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Octopus arms display incredible dexterity, bending and twisting with near-infinite freedom. These movements help octopuses explore their environments, manipulate objects, and catch prey. 



Recent research reveals a fascinating secret behind this flexibility: segmented nervous system circuitry.



“If you're going to have a nervous system that's controlling such dynamic movement, that's a good way to set it up,” said Dr. Clifton Ragsdale, professor of neurobiology at the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a>.



This segmentation appears to be an evolutionary adaptation specific to soft-bodied cephalopods like octopuses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-neural-architecture">Unique neural architecture</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopuses-could-dominate-earth-if-humans-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Octopus</a> arms are equipped with a remarkably complex nervous system, containing more neurons collectively in their eight arms than in their brain. 



This extensive network of neurons is concentrated in a structure called the axial nerve cord (ANC), which runs along the length of each arm.



The ANC is segmented, with each segment corresponding to one of the suckers on the arm. These segments act like local control hubs, with nerves branching out to nearby muscles and sensory structures associated with each sucker. 



The segmented organization of the ANC allows the octopus to manage the movement and sensory functions of each sucker independently, enabling precise control over their arms. 



This unique design supports the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-octopus-has-mastered-the-art-of-multispecies-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus's extraordinary ability to explore</a>, manipulate, and interact with its environment with unparalleled dexterity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-structures-in-octopus-arms">Structures in octopus arms</h2>



Graduate students Cassady Olson and Grace Schulz made this discovery while studying the arms of the California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides). 



Using imaging tools, they found that the ANC features columns of neuronal cell bodies separated by gaps, or septa. These septa allow nerves and blood vessels to connect to the muscles and suckers. 



“The best way to set up a control system for this very long, flexible arm would be to divide it into segments,” Olson noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-sucker-control">Complex sucker control</h2>



The study revealed that octopus arms have a "sucker map" in their nervous system - a layout that helps control each sucker with great precision.



This map organizes nerves in a way that allows the octopus to coordinate the movement and sensory input of every sucker individually. Each sucker can move on its own, changing its shape and even functioning as a sensory tool. 



When an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-octopus-day-the-intelligent-creatures-of-the-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">octopus</a> touches something, it can "taste" and "smell" through receptors in the suckers, much like combining a hand, tongue, and nose into one. 



This specialized nervous system design is what enables octopuses to perform complex tasks like manipulating objects, exploring their surroundings, and capturing prey with exceptional dexterity and precision.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-octopus-and-squid-arms">Octopus and squid arms</h2>



The researchers also studied the longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii), another type of soft-bodied cephalopod, to compare its nervous system to that of octopuses.



While squid and octopuses share some structural similarities, the study revealed key differences reflecting their unique evolutionary paths. 



In squid, the long stalks of their tentacles - used to shoot out and grab prey - do not have segmented nerve structures.



However, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-suckers-the-future-of-underwater-adhesives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sucker-equipped clubs</a> at the end of these tentacles do show segmentation in their axial nerve cord (ANC), similar to octopus arms. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specific-evolutionary-adaptations">Specific evolutionary adaptations</h2>



This suggests that segmentation in the nervous system is specifically adapted to control precise, dexterous movements in appendages with suckers.



The lifestyles of these animals explain the differences. Squid primarily hunt in open water, relying heavily on their vision to locate prey and using their streamlined tentacles to grab it. 



In contrast, octopuses explore the ocean floor, using their highly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-arms-inspire-more-human-like-robots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensitive arms</a> to touch, taste, and manipulate their environment. 



These differences highlight how evolution modifies neural designs to meet the unique demands of an animal’s habitat and hunting style.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-octopus-arms-use-their-eight-brains">How octopus arms use their eight brains</h2>



Each of their eight arms operates almost like a separate brain, packed with its own set of neurons that allow them to perform complex tasks independently. 



This means an octopus can explore a crevice with one arm while another is unscrewing a jar or playing with a toy. 



Their arms are incredibly flexible and strong, covered in suction cups that can taste, touch, and grip objects with amazing precision.



What’s even more mind-blowing is how octopuses use their arms to solve problems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-garden-thermal-springs-accelerate-octopus-egg-hatching-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interact with their environment</a>. 



They can manipulate objects, open containers, and even escape from tight spots, showcasing their problem-solving skills and adaptability. 



Scientists believe this arm intelligence is one of the reasons octopuses are such skilled hunters and escape artists. 



Additionally, their ability to coordinate their arms seamlessly allows them to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-ringed-octopus-a-master-of-deception-inspires-new-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">camouflage themselves</a> by changing color and texture, blending perfectly into their surroundings to avoid predators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-s-ingenious-solutions">Evolution's ingenious solutions</h2>



“Organisms with these sucker-laden appendages that have worm-like movements need the right kind of nervous system,” Ragsdale explained. 



The segmented ANC in octopuses and squid highlights how evolution optimizes neural designs to meet unique demands. 



Despite diverging over 270 million years ago, these cephalopods developed similar neural architectures to control their sucker-laden appendages effectively.



This UChicago research sheds light on how octopuses achieve their unparalleled flexibility and dexterity, offering insights into the intricate relationship between structure, function, and evolution.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55475-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Every arm on an octopus has its own massive nervous system

Octopus arms display incredible dexterity, bending and twisting with near-infinite freedom. These movements help octopuses explore their environments, manipulate objects, and catch prey. Recent research reveals a fascinating secret behind this flexibility: segmented nervous system circuitry. “If you're going to have a nervous system that's controlling such dynamic movement, that's a good way to set it up,” said Dr. Clifton Ragsdale, professor of neurobiology at the University of Chicago. This segmentation appears to be an evolutionary adaptation specific to soft-bodied cephalopods like octopuses. Unique neural architecture Octopus...

