The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an apex predator native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a symbol of ecological resilience and a critical component of its high-altitude environment.&nbsp;



Despite its importance, little is known about the evolutionary history of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/snow-leopards-the-carnivores-that-eat-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elusive species</a> due to the scarcity of fossil records, particularly from the Quaternary period.



A recent study sheds light on the evolutionary adaptations that have allowed snow leopards to thrive in one of the most challenging environments on Earth.&nbsp;



The research was led by an international team of researchers from the <a href="https://english.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> (CAS) and European institutions.



By analyzing rare fossils and employing advanced modeling techniques, the study reveals the intricate evolutionary journey of the snow leopard and its specialized adaptations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-evolution-of-snow-leopards">Unique evolution of snow leopards</h2>



Until now, our understanding of snow leopards' evolutionary path relied heavily on molecular biology, which links the species closely to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-captive-tigers-help-restore-wild-populations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tigers</a>. However, the vast ecological and morphological differences between the two suggest that snow leopards followed a unique evolutionary trajectory.



To address this, the research team identified five significant fossil sites across Eurasia: Longdan (Gansu, China), Arago (France), Zhoukoudian Locality 3 (Beijing, China), Manga Larga (Portugal) and Niuyan Cave (Mentougou, Beijing, China).



These fossils provided critical insights into snow leopard lineage. While the specimen from Niuyan Cave closely resembled modern snow leopards, the others displayed unique traits, suggesting they were earlier offshoots from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.&nbsp;



The study concluded that these offshoots likely represent multiple dispersal events out of Tibet over time, providing a timeline for the development of the species’ specialized traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specialized-adaptations-for-survival">Specialized adaptations for survival</h2>



Using cutting-edge techniques like geometric morphometrics, finite element analysis, and anatomy studies, the researchers analyzed how snow leopards evolved to survive in their mountainous habitat. Their findings highlighted several key adaptations:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-vision">Exceptional vision</h3>



Large eye sockets and highly developed binocular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-technology-lets-us-see-colors-of-the-world-through-the-eyes-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vision</a> allow snow leopards to focus on prey with precision in complex, rugged terrain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-jaws-and-teeth">Powerful jaws and teeth</h3>



Snow leopards have steeply angled jaws and robust canines, enabling them to subdue large prey like mountain goats and sheep. 



Their large premolars and molars help them efficiently consume frozen carcasses before they spoil in cold environments.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-respiratory-efficiency">Enhanced respiratory efficiency</h3>



A well-developed frontal sinus system warms inhaled air, helping snow leopards cope with low temperatures and oxygen levels at high altitudes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-hearing">Heightened hearing</h3>



Their pronounced tympanic bulla enhances sensitivity to low-frequency sounds, allowing them to detect prey over long distances in open terrain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agile-limbs-for-mountainous-terrain">Agile limbs for mountainous terrain</h3>



With elongated distal limb bones and a smaller scapula, snow leopards are built for agility, enabling them to navigate rocky slopes and leap across large gaps with ease.



These traits not only reflect their adaptation to cold, high-altitude environments but also their reliance on Caprinae prey, which are slow-moving yet highly robust with powerful horns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milestones-of-snow-leopard-evolution">Milestones of snow leopard evolution</h2>



The researchers discovered that early snow leopard fossils, such as Panthera aff. pyrenaica from Longdan and Arago, displayed some adaptations for mountainous prey but lacked traits seen in modern snow leopards.&nbsp;



For instance, while their mandibles were steeply angled, their cheek teeth were smaller, and there was no evidence of advanced respiratory adaptations.



Later fossils, such as those from Zhoukoudian and Portugal, exhibited traits closely resembling modern snow leopards, including larger cheek teeth and advanced sinus systems. 



However, some features, such as forehead expansion and ectotympanic chamber development, were less pronounced compared to their modern counterparts.



These findings suggest a gradual evolution of snow leopards’ traits, driven by changes in climate and prey availability, particularly during the Middle Pleistocene when ice sheets expanded on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-s-role-in-snow-leopard-distribution">Climate’s role in snow leopard distribution</h2>



The study also explored the ecological adaptations of fossil snow leopards by analyzing the species’ distribution in relation to climate data. Using species distribution modeling (SDM), the researchers examined how snow leopards might have adapted to the Last Glacial Maximum.



The findings revealed that the suitable habitat for snow leopards during this period was far larger than it is today. 



However, areas such as Europe and Beijing were excluded from this range, suggesting that fossil snow leopards in these regions had ecological adaptations distinct from modern populations. 



Most fossil sites were located in mountainous regions, reinforcing the idea that rugged terrain and prey availability played a more critical role in their survival than altitude or oxygen levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-of-leopards-and-snow-leopards-nbsp">Interactions of leopards and snow leopards&nbsp;</h2>



Niuyan Cave is the only known site containing both snow leopard and leopard fossils, offering rare insights into the interactions of these predators.&nbsp;



The overlapping habitats suggest that snow leopards occasionally shared transitional zones near forest edges with leopards, similar to behaviors observed in modern populations.&nbsp;



This discovery provides a glimpse into the complex environmental dynamics of the region during ancient times.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-snow-leopard-conservation">Implications for snow leopard conservation</h2>



The study’s findings hold significant implications for conservation efforts. By understanding the evolutionary history and ecological needs of snow leopards, conservationists can better protect their habitats in the face of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-species-are-pre-adapted-to-tolerate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and human activity.&nbsp;



The research also highlights the importance of preserving mountainous ecosystems that serve as critical habitats for this species.



This study not only deepens our understanding of snow leopards’ past but also highlights the importance of integrating paleontology, biology, and modern technology to inform the conservation of one of the world’s most iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saber-toothed-predators-evolved-the-perfect-fangs-for-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp5243" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Snow leopards: Tracing the evolution of an apex predator

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an apex predator native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is a symbol of ecological resilience and a critical component of its high-altitude environment.&nbsp; Despite its importance, little is known about the evolutionary history of this elusive species due to the scarcity of fossil records, particularly from the Quaternary period. A recent study sheds light on the evolutionary adaptations that have allowed snow leopards to thrive in one of the most challenging environments on Earth.&nbsp; The research was led by an international team of...

In a recent study, researchers have uncovered the extraordinary lengths to which a small Australian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraordinary-saber-toothed-marsupial-fossil-found-in-the-tatacoa-desert/">marsupial</a>, the antechinus, will go to ensure reproductive success.&nbsp;



The study brings to light a unique behavior among land-dwelling mammals: the sacrifice of sleep for the sake of mating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peculiar-mating-behavior">Peculiar mating behavior</h2>



The antechinus displays a baffling yet fascinating approach to reproduction. The multi-year research, led by experts from <a href="https://www.latrobe.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Trobe University</a> has shown that male antechinuses dramatically reduce their sleep during mating season. This behavior has never been documented in any land mammal.



