cool days, and conversely, let heat escape to the cooler earth when it’s hot above ground.&nbsp;



This natural air conditioning is crucial for the survival and productivity of the colony, as it helps maintain an optimal environment for raising their young.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2314772121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>. 



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Fire ants can teach us how to create stronger materials

In the face of natural disasters like flooding, fire ants...

Climate change is exerting significant pressure on many marine organisms, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>, especially in the Arctic Ocean, could benefit from rising temperatures. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research</a> (AWI) exposed eight widespread Arctic jellyfish species to future climate conditions using computer models. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jellyfish-benefit-from-climate-change-nbsp">Jellyfish benefit from climate change&nbsp;</h2>



The findings revealed that by the second half of this century, all but one species could significantly expand their habitat northward. The lion’s mane jellyfish could even triple its habitat, potentially impacting the marine food web and Arctic fish populations.



In the future, jellyfish and other gelatinous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> could be some of the few organism groups to benefit from climate change. 



Numerous studies have confirmed that cnidarians, ctenophores, and pelagic tunicates thrive in rising water temperatures, nutrient contamination, and overfishing.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-jellification-the-rise-of-jellyfish">Ocean jellification: The rise of jellyfish</h2>



Combined, these factors could shift the ocean from a fish-dominated food web to one dominated by jellyfish. Many researchers warn of an impending “ocean jellification,” a rise in jellyfish populations worldwide.



“Jellyfish play an important part in the marine food web,” said lead author Dmitrii Pantiukhin, a postdoctoral fellow in ARJEL (Arctic Jellies), a junior research group specializing in Arctic jellyfish at AWI. 



“Now that climate change is putting more stress on marine organisms, it can often give the gelatinous zooplankton a leg up on their competitors for food, like fish.” 



“This in turn affects the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-food-webs-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food web</a> and ultimately the fish themselves: many types of jellyfish feed on fish larvae and eggs, which can slow or prevent the recovery of fish populations already under pressure, which are often also heavily fished by humans. As such, anyone interested in how fish, an important food source for us, will develop in the future, needs to keep an eye on the jellyfish.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-warming-in-the-arctic-ocean-nbsp">Rapid warming in the Arctic Ocean&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their importance to marine ecosystems, gelatinous organisms are often overlooked in ecological studies. The study conducted by Pantiukhin and his team fills a crucial gap in our knowledge, focusing on the rapidly warming Arctic Ocean.&nbsp;



“Of all the oceans, the Arctic Ocean is warming the fastest,” Pantiukhin said. “In addition, roughly 10 percent of global fishing yields come from the Arctic. As such, the High North is the ideal site for our research.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-climate-change-and-jellyfish-distribution-nbsp">Projecting climate change and jellyfish distribution&nbsp;</h2>



The physiology of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-are-capable-of-more-complex-learning-than-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>, including their optimal temperature ranges, is well-documented. The AWI team used three-dimensional species distribution models combined with the oceanographic components of the <a href="https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/research/department-climate-variability/earth-system-modeling-and-prediction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute Earth System Model</a> (MPI-ESM1.2). 



“Simulations of species distribution in the ocean are often two-dimensional, a bit like a map,” explained senior author Charlotte Havermans, head of the ARJEL junior research group. “But the distribution of jellyfish communities in particular is highly dependent on the specific water depth.”&nbsp;



“Consequently, we made our species models three-dimensional. Once we coupled them with the MPI’s Earth system model, we were able to calculate how the distribution of eight major jellyfish species could change from the reference period, 1950 to 2014, to the second half of this century, 2050 to 2099." 



"For future years, we applied the climate scenario 'ssp370,' that is, a development path where greenhouse-gas emissions remain moderate to high.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tremendous-impacts-on-the-food-web">Tremendous impacts on the food web</h2>



The results were striking: seven of the eight species, including comb jellies (Beroe sp.) and pelagic tunicates (Oikopleura vanhoeffeni), could expand their habitats significantly northward. 



The lion’s mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) could nearly triple its habitat size. Only one species, Sminthea arctica, would experience a minor decrease in habitat.



“These results clearly show how dramatically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-arctic-climate-change-is-much-more-difficult-since-russia-invaded-ukraine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> could affect the ecosystems of the Arctic Ocean. The projected expansion of the jellyfish habitats could have tremendous, cascading impacts on the entire food web,” Pantiukhin said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-fish-will-feel-the-pressure-nbsp">Arctic fish will feel the pressure&nbsp;</h2>



One crucial question remains: how will Arctic fish stocks be affected by this jellyfish expansion?&nbsp;



“There are many indications that key Arctic fish species like the polar cod, whose larvae and eggs are frequently eaten by jellyfish, will feel the pressure even more,” said Havermans.



“Therefore, our study offers an important basis for further research in this field. And management plans in the fishing sector urgently need to bear in mind this dynamic development in order to avoid the collapse of commercially exploited stocks but manage them sustainably.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lno.12568" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography</a>.



