Researchers recently revealed a stunning new species of sea slug glowing in the ocean's darkest depths. Known as the "mystery mollusk" or&nbsp;Bathydevius caudactylus, this nudibranch inhabits the ocean's midnight zone, one of Earth's least-explored realms.



This discovery is more than just a new name on a species list - it's an illuminating dive into our planet's vast, hidden ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-mollusk-in-the-midnight-zone">Mystery mollusk in the midnight zone</h2>



The "mystery mollusk," Bathydevius caudactylus as the scientists officially named it, inhabits the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highly-unusual-bacteria-discovered-in-deep-sea-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean's deep abyss</a>, also known as the midnight zone.



But this isn't just about a new species - it's about an exciting lifeline into understanding our planet's largest habitat in more depth.



Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (<a href="https://www.mbari.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MBARI</a>) Senior Scientist Bruce Robison steered this explorative venture.



“Thanks to MBARI’s advanced underwater technology, we were able to prepare the most comprehensive description of a deep-sea animal ever made," noted Robison.



"We've invested more than 20 years in understanding the natural history of this fascinating species of nudibranch. Our discovery is a new piece of the puzzle that can help better understand the largest habitat on Earth."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-the-mystery-mollusk">Identifying the mystery mollusk</h2>



This unusual sea creature was first spotted in the year 2000, during an expedition using the institute's remotely operated vehicle (ROV) named Tiburon. It was found gliding through the waters offshore of Monterey Bay at a depth of 2,614 meters (8,576 feet).



Confusion arose when the team initially struggled to identify this creature due to its anomalous appearance - a voluminous hood, a flat tail fringed with numerous, finger-like projections, and a set of colorful internal organs.



But after years of research and countless ROV sightings, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-pigs-unicumbers-strange-stunning-creatures-discovered-abyssal-plains-ccz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mystery</a> was solved - this strange creature is, in fact, a nudibranch or sea slug.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="rLItWTv9qr-4019991-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-nudibranch-unlike-any-other">A nudibranch unlike any other</h2>



The mystery mollusk isn't your ordinary nudibranch. It's the first of its kind known to dwell in the immense open waters of the bathypelagic zone, a region 1,000 to 4,000 meters (3,300 to 13,100 feet) below the ocean surface.



Also, the sightings of this fascinating creature span the Pacific coast of North America, from Oregon to as far south as Southern California. Plus, similar creatures spotted by NOAA researchers in the Mariana Trench hint at the mollusk's potentially widespread existence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-techniques-of-the-sea-slug">Survival techniques of the sea slug</h2>



Surviving in such harsh environments is no easy feat. How does the mystery mollusk manage? Interestingly, it has evolved unique survival strategies.



For instance, unlike most sea slugs that feed by rasping prey off the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-life-100-new-sea-creatures-found-in-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seafloor</a>, it uses its cavernous hood to trap crustaceans, much like a Venus flytrap plant would do.



Moreover, to avoid predators, it has a clear body that blends with the surrounding waters and can emit a bright bioluminescence to deter and distract hungry predators. 



“When we first filmed it glowing with the ROV, everyone in the control room let out a loud ‘Oooooh!’ at the same time. We were all enchanted by the sight,” said MBARI senior scientist Steven Haddock.



“Only recently have cameras become capable of filming bioluminescence in high-resolution and in full color. MBARI is one of the only places in the world where we have taken this new technology into the deep ocean, allowing us to study the luminous behavior of deep-sea animals in their natural habitat.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nudibranch-family-tree-expands">Nudibranch family tree expands</h2>



Beyond its captivating appearance and survival tactics, what really stood out during the research was the mollusc's genetic uniqueness. 



Detailed examination of specific gene sequences emphasized that the mystery mollusk is distinct enough from other known nudibranchs to merit the creation of a new family, Bathydeviidae.



"What is exciting to me about the mystery mollusk is that it exemplifies how much we are learning as we spend more time in the deep sea, particularly below 2,000 meters," said Haddock.



"For there to be a relatively large, unique, and glowing animal that is in a previously unknown family really underscores the importance of using new technology to catalog this vast environment. The more we learn about deep-sea communities, the better we will be at ocean decision-making and stewardship.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wealth-of-deep-sea-discoveries">Wealth of deep-sea discoveries</h2>



This discovery is just one exciting piece in the puzzle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-deep-sea-squid-discovered-that-broods-giant-eggs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea exploration</a>. MBARI's state-of-the-art technology has unveiled over 250 previously unknown deep-sea species to date, encouraging us to plunge deeper into these fascinating, otherworldly realms.



“Deep-sea animals capture the imagination. These are our neighbors that share our blue planet. Each new discovery is an opportunity to raise awareness about the deep sea and inspire the public to protect the amazing animals and environments found deep beneath the surface,” said Robison.



Indeed, each new discovery brings us one step closer to fully understanding and protecting our fascinating blue planet. And with this latest revelation of the mystery mollusk, we get to marvel at another fascinating dweller of the deep.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063724001845?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep Sea Research</a>.



Image/ Video Credit: MBARI



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Mystery mollusk: Glowing sea slug found in the deep sea

Researchers recently revealed a stunning new species of sea slug glowing in the ocean's darkest depths. Known as the "mystery mollusk" or&nbsp;Bathydevius caudactylus, this nudibranch inhabits the ocean's midnight zone, one of Earth's least-explored realms. This discovery is more than just a new name on a species list - it's an illuminating dive into our planet's vast, hidden ecosystems. Mystery mollusk in the midnight zone The "mystery mollusk," Bathydevius caudactylus as the scientists officially named it, inhabits the ocean's deep abyss, also known as the midnight zone....

In the world of predator and prey, there a constant push and pull, where both sides continuously evolve to outwit each other. For example, bats evolved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-use-different-inner-ear-structures-to-navigate/">echolocation</a> abilities and some insects developed ultrasound-sensitive ears to evade them.&nbsp;



However, a recent study has brought forth questions regarding this evolutionary arms race theory between bats and insects.