“Using a combination of techniques, we showed that males lose sleep during the breeding season, with one male halving his sleep during this mating period,” said study co-author Erika Zaid.&nbsp;



“In humans and other animals, restricting the normal amount of sleep leads to worse performance while awake, an effect that compounds night after night. And yet, the antechinus did just that: they slept 3 hours less per night, every night, for 3 weeks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-life-cycle">Unusual life cycle</h2>



These small marsupials have an unusual life cycle. Males live for just a year and have only one opportunity for reproduction. Following a short but intense mating season, they typically die.&nbsp;



Females, on the other hand, may live up to two years. The researchers were drawn to study these creatures due to their unique reproductive strategy, which involves intense competition among males for mating opportunities.



“The males have one shot at fathering offspring during a single 3-week mating period,” said study co-author John Lesku. “We found that male, but not female, dusky antechinuses, become restless during their only breeding season.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-sleep-deprivation-nbsp">Extreme sleep deprivation&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers used advanced methods such as accelerometry, electrophysiology, and metabolic measures to track and analyze the sleep patterns and activity levels of the marsupials. 



Surprisingly, despite the known detrimental effects of sleep deprivation, the males appeared to cope well with the reduced sleep, raising questions about their resilience to such extreme behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-sacrifices">Making sacrifices</h2>



The findings suggest two possibilities: either the antechinus has evolved to function effectively with less sleep during this crucial period, or is willingly enduring the negative consequences of sleep deprivation to maximize their chances of reproductive success.



“It is actually a little surprising that these animals do not sacrifice even more sleep during the breeding season, since they will soon die anyways,” noted Zaid. “In this way, keeping much of their sleep intact reveals the essential functions that sleep serves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-nbsp">Future research&nbsp;</h2>



The reason behind the post-mating mortality of male antechinuses remains unclear, though sleep deprivation alone is not suspected to be the cause. Intriguingly, the males with the least amount of sleep were not necessarily in the worst condition.



Going forward, the research team is eager to delve deeper into understanding how the antechinus manage with such significant sleep loss, a level that would severely impair humans.&nbsp;



The study opens up exciting avenues for future research into the adaptability and resilience of these unique marsupials, providing insights into the complex interplay between sleep and survival strategies in the animal kingdom.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.064" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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With only one shot at mating, the male antechinus gives up sleep for sex

In a recent study, researchers have uncovered the extraordinary lengths...

Urban-dwelling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/darwins-finches-reveal-how-one-species-becomes-many/">finches</a> in the Galapagos Islands are demonstrating remarkable resilience against a parasitic fly that has been wreaking havoc on bird populations.



Detailed in a study by researchers at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Connecticut</a>, this discovery offers new insights and hope in the fight against the invasive Philornis downsi, commonly known as the avian vampire fly.



The fly is native to mainland South America and was first observed in the Galapagos in the 1950s. By 1997, the avian vampire fly was recognized as a major threat to local bird populations, particularly Darwin's finches. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-concern-nbsp">Conservation concern&nbsp;</h2>



“Almost every single study has found a significant effect of the fly on nestling survival and this fly can kill up to 100% of nestling Darwin's finches in a given year," said study co-first author Professor Sarah Knutie.&nbsp;



"These nestlings are essentially dying through exsanguination, which means that the larvae are sucking all of the blood, hence the name, avian vampire fly."



The survival of these finches, crucial to Darwin's theory of evolution, has become a major conservation concern.&nbsp;



“The fly doesn't affect all bird species in the Galapagos equally,” said Professor Knutie. “Some bird species like the Galapagos mockingbirds are better defended against the flies than Darwin's finches and we think this is because the mockingbirds are compensating for energy loss to the parasite through the parents feeding the nestlings more when they're parasitized, compared to when they're not parasitized.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Professor Knutie noted that previous studies focused on finches living in natural, non-urban settings, which does not give the full picture across all finch populations.



“We know there's different food availability for animals in urban areas, so I started to wonder whether urban finches were differentially affected or maybe better defended against the flies because they had access to different food."



"These urban areas are different in so many ways, not just the food availability, but that is where I started because I knew the mockingbirds are better defended because they're able to feed their nestlings more.”



This led the researchers to explore potential variations in the impact on urban versus non-urban finch populations.



The study was conducted on San Cristobal Island, specifically in and around the city of Puerto Baquerizo Moreno. The researchers manipulated the presence of the parasite in both urban and non-urban nests to observe differences in nestling survival and health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-resilience-nbsp">Urban resilience&nbsp;</h2>



The results were striking: urban nestlings showed over six times greater survival rates when parasitized compared to their non-urban counterparts. The researchers used a transcriptomic approach to delve into the molecular mechanisms behind these differences.&nbsp;



Study co-first author Cynthia Webster conducted gene expression analysis, revealing significant differences in immune responses and dietary intake between urban and non-urban birds.



Urban birds exhibited a pro-inflammatory response likely aiding in parasite resistance, while non-urban birds seemed to mount ineffective immune responses. Additionally, urban birds appeared to have a higher protein intake, suggesting dietary differences as a factor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Professor Knutie emphasized that urbanization is not a proposed solution for the Galapagos, but the study's findings could inform conservation strategies.&nbsp;



“If we can figure out whether it's the evolution of defenses, or if there is an environmental factor that's helping them out, this can help inform conservation or management strategies for other populations, so the bird populations don’t decline or go extinct," said Professor Knutie. "This gives us hope that larger populations of Darwin's finches that are affected by the fly are not entirely doomed. We're still worried about smaller populations dealing with the fly, but maybe information from our study can help them.



Professor Knutie said the next step is to figure out whether urban finches have evolved defenses, or if there's an environmental factor, such as food availability, that is helping the finches survive the flies.



“We also would love to expand the study across the islands, because there are four islands in the archipelago with permanent human resident populations and each island has a different size human population. As you can imagine, as the size of the city grows, the infrastructure to support humans grows as well. We hope to test whether the effects of urbanization on this bird/parasite interaction varies across these islands, based on kind of the degree of urbanization, to see if it's consistent."



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Urban finches have surprising resilience against deadly vampire fly 

Urban-dwelling finches in the Galapagos Islands are demonstrating remarkable resilience...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of British Columbia</a> have found alarming evidence about the accumulation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-how-microplastics-are-harming-global-soil-and-agriculture/">microplastics</a> in the food web of the Galápagos Islands. The study suggests that the endangered Galápagos penguin is the most affected by this growing environmental concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-microplastics-nbsp">Environmental impact of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



The research, led by Karly McMullen under the guidance of Dr. Juan José Alava and Dr. Evgeny A. Pakhomov, presents a concerning picture of the environmental impact of microplastics. These include small plastic particles less than five millimeters in size, 



Microplastics have been a topic of increasing concern due to their pervasive presence in marine environments and potential impacts on wildlife.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indicator-species-nbsp">Indicator species&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers' focus on the Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) provides a critical view of how plastic particles are moving through and impacting a relatively isolated ecosystem.&nbsp;



This penguin, unique to the Galápagos Islands, serves as a key indicator for understanding the broader implications of microplastic pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The experts used two models to simulate microplastic movement within the food web, incorporating data collected around Santa Cruz Island in October 2021.&nbsp;



The island, home to human settlements and penguin colonies, offered a pertinent site for examining microplastic interactions between urbanized areas and natural habitats.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples from various sources, including seawater, zooplankton, fish species that are part of the penguin's diet, and penguin feces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings-nbsp">Alarming findings&nbsp;</h2>



Both models revealed a significant and rapid increase in microplastic accumulation within the first five years of an organism's life. This was followed by a more gradual increase and eventual stabilization.&nbsp;



Notably, the Galápagos penguin exhibited the highest levels of microplastic per unit of biomass. This was followed by other species in its food chain, such as the barracuda, anchovy, sardine, herring, salema, and predatory zooplankton.&nbsp;



The researchers also predicted the biomagnification of microplastics across predator-prey relationships, highlighting the rate of excretion as a crucial factor in the net accumulation rate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-knowledge-gap-nbsp">Key knowledge gap&nbsp;</h2>



McMullen emphasized the importance of understanding the behavior and residence time of microplastics within organisms.