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Jellyfish may soon rule Arctic waters as climate pushes them north

Climate change is exerting significant pressure on many marine organisms,...

A recent discovery in Brazil's Ubajara National Park is challenging our understanding of primate intelligence and tool use.&nbsp;Capuchin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rhesus-monkeys-quickly-learn-that-patience-is-rewarding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monkeys</a>,&nbsp;long known for their cleverness,&nbsp;have been observed using tools found in their natural habitat to unearth hidden food sources.&nbsp;



This remarkable behavior,&nbsp;captured on video by researchers,&nbsp;showcases the intricate strategies and adaptability of these small primates.&nbsp;



By studying their tool use,&nbsp;scientists are gaining valuable insights into the evolution of cognitive abilities across species,&nbsp;potentially reshaping our understanding of the origins of tool use and intelligence.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="pnN2m1v6Yt-3625839-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tools-used-by-capuchin-monkeys">Tools used by capuchin monkeys</h2>



In the depths of Brazil's Ubajara National Park,&nbsp;pint-sized capuchin monkeys have been caught on camera putting on a masterclass in tool use.&nbsp;These clever critters aren't just monkeying around; they're strategically excavating underground nests to snag delicious trapdoor spiders.



Scientists recorded 214 instances of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deforestation-changes-social-behavior-in-monkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monkeys</a> showing off their digging prowess,&nbsp;using a variety of techniques:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hands-only</h3>



Capuchin monkeys sometimes rely solely on their paws to dig for food. They use their hands to scrape and excavate the soil, showcasing their dexterity and strength.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stone-digging</h3>



These monkeys select specific rocks to assist in digging. They choose smaller, lighter sandstone rocks to break up compacted soil, increasing their efficiency in reaching underground food sources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stick-probing</h3>



Capuchin monkeys use sticks as tools to reach into deep burrows. They use the sticks to probe and extract food, such as spiders and their egg sacs, from tight spaces.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stone-stick combo</h3>



Capuchin monkeys combine the use of stones and sticks for digging. They use a stone to break the surface soil, then a stick to probe deeper, making their tool use more effective and versatile.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-tool-use">Seasonal tool use </h2>



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-monkeys-are-much-smarter-than-we-thought-they-were/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monkeys</a> aren't just clever; they're adaptable too. Researchers observed that capuchin monkeys altered their digging tactics based on the season and the available tools. 



They showed an ability to select the appropriate tool for the conditions, whether it was a dry summer day or a muddy monsoon season. This adaptability highlights their intelligence and resourcefulness in varying environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-see-monkey-dig">Monkey see, monkey dig</h2>



The use of tools among capuchin monkeys isn't a new discovery.&nbsp;Scientists have been documenting these "Monkey Stone Age" behaviors for a while now.&nbsp;In fact,&nbsp;it's not just capuchins who are handy with tools; orangutans have also been observed using plants for medicinal purposes.



The discovery of tool use in capuchin monkeys dates back to 2004 when botanist Alicia Ibáñez observed white-faced capuchins using rocks to open sea almonds and shellfish in Panama's Coiba National Park.&nbsp;Since then,&nbsp;similar behaviors have been observed in other capuchin species across South America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tool-time-in-the-rainforest">Tool time in the rainforest</h2>



For 21 months,&nbsp;researchers from the <a href="https://www5.usp.br" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of São Paulo</a> closely observed these digging monkeys,&nbsp;documenting their every move.&nbsp;They found that the monkeys were quite picky about their tools,&nbsp;choosing lighter sandstone rocks for digging compared to the heavier rocks they use for cracking nuts.



"We predict that capuchin monkeys use hands-only in looser soil, and stone-digging in compacted and tougher soil," noted the researchers. They also suggested that capuchin monkeys actively choose stone tool positions, which increases efficiency when digging in tough soil.



The monkeys showed a preference for using sticks when raiding spider burrows,&nbsp;sometimes even using their free hand to block the burrow exit and prevent their prey from escaping.



"Adult males sometimes hold the probe in one hand and place the other hand on the side of the burrow, apparently to prevent the spider from falling and running away," explained the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-tool-use">Monkey tool use</h2>



Interestingly, the researchers found that using tools didn't necessarily improve the monkeys' success rate in obtaining food. Whether they used tools or just their bare hands, their success rate remained around 83 percent. This raises the question: why use tools at all?



The researchers speculate that the monkeys might use tools to target larger prey or to reduce the time and effort required for digging. Tools could help them access food that is harder to reach or requires more effort to obtain, making their foraging process more efficient.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monkey-stone-age">Monkey Stone Age</h2>



As researchers continue to study the complex behaviors of these clever capuchin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/japanese-snow-monkeys-have-learned-to-fish-for-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monkeys</a>,&nbsp;we're getting a fascinating glimpse into the evolution of tool use and intelligence in primates.&nbsp;



It seems the Stone Age isn't just for humans anymore; our primate cousins are proving that they too have a knack for using tools to get what they want.