The common clownfish, famously depicted as Nemo in the beloved Pixar film, possesses the ability to count, according to a new study from the <a href="https://www.oist.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a>. 



This astonishing discovery challenges the serene and simplistic depiction of clownfish. 



The study, led by Dr. Kina Hayashi and colleagues Noah Locke and Vincent Laudet, delves into the complex social behaviors of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-clownfish-could-reveal-new-clues-about-climate-adaptation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anemonefish</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defending-their-territory-nbsp">Defending their territory&nbsp;</h2>



Contrary to the peaceful existence suggested by their on-screen portrayal, clownfish are fiercely territorial creatures. 



They zealously guard their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venomous-sea-anemone-may-lead-to-important-drugs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anemone</a> homes against same-species intruders with a level of discernment that hints at unexpected cognitive capabilities.



The study stemmed from a curiosity about how clownfish distinguish between friend and foe in their densely populated reef environments, where encounters with other striped fish species are frequent.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-dynamics">Social dynamics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-anemones-exercise-to-build-their-bodies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anemonefish</a>, including the common clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris), exhibit a variety of stripe patterns, ranging from three vertical white bars to none, suggesting that these patterns could play a role in species recognition and social dynamics within the reef.



To explore this theory, Dr. Hayashi and her team embarked on a meticulously designed experiment. They raised a cohort of common clownfish from eggs, ensuring these fish had no prior exposure to other anemonefish species. 



At approximately six months old, the team observed the young clownfish's interactions with both their own species and other anemonefish species, documenting the responses to perceived intruders.&nbsp;



Remarkably, the common clownfish demonstrated a pronounced aggression towards their own kind, especially those bearing the characteristic three white stripes, while showing varying degrees of tolerance towards other species, based on the number and arrangement of their stripes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-cues-help-clownfish-count">Visual cues help clownfish count</h2>



The researchers further investigated this behavior by introducing the clownfish to models painted with different numbers of white bars.&nbsp;



The reactions were telling; the clownfish exhibited a clear preference for challenging models that mirrored their own three-striped pattern, suggesting a sophisticated level of species and self-recognition based on visual cues.



“The frequency and duration of aggressive behaviors in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clownfish-get-their-stripes-at-different-rates-depending-on-their-host/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clown anemonefish</a> was highest toward fish with three bars like themselves, while they were lower with fish with one or two bars, and lowest toward those without vertical bars, which suggests that they are able to count the number of bars in order to recognize the species of the intruder," explained Dr. Hayashi.



Dr. Hayashi proposes that this behavioral trait is not just a simple act of aggression but a nuanced form of social interaction rooted in the necessity to protect one's habitat from competitors.&nbsp;



This discernment, based on counting the number of stripes, allows clownfish to effectively identify and deter potential rivals, ensuring their survival and the integrity of their homes within the complex ecosystem of the reef.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clownfish-social-hierarchy">Clownfish social hierarchy </h2>



The researchers also discovered a strict hierarchy in the clown anemonefish colonies that determines which fish attack the intruder.&nbsp;



Anemonefish get their third stripe when they get grow large enough. Social positions within a colony are determined by slight size differences, and typically consist of one alpha female, one beta male, and several gamma juveniles. The team found that the alpha will even chase out members of its own colony if they grow too large.&nbsp;



When the researchers studied immature fish that did not yet have their third stripe, the same size-based hierarchy was observed. The largest juvenile took on the role of alpha and led the charge against the intruder.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-clownfish-counting">Implications of clownfish counting</h2>



“Anemonefish are interesting to study because of their unique, symbiotic relationship with sea anemones. But what this study shows is that there is much we don’t know about life in the marine ecosystems in general," said Dr. Hayashi.



The study sheds new light on the cognitive abilities of fish, particularly in terms of visual recognition and social discrimination. It challenges long-standing perceptions of fish intelligence and opens new avenues for research into the cognitive processes underlying animal behavior in marine environments.&nbsp;



The research is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.246357" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Biology</a>.



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Clownfish can count, but how did they learn?

The common clownfish, famously depicted as Nemo in the beloved...

A comprehensive analysis led by Erick Lundgren challenges conventional views on the ecological impact of large herbivores, shedding light on the real drivers behind changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/">plant abundance</a> and diversity.&nbsp;



The research, which is based on over 200 studies across six continents, brings forth a compelling argument that the physical characteristics and dietary habits of large herbivores play a more significant role in shaping ecosystems than the binary classification of being native or non-native species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introduced-species-nbsp">Introduced species&nbsp;</h2>



The traditional perspective within conservation and ecological studies has often been that non-native animals exert more detrimental effects on their new environments compared to their native counterparts.&nbsp;



"Large mammalian herbivores (megafauna) have experienced extinctions and declines since prehistory," wrote the researchers. "Introduced megafauna have partly counteracted these losses yet are thought to have unusually negative effects on plants compared with native megafauna."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misguided-policies-nbsp">Misguided policies&nbsp;</h2>



This belief has been the cornerstone of various conservation policies aimed at the eradication or control of introduced species - many of which are on the brink of extinction in their indigenous habitats.&nbsp;



Such policies have been influenced by concerns that invasive animals have greater negative impacts on plant life and ecosystem stability.



The meta-analysis by Lundgren and colleagues, however, paints a different picture. After carefully reviewing data from 221 studies, the experts found no significant evidence to support the notion that the origin of these megafauna - whether they are native or introduced - dictates their impact on plant diversity and abundance.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-dynamics-nbsp">Ecological dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



Furthermore, the research delves into other potential factors like the invasiveness of the species, their feral status, evolutionary history with local flora, and their phylogenetic and functional uniqueness – only to find that these too fall short of explaining variations in plant ecosystems.