“The model predictions highlight a key knowledge gap in microplastics science, specifically the accumulation behavior and residence time of microplastics in the gut," said McMullen.



"With microplastics emerging as a prominent ocean pollutant, entering the environment every day, there is a growing concern for marine fauna and coastal wildlife. To understand microplastics' effects on wildlife and food webs, future research must address how these diverse plastics behave after ingestion."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-threat-of-microplastics-nbsp">Growing threat of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



“The finding of microplastics in the Galápagos penguin, fish prey, and plankton that form part of its food web is undoubtedly worrisome because it shows the globalization of this emerging anthropogenic threat for the conservation of the Galápagos, proving that microplastics can reach isolated and protected areas, such as The Galápagos Archipelago, across thousands of kilometers," said study co-author Hernán Vargas.



"Plastic pollution may also affect the public health of human residents inhabiting the islands. As a global threat to ecosystems, global remedies are required to solve it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Paola Calle noted that having demonstrated the potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification of microplastics in the Galápagos penguin food web alerts us to the potential that these microparticles have on entering and potentially exert adverse effects on the endemic and unique biota of the Galápagos.&nbsp;



"Therefore, we must raise awareness, actions and public policies that allow us to protect and conserve the endemic and native fauna of the islands.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296788" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Galápagos penguins at risk from microplastics in polluted food web

Researchers from the University of British Columbia have found alarming...

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months, the melodic singing of humpback whales fills the marine soundscape. 



Despite extensive research spanning decades, many aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale behavior</a> and their complex singing remain enigmatic. 



Recent research, however, has begun to unravel some of these mysteries, offering new insights into the daily patterns of these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-humpback-whale-songs">Decoding humpback whale songs</h2>



The study, spearheaded by the <a href="https://www.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawaiʻi</a> in collaboration with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands <a href="https://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary</a>, observed an intriguing daily movement pattern among the whales. 



These gentle giants tend to drift away from the shore during the day, only to return as evening approaches. 



This pattern of migration is not just a random movement but appears to be a strategic choice by the whales.



Anke Kügler, the study's lead author and a doctoral student in the Marine Biology Graduate Program at <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UH Mānoa</a> at the time of the research, shared her insights. 



“Singers may be attempting to reduce the chances of their song being drowned out among the cacophony nearshore when whale numbers are high,” Kügler explained. 



She further noted that the whales’ movement towards the shore around sunset might be to avoid the offshore evening chorus of other marine animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-how-and-when-humpback-whales-sing">Learning how and when humpback whales sing</h2>



The methodology behind this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-sing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whale</a> research was as innovative as its findings. 



By employing a combination of underwater listening devices and visual surveys, the team successfully tracked both the movements and the acoustic patterns of the whales in their high-density breeding grounds. 



This dual approach allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the whales' behavior.



Marc Lammers, co-author of the study and a research ecologist with NOAA’s Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, highlighted the significance of this movement. 



“This dynamic onshore-offshore movement of singers may be aimed at increasing the efficiency of the whales’ acoustic display, ensuring that other whales hear their songs,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-localization-with-acoustic-sensors">Localization with acoustic sensors</h2>



The study not only tracked these movements but also explored the reasons behind them. Kügler elaborated on the unique approach taken by the team. 



“This is the first effort of its kind, to our knowledge, in which we used specialized acoustic sensors to localize individual singers relatively close to shore to understand daily variations in their distance from shore, their spacing, and their movement behavior,” she said. 



This strategy helped the team to contextualize visual results and address some limitations inherent in land-based observations.



The song of the humpback whale, believed to be crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-travel-thousands-of-miles-to-mate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a>, takes on new significance in light of these findings. 



The study highlights the challenges <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whale-reproduction-is-linked-to-krill-abundance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">male singers</a> face in an environment bustling with acoustic activity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noise-pollution-vs-natural-noise">Noise pollution vs. natural noise</h2>



The team identified key drivers for the whales’ daily migrations -- crowded nearshore environments during the day and noisy offshore areas in the evening due to the chorus of other marine animals.



Kügler also shed light on a broader ecological issue -- <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-fail-to-respond-to-vessel-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">noise pollution</a>. “Discussions of noise pollution related to marine mammals have been dominated by concerns over anthropogenic noise,” she stated. 



The study brings to attention the potential acoustic masking from natural sources, like one whale's song masking another's, a factor often overlooked in previous research. 



Understanding these natural drivers adds depth to our knowledge of how animals reliant on acoustic signals adapt to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-quiet-shipping-noise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loud environments</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humpback-whales-and-hawaiian-culture">Humpback whales and Hawaiian culture</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-perform-full-body-scrubs-on-their-return-south/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humpback whales</a> of Hawai‘i are ecologically and economically significant, while holding a special place in the cultural heritage of the region. 



Their singing is recognized and cherished worldwide. Lammers emphasized the shared responsibility in protecting these magnificent creatures. 



“It is our collective kuleana (responsibility) to be the koholā’s (humpback whales) stewards,” he remarked. 



Lammers underscored the importance of such research in fulfilling the Sanctuary’s management plan, aimed at maintaining a healthy and sustainable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-changed-their-mating-tactic-from-singing-to-fighting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale population</a>.



In summary, this research provides new insights into understanding humpback whale behavior, signaling a leap forward in our journey to unravel the mysteries of these oceanic songsters.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230279" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Humpback whales have moved their singing rituals away from shorelines

In the serene waters off Maui during the winter months,...

Bumble,Bee,In,High,Country,,Colorado,,Usa

At Mesa Verde National Park in southern Colorado, a remarkable scene unfolds on a cliffside: a fuzzy bumblebee, Anthophora pueblo, diligently carves into the red sandstone, its powerful jaws creating a symphony of grinding sounds. 



This industrious insect, native to Colorado and a recent discovery, captivates Adrian Carper, an entomologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> and the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/cumuseum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CU Museum of Natural History</a>. 



"This is just one example of how crazily diverse our native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-evolution-occurred-tens-of-millions-of-years-earlier-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are," Carper marvels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorado-s-bumblebee-pollinators-in-peril">Colorado's bumblebee pollinators in peril</h2>



Yet, Carper's latest comprehensive report on Colorado's native pollinators, co-authored with his team, paints a concerning picture. 