This discovery raises intriguing questions about the origins of tool use and the cognitive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/visual-cues-initiate-the-brains-decision-to-cooperate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abilities</a> of animals.&nbsp;It's a reminder that the animal kingdom is full of surprises,&nbsp;and there is still much to learn about our fellow creatures on this planet.&nbsp;



The research is published in the journal <a class="" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-61243-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



Video Credit: Capuchin Culture Project in Scientific Reports (2024)



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Capuchin monkeys seen on video using clever tools to gather food

A recent discovery in Brazil's Ubajara National Park is challenging...

If you thought <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> was just for humans, think again. A fascinating new study has revealed that sperm whales, those majestic giants of the deep, have their own unique "vocal styles" – and they might even be picking up tips from their neighbors.



Imagine if your way of speaking – your rhythm,&nbsp;your pauses,&nbsp;your inflections – was as distinct as your fingerprint.&nbsp;That's the idea behind vocal style.&nbsp;



Scientists have long known that sperm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/acoustic-tagging-helps-decode-whale-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a> communicate using rhythmic patterns of clicks called "codas," but this study has delved deeper into the&nbsp;structure&nbsp;of these codas,&nbsp;revealing vocal patterns that are unique to each whale.



The research team,&nbsp;from Project Cetacean Translation Initiative (<a href="https://www.projectceti.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CETI</a>) and collaborating institutions,&nbsp;developed a new method to analyze these click patterns,&nbsp;creating a kind of "vocal fingerprint" for each whale or whale clan.&nbsp;They then used this information to explore how these styles might be influenced by social interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vocal-style-of-whale-clans">The vocal style of whale clans</h2>



Sperm whales are known for their complex social structures,&nbsp;living in multilevel societies that facilitate the transmission of knowledge and cultural behaviors.&nbsp;



These societies are divided into "clans," groups of whales that share a common vocal repertoire.&nbsp;Think of it like having a regional accent – you can often tell where someone is from based on how they speak.



But what if your accent started to change based on who you were hanging out with?&nbsp;That's what seems to be happening with sperm whales.&nbsp;The study found that whales living in close proximity to other clans were more likely to develop similar vocal styles,&nbsp;even if they weren't part of the same <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/language-like-patterns-decoded-in-sperm-whale-communication/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clan</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-in-whale-vocal-communication">Social learning in whale vocal communication</h2>



"The increase in similarity of non-identity coda vocal styles is most likely the result of social learning," explained lead author Antonio Leitao. 



"Identity codas are consistently maintained to allow the recognition of fellow clan members,&nbsp;but we believe that social learning between clans leads to a more similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baleen-whales-cannot-escape-human-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vocal</a> style with other whales that are within acoustic range."



This social learning isn't just about mimicry,&nbsp;though.&nbsp;It's about whales adapting their communication styles based on their social environment,&nbsp;much like we humans do.&nbsp;It's a testament to the intelligence and adaptability of these incredible creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The Atlantic dataset comprised two different clans and had rich annotations of the coda types recorded, the identity of the vocalizing whales, and their social relations. The Pacific dataset collected since 1978 was also used to determine the whales’ clan membership based on the similarity of their vocal style.



These vast datasets allowed the researchers to create detailed "subcoda trees" for each whale or clan, revealing the intricate patterns that make up their unique vocal styles. Understanding how whales communicate has important implications for conservation efforts.  



"Our results strengthen previous results on the use of identity codas as symbolic markers, while supporting cultural transmission and social learning of vocalizations among whales of different clans," noted senior author Giovanni Petri. 



This means that protecting whale populations isn't just about protecting individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-increasingly-disrupting-whale-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whales</a>; it's about protecting their rich cultural heritage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



This study is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to understanding whale vocal styles and communication. 



The authors suggest that future research could delve deeper into the mechanisms behind this social learning, exploring questions like: How exactly do whales learn from each other? What are the benefits of adapting one's vocal style? How does this learning impact the overall culture of a whale clan? 



By investigating these questions, scientists hope to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexities of whale communication and the role social learning plays in their societies.



The study's findings have implications beyond the world of whales. The methodology developed by the research team could be used to study communication in other species. 



Future research may give us a deeper understanding of how social learning shapes vocal and cultural transmission in the animal kingdom. Who knows, maybe one day we'll even be able to crack the code of whale language altogether.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/96362v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



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Sperm whales learn the vocal styles and dialects of their neighbors

If you thought communication was just for humans, think again. A...

The best microphone in the world might have an unexpected source: spider silk. Spiders weave <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-closer-to-unlocking-the-secrets-of-spider-silk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">webs</a> to trap insects, but the sticky strands also help spiders hear. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-silk-and-sound-detection">Spider silk and sound detection</h2>



Unlike human eardrums and conventional microphones that detect sound pressure waves, spider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-can-help-human-cells-kill-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silk</a> responds to changes in the velocities of air particles as they move through a sound field. 