The key factors that emerged from this extensive study are the physical and functional traits of the megafauna, specifically their body size and dietary preferences. These elements are identified as having a more pronounced effect on the ecological dynamics between large herbivores and plant life.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-the-focus">Shifting the focus</h2>



The results of the study suggest that a shift in focus is needed from where large herbivores come from to how their intrinsic biological traits influence their interactions with the environment.



The researchers advocate for a more nuanced approach to studying the impact of introduced megafauna, emphasizing the importance of functional ecology - a branch of science that studies the roles and functions of species in their habitat - over the simplistic native versus non-native dichotomy.&nbsp;



The experts argue for a separation of the normative aspects of whether large herbivores "belong" in their environments from the objective analysis of their ecological functions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



This research not only challenges prevailing narratives within conservation science but also prompts a re-evaluation of management and conservation strategies concerning large herbivores worldwide.&nbsp;



“We argue that the effects of introduced megafauna should be studied as any other wildlife would be studied, through the lens of functional ecology, with the normative dimensions of their ‘belonging’ considered separately and with transparency," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adh2616" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>. 



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Large herbivores are not always harmful in new territories 

A comprehensive analysis led by Erick Lundgren challenges conventional views...

Researchers have discovered that translocated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-singing-workout-keeps-male-songbirds-attractive/">songbirds</a> can learn the complex songs necessary for their survival in the wild. 



This finding marks a significant milestone in wildlife conservation, offering hope and a new understanding of how species can recover and thrive after being relocated to a new area.



The study was led by Dr. Sarah Collins from the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/">University of Plymouth</a>, and was a collaborative effort with conservation experts from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and <a href="https://www.mmu.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Manchester Metropolitan University</a>.



The researchers followed translocated chicks of cirl buntings (Emberiza cirlus) from their initial rearing stages in Devon to their reintroduction in Cornwall. 



These efforts were part of an ambitious conservation program led by the RSPB from 2006 to 2011, aimed at reviving the dwindling populations of this species. 



Since the chicks were translocated before the song learning period, the researchers said this was a unique opportunity to follow song changes in a reintroduced population.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abnormal-song-types-nbsp">Abnormal song types&nbsp;</h2>



Initially, the translocated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-singing-workout-keeps-male-songbirds-attractive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">songbirds</a> exhibited a concerning reduction in song diversity. The 2011 recordings at their new home in Cornwall revealed a repertoire filled with a wide array of abnormal song types, starkly different from those of their original Devon populations. 



This anomaly was attributed to the chicks' unique upbringing: they were hand-reared with a limited auditory exposure to cirl bunting songs -- specifically, a CD playing a singular song type.



However, a follow-up study in 2019 brought to light a remarkable recovery. The song diversity within the Cornwall population had not only improved but had also aligned closely with that of the Devon source populations and other cirl bunting communities.&nbsp;



This recovery from what the researchers termed a "cultural bottleneck" demonstrates the species' ability to overcome initial handicaps in song learning, suggesting that the translocation of nestlings might not detrimentally impact their communication abilities or population persistence in the long term.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-song-diversity-nbsp">Song diversity&nbsp;</h2>



“Song diversity is a crucial feature among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/among-songbirds-complex-vocal-learners-are-superior-problem-solvers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">songbird</a> populations, and although it has been examined as part of relocation or reintroduction programs in the past, there were no studies on what happens when you translocate nestling songbirds before they have had a chance to learn their song," said Dr. Collins.



"Although we found translocating nestlings led to a short-term lack of song diversity, the population recovered from this to produce normal songs."



“This is ultimately a positive conservation story that we can learn from for the future. What we found with these cirl buntings, however, cannot be guaranteed to occur in all song learning birds. So we believe the song development of a species needs to be considered in translocation projects, and that could include playing species typical song to young chicks before they are released in the wild.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-story-for-translocated-songbirds">Success story for translocated songbirds</h2>



In the decade from 2007 to 2016, the number of breeding pairs in the reintroduction location increased from 9 to 65, according to observations from the RSPB project team.



“Cirl buntings have been a pioneering conservation success story," said study co-author Cath Jeffs. "That they are singing once again in Cornwall is testament to the hard work by the many people involved. That they are singing like cirl buntings demonstrates how wonderful nature is."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cirl-buntings">More about Cirl buntings</h2>



The cirl bunting, a small and vibrant passerine bird, captivates birdwatchers with its colorful plumage and melodic songs. 



Native to Europe and the Mediterranean, this species thrives in warm climates, favoring habitats that blend farmland, thickets, and hedgerows. 



The male cirl bunting is particularly striking, boasting a distinctive greenish-black face, yellow underparts, and a rich chestnut back, while the female and juveniles wear more subdued shades, blending seamlessly into their surroundings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-feeding-habits">Diet and feeding habits</h3>



Cirl buntings lead a diet primarily composed of seeds and insects, showcasing a versatile feeding strategy that adapts seasonally. 



In the warmer months, insects constitute the bulk of their diet, providing essential proteins for growth and development. 



As the seasons turn, these birds shift their focus to seeds, demonstrating their ability to exploit the resources available within their habitats.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cirl-bunting-breeding-and-social-structure">Cirl bunting breeding and social structure</h3>



Breeding season unveils the complexity of cirl bunting social structures. Males stake out territories with fervent songs, both to attract mates and to ward off rivals. Their melodies fill the air, creating a symphony that defines the spring and summer landscape. 



Once paired, cirl buntings are diligent in nest-building, choosing concealed spots on the ground or in low bushes to lay their eggs. 



The female takes on the primary role of incubation, while both parents share responsibilities in feeding and protecting their fledglings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts">Conservation efforts</h3>



Conservation efforts have become crucial for the survival of cirl buntings, particularly in areas where agricultural practices have encroached upon their natural habitats. 