Their research reveals a stark decline in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-threatens-solitary-bees-and-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinator populations</a> over the past 35 years, with some species plummeting by more than half. 



Alarmingly, about 20% of Colorado's 24 native bumblebee species are on the brink of seeking federal protection under the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-endangered-species-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Act</a>. 



"That’s a huge alarm call, and that’s only for species we have good data for," Carper warns, suggesting the actual situation could be more dire.



The report, drawing on data from the <a href="https://www.rmbl.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory</a>, indicates a 61% decline in insect populations in high-elevation meadows, despite these areas being well-protected. 



This decline encompasses a range of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, and even mosquitoes, many of which are under-researched.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-agriculture-and-tourism">Bumblebees, agriculture and tourism</h2>



Colorado's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-synthesize-nutrients-to-nourish-their-gut-microbiota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> and other native pollinators are not just a vital component of the ecosystem; they are integral to the state's agriculture and tourism. 



Carper highlights the unique relationship between these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> and local flora. 



For instance, the renowned Rocky Ford cantaloupes, native to southeastern Colorado, rely heavily on native squash bumblebees for pollination. 



These bees possess specialized hairs to handle the cantaloupe's large pollen grains, a feature honeybees lack, making them inefficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-choose-immediate-rewards-over-energy-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> for these flowers. 



"Our native bees have co-evolved with our native plants. We recreate in our beautiful high alpine mountains, because they are covered in colorful wildflowers, which wouldn’t be there if they didn't have our native pollinators to help them reproduce," Carper explained.



"Additionally, those native plants are integral to our rangelands, supporting over $5 billion worth of livestock across the state," said Carper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-to-native-pollinators">Threats to native pollinators</h2>



The report identifies several threats to native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rusty-patched-bumblebee-a-very-important-pollinator-is-on-the-edge-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>: habitat loss, pesticide use, climate change, and the introduction of non-native species like honeybees. 



The latter, despite their importance in agriculture, are not native to Colorado and have seen a surge in urban hive numbers. 



This increase raises concerns about competition for food with native species and the potential spread of diseases and parasites. 



"We need to better educate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beekeepers</a> on subjects like disease management and swarm control to mitigate honeybees’ impacts on native pollinators," advises Carper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-colorado-s-bumblebees">Protecting Colorado's bumblebees</h2>



To combat these threats, the report suggests strategies such as creating and connecting habitat patches and reducing pesticide use. 



Carper also emphasizes the role individuals can play, advocating for the use of native plants in personal landscaping to support local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>.



In summary, while the Anthophora pueblo bumblebee showcases the unique biodiversity of Colorado's pollinators, the stark reality of their declining numbers calls for immediate action. 



Through a combination of research, education, and conservation efforts, there is hope for preserving these vital members of Colorado's ecosystem and economy.



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Twenty-percent of Colorado bumblebees are endangered

At Mesa Verde National Park in southern Colorado, a remarkable...

Citipati,Was,A,Oviraptor,Theropod,,A,Bird-like,Dinosaur,That,Lived

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur that roamed North America shortly before the catastrophic mass extinction event approximately 66 million years ago. 



This event, believed to have been caused by a colossal asteroid impact, marked the end of the Cretaceous period and led to the extinction of most life forms, including all non-avian dinosaurs.



The newly identified species, an Oviraptor, likely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-eggs-color-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boasted feathers</a> and a beak and is believed to have lived around 125 million years ago. 



Its existence came to light through the discovery of a leg bone within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hell Creek formation</a> -- a region extensively studied for its rich deposits of Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks, spanning across four states in North America.



This significant finding was made possible by a team of researchers from Canada and the United States, who studied a limb of the dinosaur found in the northern United States. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features-of-oviraptors">Distinctive features of Oviraptors</h2>



Their analysis indicated that this creature, approximately the weight of an average woman, represents a species not previously recognized.



An <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/oviraptorosaur_new-species_Eoneophron-infernalis_credit-Zubin-Erik-Dutta_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artist's rendition</a> brings this feathered dinosaur to life, showcasing its sharp talons and bird-like anatomy, complete with a beak but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-were-in-a-state-of-decline-before-their-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">devoid of teeth</a>. It is depicted as having lived up to 130 million years ago.



Kyle Atkins-Weltman, a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.okstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oklahoma State University</a> and author of the study, provided insights into their findings. 



"We describe a relatively small caenagnathid hindlimb from the Hell Creek Formation, and conducted osteohistological analysis to assess its maturity," he explained. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rigorous-study-of-an-ancient-dinosaur">Rigorous study of an ancient dinosaur</h2>



The team's meticulous examination of histological data and the morphological distinctions from Anzu wyliei and other caenagnathids led them to the conclusion that this specimen is a novel species of caenagnathid from Hell Creek.



Oviraptorosaurs, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mud-dragon-dinosaur-fossil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse clade</a>, varied significantly in size -- ranging from the size of chickens or turkeys to species weighing over a ton. 



Their cranial morphology suggests a diet that included both omnivorous and herbivorous members. While the earliest members of this group retained teeth, these were completely lost in the Late Cretaceous forms. 



These dinosaurs possessed a complex, feathery integument, and studies of other specimens reveal their social nature, active brooding over nests, a reproductive strategy intermediate between crocodilians and modern birds, and an avian-like brain organization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-eoneophron-infernalis">Significance of Eoneophron infernalis</h2>



The discovery of this new species, named Eoneophron infernalis, has significantly broadened our understanding of the types of dinosaurs that inhabited this region between 125 and 129 million years ago. 



"In tandem with histological data indicating that this animal was of subadult or adult status at the time of its death, our research suggests that it represents a new taxon, Eoneophron infernalis," said Mr. Atkins-Weltman.



This smaller caenagnathid from the Hell Creek Formation adds to the diversity and ecological understanding of caenagnathids in the end-Maastrichtian period. 



In addition, the finding indicates that caenagnathid diversity in Laurasia remained largely stable through the Campanian-Maastrichtian. 



These dinosaurs were successful components of Laurasian ecosystems until their extinction.



In summary, the discovery of Eoneophron infernalis serves as a window into our planet's distant past, offering invaluable insights into the evolutionary history and diversity of life on Earth before a pivotal moment in its history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-oviraptors">More about Oviraptors</h2>



As discussed above, Oviraptors were a unique group of bird-like dinosaurs that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 to 71 million years ago. 



These creatures, often misunderstood due to early fossil interpretations, have since revealed a fascinating story about their lifestyle and behaviors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-named-after-egg-thieves">Named after "egg thieves"</h3>



When scientists first discovered Oviraptor fossils in the 1920s, they found them near a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preserved-eggs-dinosaurs-kids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest of eggs</a>. Believing they were looking at egg thieves, they named these dinosaurs "Oviraptors," which means "egg thieves." 