The study was conducted by Professor Lasse Jakobsen, a bat expert at the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en">University of Southern Denmark</a>, along with researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence and the University of Toronto.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barbastelle-bats-nbsp">Barbastelle bats&nbsp;</h2>



Historically, the barbastelle bat (Barbastella barbastellus) is known to be quieter than other bats that hunt flying insects. Emitting sounds approximately 20 dB quieter means they produce a sound pressure that is 10 times lower.&nbsp;



This feature has led many to believe that the barbastelle evolved to be quieter as a retaliatory move against insects with ultrasound-sensitive ears, labeling it as the bat that "struck back."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-discovery-nbsp">Surprising discovery&nbsp;</h2>



However, upon analyzing the barbastelle's close relatives, the researchers made a surprising discovery. Most of the bat's relatives are not in the business of catching flying insects. Instead, they feed on insects resting on surfaces like leaves and branches.&nbsp;



These species, known as "gleaning bats,' are all quieter compared to those that hunt flying insects called "hawking bats." The barbastelle, despite its quiet nature, is categorized as a hawking bat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barbastelle-ancestors">Barbastelle ancestors</h2>



"If most of the barbastelle’s family are gleaners, then their ancestor was very likely also a gleaner," said Jakobsen.



This means that it's improbable for the ancestor of the barbastelle to have been a loud hawking bat that adapted into a whispering barbastelle due to insect evolution.



"A species does not have free choice when it evolves in a new direction. For example, it is a condition for mammals that their ancestor did not have feathers, so their descendants will never evolve a wing with feathers. Instead, they have found another solution for flying: modified skin between the fingers," explained Jakobsen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-coincidence-nbsp">Evolutionary coincidence&nbsp;</h2>



So, why is the barbastelle quieter when hunting in the air? "It is not an evolved ability. It just cannot produce louder calls than it does, because as a descendant of a gleaner it is probably morphologically limited," said Jakobsen.



"But it has found a niche, where it can use its low amplitude calls. It is an evolutionary coincidence; it sort of fell into this niche, where there was something to eat."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-inherent-trait-nbsp">An inherent trait&nbsp;</h2>



Interestingly, the prey in this niche consist of flying, nocturnal insects that, despite their ultrasound-sensitive hearing, fail to detect the barbastelle, making them easy targets.



Further insights revealed that many gleaning bats emit sound from their noses, leading to their calls being 20 dB lower, while most bats call out of their mouths, allowing for louder sounds.&nbsp;



This distinction clarifies that the barbastelle's soft calls aren't a result of an evolutionary arms race, but rather an inherent trait derived from its ancestors.



"So, the reason why the barbastelles are so quiet today is not an expression of an arms race between bats and insects, but rather simply an expression of the fact that it is descended from bats that cannot call as loudly as others," said Jakobsen.



Image Credit: Sherri and Brock Fenton



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Barbastelle bats inherited a unique hunting advantage

In the world of predator and prey, there a constant...

Navigating the world around us might seem like a complex task, but it turns out, we all have something in common with an electric knifefish. Whether it's a dog sniffing around or a human glancing in a new setting, the core behavior of trying to understand one's surroundings remains the same.



Recent research reveals that such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-may-solve-the-mystery-of-bird-movements/">movements</a> aren't unique to humans or even larger animals. It extends across a wide spectrum of organisms, from single-celled amoeba to complex beings like us.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-solution">Evolutionary solution</h2>



“Amoeba don’t even have a nervous system, and yet they adopt behavior that has a lot in common with a human’s postural balance or fish hiding in a tube,” said study co-author Noah Cowan, a professor of mechanical engineering at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins</a>.&nbsp;



“These organisms are quite far apart from each other in the tree of life, suggesting that evolution converged on the same solution through very different underlying mechanisms.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



This fascinating discovery originated from a study that was focused on the workings of the nervous system during movement to enhance perception. Observations of the electric knifefish, a creature emitting weak electric discharges to sense its location, were key.&nbsp;



In darkness, the fish shimmied back and forth more frequently than in the light. The darkness made the fish increase their movement, mimicking a rapid ‘explore mode’ to understand their environment better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-sensing-behaviors-nbsp">Key sensing behaviors&nbsp;</h2>



The concept of switching between an "explore mode" during uncertainty and an "exploit mode" when familiar with the environment isn't restricted to these fish.&nbsp;



“We found that the best strategy is to briefly switch into explore mode when uncertainty is too high, and then switch back to exploit mode when uncertainty is back down,” said study first author Debojyoti Biswas, a Johns Hopkins postdoctoral researcher.



Supported by a model simulating these key sensing behaviors, the team identified similar patterns in amoeba, moths, cockroaches, moles, bats, mice, and even humans.&nbsp;



“Not a single study that we found in the literature violated the rules we discovered in the electric fish, not even single-celled organisms like amoeba sensing an electric field,” said Cowan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-a-stable-balance-nbsp">Maintaining a stable balance&nbsp;</h2>



To further illustrate the ubiquitous nature of these movements, Cowan related it to everyday human behavior.&nbsp;



“If you go to a grocery store, you’ll notice people standing in line will change between being stationary and moving around while waiting,” said Cowan.&nbsp;



“We think that’s the same thing going on, that to maintain a stable balance you actually have to occasionally move around and excite your sensors like the knifefish. We found the statistical characteristics of those movements are ubiquitous across a wide range of animals, including humans.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Beyond just understanding the natural world, the implications of this research are vast. The findings have the potential to revolutionize robotics, especially in applications like search and rescue drones and space rovers.



Next, the experts will test whether their insights hold true for other living things, including plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-electric-knifefish-nbsp">More about electric knifefish&nbsp;</h2>



Electric knifefish are a diverse group with over 200 species that are found primarily in Central and South America. These fish are known for their ability to generate electric fields, which they use for navigation, communication, and sometimes for capturing prey.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-organ">Electric organ</h3>



Electric knifefish have an organ that produces weak electric discharges. This is distinct from the strong electric discharges produced by electric eels, a different group of fish.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electrolocation">Electrolocation</h3>



They use their electric field to sense their surroundings. Objects around them distort this field, and the fish can detect these distortions to understand their environment, much like a sonar.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



Different species, and even individual fish, may have unique electric organ discharge patterns. This allows them to communicate and recognize each other.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



They are primarily found in freshwater environments, especially in slow-moving or stagnant waters like swamps, ponds, and riverbanks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nocturnal-behavior">Nocturnal behavior</h3>



Electric knifefish are typically nocturnal, using their electric fields to navigate in the darkness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42256-023-00745-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Machine Intelligence</a>.&nbsp;



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Shimmying like electric fish is a universal movement across species

Navigating the world around us might seem like a complex...