Initiatives aimed at preserving and restoring their environments have shown promise, leading to gradual increases in their populations in certain areas. 



These projects often involve collaborations between conservationists, farmers, and local communities, highlighting the importance of collective action in safeguarding biodiversity.



The cirl bunting's story is one of resilience and beauty, serving as a reminder of the intricate connections between species and their environments. 



As we continue to explore and understand these relationships, the cirl bunting stands as a beacon of the wonders that lie within the natural world, urging us to protect the delicate balance that sustains life on our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/csp2.13060" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Science and Practice</a>.



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Birds that move to a new place can learn the local songs to fit in and survive

Researchers have discovered that translocated songbirds can learn the complex...

The delicate balance between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-negatively-impact-wildlife-even-in-protected-areas/">wildlife</a> and human coexistence is facing an unprecedented threat, with the risks for conflict between elephants and humans poised to escalate due to climate change and other anthropogenic environmental factors.&nbsp;



This alarming trend is highlighted in a study published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2312569121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



The study is the first of its kind to explore the impact of rising temperatures on interactions between humans and elephants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



"Human-wildlife conflict can have detrimental effects on both people and wildlife and can lead to setbacks in conservation efforts," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Understanding how conflict risk is likely to shift under a changing climate as agriculture and human populations expand can better allow conservationists and wildlife managers to allocate mitigation and conservation resources for conflict-prone species and regions."



"To date, little work has been done to anticipate how conflict risk with different species may change in intensity and spatial distribution as human populations expand and climate change impacts intensify."&nbsp;



"This analysis examines how projected climate change impacts, shifts in agricultural footprint, and changes in human population density may affect the distribution and intensity of conflict with two large, endangered, and conflict-prone species: Asian and African elephants."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-risk">Mapping the risk</h2>



The researchers mapped the risk of human-elephant conflict across various elephant habitats. Their findings paint a concerning picture: as temperatures continue to rise and human encroachment into elephant habitats increases, the likelihood of conflicts is expected to surge.&nbsp;



This situation represents a significant challenge in the management of human-wildlife interactions, with implications for both species' survival and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-elephant-conflict">Human-elephant conflict</h2>



Mia Guarnieri, a renowned wildlife biologist and the lead researcher of the paper, offered insights in an interview with ABC News. She defined human-elephant conflict as interactions that yield negative outcomes for either party involved. A prime example of this is crop raiding, where elephants consume crops, leading to retaliatory killings by farmers.&nbsp;



"The largest outcome that we noticed was that there is a net increase in conflict risk for both of these species as climate change progresses and that increase was greater under the scenario that had higher emissions and higher barriers to to conservation work," Guarnieri told ABC News.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-intersections-and-consequences">Agricultural intersections and consequences</h2>



Agriculture, particularly farms cultivating corn or millet seed - some of elephants' favorite crops - lies at the heart of many such conflicts. Guarnieri pointed out that the dire consequences of crop raiding include the loss of life among elephants and significant impacts on farmers' livelihoods.&nbsp;



Human-elephant conflict not only results in immediate physical and economic harm but also undermines local conservation efforts. These efforts are critical for a species that has suffered dramatic population declines over recent decades due to habitat loss and the ivory trade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-responses-to-climate-pressures">Behavioral responses to climate pressures</h2>



The study also sheds light on how elephants, known for their behavioral complexity, respond to various climate pressures such as water availability. These changes affect their movement, changing the corridors they take, noted study co-author Patrick Roehrdanz.



Such behavioral adaptations can lead to increased encounters with human populations, further escalating conflict risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geographical-hotspots-and-future-expansion">Geographical hotspots and future expansion</h2>



"Effectively addressing conflict requires an understanding of where it is likely to occur, particularly as climate change shifts wildlife ranges and human activities globally," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Here, we examine how projected shifts in cropland density, human population density, and climatic suitability - three key drivers of human–elephant conflict - will shift conflict pressures for endangered Asian and African elephants to inform conflict management in a changing climate."



The experts identified specific regions where human-elephant conflicts are most prevalent: clusters in east-central Africa for African elephants and India for Asian elephants. Guarnieri anticipates an expansion of conflict risk along the northern border of the Asian elephants' range, influenced by human restrictions on their habitat.&nbsp;



"Our findings suggest that as climate changes, the risk of conflict with Asian and African elephants may shift and increase and managers should proactively mitigate that conflict to preserve these charismatic animals," concluded the researchers.



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Human-elephant conflict will escalate with climate change 

The delicate balance between wildlife and human coexistence is facing...

A new study has revealed that small, long-nosed (dolichocephalic) dog breeds boast the highest life expectancies in the United Kingdom. Conversely, male dogs from medium-sized, flat-faced (brachycephalic) breeds, such as English Bulldogs, were found to have the shortest lifespans.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed data from over 580,000 dogs across more than 150 breeds. The goal was to pinpoint the canines most susceptible to premature death, offering vital insights for pet owners, veterinarians, and breeders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comprehensive-database-nbsp">Comprehensive database&nbsp;</h2>



The research team compiled a database that contained information on 584,734 individual dogs, representing a broad spectrum of 155 pure breeds and crossbreeds. The data was sourced from 18 different UK outlets such as breed registries, veterinary practices, pet insurance firms, animal welfare organizations, and academic bodies.&nbsp;



Notably, the database included information on 284,734 dogs that had passed away, with detailed records on breed, sex, birth, and death dates. These dogs were categorized by size (small, medium, or large) and head shape (brachycephalic, mesocephalic, or dolichocephalic) as per kennel club classifications, and median life expectancy was examined across the categories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-expectancies-nbsp">Life expectancies&nbsp;</h2>