However, later discoveries turned this assumption on its head. The eggs near which the Oviraptors were found actually <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-embryo-suggests-bird-like-pre-hatching-posture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">belonged to them</a>, indicating that these dinosaurs were not thieves but caring parents, brooding over their nests.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-and-diet">Physical characteristics and diet</h3>



Physically, Oviraptors stood out with their distinct features. They had a parrot-like beak, devoid of teeth, and a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-eggs-beibeilong-sinensis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crest on their head</a>, the purpose of which remains a topic of debate among paleontologists. 



Some suggest it might have been used in mating displays, similar to the crests found in modern birds. 



Oviraptors were relatively small, about the size of a turkey, and they walked on two legs. Their diet was varied, possibly including plants, small animals, and perhaps eggs, making them omnivores.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oviraptors-resembled-modern-birds">Oviraptors resembled modern birds</h3>



One of the most striking aspects of Oviraptor biology is their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-feathers-sexual-display/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a>. Like many theropod dinosaurs, Oviraptors were covered in feathers. 



This feature, along with other anatomical similarities, provides compelling evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between dinosaurs and modern birds. 



In fact, these feathered dinosaurs offer crucial insights into understanding the origins of flight in birds.



Oviraptors lived in what is now Asia and North America, thriving in diverse environments. Their fossils, particularly well-preserved in places like Mongolia, have provided scientists with valuable information about their anatomy and ecology.



In summary, Oviraptors have emerged as a symbol of parental care in the dinosaur world. Their fossils challenge our understanding of dinosaur behavior, while contributing to the ever-evolving narrative of life on Earth millions of years ago.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0294901" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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New Oviraptor dinosaur species weighed as much as a human female

Paleontologists have unveiled a new species of bird-like oviraptor dinosaur...

A three-year population study has shed new light on the plight of the critically endangered Kordofan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/masai-giraffes-are-nearing-critically-endangered-status/">giraffe</a> in Cameroon's Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



Led by experts from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, the research has been pivotal in understanding the dire situation faced by Kordofan giraffes. The study provides crucial data that may aid in their survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed various sources of imagery, including camera traps, to establish a reliable count of the remaining Kordofan giraffes within the park.&nbsp;



The findings are the first to offer a dependable estimate of the giraffe population size in this region. This data is a critical tool for conservationists to monitor and understand the threats facing these majestic creatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



Alarmingly, the study revealed that as few as 27 Kordofan giraffes may remain within Bénoué National Park.&nbsp;



This revelation highlights the urgency and importance of ongoing conservation efforts to mitigate threats, primarily from poaching and increasing human encroachment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-situation-nbsp">Dire situation&nbsp;</h2>



The situation is dire, as giraffes in the park are frequently targeted by illegal hunting. Another concerning study led by the same team found that if unaddressed, the poaching of just two Kordofan giraffes annually could lead to the subspecies' extinction within 15 years.&nbsp;



Since 2017, the Bristol Zoological Society has been at the forefront of efforts to conserve the Kordofan giraffe in Cameroon, where their numbers have plummeted by 85% since the 1980s, leaving fewer than 2,000 individuals in the wild.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-are-vital-nbsp">Conservation efforts are vital&nbsp;</h2>



"Our study has shown a significant population of Kordofan giraffes still occur within the park, with many more living in the surrounding landscape," said study lead author Connor Parks, a master’s student at Bristol Vet School.&nbsp;



"It also emphasises that continued conservation efforts are vital if we are to further support the subspecies in Cameroon. This should include strengthening existing anti-poaching regulations and protecting wildlife movement corridors.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Caspian Johnson, a conservation scientist and lecturer at the <a href="https://bristolzoo.org.uk/bristol-zoological-society" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bristol Zoological Society</a>, added a broader context to the situation.&nbsp;



“Habitat degradation and illegal hunting has already seen the loss of cheetah, black rhino, and all resident elephants from Bénoué National Park. It is paramount we do not lose another precious species from this area," said Dr. Johnson.



“These studies provide us with the crucial baseline data needed to determine how giraffe population size and structure may change in the future. This will help us inform the conservation action and management practices needed to protect giraffe in Bénoué National Park.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-kordofan-giraffes">More about Kordofan giraffes</h2>



Kordofan giraffes are a subspecies found primarily in Central Africa. They are notable for their unique physical and behavioral characteristics. Kordofan giraffes inhabit the savannas, grasslands, and open woodlands, particularly in regions of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, and possibly western Sudan.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



Physically, Kordofan giraffes are smaller in size compared to other giraffe subspecies. Their coat pattern is less pronounced and more irregular, often with smaller and more irregularly shaped spots that are paler in color. This pattern extends down the legs, which is a distinguishing feature from some other subspecies whose patterns fade towards the lower leg.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Kordofan giraffes are herbivorous, feeding primarily on leaves, flowers, and fruits, especially from acacia trees. Their long necks and tongues are well-adapted for reaching foliage at heights inaccessible to other animals, playing a crucial role in their ecosystem by spreading seeds and affecting the growth patterns of trees.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



These giraffes are social animals, often seen in loosely organized, ever-changing groups. Unlike some other giraffe subspecies, they do not have a strict social structure, and group compositions can change from day to day.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats">Threats</h3>



Kordofan giraffes face significant threats from habitat loss due to human activities like agriculture and deforestation. They are also vulnerable to poaching for their meat and hide. These factors have led to a decline in their population, making conservation efforts vital for their survival. Despite these challenges, they remain a symbol of the diverse and rich wildlife of Central Africa.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aje.13249" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">African Journal of Ecology</a>.&nbsp;



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Kordofan giraffes are critically endangered and fighting for survival

A three-year population study has shed new light on the...

Herring,Gull,Standing,On,Grass,Close,Up

A recent study researchers from the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> has made a significant discovery regarding the behavior and habitat of short-billed gulls. 



The team, led by Falk Huettmann, found that these gulls have been shifting from their typical coastal habitats to urban environments. 



The study stands out as the first to compile a comprehensive three-year dataset using a citizen science approach to include a wide sample of gulls and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wing-technique-gulls-drones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> in urban Alaska, offering a new perspective on this habitat shift.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-the-habitats-of-gulls">New perspective on the habitats of gulls</h2>



The research revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wing-technique-gulls-drones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">short-billed</a> gulls, typically found along coastlines and near water sources, have been occupying areas usually associated with scavenging ravens. 



These areas include parking lots of supermarkets and fast-food restaurants, as well as human-made structures like industrial gravel pads and garbage dumpsters. 



The study's findings are particularly noteworthy because they indicate a significant change in the gulls' behavior and habitat preferences.



To conduct the study, Huettmann and his team utilized artificial intelligence modeling, which was fed environmental variables specific to locations to predict information about gull occurrences. 



This method also mirrored a previous study on the distribution of the great gray owl. 



The researchers used U.S. census data and urban municipality data, considering factors such as distances to roads, restaurants, waterways, and waste transfer stations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mirroring-the-real-world-environment-nbsp">Mirroring the real-world environment&nbsp;</h2>



Moriz Steiner, a graduate student in Huettmann’s lab, emphasized the importance of using socioeconomic datasets. 