A recent study from Japan has revealed the extraordinary journey of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heatwaves-are-causing-massive-seabird-mortality-events/">seabird</a> caught in a typhoon. The sheer resilience exhibited by this bird offers a profound look into the challenges and adaptations seabirds could face in a changing climate.



The research was conducted by Kozue Shiomi, a seabird biologist at <a href="http://www.tohoku.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tohoku University</a>. The findings suggest that the rise in severe weather conditions due to climate change could push seabirds to their limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-opportunity-nbsp">Unprecedented opportunity&nbsp;</h2>



In August 2019, Shiomi fitted 14 adult seabirds from a nesting colony on Mikurajima, an island near Tokyo, with GPS bio-loggers. The goal was to study the homing behavior of streaked shearwaters.



The following month, Typhoon Faxai hit southeastern Japan with winds speeds of nearly 200 kilometers per hour. The typhoon inadvertently provided scientists with an unprecedented opportunity to understand how seabirds endure extreme storm conditions - which they will encounter more frequently in the future due to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-flight">Remarkable flight</h2>



The tracking data revealed that while several of the tagged shearwaters managed to sidestep the typhoon, one male shearwater seabird was not as fortunate. 



In a span of 11 hours, this bird completed five comprehensive circular loops - each ranging from 50 to 80 kilometers in diameter - over a total distance of 1,146 kilometers.



While these birds usually fly at speeds of 10-60 km/hr and maintain altitudes under 100 meters, the tracked shearwater exhibited speeds of 90-170 km/hr, reaching heights of up to 4,700 meters. The typhoon swept this bird over mainland Japan before redirecting it back over the Pacific.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-typhoon-survival-strategy">Seabird typhoon survival strategy </h2>



According to the researchers, it is possible that the shearwater willingly chose to ride out the storm instead of trying to escape. This may be the case, considering that the bird's natural low-altitude flying strategy over the ocean would place it at heightened risk of colliding with infrastructures over land.&nbsp;



Different seabirds adopt varied tactics when faced with storms. For instance, red-footed boobies and great frigatebirds ascend to high altitudes, allowing storms to pass underneath, while Eastern brown pelicans tend to stay grounded until conditions become favorable. Some even choose to remain within the storm's eye, where the turmoil is relatively subdued.



As Shiomi notes, improving our understanding of how oceangoing birds cope with extreme weather will provide essential insight into the response – and resilience – of seabirds to the increasingly adverse environmental conditions expected under future climates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-streaked-shearwaters">More about streaked shearwaters</h2>



The streaked shearwater, known scientifically as Calonectris leucomelas, is a fascinating seabird with distinct characteristics and behaviors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance-nbsp">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



Streaked shearwaters have a large, robust build with long wings and a wedge-shaped tail. They boast a brownish-gray upper body and a lighter, often white, underside. Their name stems from the streaked pattern on their neck and underparts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution">Distribution</h3>



These birds primarily breed on the islands of Japan and South Korea. Outside the breeding season, they are highly migratory and can be found across the northwestern Pacific, ranging from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the coasts of China and even as far south as Australia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Streaked shearwaters predominantly feed on fish and squid. They often follow ships and larger marine predators like whales to feed on the fish they stir up. Their feeding strategy involves a combination of skimming the water's surface and plunge-diving to capture their prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding">Breeding</h3>



They typically nest in burrows on isolated islands. After laying a single egg, both parents share incubation duties. The chick, once hatched, is fed by both parents until it's ready to fledge.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



Like many other shearwaters, the streaked shearwater is pelagic, meaning it spends a significant portion of its life out at sea. They are known for their dynamic flight patterns, which involve a combination of rapid flapping and long, soaring glides.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



While streaked shearwaters are not currently considered endangered, they face threats from habitat loss due to human development, predation by introduced species on breeding islands, and bycatch in fisheries.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4161" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



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Incredible journey: Seabird rode out a typhoon for 11 hours and over 1000 miles

A recent study from Japan has revealed the extraordinary journey...

Pig,On,A,Pig,Farm,In,Dalarna,,Sweden

In the contemporary realm of food production, ethical considerations are becoming as substantial as taste and tradition. A new study dives into consumer attitudes, revealing that while climate impact is a concern, animal welfare significantly leads buyer priorities. This revelation poses new challenges and directions for producers, retailers, and policymakers in the pork industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-animal-welfare-and-the-environment">Balancing animal welfare and the environment</h2>



Pork, a staple in many diets worldwide, is under scrutiny for various reasons. These include antibiotic use, infectious diseases, animal welfare, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-is-essential-to-sustainable-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental implications</a>. Despite the notable climate footprint of industries like beef, coffee, and chocolate, pork consumption contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions.



Researchers from the <a href="https://ifro.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>’s Department of Food and Resource Economics sought to understand consumers' willingness to pay for 'improved' pork. This improvement encompasses better animal welfare, reduced climate impact, minimized antibiotics usage, assurance against harmful bacteria, and avoiding feed that contributes to deforestation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-price-of-ethical-consumption">The price of ethical consumption</h2>



The study, conducted across Denmark, Germany, the UK, and Shanghai, China, indicates a readiness among consumers to pay more for enhanced pork. However, when it comes to prioritizing where their money goes, European consumers, in particular, demonstrate a clear preference for improved animal welfare.



Professor Peter Sandøe, the study’s senior author, notes, "The responses confirm that a narrow focus on climate-friendly pork production doesn't align with primary consumer concerns. They deem the pigs' quality of life crucial, overshadowing the importance of reducing the product's environmental footprint."



This sentiment isn't isolated to a few eco-conscious individuals. A majority of the participants across all surveyed countries placed improved pig welfare above lowering the climate footprint. This fact highlights a direct, empathetic connection with animals' living conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumer-climate-paradox">Consumer climate paradox</h2>



Despite the surge in global climate-centric dialogues, consumers seemed to undervalue the climate impact of their dietary choices, especially concerning pork. Associate Professor Thomas Bøker Lund, a co-author of the study, shares the surprise in discovering that consumers gave "relatively low priority" to reducing pork's climate footprint.



This attitude reflects a prevalent consumer belief. Most people feel that individual choices at the meat counter may not significantly impact broader climate issues. 