The results showed that small dolichocephalic breeds, including but not limited to Miniature Dachshunds and Shetland Sheepdogs, emerged with the highest median life expectancies of 13.3 years for both genders.&nbsp;



In stark contrast, medium <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flat-faced-dogs-have-childlike-traits-that-humans-cannot-resist/">brachycephalic breeds</a> recorded the lowest median life expectancies, with males at 9.1 years and females slightly higher at 9.6 years.&nbsp;



Among the 12 most popular breeds - which collectively represent over half of the purebred population in the dataset - Labradors, Jack Russell Terriers, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels showed median life expectancies of 13.1, 13.3, and 11.8 years, respectively.&nbsp;



Intriguingly, pure breeds demonstrated a marginally higher median life expectancy (12.7 years) compared to crossbreeds (12.0 years), and females outlived males with median life expectancies of 12.7 versus 12.4 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of this study are significant, shedding light on the potential health vulnerabilities inherent in certain dog breeds. The results highlight the influence of genetic factors, such as size and head shape, on canine longevity, providing a valuable resource for those involved in canine welfare and breeding.&nbsp;



However, the authors caution that these findings are specific to UK dog populations and that crossbreeds were defined strictly as non-kennel club purebreds. They advocate for further research, particularly on "designer breeds" like Labradoodles and Cockapoos, to better understand the impact of genetic diversity on the health and lifespan of these increasingly popular dogs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-dolichocephalic-dogs">More about dolichocephalic dogs</h2>



Dolichocephalic dogs are characterized by their long, narrow heads and muzzles, a feature that distinguishes them from other canine head shapes. This physical trait is not just about appearance; it plays a significant role in a dog's health, behavior, and abilities.&nbsp;



Dolichocephalic breeds include a variety of dogs, from the sleek and speedy Greyhound to the intelligent and agile Border Collie.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengths">Strengths</h3>



These long-muzzled breeds often excel in activities that require speed, endurance, and agility. Their physical structure allows for efficient air intake, making them particularly suited for sustained running and activities that require stamina.&nbsp;



Moreover, their narrow heads contribute to a field of vision that is advantageous for breeds historically bred for hunting or herding, enabling them to spot and track movement across wide distances.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health">Health</h3>



Healthwise, dolichocephalic dogs are generally less prone to the breathing difficulties and overheating issues that plague their brachycephalic counterparts, thanks to their more efficient airways.&nbsp;



However, they may have their own set of breed-specific health concerns, such as dental issues due to the crowded teeth in their elongated jaws or a predisposition to certain neurological and eye conditions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-nbsp">Behavior&nbsp;</h3>



Dolichocephalic dogs can exhibit a wide range of temperaments, from the intense focus and energy of working breeds like the German Shepherd to the gentle, laid-back nature of the Saluki. Their behavior, as with any dog, is influenced by a combination of breed traits, training, and socialization.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>. 



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Small, long-nosed dogs have the highest life expectancies

A new study has revealed that small, long-nosed (dolichocephalic) dog...

In a groundbreaking move, <a href="https://www.forseafoods.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forsea Foods</a>, an Israeli startup, is set to revolutionize the sushi world by offering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/company-introduces-lab-grown-fish-that-is-served-up-by-3-d-printers/">lab-grown</a> Japanese eel (unagi) as early as 2024. This innovative approach aims to alleviate the pressure on dwindling wild eel populations, a result of high global demand for this sushi delicacy. 



Roee Nir, CEO and co-founder of Forsea, highlights the significance of this venture: "Forsea is pioneering the fusion of traditional, high-quality Asian cuisine with groundbreaking technology to create the world’s first cultured unagi."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-japanese-dishes-nbsp">Traditional Japanese dishes&nbsp;</h2>



Partnering with executive chef Katsumi Kusomoto, Forsea Foods has successfully crafted traditional Japanese dishes such as unagi kabayaki and unagi nigiri using their lab-grown eel.&nbsp;



Kusomoto, recognizing the enduring popularity of unagi in Japan, notes the increasing need for sustainable culinary practices. "Unagi is an enduring favorite in Japan, its timeless appeal, however, is impacted by a growing awareness among the Japanese population of the need to take a more sustainable approach," he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-eel-populations-nbsp">Endangered eel populations&nbsp;</h2>



Japan's consumption of eel has seen a dramatic decrease from 160,000 tonnes in 2000 to an 80% reduction, due in part to environmental awareness.&nbsp;



The perilous state of wild eel populations, exacerbated by overfishing and habitat destruction, led to their listing as endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2018. Moreover, the complexity of breeding eels in captivity has led to a supply shortage and soaring market prices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-technique-nbsp">Innovative technique&nbsp;</h2>



Forsea Foods' lab-grown eel process is distinct from traditional lab-grown meat methods, which often rely on separate production of protein and fat cells assembled on a scaffold.&nbsp;



Instead, Forsea utilizes pluripotent stem cells to create "organoids," small 3D tissue structures that self-organize into tissues containing both fat and protein. This innovative technique, which bypasses the need for a scaffold, is now poised for commercial scaling with a potential launch by 2025.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lab-grown-protein-sources-nbsp">Lab-grown protein sources&nbsp;</h2>



Forsea Foods is not alone in this field. In 2021, <a href="https://steakholderfoods.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Steakholder Foods</a>, an Israel-based company, revealed the first 3D-printed fish fillet made from lab-grown cells. And in a similar vein, <a href="https://aleph-farms.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aleph Farms</a> from Israel became the first to seek regulatory approval for lab-grown beef, although a response may take two years. 