“It allows us to mirror the real-world environment and simulate a situation as true to nature as possible by including them as variables in the models,” he explained. 



This approach helped the researchers understand the underlying reasons behind the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-additives-found-in-the-freshly-laid-eggs-of-herring-gulls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a>' transition to urban landscapes, which is mainly driven by the availability of human food sources and industrial changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-changing-dynamics">Implications and changing dynamics</h2>



The study has significant implications for understanding how human activities and urbanization impact wildlife behavior. 



It also raises concerns about the health and longevity of these birds, as the food they find in urban areas, particularly from fast-food restaurants, can be detrimental due to high quantities of salt, fat, sugar, grease, and contaminants. 



Furthermore, the presence of gulls in urban areas can pose health risks, as they are known vectors of diseases like avian influenza and salmonella, which can be transferred to humans.



Huettmann’s research underscores the changing dynamics of wildlife due to human influence and highlights the need for improved wildlife conservation efforts.&nbsp;



“This kind of information is providing a more holistic picture of how human influence on the environment is changing what we otherwise know as natural. Using machine learning will help us, hopefully, to advocate for improved wildlife conservation,” he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-gulls-and-their-habitats">More about gulls and their habitats</h2>



Gulls, often recognized as the quintessential seabirds, thrive in an astonishingly wide range of habitats, demonstrating remarkable adaptability and resilience. 



As discussed above, these birds are not strictly coastal creatures. Their habitats extend far beyond the familiar shores to include inland areas, urban landscapes, and even Arctic regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-regions">Coastal regions</h3>



Primarily, gulls inhabit coastal regions where they expertly exploit the rich marine resources. These environments provide them with a bounty of food options, from fish to marine invertebrates. 



The rhythmic dance of the tides offers gulls a dynamic and ever-changing landscape in which to forage, making them adept at capitalizing on the shifting availability of resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inland-habitats">Inland habitats</h3>



However, many species of gulls have expanded their habitats to include inland areas, such as lakes, rivers, and wetlands. Here, they display their versatility by feeding on freshwater fish, insects, and even small rodents. 



The presence of gulls around these freshwater sources is a testament to their ecological adaptability and the broad scope of their dietary preferences.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gulls-living-in-urban-habitats">Gulls living in urban habitats</h3>



Urban environments also serve as unconventional habitats for these resourceful birds. Gulls often frequent cityscapes, where they scavenge for food in waste dumps and heavily populated areas. 



Their intelligence and opportunistic nature enable them to navigate the urban jungle successfully, exploiting the waste generated by human activities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-gulls-endure-extreme-habitats">Some gulls endure extreme habitats</h3>



Remarkably, some gull species have adapted to life in extreme conditions, such as the Arctic. 



These hardy birds breed and feed in these frigid environments, displaying a level of endurance that few other species can match. 



Their thick plumage and ability to store fat reserves allow them to survive in these harsh climates.



In summary, gulls are are versatile and adaptable creatures that have successfully colonized a diverse range of habitats. 



From the bustling coastlines to the serene inland waters, and from the urban sprawl to the Arctic tundra, gulls continue to showcase their remarkable ability to thrive in various environments. 



This adaptability not only highlights their ecological importance but also reflects the incredible resilience and diversity of nature itself.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102364" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecological Informatics</a>.



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Gulls are shifting their habitats to urban areas

A recent study researchers from the University of Alaska Fairbanks...

Researchers from the <a href="https://www.khamai.bio/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Khamai Foundation</a> and <a href="https://www.liberty.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Liberty University</a> have identified a new species of coffee snake in the cloud forests of northwestern Ecuador. 



This discovery, led by biologist Alejandro Arteaga, represents a significant contribution to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-forest-biodiversity-has-massive-potential-for-carbon-capture/">biodiversity</a> of the region and sheds light on the complex ecosystems of the Andes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reptiles-of-ecuador-nbsp">Reptiles of Ecuador&nbsp;</h2>



Arteaga first encountered this unique species in Ecuador's Pichincha province. His discovery occurred while searching for animals to feature in his upcoming book, "Reptiles of Ecuador."&nbsp;



Arteaga's discovery is not just a scientific triumph but also a personal milestone. "This is species number 30 that I have discovered, out of a target of 100."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tudor-s-coffee-snake">Tudor's Coffee-Snake</h2>



The newly identified snake, named Tudor's Coffee-Snake, exhibits traits typical of coffee snakes but is distinguished by its unique characteristics and specific habitat. These snakes predominantly reside in coffee plantations, a habitat choice influenced by the destruction of their native cloud forest environments.&nbsp;



Endemic to the Pacific slopes of the Andes in northwestern Ecuador, Tudor's Coffee-Snake thrives at elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 meters above sea level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h2>



While the species is not currently facing immediate extinction threats, concerns are rising about the potential decline of its populations. This is attributed to ongoing deforestation driven by logging and large-scale mining activities, which are fragmenting and depleting the snake's natural habitat.



The discovery of Tudor's Coffee-Snake is more than a mere addition to the list of known species; it represents a crucial step in highlighting the importance of conserving the cloud forest ecosystem.&nbsp;



The researchers hope that this discovery will attract more attention to the need for research and conservation efforts in human-modified habitats surrounding the cloud forests, such as coffee plantations and pastures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-guy-tudor-nbsp">Tribute to Guy Tudor&nbsp;</h2>



In a touching tribute, the name of this new species honors Guy Tudor, an acclaimed naturalist and scientific illustrator renowned for his profound love for birds and wildlife. His contributions to the conservation of South America's birds through his artistic works have been impactful, which the researchers acknowledged in their paper.



The research goes beyond academic curiosity by serving a greater purpose in conservation. Arteaga and his team are leveraging the naming of new species as a new approach to fund conservation initiatives. In particular, the identification of Tudor's Coffee-Snake has played a pivotal role in supporting the protection of the Buenaventura Reserve, a key biodiversity hotspot in Ecuador. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-coffee-snakes-nbsp">More about coffee snakes&nbsp;</h2>



The Ninia genus of snakes, commonly known as coffee snakes or coral coffee snakes, belongs to the family Colubridae. These snakes are small, typically growing only up to about 20-30 centimeters in length. They are found primarily in Central America and northern South America, thriving in a variety of habitats including forests, plantations, and sometimes in more urban areas.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mimicry-nbsp">Mimicry&nbsp;</h3>



What's interesting about the Ninia genus is their resemblance to the much more dangerous coral snakes, which they mimic in coloration. This mimicry serves as a defense mechanism, deterring predators who might mistake them for their venomous lookalikes. Despite their appearance, Ninia snakes are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Their diet mainly consists of small invertebrates, with a particular fondness for earthworms. Ninia snakes have adapted to be efficient burrowers, which aids in hunting their prey. They have a secretive nature and are often found under logs, stones, or leaf litter.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



Reproduction in Ninia snakes is oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. The females typically lay small clutches of eggs, and there is little to no parental care once the eggs are laid. The young are independent from birth and are miniature versions of the adults in both behavior and appearance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.7.112476" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Systematics</a>.