Lund explains, "When purchasing meat, consumers feel empowered to improve a specific animal’s welfare. However, the climate impact of these choices seems more abstract, and many prefer addressing climate concerns through alternative actions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holistic-approaches-to-animal-welfare">Holistic approaches to animal welfare</h2>



The findings serve as a clarion call for a comprehensive approach in the pork industry. Sandøe stresses the dilemma facing producers and policymakers, "Labeling pork as 'climate-friendly' won't suffice, as it doesn't meet consumer demand. Moreover, prioritizing climate-centric production could mean sacrificing animal welfare, potentially worsening their living conditions."



There's an inherent need to balance CO2 reduction with ethical animal treatment. Sandøe continues, "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cowspiracy-film-review/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cattle farming</a> significantly overshadows pork in CO2 emissions, so substituting beef with pork or chicken is beneficial. However, we must collectively gravitate towards a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-forward diet</a>."



The financial aspect, too, cannot be overlooked. While consumers expressed willingness to pay up to 20% more for 'ethical pork,' this premium falls short of covering the costs of substantial welfare improvements, according to the research team's calculations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-retail-and-regulation">Rethinking retail and regulation</h2>



Innovative strategies are necessary to reconcile consumer preferences with economic and ethical realities. The researchers suggest streamlining retail offerings, reducing product variety to achieve economies of scale and savings. Doing so would subsequently enable retailers to meet higher welfare standards without astronomical costs.



A regulatory overhaul, Sandøe suggests, could also drive industry-wide change. Drawing parallels with past successful interventions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-can-now-decipher-the-emotional-states-of-chickens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poultry welfare</a>, he proposes establishing minimum animal welfare standards for pork, enforced at a national level.



"In numerous countries, piglet mortality rates are unacceptable, and many sows are overburdened by intensive production demands," Sandøe points out. He advocates for a halt in ramping up production pressures for the sake of climate concerns alone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-welfare-policy-change">Animal welfare policy change</h2>



The research underscores an urgent need for updated regulations, particularly since there have been no significant reforms in welfare regulations since the late 1990s. Sandøe concludes, "Rather than exacerbating production strains in the name of climate protection, we need stringent welfare standards. It's high time for decisive, compassionate action in the realm of animal welfare."



In summary, the implications of this study are clear. The road to a sustainable, ethical food industry requires walking the tightrope between environmental responsibility and animal welfare, all while keeping consumer preferences and awareness at the forefront.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105337" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Livestock Science</a>.



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Animal welfare concerns more people than climate change

In the contemporary realm of food production, ethical considerations are...

In the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-kingfishers-dive-without-hurting-their-brains/">birds</a>, courtship often involves captivating dances, melodious songs, intricate gifts, and dazzling feathers. However, recent research has focused on a less-explored aspect of avian romance - the role of facial features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-phenomenon-nbsp">Unique phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



A study led by Professor Masayo Soma at <a href="https://www.global.hokudai.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hokkaido University</a> reveals that in pair-bonded Java sparrows, the enlargement of their eye rings signifies their readiness for breeding. 



“Breeding-related blushing in primates is well studied, as they show conspicuous changes. For example, in rhesus macaque, males with redder faces appear more attractive to females. Other primates, like mandrills, use it to assert dominance. Birds also display colorful bare areas, like beaks and legs, but blood-flow based blush coloring in birds has gone largely unnoticed,” explained Professor Soma.



“In Java sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora), both sexes have bright pink bare skin around their eyes that swell when the birds are in breeding condition. We predicted that changes in eye rings would reflect physiological conditions and signal fertility, especially among mating pairs."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-monogamy-nbsp">Social monogamy&nbsp;</h2>



Java sparrows are recognized for their social monogamy, marked by mutual courtship and long-lasting bonds.&nbsp;



With this in mind, the researchers theorized that the eye ring transformations could potentially mirror their physiological states - signaling fertility, especially among mating pairs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Spanning 12 weeks, the study was focused on 44 mature sparrows from a laboratory populace. Looking for alterations in eye ring size, the team compared bird mating pairs with other sparrows.&nbsp;



"We compared individual changes in the eye ring size between birds paired with preferred mates, those paired with non-preferred opposite-sex individuals, and single birds," said Professor Soma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mating-preparedness-nbsp">Mating preparedness&nbsp;</h2>



The conclusions were revealing: a marked upsurge in the eye rings was discernible among the paired partners. This transformation was conspicuously absent in solitary birds or those coupled with non-preferred partners.



The swollen eye rings, being more dynamic than plumage, can swiftly signify mating preparedness.&nbsp;



“Java sparrows are native to the tropics and breed most of the year. Morphological changes signaling fertility are important for ensuring reproductive synchrony - especially in the tropics, where seasonal cues are absent,” noted Professor Soma.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-java-sparrows-nbsp">More about Java sparrows&nbsp;</h2>



Java sparrows, known scientifically as Lonchura oryzivora, are small birds originally native to the islands of Indonesia - especially Java, Bali, and Sumatra. Over time, they have been introduced to various other parts of the world.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Java sparrows are easily recognizable due to their bright pink beaks and eye rings, contrasting with their grey upperparts, white cheeks, and black head-throat. Their size typically ranges from 15 to 17 centimeters in length.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



In their native range, Java sparrows inhabit open grasslands, tree-studded marshes, and cultivated areas, especially where rice is grown, which leads to their alternative name, the Java Rice Bird.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Primarily seed-eaters, Java sparrows have a particular fondness for rice, which unfortunately often results in them being seen as pests by farmers in areas where rice is cultivated. Their diet in captivity can include millet, sprouted seeds, and various fruits and vegetables.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



These birds are monogamous, forming strong pair bonds. In the wild, they often nest in tree hollows or building crevices, laying a clutch of 4-8 eggs. In captivity, they can be encouraged to breed using nest boxes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



Java sparrows are social birds, often seen in flocks, especially outside the breeding season. They have a pleasant, bubbly song, which is one reason they've been popular in the pet trade.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-status-and-conservation">Status and conservation</h3>



The wild population of Java sparrows has declined in recent decades due to habitat loss, hunting, and the pet trade.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292074">PLoS ONE</a>.&nbsp;



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Java sparrows get swollen eye rings when they're ready to mate

In the world of birds, courtship often involves captivating dances,...