This sound velocity detection method remains largely underexplored compared to pressure sensing, but it holds great potential for high-sensitivity, long-distance sound detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wide-range-of-sound-frequencies-nbsp">Wide range of sound frequencies&nbsp;</h2>



By investigating how spiders listen to their environments through webs, a team of researchers from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton  University</a> found that spider webs match the acoustic particle velocity for a wide range of sound frequencies. 



“Most insects that can hear sound use fine hairs or their antennae, which don’t respond to sound pressure,” said Ronald Miles, a professor of mechanical engineering at Binghamton. “Instead, these thin structures respond to the motion of the air in a sound field. I wondered how to make an engineered device that would also be able to respond to sound-driven airflow.&nbsp;



“We tried various man-made fibers that were very thin, but they were also very fragile and difficult to work with. Then, Dr. Jian Zhou was walking in our campus nature preserve and saw a spider web blowing in the breeze. He thought spider silk might be a great thing to try.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-bridge-spiders-detect-their-prey">How bridge spiders detect their prey</h2>



Before building such a device, the team needed to prove that spider webs truly respond to sound-driven airflow. To test this hypothesis, they simply opened their lab windows to observe the Larinioides sclopetarius, or bridge <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-reveals-the-first-ancestors-of-scorpions-and-spiders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a>, that live on windowsills. 



Bridge spiders are particularly known for their affinity for man-made structures, where they build their large, circular webs to catch flying insects such as moths and flies.



The researchers played sound ranging from 1 Hz to 50 kHz for the spiders and measured the spider silk motion with a laser vibrometer.&nbsp;



The experiment revealed that the sound-induced velocity of the silk was the same as the particles in the air surrounding it, confirming the mechanism that these spiders use to detect their prey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-silk-inspires-new-microphones-nbsp">Spider silk inspires new microphones&nbsp;</h2>



“Because spider silk is, of course, created by spiders, it isn’t practical to incorporate it into the billions of microphones that are made each year,” Miles said. “It does, however, teach us a lot about what mechanical properties are desirable in a microphone and may inspire entirely new designs.”



Thus, the innovative use of spider silk to detect sound velocities may pave the way for improved audio detection devices that surpass the capabilities of current pressure-sensitive microphones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spider-silk">More about spider silk</h2>



Spider silk is renowned for its impressive mechanical properties, which include high tensile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-produced-by-genetically-modified-silkworms-is-6x-stronger-than-kevlar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strength</a> and elasticity. This makes it stronger, by weight, than steel and almost as stretchy as rubber. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sound-technology-nbsp">Sound technology&nbsp;</h3>



Recent research, such as the Binghamton University study, has explored how spider silk could also have applications in sound technology. The fine threads can carry vibrations across their span, and some types of spiders use the vibrations traveling through their webs as a way to communicate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-use-their-webs-to-detect-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">detect prey</a> or mates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximum-sound-performance-nbsp">Maximum sound performance&nbsp;</h3>



The properties of spider silk could make it useful for creating new types of sound sensors or acoustic devices. For instance, because spider silk can be fine-tuned during its production - by adjusting its thickness and tension - it might be adapted for use in highly sensitive microphones or speakers that require minimal material mass but maximum performance. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hearing-aids-nbsp">Hearing aids&nbsp;</h3>



Researchers are also investigating if spider silk can improve the quality of microphones for hearing aids, potentially providing clearer sound than traditional materials. This intersection of natural material science with technology highlights the potential of biomimicry - using designs inspired by nature to solve human problems.



The Binghamton study was presented by Ronald Miles on May 16 as part of a <a href="https://awc.caa-aca.ca/index.php/AWC/AWC2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">joint meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the Canadian Acoustical Association</a>.



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Spider silk could pave the way for powerful microphones

The best microphone in the world might have an unexpected...

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs has been raging for years,&nbsp;with raw food enthusiasts,&nbsp;kibble connoisseurs,&nbsp;and now,&nbsp;vegan proponents,&nbsp;all vying for the title of "healthiest" diet.&nbsp;



A 2022 study made headlines claiming that a vegan diet was the healthiest and least hazardous choice for dogs,&nbsp;but a new analysis from the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a> challenges those findings.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-dog-diet-study">Vegan dog diet study</h2>



The 2022 study, which garnered significant attention, relied on an online survey of dog owners who were asked about their dogs' diets, veterinary care, and overall health. The study's results suggested that dogs fed either a raw meat or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-for-dogs-given-the-thumbs-up-by-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diet</a> seemed to be healthier than those fed a conventional diet.



However, it's important to examine the methodology and potential limitations of any scientific study. The study's reliance on owner perceptions and its observational design raised questions about the validity of its conclusions. 