As the UK government considers fast-tracking novel food approvals, the future of lab-grown seafood and meat appears promising, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional animal protein sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-unagi">More about unagi</h2>



Unagi is a term from Japanese cuisine that refers to freshwater eel, specifically the Anguilla japonica species. It's highly prized for its rich, savory flavor and smooth, fatty texture, making it a popular ingredient in various dishes.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparation">Preparation</h3>



Unagi is often grilled over charcoal or gas, then glazed with a sweet and savory sauce made from soy sauce, sugar, and mirin, a process that enhances its natural flavors and gives it a glossy appearance. This preparation method is known as "kabayaki."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-presentation-nbsp">Presentation&nbsp;</h3>



Unagi is commonly served on a bed of rice in a dish called unadon (short for unagi donburi), where the warm rice complements the eel's succulence. It's also a key ingredient in sushi and can be found in rolls or as nigiri, where slices of the eel are laid over vinegared rice and sometimes wrapped with a thin strip of seaweed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-nbsp">Cultural significance&nbsp;</h3>



In Japanese culture, unagi is not just appreciated for its taste but also for its supposed stamina-boosting properties. It's traditionally eaten during the hottest part of the summer, on a day known as Doyo no Ushi no Hi, under the belief that it provides strength and vitality to withstand the summer heat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-concerns-nbsp">Sustainability concerns&nbsp;</h3>



Aside from its cultural significance and culinary uses, unagi is also subject to sustainability concerns due to overfishing and habitat loss, leading to efforts in some areas to farm eel in a more environmentally friendly manner.



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Sushi of the future: The first ever lab-grown eel is a success

In a groundbreaking move, Forsea Foods, an Israeli startup, is...

In a surprising discovery, South Asian fishing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-better-at-expressing-emotions-than-cats-except-for-anger/">cats</a> have been caught on camera raiding bird nests in tall trees. 



According to experts from the <a href="https://www.du.ac.bd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Dhaka</a>, this is the first time that this rare and highly unusual behavior has been observed.



The cats were captured on motion cameras set up in tree canopies across northeast Bangladesh. 



This observation not only adds a new dimension to our understanding of these elusive cats but also holds significant implications for their conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-footage">Unexpected footage</h2>



Professor Muntasir Akash and his team analyzed approximately 282 days of footage from unbaited passive infrared cameras. 



The researchers discovered 19 instances of nocturnal predation by fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus) on bird colonies, a behavior never documented before in such an environment.&nbsp;



One striking image captured a fishing cat in the act of biting the neck of a little cormorant chick in a nest high in an 8m-tall Indian Oak tree. 



"That is a pretty high tree for a fishing cat," said Professor Akash, expressing his surprise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing-cats-have-dual-features">Fishing cats have dual features </h2>



Fishing cats are known for their aquatic adaptations, including water-resistant fur, semi-retractile claws, and partially webbed forepaws, which aid in hunting their primary prey, river fish. 



However, despite their specialized fish-eating diet, they retain many typical feline features.&nbsp;



“Their dentition, except for the large premolars to grip any slippery prey, is of general felid structure,” said Professor Akash. “And their semi-webbed forepaws are no more webbed than those of a bobcat.”



The feline features retained by fishing cats may assist in their survival during the monsoon season when their regular foraging habitats are flooded, making fishing challenging or impossible.&nbsp;



The ability to hunt birds in tall trees could provide an alternative food source and shelter during the rainy season.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-fishing-cat-conservation">Implications and fishing cat conservation</h2>



These beautiful animals, unfortunately, face significant threats from humans. These adept hunters are often driven away from fertile fishing areas and are subject to hunting due to perceived dangers or competition for food. 



“Monitoring of media reports on human-fishing cat conflicts suggests that a fresh conflict is happening in the country every two weeks,” noted Professor Akash. 



“Conservation efforts targeting fishing cats should thus be prioritized and all options for effective mitigation scientifically assessed.”



The destruction of wetlands, essential habitats for these cats, poses an additional threat. 



The species is currently listed as "vulnerable" on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species.&nbsp;



The discovery that fishing cats depend on wetland bird colonies, which are themselves threatened by hunting and tree felling, underscores the interconnectedness of these ecosystems.&nbsp;



Professor Akash suggests that maintaining stable wetland bird colonies might benefit not only the wetlands and fishing cats but also the local communities that rely on these ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-south-asian-fishing-cats-nbsp">South Asian fishing cats&nbsp;</h2>



The South Asian fishing cat is a fascinating and unique species native to the wetlands of South Asia. This medium-sized wild cat is notably adept at swimming, which is unusual among felines.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



Fishing cats have a strong association with watery environments like swamps, marshes, and mangrove forests. They are found in countries like India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh.&nbsp;



Their fur is a greyish color with distinctive dark spots and stripes, an adaptation that helps them blend into their watery habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



Their webbed feet are a significant adaptation that aids in swimming, and they are known to dive into water to catch fish, their primary diet. Fishing cats also consume other aquatic animals and some small terrestrial prey.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h3>



The fishing cat exhibits nocturnal behavior, meaning they are primarily active during the night. They are solitary animals, coming together only during the mating season. 



Females give birth to litters of around two to three kittens.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



Unfortunately, fishing cats are facing several threats that have put them on the endangered species list. Habitat destruction due to urbanization, pollution, and the draining of wetlands for agriculture are significant factors.&nbsp;



Conservation efforts are in place to protect their habitats and promote awareness of their ecological importance.&nbsp;



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2023-0074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mammalia</a>.



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What are fishing cats and why are they raiding bird nests in the treetops?

In a surprising discovery, South Asian fishing cats have been...

African,Elephant,(loxodonta,Africana),Mother,With,Baby,,Feeding,On,Acacia

Disturbing new research has uncovered how climate change impacts African elephants. The study, conducted by a team from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and the Wildlife Conservation Society (<a href="https://www.wcs.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WCS</a>), reveals alarming findings, urging an immediate call to action by the international community.