Ever since Charles Darwin found an intriguing family of finches in the Galapagos, a question about animal diversity has persisted: Why is there an abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/">species</a> in some places on Earth and a scarcity in others?&nbsp;



A recent study led by <a href="https://www.usu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a> has unlocked a new piece of this puzzle.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-diversity-nbsp">Animal diversity&nbsp;</h2>



By utilizing an expansive dataset of global-scale climate information and employing an innovative approach, the researchers have pinpointed certain factors that seem to play an important role in determining animal diversity.



The research indicates that the dietary habits of animals, coupled with the climate conditions of their habitats, have a significant influence on biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution-of-species">Distribution of species</h2>



“Historically studies looking at the distribution of species across Earth's latitudinal gradient have overlooked the role of trophic ecology - how what animals eat impacts where they are found,” explained study co-author Trisha Atwood from the Department of Watershed Sciences and the Ecology Center.&nbsp;



“This new work shows that predators, omnivores and herbivores are not randomly scattered across the globe. There are patterns to where we find these groups of animals.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pivotal-factors-nbsp">Pivotal factors&nbsp;</h2>



Taking a closer look at these animal diversity patterns, it is obvious that regions like parts of Africa, Europe, and Greenland are unexpectedly packed with carnivores.&nbsp;



Herbivores seem to favor cooler climes, while warm regions witness a dominance of omnivores. Two pivotal factors play a role in this distribution: precipitation and the rate of plant growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precipitation-patterns">Precipitation patterns</h2>



Precipitation patterns across time play a big role in determining where different groups of mammals thrive, said Atwood. Geographical areas where precipitation varies by season, without being too extreme, had the highest levels of mammal diversity.



“Keep in mind that we aren’t talking about the total amount of rain," noted study lead author Jaron Adkins.&nbsp;



“If you imagine ecosystems around the world on a scale of precipitation and season, certain places in Utah and the Amazon rainforest fall on one end with low variability - they have steady levels of precipitation throughout the year."



"Other regions, like southern California, have really high variability, getting about 75 percent of the annual precipitation between December and March.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gross-primary-productivity-nbsp">Gross primary productivity&nbsp;</h2>



The second pivotal factor, the "gross primary productivity," essentially gauges the volume of plant growth in a particular region.&nbsp;



While one would expect plant growth to predominantly affect herbivores, the research unveiled a stronger connection between carnivores and plant growth.



“It was surprising that this factor was more important for predators than omnivores and herbivores,” Atwood said. “Why this is remains a mystery.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevailing-climate-conditions">Prevailing climate conditions</h2>



The research suggests that while evolutionary processes spur variances in species, prevailing climate conditions can tweak rates of evolutionary shifts, extinction, and animal dispersal, thus influencing both species and trait-based richness.



These insights are especially important in an era where animal diversity is plummeting due to habitat degradation and climate disruptions.



“Animal diversity can act as an alarm system for the stability of ecosystems,” Atwood said. “Identifying the ecological mechanisms that help drive richness patterns provides insight for better managing and predicting how diversity could change under future climates.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ele.14306" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Animal diversity is driven by global precipitation patterns

Ever since Charles Darwin found an intriguing family of finches...

Hamadryas,Baboon,,Papio,Hamadryas,,From,Ethiopia,In,Africa.,Wild,Mammal

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity of wisdom and learning, held a unique connection with the animal kingdom. His association with the hamadryas baboon not only underscores the religious complexity of the time but also presents a puzzle that has long perplexed historians and biologists alike: the journey of baboons to Egypt. 



Researchers recently unraveled this mystery, nestled at the intersection of biology, anthropology, and Egyptology. The findings shed light on early globalization, human-wildlife interactions, and the cultural significance of these sacred animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-baboons-of-egypt-and-thoth">Sacred baboons of Egypt and Thoth</h2>



Historical records well-document the ancient Egyptians' veneration of animals. Various deities portray creatures that were, in many cases, foreign to the Nile Valley. Thoth, revered for his knowledge, often appeared in the form of a hamadryas baboon, a species not native to Egypt.



Ancient Egyptians imported, mummified, and offered these baboons as votive tokens. They served as a tangible link between the populace and their gods. However, the origins of these sacred animals, how they were transported to Egypt, and the reasons for their divine status have been subjects of scholarly debate for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-the-origins">Tracing the origins</h2>



Biologist Gisela Kopp's intriguing research took on these enigmatic questions. The study is emblematic of interdisciplinary collaboration. It brought together biologists, anthropologists, and Egyptologists in a collective effort to trace the geographic origins of mummified baboons found in Egypt.



Employing advanced genetic analysis techniques, Kopp and her team examined the mitochondrial genomes of the baboon mummies. She compared them with contemporary samples from various regions in Africa. This extensive comparison, facilitated by the consistent genetic variance among baboon populations over time, enabled researchers to pinpoint the baboons’ original habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-historical-trade-routes">Unearthing historical trade routes</h2>



Anthropologist Nathaniel Dominy contributed earlier research using stable isotopes to trace the baboons' geography. The combined insights from genetic analysis and chemical signatures led the team to an astonishing discovery. The baboons were native to the Horn of Africa, specifically a region within modern-day Eritrea.



This finding resonates with historical accounts of the ancient port of Adulis. This popular destination gained its reputation from flourishing trade in luxury goods and rare animals, including baboons. The revelation gains significance against the backdrop of Punt, a legendary land referenced in ancient Egyptian texts as a source of precious commodities.



The precise location of Punt has eluded historians. However, its importance as a possible lynchpin in early global maritime trade networks is undebatable. 



Gisela Kopp's research intriguingly suggests that Punt and Adulis could represent the same geographical location. It was simply known by different names across eras. The convergence of biological data with historical analysis provided the key to linking these two places.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-baboons-egypt-and-cultural-context">Baboons, Egypt, and cultural context</h2>



The representation of baboons in Egyptian lore, exclusive to the region, raises compelling cultural questions. They are considered pests in societies where they naturally occur due to their crop-damaging behavior. In ancient Egypt, however, these animals were revered and symbolically linked to the divine.



The reasons behind this cultural dichotomy remain speculative. However, the practice of mass mummification of baboons highlights the sophisticated interaction between humans and wildlife during that period. It also points to a complex coexistence that extended beyond domestication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-dna-offers-new-avenues">Ancient DNA offers new avenues</h2>



Remarkably, Kopp's research marks a pioneering venture in the field of biology. It represents the first successful analysis of ancient DNA extracted from mummified non-human primates. This achievement paves the way for new studies into the historical dynamics of human-wildlife engagement, genetic diversity, and disease transmission patterns.