Image Credit: Alejandro Arteaga



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New coffee snake discovered in the cloud forests of Ecuador

Researchers from the Khamai Foundation and Liberty University have identified...

A,Beautiful,,Huge,European,Eagle,Owl,Flying,Low,Over,Fields

Owls, known for their silent flight through tranquil environments, owe this remarkable trait to their wings, which produce minimal noise, allowing them to stealthily locate prey. This intriguing characteristic has captured the attention of researchers for years.



Recent studies have linked silent flight to micro-fringes found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-spotted-owl-officially-listed-as-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owl</a> wings. These trailing-edge (TE) fringes are key in reducing noise from air movement caused by wing flapping. 



Understanding these fringes better could pave the way for quieter fluid machinery. However, the specifics of how these <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/owls_silent-flight_microfrings-on-wings_credit-Hao-Liu_Chiba-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fringes</a> interact with other wing features in actual owl wings remained a mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-silent-flight-of-owls">Studying the silent flight of owls</h2>



Aiming to demystify the silent flight of owls, Professor Hao Liu and his team, including Dr. Jaixin Rong from Chiba University's <a href="https://www.se.chiba-u.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Graduate School of Engineering</a> and Dr. Yajun Jiang and Dr. Masashi Murakami from the Graduate School of Science, explored the influence of TE fringes on owl wings' sound and aerodynamics. 



Prof. Liu explained the motivation for their research, stating, “Despite many efforts by many researchers, exactly how owls achieve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owl-wings-inspire-noise-reduction-in-wind-turbines-and-aircraft/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">silent flight</a> is still an open question. Understanding the precise role of TE fringes in their silent flight will enable us to apply them in developing practical low-noise fluid machinery.”



The team created two detailed three-dimensional models of a real owl wing, one with TE fringes and the other without, to conduct their study. 



They performed fluid flow simulations using these models, combining large eddy simulations and the Ffowcs-Williams-Hawkings analogy, at the speed of a gliding owl's approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-findings-and-implications">Findings and implications</h2>



Their findings were revealing. The TE fringes significantly reduced noise levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-restoration-could-protect-spotted-owls-in-the-long-term/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owl</a> wings, especially at steep angles of attack, without compromising aerodynamic performance. 



The team discovered two key ways TE fringes affect airflow. First, they disrupt the trailing edge vortices, thereby reducing interactions between feathers at the wingtips. 



This mechanism, in turn, diminishes the shedding of wingtip vortices. These systems work together to improve both aerodynamic force and noise reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-construct-mental-maps-during-flight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a>.



Prof. Liu highlighted the importance of their findings, explaining, “Our findings demonstrate the effect of complex interactions between the TE fringes and the various wing features, highlighting the validity of using these fringes for reducing noise in practical applications such as drones, wind turbines, propellers and even flying cars.”



In summary, this study not only deepens our understanding of owls' silent flight but also opens up new avenues for biomimetic designs in creating quieter fluid machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-owls-and-silent-flight">More about owls and silent flight</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-new-species-of-screech-owls-are-already-critically-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> are mysterious and captivating birds of prey, dominating the night sky with their remarkable abilities and unique characteristics. 



These nocturnal creatures have fascinated humans for centuries, not only because of their haunting hoots and striking appearance but also due to their incredible hunting skills and adaptability across various habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-hunters-with-silent-flight">Exceptional hunters with silent flight</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-improve-navigational-devices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> stand out as exceptional hunters. Their ability to fly almost silently gives them a significant advantage over their prey. 



The specialized design of their feathers allows air to pass through without creating noise, enabling them to swoop down on unsuspecting prey. 



This silent flight, coupled with their sharp talons and beaks, makes owls formidable predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-superior-vision-and-hearing">Superior vision and hearing</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-great-grey-owls-capture-prey-beneath-snow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> possess extraordinary night vision, allowing them to see prey in low light conditions. Their large, forward-facing eyes provide a wide field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owls-humans-visual/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vision</a> and depth perception, crucial for pinpointing prey from a distance. 



Moreover, owls have a highly developed sense of hearing, with ears that are not symmetrical. This asymmetry lets them accurately locate sounds in different planes, an essential skill for hunting in the dark.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-owl-species-and-flight-adaptations">Diverse owl species and flight adaptations</h3>



There are over 200 species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-owls-decline-drastically/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a>, each adapted to its environment. From the tiny Elf Owl, which nests in cacti in the desert, to the imposing Snowy Owl, which thrives in the Arctic tundra, these birds have developed unique adaptations to survive in various ecosystems. 



Owls can camouflage themselves against tree bark or snow, making them nearly invisible to both prey and predators.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-in-ecosystems">Significance in ecosystems</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/white-barn-owls-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Owls</a> play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems. As predators, they control the population of rodents and other small animals, preventing overpopulation and the spread of disease. 



Their presence indicates a healthy environment, making them vital indicators of ecological health.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-impact-of-owls">Cultural impact of owls</h3>



Throughout history, owls have held a place in mythology and folklore. Seen as symbols of wisdom in some cultures and omens of death in others, they have always stirred human imagination and curiosity.



In summary, owls, with their silent wings, remarkable hunting abilities, and diverse adaptations, continue to captivate and intrigue us. 



As we learn more about these magnificent birds, we gain a deeper appreciation for their role in nature and our shared environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-3190/ad0aa9">Bioinspiration &amp; Biomimetics</a>.



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The silent flight of owls is one of nature’s great mysteries

Owls, known for their silent flight through tranquil environments, owe...

Giant,Isopod,Up,Close

In the vast and mysterious world of marine biology, a recent crustacean discovery has sparked excitement and opened doors to further understanding of our planet's oceans. 



A team of international marine biologists, including <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/somas/people/_profiles/oliver-shipley.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Oliver Shipley</a> from Stony Brook University's School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (<a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/somas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SoMAS</a>), has identified a new species of isopod, a type of crustacean, in the deep waters of The Bahamas.



This finding of the new species, named <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Booralana_deep-sea-crustacean_discovered-Bahamas_credit-Oliver-Shipley_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Booralana nickorum</a>, emphasizes how much we have yet to learn about oceanic life. 



This discovery furthers our understanding of the integral role these creatures play in the deep-sea ecosystem and their contribution to overall ocean biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-isopod-diversity">Glimpse into isopod diversity</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-isopod/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Isopods</a>, often only a few centimeters long, are a diverse group of crustaceans found in all major ecosystems on Earth. 



Dating back over 300 million years, they have adapted to various environments. In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-pressure-preserves-food-for-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea habitats</a>, they primarily act as scavengers, playing a crucial role in recycling energy. 



Remarkably, some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-pollination-discovered-between-red-seaweed-and-crustaceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">isopods</a> can survive years without food, a trait Booralana nickorum seems to share.



Dr. Shipley highlights the importance of this discovery, saying, “This work sheds light on the hidden diversity of these species and reveals how little we know about deep-sea ecosystems in The Bahamas."