Older African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> face significantly reduced survival chances under climate change. This not only threatens the species’ resilience but also disrupts the ecosystems they inhabit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-biodiverse-haven-under-threat">A biodiverse haven under threat</h2>



The research centers on Africa's Greater Virunga Landscape (GVL), a vast 15,700-square-kilometer region stretching across Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 



This biodiverse area, hosting seven national parks and various reserves, is also the habitat of critically endangered African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>, vital for their ecosystem roles and cultural significance.



Historically, studies have not fully explored the interplay between environmental dynamics, climate change, elephant demographics, and habitat influences. 



To bridge this gap, <a href="https://uganda.wcs.org/About-Us/Staff/ProjectId/941.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simon Nampindo</a> (WCS Uganda Country Director and <a href="https://www.umass.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UMass Amherst</a> Ph.D. graduate) and <a href="https://eco.umass.edu/people/faculty/randhir-timothy-o/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Timothy Randhir</a>, a UMass Amherst professor, developed a systems dynamic model. 



“This model,” says Nampindo, “can look at all the different environmental and population dynamics within a system. For the first time, we’re able to get a comprehensive vision of what the future might look like for African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> in the face of climate change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-older-african-elephants">Impact of climate change on older African elephants</h2>



Nampindo and Randhir constructed their model using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-elephants-got-their-incredible-iconic-trunks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a> population data, historical landscape changes, and various future climate-change scenarios, projecting warming of 1.6 ºC, 2.8ºC, and 4.3ºC over the next 80 years. 



They then analyzed how each climate scenario would impact five different elephant age groups: under 10 years, 11 - 30 years, 31 - 40 years, 41 - 50 years, and over 50 years.



“Any impact on one age class echoes through the entire population,” Randhir notes. 



The findings are stark, to say the least. Older <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-elephants-suddenly-dropped-dead-in-2020-and-questions-remain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>, crucial as matriarchal leaders, will be severely affected across all climate warming scenarios. Their loss would disrupt herd dynamics, genetic profiles, and landscape interactions.



“We found that the older elephants will be massively affected by warming under every scenario,” says Nampindo. 



“Elephants are matriarchal -- their leaders are the older cows, and the herds depend on their wisdom, long memories and ability to outsmart prey, and if they are lost to changing climate, it will wreak havoc on the surviving, younger herds, as well as change the genetic profiles and structures of the herd. There will also be ripple effects through the GVL’s landscape,” Nampindo explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-conservation-policies">Shaping conservation policies</h2>



But the study offers more than grim forecasts. Randhir highlights its utility for policy guidance, emphasizing the need for coordinated management across the GVL. 



Strategies must encompass anti-poaching efforts, community-led programs, and habitat management to counter fragmentation, fire, and invasive species.



“These results are very important to WCS,” says Nampindo, underscoring the broader implications. “If we can do a good job at protecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-savannah-elephants-need-connected-habitats-for-stability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>, our efforts will reverberate to other species, such as lions and mountain gorillas.”



“More broadly,” says Randhir, “the most exciting thing about this systems dynamic modeling is that it can be adapted to&nbsp;any&nbsp;migratory species that move across political boundaries, from fish to birds to lions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-african-elephants-climate-change-and-the-future">African elephants, climate change, and the future</h2>



In summary, the jolting research by Nampindo and Randhir offers a critical lens through which we can view the future of African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-protect-elephants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> amidst the growing challenges of climate change. 



By employing a dynamic systems model, their study highlights the vulnerability of different elephant age groups to rising temperatures while underscoring the necessity for collaborative, multi-faceted conservation strategies. 



These strategies must integrate anti-poaching efforts, community engagement, and habitat management to ensure the survival of these majestic creatures. 



This study, therefore, stands not just as a call to action for the conservation of African elephants, but as a blueprint for safeguarding migratory species across diverse ecosystems and political boundaries.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/sustainabilitytransformation/article?id=10.1371/journal.pstr.0000094" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a>.



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African elephants will soon become extinct without immediate international help

Disturbing new research has uncovered how climate change impacts African...

The discovery of a deadly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-bird-flu-outbreak-requires-urgent-coordinated-response/">bird flu</a> in gentoo penguins has raised alarm about its potential spread among Antarctica's penguin colonies. Researchers from the <a href="https://scar.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a> (SCAR) discovered about 35 penguins dead on the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic on January 19. 



Ralph Vanstreels, a veterinarian working with SCAR, confirmed that samples from two of the dead penguins tested positive for the H5N1 avian influenza virus.&nbsp;



According to Falkland Islands government spokesperson Sally Heathmanas, as of 30 January, “there are over 200 chicks dead alongside a handful of adults.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-populations-affected-globally">Bird populations affected globally</h2>



The incident underscores the vulnerability of gentoo penguins to the lethal disease that has affected bird populations globally. Despite the geographical distance between the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula - roughly 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) - gentoo penguins' unlikely travel between these regions suggests a lower risk of the virus spreading to the southern continent.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bracing-for-a-widespread-outbreak-nbsp">Bracing for a widespread outbreak&nbsp;</h2>



However, Vanstreels, affiliated with the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California-Davis</a>, highlighted a critical concern. "The role that gentoo penguins could have, instead, is to serve as local reservoirs of infection," he said.