Owner-reported data can be subjective and may not accurately reflect the actual health of the dogs. Additionally, an observational study design can show correlations but cannot prove cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, the findings must be interpreted with caution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reanalysis-of-vegan-dog-diet">Reanalysis of vegan dog diet</h2>



Researchers at the University of Liverpool decided to take a closer look at the data from the original study. They reanalyzed the data using different statistical techniques, focusing on one key outcome: owner opinions of dog health.



"On first reading this paper in 2022, it was evident that the study exclusively relied upon owner survey data and had an observational design, meaning that the associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-with-vegan-diets-may-have-better-health-outcomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> type and dog health could only suggest a possible correlation and not causality," explained Professor Alex German, an animal medicine expert.



The Liverpool team's analysis revealed that the dog's age was the most significant factor influencing owner perceptions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-thanksgiving-leftovers-are-safe-to-give-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> health. Other important variables included owner age, owner education, and breed size. These factors strongly impacted how owners viewed their dogs' health. 



Veterinary care variables also played a role but had less influence compared to the dog's age and the other mentioned factors. The analysis found minimal association between feeding a vegan diet and owner opinions of health. This means that whether a dog was fed a vegan diet or not had little effect on how owners perceived their dogs' health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



"Crucially, we cannot draw a firm conclusion as to what diet type is actually best for dogs; this was never possible given the nature of the original dataset and study design. However, we can conclude that variables other than dog diet are more strongly associated with owner opinions about the health of their dog," noted Professor Richard Barrett-Jolley, an expert in neuropharmacology.



So, where does this leave dog owners who are considering a vegan diet for their furry friends? It's important to remember that the new analysis doesn't definitively prove or disprove the benefits of a vegan diet for <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/can-dogs-eat-bananas-and-other-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>. Instead, it highlights the need for more rigorous research to determine the true impact of diet on canine health.



Dog owners should consider that the current evidence does not strongly support the health benefits of vegan diets for dogs. This means more comprehensive studies are necessary to understand how different diets affect dogs. Until then, it's best for owners to consult with veterinarians and rely on established dietary guidelines to ensure their dogs' health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-veterinary-guidance">Role of veterinary guidance</h2>



If you're considering switching your dog to a vegan diet, consult your veterinarian. They can help you assess your dog's individual needs and ensure that any dietary changes are made safely and gradually. Under veterinary supervision, a well-formulated vegan diet can provide all the necessary nutrients for a dog to thrive.



The debate over the best diet for dogs continues. One thing is clear: more research is needed. Scientists must study the long-term effects of different diets on canine health. 



Only with comprehensive research can we understand the true impact of various diets on dogs. The reanalysis of the 2022 study serves as a reminder that scientific findings are not always definitive. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0280173" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Vegan diets may not be best for dogs, after all

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs...

Sabre-toothed cats, with their iconic elongated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smilodon-fatalis-young-saber-toothed-cats-had-double-fangs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fangs</a>, have captured imaginations for centuries. We picture them as fierce predators, their teeth glistening in the sun as they stalk their prey. 



But how did these incredible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-saber-toothed-marsupial-fossil-found-in-the-tatacoa-desert/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a> evolve such specialized weapons? Recent research has revealed some surprising answers, challenging our understanding of evolution and extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sabre-toothed-traits-and-fangs">Sabre-toothed traits and fangs</h2>



Scientists, led by Narimane Chatar from the <a href="https://www.uliege.be" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liège</a>, have used cutting-edge 3D scanning technology to analyze the skulls and mandibles of both modern and extinct felines. Their findings challenge the traditional view of two distinct groups: sabre-toothed and non-sabre-toothed.



Instead, they discovered a fascinating continuum of forms. "From a morphological point of view, the skull of a present-day small cat is just as strange and modified as that of a large sabre-toothed felid," explained Dr. Margot Michaud. 



This means that the tiny house cat and the fearsome Smilodon are not as different as we once thought, but rather two ends of a spectrum that has evolved over millions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rise-of-sabre-toothed-fangs">The rise of sabre-toothed fangs</h2>



Another surprising finding is the speed at which sabre-toothed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-sabertooth-cat-discovered-in-south-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> evolved. These ancient predators were on an evolutionary fast track, rapidly developing their distinctive elongated canines and robust jaw structures. 



Compared to their non-sabre-toothed counterparts, sabre-toothed species exhibited significantly faster rates of morphological change early in their evolutionary history. 



This swift adaptation allowed them to efficiently occupy specialized niches, which played a crucial role in their dominance as apex predators of their time. However, this rapid evolution came at a cost, as it also made them more vulnerable to environmental changes and extinction pressures.



"Among other fascinating discoveries, we have shown that craniomandibular integration in sabre-toothed species is reduced, facilitating greater adaptability and diversification in the jaw and cranial morphology," said Dr. Michaud. This flexibility allowed them to rapidly specialize, but as we'll see, it may have also contributed to their downfall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-of-sabre-toothed-cats">Extinction of sabre-toothed cats</h2>



Despite their impressive evolutionary speed, sabre-toothed cats are extinct. The research suggests that their specialization, while initially advantageous, might have made them more vulnerable to environmental changes. 