He also suggests that these waters might hold a “potentially hidden ‘treasure chest’ of unrecognized biodiversity.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-new-crustaceans">Discovering new crustaceans</h2>



The journey to this discovery began back in 2013, with Dr. Shipley’s focus on the Exuma Sound for his MS research. 



In 2019, in collaboration with <a href="https://oceanx.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OceanX</a> and the <a href="https://islandschool.org/cape-eleuthera-institute/about-us-cei/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cape Eleuthera Institute</a>, he led an expedition into the Exuma Sound's deep waters. 



This expedition, part of a series aimed at documenting <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/seven-surprising-secrets-of-the-deepest-sea-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea biodiversity</a> in previously unexplored areas, led to the recovery of specimens for genetic sequencing and, ultimately, to the discovery of Booralana nickorum.



This is not the team's first significant find in The Bahamas’ Exuma Sound. In 2016, they described another new isopod species, Bathynomus maxeyorum. 



These discoveries are part of a larger project exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-surveys-identify-over-5000-species-in-future-mining-hotspot/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity patterns</a> and food web structures in the region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinguishing-new-booralana-species">Distinguishing new Booralana species</h2>



Interestingly, before these findings, only a single Booralana species, Booralana tricarinata, was known to exist in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. 



The new species, Booralana nickorum, is distinguished by unique morphological features, particularly in its pleotelson or ‘tail.’



The discovery was made possible through a collaboration that included experts from the <a href="https://www.umass.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>, like Professor Duncan Irschick.



Professor Irschick employed novel technologies to create <a href="https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/model-103a-deep-sea-booralana-isopod-d033ca11dc94474aabd45a723fc5d707" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3D models of the specimen</a> that are quite impressive.



Dr. Shipley also points out the broader implications of these discoveries. 



“The Caribbean houses many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/video-shows-giant-sea-spiders-mating-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea ecosystems</a> that could be considered pristine, mostly hidden from anthropogenic exploitation, such as deep-sea fisheries and mining,” explains Shipley. 



“Therefore, they provide a baseline from which to compare exploitation effects occurring in less pristine regions. However, these systems are not immune from the increasing impacts of climate changes and pollution, so it is critical that we understand the full extent of the biodiversity supported by these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep-sea environments</a>.”



However, he warns that these ecosystems are not immune to the broader impacts of climate change and pollution, making it crucial to understand the biodiversity these environments support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educational-impact-and-student-involvement">Educational impact and student involvement</h2>



At <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a>, Dr. Shipley extends his passion for marine discovery to the classroom. He conducts an annual field course at the Cape Eleuthera Institute, where students, both undergraduate and graduate, engage directly in active discovery alongside Bahamian scientists. 



This environment enriches the educational experience of Stony Brook students and contributes to the ongoing exploration of subtropical ecosystems, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-life-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep sea</a>.



In summary, the discovery of Booralana nickorum represents a window into the largely unexplored marine life of The Bahamas, and underscores the importance of continued research in these critical ecosystems. 



As we delve deeper into the ocean's mysteries, we expand our scientific knowledge while enhancing our ability to protect these vital habitats for future generations.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5399.3.4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zootaxa</a>.



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New deep-sea crustacean species discovered

In the vast and mysterious world of marine biology, a...

In a fascinating exploration of the bond between humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-humans-close/">dogs</a>, scientists from the <a href="https://www.mpi.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</a> have delved into the reasons behind dogs' distinctive tail wagging behavior. The relationship between humans and dogs, a bond that dates back to the dawn of civilization, has always included the enigmatic aspect of why dogs wag their tails more than other canines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-preferences">Human preferences</h2>



The researchers, in an opinion piece in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0407">Biology Letters</a>, propose a theory linking human enjoyment of rhythmic movements to the evolution of dogs' tail wagging behavior. They suggest that early humans might have unconsciously preferred dogs that exhibited more rhythmic movements. 



However, they acknowledge that this is just one theory and that the behavior could also be a byproduct of dogs becoming more sociable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tail-wagging-behavior-nbsp">Tail wagging behavior&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the mutual enjoyment derived from tail wagging, there's been limited research into its evolutionary origins. Unlike domesticated dogs, undomesticated canines like wolves wag their tails less frequently and primarily for communication.&nbsp;



The researchers point out that tail wagging in dogs seems innate rather than learned, as evidenced by the behavior of wolf and dog pups raised by humans, with dog pups beginning to wag their tails much more frequently as early as three weeks old.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domesticated-rhythmic-wagging-nbsp">Domesticated rhythmic wagging&nbsp;</h2>



The scientists propose two theories. The first, termed "domesticated rhythmic wagging," suggests that humans may have selectively bred dogs for more frequent and rhythmic tail wagging.&nbsp;



"Humans have remarkable abilities to perceive and produce rhythmic sequences, particularly isochronous patterns where events are evenly spaced in time," the authors wrote. The preference for rhythmic stimuli, ingrained in human cognitive neuroscience and linked to pleasurable responses and reward system engagement, could have influenced this selection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestication-syndrome-hypothesis-nbsp">Domestication syndrome hypothesis&nbsp;</h2>



The second theory, known as the "domestication syndrome" hypothesis, posits that tail wagging could be an incidental result of breeding for friendliness. This idea is supported by a study on silver foxes selectively bred for tameness, which showed that friendlier foxes in later generations exhibited more dog-like tail wagging, even though this trait wasn't specifically selected for.



The researchers also discuss the variation in tail wagging behavior across different dog breeds, noting that selection may not have been uniform; for instance, hunting-type dogs wag their tails more than shepherd-type dogs.



Ultimately, the scientists acknowledge that further experiments are necessary to conclusively determine the true reason behind dogs' tail-wagging behavior. Their insights provide a thought-provoking look at how human preferences and evolutionary processes might have shaped one of our closest animal companions' most endearing traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tail-wagging-nbsp">More about tail wagging&nbsp;</h2>



Tail wagging in dogs is a form of canine communication that can express a variety of emotions and intentions. Contrary to popular belief, tail wagging doesn't always mean a dog is happy. The nature of the tail wag can convey different messages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speed">Speed</h3>



The speed of the wag is significant. A rapid wag is generally a sign of excitement or happiness. If a dog wags its tail slowly, it might be unsure or assessing a situation.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-height">Height</h3>



The height at which a dog holds its tail while wagging can also be telling. A high tail often indicates confidence or aggression, while a lower tail might signify fear, submission, or anxiety.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-direction">Direction</h3>



The direction of the tail wag also plays a role. Recent studies suggest that a tail wagging more to the right might be associated with positive feelings, while a left-biased wag could indicate negative emotions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-language-nbsp">Body language&nbsp;</h3>



It's important to consider the whole body language of the dog, not just the tail. Other cues like ear position, posture, and facial expression provide context to the meaning of a tail wag.&nbsp;



For instance, a wagging tail combined with relaxed body language and a playful stance often means the dog is happy and inviting interaction. Conversely, a wagging tail with stiff body posture or bared teeth could signal aggression.



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Study explores the mystery of why dogs wag their tails

In a fascinating exploration of the bond between humans and...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

[sendtonews key="761m2QQvR1-2035772-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...