The interactions of ancient Egyptians with rare animals, evidenced through mummification, underscore the intricate relationships that humans have shared with the wild. These practices, extraordinary for their time, open a window into understanding the environmental, social, and possibly even epidemiological aspects of human history.



In summary, the journey of baboons in ancient Egypt, from sacred deities to a scientific enigma, traverses through various facets of human knowledge. As we unravel these mysteries, we gain more than just historical insight. We also uncover layers of our relationship with nature, trade, culture, and technology. 



Gisela Kopp's study, thus, stands as a testament to the power of interdisciplinary research in rewriting history, offering new perspectives on our shared past, and inspiring a deeper exploration into the annals of human civilization.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/87513" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a>.



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Mummified baboons in Egypt: Where did they come from and how did they get there?

In the pantheon of ancient Egyptian gods, Thoth, the deity...

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about their pet dogs’ ages in comparison to humans, but how does this translate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-on-vegan-diets-are-equally-healthy-as-those-that-eat-meat/">cats</a>?&nbsp;



The commonly used 7:1 ratio used for dogs - meaning one year in a dog’s life is equivalent to seven in humans - doesn’t quite fit our feline friends. Unlike dogs, cats age at varying rates throughout their lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swift-aging-nbsp">Swift aging&nbsp;</h2>



In the initial stages of a cat’s life, aging occurs rapidly. For instance, a one-month-old kitten is approximately equivalent to a six-month-old human baby. By the time the kitten is two months old, its age in human years jumps to that of a four-year-old child.&nbsp;



This swift aging process continues, with a kitten reaching the equivalent of 5.5 human years at four months, 8.5 years at five months, and 11.5 years at six months.&nbsp;



However, the aging process significantly slows down thereafter, with a one-year-old cat being akin to a 16-year-old human. This pattern means that in the first six months of life, a cat ages 11.5 years, but only ages an additional 4.5 years in the following six months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-in-human-years">Cats in human years</h2>



An alternative method for calculating a cat’s age presents a slightly different perspective. This method equates a one-year-old cat to a 16-year-old human and a two-year-old cat to a 21-year-old human.&nbsp;



Beyond the two-year mark, each human year is considered equivalent to four cat years. For instance, a three-year-old cat is likened to a 25-year-old human, and so on.



Using this formula - established by experts at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/">Cornell University</a> - a cat’s age can be easily “translated” into human years throughout its lifespan.



There is a slight variation in the first method, where a three-year-old cat is considered 31 in human years, a four-year-old cat is 35, and a five-year-old cat is equivalent to 38.5 human years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-average-lifespan-nbsp">Average lifespan&nbsp;</h2>



Today, the average lifespan of a domestic cat is around 14 years, although the oldest recorded cat, Creme Puff, lived to an astounding 38 years.&nbsp;



This increased lifespan, up from an average of seven years in the early 1980s, reflects advancements in cat care and veterinary medicine.



Vets typically determine a cat’s age by examining its teeth, looking at growth in kittens and wear and tear in older cats. However, other factors, such as changes in fur texture and physical condition, also play a role in assessing a cat’s age.&nbsp;



Despite the challenges in determining a cat’s exact age, these age-calculating methods provide a more precise estimate than the simplistic 7:1 ratio.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-and-aging-nbsp">Cats and aging&nbsp;</h2>



As cats age, their care needs, behavior, and health can change.&nbsp;Physical changes you might notice as your cat gets older are graying fur (especially around the muzzle), decreased mobility or arthritis, weight changes, declining vision or heating, and dental issues.&nbsp;



As far as behavioral changes, senior cats tend to sleep more, play less, and become more irritable or less tolerant of disruptions. They may also exhibit signs of cognitive dysfunction, which is similar to dementia in humans (e.g., disorientation, altered sleep patterns).



Older cats are more susceptible to certain health issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, cancer, and heart disease. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection of health issues.



Here are some other care considerations for an aging cat:&nbsp;



<ul>
<li>A diet tailored for senior cats might be beneficial.</li>



<li>Comfortable bedding and easy access to favorite spots can help ease arthritis pain.</li>



<li>Toys and interactive play can help keep them mentally stimulated.</li>



<li>Gentle grooming can help manage any changes in skin or coat health.</li>
</ul>



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How old is your cat in human years?

People often apply the “dog years” concept when talking about...

With their striking appearance and remarkable hunting skills, kingfishers are fascinating creatures. In a recent study, scientists have taken a closer look at the genetic makeup of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-birds-face-a-greater-risk-of-extinction/">birds</a> to understand the secrets behind their unique ability to plunge-dive into water without harming their brains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diving-headfirst">Diving headfirst</h2>



Imagine diving headfirst into a pool – it’s no easy feat. The force of the water can be surprisingly jarring, even more so when approached at an incorrect angle.&nbsp;



Yet, the kingfisher seems to have mastered this act, diving headfirst to catch fish. The question is: how do they manage this without sustaining any brain damage?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The study, published in the journal Communications Biology, was focused on a comparison of the DNA of 30 different kingfisher species. The goal was to identify genes that could give insight into the birds' specialized diet and their unique diving abilities.&nbsp;



Chad Eliason, the study’s first author and a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> in Chicago, said: "It’s a high-speed dive from air to water, and it’s done by very few bird species." The potential risk of such dives has made the kingfisher's ability a point of scientific intrigue.



“For kingfishers to dive headfirst the way they do, they must have evolved other traits to keep them from hurting their brains,” said study senior author Shannon Hackett.



This theory is further supported by the fact that not all kingfishers have a fish-centric diet. Some eat land-based prey such as insects, lizards, and even other kingfishers.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-evolution-nbsp">Diverse evolution&nbsp;</h2>



Prior research by co-authors Jenna McCollough and Michael Andersen, both from the University of New Mexico, revealed that kingfishers evolved their fish-eating habits multiple times rather than from a single fish-eating ancestor.&nbsp;



“The fact that there are so many transitions to diving is what makes this group both fascinating and powerful, from a scientific research perspective,” says Hackett. “If a trait evolves a multitude of different times independently, that means you have power to find an overarching explanation for why that is.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



To investigate, the researchers analyzed the DNA of 30 species of kingfishers. They sourced the kingfisher DNA from specimens at the Field Museum’s collections. Using advanced sequencing techniques, they generated the entire genetic code of each bird.