This phenomenon, known as the "macroevolutionary ratchet," proposes that evolution sometimes favors specialization, which can lead to greater vulnerability in the long run.



"Some of these feline predators, particularly the sabre-toothed species, rapidly occupied fairly specialized niches, which made them more susceptible to extinction," explained Dr. Davide Tamagnini. 



This means that their success in adapting to specific environments may have ultimately led to their demise when those environments shifted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predators-and-the-future-of-our-ecosystems">Predators and the future of our ecosystems</h2>



The study of these ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sabertooth-skull-offers-new-clues-about-the-extinct-mammal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> offers valuable insights into the dynamics of ecosystems and the risks associated with specialization. 



"Predators have their own evolutionary pathways and risks of extinction. Studying how ancient predators prospered and declined provides us with information about the possible futures of our ecosystems," said Professor Valentin Fischer.



While sabre-toothed cats, with their iconic fangs, may be gone, their legacy lives on. Their story reminds us of the delicate balance between adaptation and extinction, and the complex dance of evolution. 



As we look to the future, we can learn from the past. The macroevolutionary ratchet, while a potential threat, is not inevitable. By understanding the risks of specialization, we can work to conserve diverse ecosystems and protect species from the dangers of over-specialization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



The research on fangs of sabre-toothed cats has overturned many of our assumptions about these fascinating creatures. They were not simply a group of isolated predators, but part of a vast continuum of feline forms. 



Their rapid evolution and specialization, while initially successful, may have ultimately contributed to their extinction. As we continue to explore the mysteries of the past, we uncover new insights into the present and the future. 



The story of the sabre-toothed cat is a powerful reminder of the interconnectedness of life and the importance of preserving biodiversity. It is a tale of evolution, extinction, and the ongoing struggle for survival in a changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00529-3?rss=yes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Sabre-toothed fangs evolved rapidly, but this came at a cost

Sabre-toothed cats, with their iconic elongated fangs, have captured imaginations...

In the captivating world of marine mammals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-have-protected-california-kelp-forests-for-a-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a> have long been admired for their playful antics and adorable appearance. However, recent research has shed light on a remarkable aspect of their behavior that has significant implications for their survival – tool use. 



It turns out that these charming creatures, particularly the females, are quite the resourceful warriors in the face of environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-sea-otter-s-tool-use">Significance of sea otter's tool use</h2>



Sea otters are among the select few animal species known to utilize tools to access food. They use rocks, shells, or even discarded trash to break open the hard shells of their prey. This includes crabs, clams, and mussels. While this may seem like a simple act, it holds profound significance for these marine mammals.



"Sea otters vary in how often they use tools.&nbsp;The females are likely using tools to overcome their smaller body size and weaker biting ability in order to meet their calorie demands. Raising pups takes a lot of energy, and the females need to be efficient in their foraging. The study shows&nbsp;that tool use is an important behavior for survival," explained Dr. Chris Law, a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas at Austin</a> and the lead author of the study.



The researchers conducted this study along the California coast, tracking 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters. They observed the otters' tool-use patterns, dietary habits, and dental health. The findings were remarkable. For the first time, scientists discovered a direct link between tool use and reduced tooth damage in both male and female otters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-females-lead-the-way">Why females lead the way</h2>



Interestingly, the study revealed a fascinating trend: female sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/otters-have-the-ability-to-restore-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otters</a> were more likely to use tools than males. This observation aligns with patterns seen in other species like dolphins, chimpanzees, and bonobos, where females also exhibit greater tool-use proficiency.



The reasons behind this female-driven ingenuity are likely rooted in the demands of motherhood. Raising otter pups requires a tremendous amount of energy, and mothers must be efficient in their foraging efforts. By utilizing tools to access a wider variety of prey, including those with harder shells, females can ensure a consistent and nutritious food supply for themselves and their offspring.



Furthermore, the behavior might be passed down through generations, with mothers teaching their pups the art of tool use. This transmission of knowledge not only enhances the survival skills of individual otters but also contributes to the overall resilience of the species in a changing environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-pressures-and-sea-otter-tool-use">Environmental pressures and sea otter tool use</h2>



The coastal waters of Central California, where these sea otters reside, are undergoing significant changes. Some of their preferred prey, such as large abalone and sea urchins, are becoming increasingly scarce due to factors like overfishing and environmental degradation. This scarcity forces otters to turn to alternative food sources, often those with harder shells that can damage their teeth.



Tooth wear and damage are critical concerns for sea otters. When their teeth become too worn down, they struggle to capture and consume prey, ultimately leading to starvation. The researchers found that female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-maternal-drive-helps-sea-otters-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otters</a>, through their adept tool use, experienced less tooth damage than their male counterparts. This dental advantage allows them to maintain their foraging efficiency and ensures their long-term survival.



"Tools enable otters to specialize on different diets (when preferred prey are limited) that they otherwise would not be able to eat without the use of tools.&nbsp;This allows them to maintain their energetic requirements even though their preferred prey are depleted," said Dr. Law.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threatened-species">Threatened species</h2>



The southern sea otter, listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, faces numerous challenges. Their population in California hovers around 3,000 individuals, making their survival a matter of ecological importance. This precarious number highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to ensure their continued existence.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-use-their-paws-whiskers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sea otters</a> play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. By preying on sea urchins, they help control the population of these spiny creatures. Without otters, sea urchins can overpopulate and decimate kelp forests. These kelp forests are vital habitats for a myriad of marine life, offering shelter and food for numerous species. 



Therefore, the presence of sea otters helps sustain the biodiversity and health of these underwater forests. The ecological impact of sea otters extends beyond their immediate surroundings, influencing the broader health of marine environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-otter-survival-tools">Sea otter survival tools</h2>



The research conducted by Dr. Law and his colleagues offers valuable insights into the adaptability and resilience of sea otters. Their ability to innovate and utilize tools in response to environmental pressures highlights the importance of understanding and protecting these remarkable creatures.



As we continue to grapple with the challenges of a changing planet, the story of the sea otters serves as a reminder of the incredible ways in which animals adapt and overcome adversity through the power of innovation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Sea otters use tools to access larger prey and protect their teeth

In the captivating world of marine mammals, sea otters have...

Scientists have captured rare footage of a deep-sea hooked squid at a depth of more than a kilometer underwater. The research team made this remarkable observation while deploying free-fall baited cameras north of the <a href="https://www.mod.ucsd.edu/samoan-passage-project" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Samoan Passage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taningia-danae-rare-encounter-with-a-deep-sea-hooked-squid">Taningia danae: Rare encounter with a deep-sea hooked squid</h2>



The deep-sea hooked squid, scientific name Taningia danae, is a fascinating cephalopod that inhabits the deep waters of the world's oceans. 



This species belongs to the family Octopoteuthidae and is one of the largest known deep-sea squid. 



Despite its impressive size, which can reach up to 1.7 meters in length, very little is known about its behavior and ecology due to the challenges of observing them in their natural habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioluminescent-wonder">Bioluminescent wonder</h3>



One of the most striking features of Taningia danae is the presence of two large photophores on the tips of its arms. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescence-common-in-deep-sea-shrimp-study-finds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photophores</a> are bioluminescent organs that produce bright flashes of light, believed to be used for communication, attracting prey, and startling potential predators. 



The photophores of Taningia danae are the largest known in the natural world, making this species a true marvel of deep-sea bioluminescence.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-distribution">Habitat and distribution</h3>



Taningia danae is found in deep waters across the globe, typically at depths ranging from 200 to 2,000 meters. They have been reported in the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean, indicating a widespread distribution. 



However, due to the inaccessibility of their habitat and the rarity of live observations, their precise range and population status remain unclear.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skillful-deep-sea-predator">Skillful deep-sea predator</h3>



As a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predatory species</a>, Taningia danae employs its bioluminescent photophores and powerful arms to hunt a variety of prey in the deep sea. 



They are believed to feed on fish, crustaceans, and other cephalopods, using their sharp beak and strong suckers to capture and consume their prey. 



The striking bioluminescent displays may also serve to disorient and stun potential prey, giving the squid a crucial advantage in the darkness of the deep sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lights-camera-deep-sea-hooked-squid">Lights, camera, deep-sea hooked squid</h2>



The international research team was led by Associate Professor Heather Stewart from Kelpie Geosciences UK, and an adjunct at <a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, along with researchers from the Minderoo-UWA Deep Sea Research Centre.



The scientists held their collective breath as the camera was sinking to the seafloor at a rate of 58 meters per minute. Out of seemingly nowhere, the approximately 3 meter long squid caught up with the lander at a depth of just over 1km. 



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Associate Professor Stewart recounted the encounter, saying, "The squid descended on our camera assuming it was prey, and tried to startle it with is huge bioluminescent headlights. It then proceeded to wrap its arms around one of other cameras which in turn captured the encounter in even greater detail. I think we were very lucky to have witnessed this."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-of-observing-deep-sea-squid">Challenges of observing deep-sea squid</h2>



Professor Alan Jamieson, director of the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/oceans-institute/research/deep-sea-research-centre" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minderoo-UWA Deep Sea Research Centre</a>, emphasized the difficulty in observing deep-sea squid in their natural habitat, particularly in the mid-water. 



"Many records of this species are from strandings, accidental bycatch or from the stomach contents of whales," Jamieson explained. 



"The rarity of live observations of these amazing animals makes every encounter valuable in gathering information on geographic locations, depth, and behavior, plus it is such a unique animal that we hardly ever get to see, so we had to share it," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-and-conservation">Further research and conservation</h2>



The research ship RV Dagon is currently in the final weeks of a three-month expedition, supported by Inkfish, to the Nova Canton Trough located in the Central Pacific Ocean. 