The analysis revealed that diving kingfishers had several genetic modifications related to diet and brain structure. Notably, mutations were found in the AGT gene, associated with dietary flexibility in other species, and the MAPT gene, which is linked to tau proteins affecting feeding behavior.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tau-proteins-nbsp">Tau proteins&nbsp;</h2>



The role of tau proteins is critical. They stabilize structures inside the brain, but an excess can be harmful. In humans, for instance, conditions like traumatic brain injuries and Alzheimer’s are tied to a buildup of tau. This raises questions about how kingfishers mitigate the risks associated with frequent diving.



Hackett’s own experience sparked her curiosity about tau proteins. “I learned a lot about tau protein when I was the concussion manager of my son’s hockey team."&nbsp;



“I started to wonder, why don’t kingfishers die because their brains turn to mush? There’s gotta be something they're doing that protects them from the negative influences of repeatedly landing on their heads on the water’s surface."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selective-pressure-nbsp">Selective pressure&nbsp;</h2>



Hackett suspects that tau proteins may be something of a double-edged sword. “The same genes that keep your neurons in your brain in all nice and ordered are the things that fail when you get repeated concussions if you're a football player or if you get Alzheimer's." 



"My guess is there’s some sort of strong selective pressure on those proteins to protect the birds’ brains in some way.”&nbsp;



The team's next challenge is to understand how these genetic mutations impact the proteins produced and how these changes equip the bird's brain to handle the stresses of diving.



“Now, we know which of the underlying genes are shifting that help create the differences that we see across the kingfisher family,” said Eliason. “But now that we know which genes to look at, it created more mysteries. That’s how science works.”



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How do kingfishers dive without hurting their brains?

With their striking appearance and remarkable hunting skills, kingfishers are...

In a surprising discovery, mummified remains of mice have been found on the summits of 20,000-foot volcanoes in the Andes mountains. The revelation raises new questions about the remarkable survival instincts of these small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-mice-dont-just-survive-but-thrive-with-physical-impairments/">rodents</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hostile-environment-nbsp">Hostile environment&nbsp;</h2>



The initial findings date back to expeditions in the 1970s and ’80s when archaeologists reported stumbling upon mouse cadavers atop towering <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Mice-volcanoes-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andean volcanoes</a>.



These peaks, situated in the driest desert on Earth, present a hostile environment with freezing temperatures, low oxygen levels, and punishing gale-force winds.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-pilgrimages-nbsp">Sacred pilgrimages&nbsp;</h2>



Given the daunting surroundings, researchers initially believed that these rodents might have been transported to such heights by the Incas, who considered these summits sacred and often made pilgrimages spanning over a thousand miles.&nbsp;



The peaks served as altars for Capacocha, a ritual wherein children were sacrificed to various Incan gods. It was theorized that mice might have accidentally found their way amidst the supplies or were deliberately brought as part of the animal sacrifices.



“You can’t fault the archaeologists for thinking this way, because what other explanation is there? Nothing could be living up there, so they had to have been brought there," said Professor Jay Storz of the <a href="https://www.unl.edu/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astounding-discoveries">Astounding discoveries</h2>



However, Storz and his team inadvertently challenged this narrative in early 2020 when they captured a live leaf-eared mouse at an astounding altitude of 22,000 feet on Llullaillaco, a volcano on the Chile-Argentina boundary. This marked the first-ever instance of a mammal being discovered alive at such an altitude.



Furthermore, the team reported discovering 13 more mummified leaf-eared mice on the summits of nearby volcanoes - Salín, Púlar, and Copiapó.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-analyses-nbsp">Further analyses&nbsp;</h2>



Through carbon-14 analysis, the experts determined that most of these mummies were relatively recent, with some dating post-1955. This contradicted the earlier belief that these mice were brought by the Incas, especially since the Incas had fallen to Spanish invaders centuries before the mummies' dated time.



Compelling genetic evidence further validated the mice's natural presence at these heights. DNA analysis by collaborators from the <a href="https://www.umt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montana</a> revealed that the genetic variation of these high-altitude mice was consistent with those found in the lower regions of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/salar-de-atacama-the-salt-flats-of-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atacama Desert</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skilled-mountaineers-nbsp">Skilled mountaineers&nbsp;</h2>



“Our genomic data indicate no: that the mice from the summits, and those from the flanks or the base of the volcanoes in the surrounding desert terrain, are all one big happy family,” said Storz. He said it was more evidence that the mummies were not hitchhikers but mountaineers.



Intriguingly, observations also reveal an equal gender ratio among the mummies and evidence of local mouse burrows. This suggests that these rodents have not only ventured to these heights but are also sustaining a life high up on the volcanoes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mice-lived-in-extreme-mountains">Mice lived in extreme mountains</h2>



The Puna de Atacama, where these mice reside, is so extreme that it has served as a practice ground for NASA’s Mars missions.&nbsp;



“Even at the base of the volcanoes, the mice are living in an extreme, Martian environment,” said Storz. “And then, on the summits of the volcanoes, it’s even more so. It feels like outer space.



“It just boggles the mind that any kind of animal, let alone a warm-blooded mammal, could be surviving and functioning in that environment. When you experience it all firsthand, it even further impresses upon you: How in God’s name is anything living up there?”



Yet, many questions remain. While the high altitudes offer refuge from predators like foxes, mountain lions, and birds of prey, what drives these mice to endure the harsh conditions of these summits remains a mystery.



Image Credit: Jay Storz, University of Nebraska–Lincoln



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Mummified mice lived in Mars-like conditions in the Andes mountains

In a surprising discovery, mummified remains of mice have been...

Researchers have discovered that bumblebees make complex decisions when foraging for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sipping-on-nectar-hummingbirds-consume-a-surprising-amount-of-alcohol/">nectar</a>, and they prioritize immediate rewards over energy efficiency.