The mission aims to explore and document the biodiversity and geodiversity of the seafloor at depths between three and eight kilometers.



This remarkable encounter with the deep-sea hooked squid highlights the importance of continued research and exploration of the ocean's depths. 



Given the scarcity of information on Taningia danae and other deep-sea cephalopods, it is crucial to continue scientific research and exploration efforts to better understand these enigmatic creatures. 



As human activities increasingly impact the world's oceans, it is essential to gather knowledge about deep-sea biodiversity to inform conservation strategies and protect these unique ecosystems. 



As scientists continue to delve into the mysteries of the deep sea, we can expect more fascinating discoveries that shed light on the incredible creatures inhabiting these largely unexplored regions of our planet.



Video Credit: <a href="http://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a>



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Rare ‘deep-sea hooked squid’ captured on video

Scientists have captured rare footage of a deep-sea hooked squid...

A recent study led by <a href="https://nau.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Arizona University</a> has confirmed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> and butterfly populations are declining in major regions of North America due to ongoing environmental changes. Moreover, as the authors noted, there are significant gaps in pollinator diversity research that hinder conservation efforts.



Recent studies have shown alarming declines in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator</a> populations, causing concern among scientists and policymakers about the potential negative impacts on ecosystems and agriculture.&nbsp;



Factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species are linked to these declines, but the research has often focused on well-studied species in easily accessible regions.&nbsp;



Now, the scientists compiled data on four major families of bees and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">butterflies</a> to create species distribution models, allowing them to assess changes over time and space across North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-pollinator-diversity-in-north-america-nbsp">Tracking pollinator diversity in North America&nbsp;</h2>



The highest species richness was found along North America’s West Coast, particularly in California and the Rocky Mountains. However, the models showed a decline in species richness over the past century in western North America, while there were disproportionate increases in eastern North America.&nbsp;



The researchers also analyzed similar data for a broader sample of potential pollinator species, including both invertebrate and vertebrate species of conservation concern, finding similar trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-human-activities">Climate change and human activities</h2>



Comparisons with climate data indicate that these population changes are at least partly due to the impacts of recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lighter-colored-and-smaller-winged-tropical-butterflies-are-at-greater-climate-change-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, such as prolonged drought and habitat degradation. Regions experiencing population declines have also been heavily impacted by human land use.&nbsp;



The researchers noted that the apparent increases in the eastern U.S. may partly reflect increased detections in these populous areas, given the rise in citizen science and data collection efforts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-population-changes-in-bees-and-butterflies">Widespread population changes in bees and butterflies</h2>



Overall, the study detected broad trends of population changes in bees and butterflies, as well as other potential pollinators. These results help identify regions of declining populations where conservation efforts can be prioritized.&nbsp;



The research also highlighted gaps in existing knowledge of pollinators, including poorly sampled regions and less studied species, suggesting that improved monitoring methods and enhanced citizen science efforts could address these limitations.



“Existing records of North American pollinators suggest that diversity has broadly declined in the western US and southern Mexico in recent decades. Losses are consistent with changes in climate and suggest a need for increased monitoring to inform conservation and mitigation actions,” the authors concluded. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Pollinator diversity is a crucial aspect of Earth's ecosystems, encompassing a wide variety of organisms that play a key role in the reproduction of flowering plants by transferring pollen from one flower to another.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-pollinators-nbsp">Types of pollinators&nbsp;</h3>



This group includes not just the well-known bees and butterflies but also moths, beetles, birds, bats, and even some small mammals.&nbsp;



Each type of pollinator is adapted to specific types of flowers, with variations in body size, shape, and feeding mechanisms allowing them to access pollen and nectar.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-pollinator-diversity-nbsp">Significance of pollinator diversity&nbsp;</h3>



The diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollinators-face-extinction-risk-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> ensures the pollination of a broad range of plant species, supporting natural ecosystems as well as human agriculture. Different plants bloom at different times and have various shapes and colors to attract their ideal pollinators.&nbsp;



For example, hummingbirds are attracted to bright red, tubular flowers because their long beaks and tongues are suited to accessing nectar from these types of flowers. Bats, on the other hand, are essential for the pollination of night-blooming plants.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollinator-population-decline">Pollinator population decline</h3>



However, pollinator populations worldwide are facing threats from habitat destruction, pesticide use, climate change, and diseases.&nbsp;



This decline not only affects the pollinators themselves but also poses a risk to biodiversity, agricultural systems, and human food supplies, underscoring the importance of conservation efforts to maintain and enhance pollinator diversity.&nbsp;



By protecting natural habitats and implementing pollinator-friendly practices, we can help ensure the survival of pollinators and the continuation of their vital role in the world's ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289742" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Study reveals an alarming decline in pollinator diversity

A recent study led by Northern Arizona University has confirmed that...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...