While observing bumblebees' interactions with slippery artificial flowers, the experts found that they make choices to maximize the rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-plant-energy-to-improve-solar-panels/">energy</a> return, or the amount of sugar collected each minute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



“Bumblebees can make decisions ‘on the fly’ about which nectar sources are the most energetically economical,” said study first author Jonathan Pattrick.&nbsp;



“By training bumblebees to visit artificial slippery flowers and using different ‘nectars’ with high, medium or low amounts of sugar, we found that they could make a trade-off between the energy content of the nectar and how difficult it was to access.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-lifestyles-nbsp">Distinct lifestyles&nbsp;</h2>



This behavioral pattern stands in contrast to honeybees, which have been found to prioritize energy efficiency in their foraging. Pattrick suggests that the distinct lifestyles of bumblebees and honeybees might be responsible for this variance.&nbsp;



“Bumblebees have a different lifestyle to honeybees: they only store a small amount of nectar in the nest and so have to make the most of every available opportunity to forage,” Pattrick said.&nbsp;



“This difference between species may be why the bumblebees adopt a strategy such that their foraging is of more immediate benefit to the colony, even if it means they have to work harder, while honeybees take a relatively more measured approach to how hard they work – this should prolong their working lifespan.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



The team, working at the University of Cambridge, UK, used specially designed artificial flowers with slippery surfaces to study this trade-off. These flowers were placed both vertically and horizontally.&nbsp;



The researchers also used a custom computer program to record the minute behaviors of the bumblebees as they opted to gather high-sugar nectar from the slippery flowers, which necessitated hovering, or chose flowers they could land on with lower sugar concentrations. This rigorous method resulted in a total of 60,000 individual behavioral observations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



The data showed that bumblebees were making decisions based on the rate of energy return. Earlier studies, relying on observing bees in their natural settings, had left some ambiguity regarding their decision-making process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Pattrick noted the significance of these findings for understanding bee behaviors and their interaction with flowers.&nbsp;



“Identifying the currency used by nectar-foraging bumblebees helps provide a framework for understanding how bumblebees make foraging decisions," said Pattrick.



“This information can be used to make predictions about the sorts of flowers the bees are likely to be visiting. In turn, this could inform choices of the flowers to plant in field margins and is also relevant to crop breeders who want to make varieties which are ‘better’ for bumblebees.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. The researchers believe that future studies should delve deeper to determine if bumblebees consistently use this decision-making currency across varied foraging contexts.&nbsp;



The team also expressed admiration for the bumblebee's cognitive abilities, with Pattrick stating, "We find it amazing that, even with a relatively simple brain, bumblebees are able to make such complex energetic decisions."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108071">iScience</a>.



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Bumblebees choose immediate rewards over energy efficiency

Researchers have discovered that bumblebees make complex decisions when foraging...

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In a disturbing revelation that challenges long-standing solutions to plastic pollution, a study from the <a href="https://www.otago.ac.nz/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Otago</a> indicates that biodegradable plastics still pose a threat to aquatic life. 



The research assesses the effects of both petroleum-based and biodegradable plastics on wild fish populations. Unfortunately, the scientists discovered that the perceived environmentally-friendly biodegradable plastic alternative is not as benign as previously thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-s-impact-on-marine-life">Plastic's impact on marine life</h2>



The investigation stands as the first of its kind to delve into the comparative impacts of different plastic types on marine inhabitants. Ashleigh Hawke, a Master of Science graduate from Otago’s Department of Marine Science, was lead-author of the study. Her research meticulously evaluated how exposure to conventional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastics-are-a-hazard-at-every-stage-of-their-life-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">petroleum-derived plastics</a> and biodegradable counterparts affect various aspects of fish physiology and behavior.



It was discerned that petroleum-based plastics significantly hampered several facets of the fishes' daily functions. These include their escape performance, routine swimming patterns, and overall aerobic metabolism. In a somewhat relieving but still concerning contrast, fish subjected to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turning-insect-waste-into-biodegradable-plastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegradable</a> plastics experienced only a detrimental impact on their maximum escape speed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodegradable-or-not-it-s-still-plastic">Biodegradable or not, it's still plastic</h2>



According to Hawke, these findings are monumental. They underscore the grim reality that, irrespective of their type, plastics have the propensity to inflict harm on marine ecosystems. 



"Biodegradable plastics may not be the silver bullet to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic pollution</a> as we believe them to be," she explains. 



Hawke went on to say that while these substances are marginally less detrimental, they nonetheless could precipitate adverse outcomes for marine species exposed to them. 



In the context of her study, such exposure could critically impair populations by diminishing their escape responses. The ability to escape predators is, of course, a vital survival mechanism for fish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inconsistent-path-of-biodegradable-plastic">Inconsistent path of biodegradable plastic</h2>



Co-researcher Dr. Bridie Allan is a fellow member of the Department of Marine Science. He accentuates that these insights should propel a re-evaluation of environmental protection strategies. This is especially true for those pertaining to marine conservation.



Dr. Allan points out a critical issue in the realm of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegradable</a> plastics: inconsistency in their production. "The development of traditional plastics has been well established for decades and so there is little variation in the production of them. However, because biodegradable plastics are a relatively new area, there is variation in the way they are manufactured and the materials that are being used," she elaborates.



This lack of standardization in biodegradable plastic production raises questions regarding their ecological safety. The constituents of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> matter immensely, as evidenced by the research findings. This suggests a pressing need for these materials to undergo more stringent regulation and control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calls-for-policy-level-reforms">Calls for policy-level reforms</h2>



The revelations from the University of Otago’s study serve as a clarion call for policymakers to intensify protections for marine environments. This research unequivocally demonstrates that switching from traditional plastics to biodegradable alternatives is not a straightforward solution. 



The researchers emphasize the necessity for comprehensive policies that consider the complexities of biodegradable materials. Companies must ensure that their production is as harmless as presumed. They must also continue striving for innovative solutions in addressing the global crisis of plastic pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-environmental-stewardship">Global environmental stewardship</h2>



In summary, the study presents a stark reminder that solutions to environmental issues are seldom clear-cut. Biodegradable plastics, once the beacon of hope in the fight against plastic pollution, are now under scrutiny. 



As the world grapples with the realities of these findings, it is imperative that efforts are not dialed back but rather, that global communities, manufacturers, and policymakers collaborate more closely. Through unified, informed actions and an openness to re-evaluating current practices, there may yet be hope for preserving the delicate balance of life within our oceans.



The full study was published in the prestigious journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969723060503?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.



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Even biodegradable plastic is harmful to fish populations

In a disturbing revelation that challenges long-standing solutions to plastic...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...