Further tests are pending for rockhopper penguins, with the Falkland Islands government bracing for a widespread outbreak. In South Georgia, Meagan Dewar, who leads SCAR's Antarctic Wildlife Health Network, ruled out bird flu in king penguins after a comprehensive survey.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-concern">Increasing concern</h2>



The densely packed penguin colonies in Antarctica and nearby islands could facilitate rapid virus transmission among individuals, causing significant concern among conservationists.&nbsp;



Vanstreels expressed particular worry about other species, noting the larger number of elephant seals and fur seals succumbing to the bird flu in South Georgia and South America.&nbsp;



"This is especially concerning because South Georgia is home to 95 percent of the world's population of Antarctic fur seals," he said, underscoring the dire implications for the species if the population collapses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h5n1-avian-influenza-virus">H5N1 avian influenza virus</h2>



The H5N1 avian influenza virus, commonly known as bird flu, is a type of influenza virus that primarily affects birds, but can also infect humans and other animals. It is a highly pathogenic strain, meaning it has the potential to cause severe disease and high mortality rates in poultry. The virus is categorized under the type A influenza viruses, which are known for their ability to cause pandemics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-potential">Pandemic potential </h3>



The H5N1 virus first gained attention in 1997 during an outbreak in Hong Kong, where it was transmitted from birds to humans, leading to six deaths. This was the first instance of a direct bird-to-human transmission of avian influenza, raising global concerns about its potential to cause a pandemic.&nbsp;



Since then, outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza have been reported in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East, affecting both wild birds and domestic poultry. Human cases of H5N1 infection are rare but can occur after direct or close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. Human-to-human transmission is extremely rare.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



Infection with H5N1 in humans can lead to severe respiratory illness and has a high mortality rate. Symptoms are similar to other types of flu and can include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches, but can quickly progress to severe respiratory issues and pneumonia.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-control-and-prevention-nbsp">Control and prevention&nbsp;</h3>



Control and prevention measures for H5N1 avian influenza focus on reducing the risk of transmission from birds to humans. These measures include monitoring and surveillance of poultry farms, culling infected or exposed birds, vaccination of poultry, and implementing biosecurity practices.&nbsp;



For humans, avoiding contact with infected birds, practicing good personal hygiene, and following travel advisories to areas with known outbreaks are recommended precautions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-nbsp">Ongoing research&nbsp;</h3>



Research and development of vaccines for H5N1 are ongoing, with some vaccines available for use in poultry and others being developed for humans. However, the effectiveness of these vaccines can vary due to the virus's ability to mutate rapidly, leading to new strains that vaccines may not protect against.



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Gentoo penguins are the latest victims of bird flu

The discovery of a deadly bird flu in gentoo penguins...

Two,Otters,Floating,Hold,Paws

In a stunning display of nature's resilience, the Elkhorn Slough, a salt marsh-dominated estuary in central California, has undergone a significant ecosystem transformation over the past few decades, thanks to the return of sea otters to their former habitat.



Traditionally, coastal areas like Elkhorn Slough are subject to erosion from rising sea levels and stronger tidal currents. 



However, with the reintroduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-maternal-drive-helps-sea-otters-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a>, the estuary has seen a dramatic reduction in erosion rates. In areas densely populated by otters, erosion has decreased by up to 90%. 



This improvement is attributed to the revival of marsh and streamside vegetation, which, with its densely matted root systems, has become more resilient against flooding and surging waves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-otters-role-in-transforming-ecoystems">Sea otters' role in transforming ecoystems</h2>



A recent study published in the journal Nature highlights the significant impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-have-protected-california-kelp-forests-for-a-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a>. Their insatiable appetite for plant-eating marsh crabs plays a crucial role in this ecological turnaround. 



“It would cost millions of dollars for humans to rebuild these creekbanks and restore these marshes,” said Brian Silliman, Rachel Carson Distinguished Professor of Marine Conservation Biology at Duke University’s <a href="https://nicholas.duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nicholas School of the Environment</a>, and Director of Duke RESTORE and Duke Wetland and Coasts Center. “The sea otters are stabilizing them for free in exchange for an all-you-can-eat crab feast.”



Silliman, the senior author of the paper, adds, "(Remodeling a coastline) is usually something only large-scale physical forces, like hurricanes or extreme tidal flow changes, can do."



The study, conducted by Silliman and lead author Brent Hughes, associate professor of biology at <a href="https://www.sonoma.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sonoma State University</a>, involved extensive field experiments and modeling over nearly a decade. 



It confirmed that in areas where sea otters had returned, erosion slowed significantly, with some marshes even expanding. This suggests a pivotal role for sea otters in the stability of these ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-otters-from-extinction-to-ecosystem-engineers">Otters: From extinction to ecosystem engineers</h2>



Historically, West Coast estuaries were thriving habitats for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-use-their-paws-whiskers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a>, providing abundant crabs and safe shelter for their pups. 



However, extensive hunting and human activities drove them to near extinction, leading to a boom in the crab population, which further damaged the marshes. 



Their return in the mid-1980s marked the beginning of a remarkable ecological recovery.



“Crabs eat salt marsh roots, dig into salt marsh soil, and over time can cause a salt marsh to erode and collapse. This had been happening at Elkhorn Slough for decades until sea otters recolonized the estuary in the mid-1980s,” said Hughes. 



“After a few decades, in areas the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-have-a-secret-ability-to-generate-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a> had recolonized, salt marshes and creekbanks were becoming more stable again, despite rising sea levels, increased water flow from inland sources, and greater pollution,” 



Silliman also highlights the theoretical implications. “There are important theoretical implications as well. This work overturns the well-established bottom-up paradigm that coastal geomorphology is governed by interactions between physical forces and plant structure. Our results unequivocally show that predators also play a keystone role in controlling the course of these tidal creeks.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, the reestablishment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-otters-low-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea otters</a> in Elkhorn Slough has provided a unique and insightful case study into the profound impact top predators can have on coastal ecosystems. 



Their natural predation on marsh crabs inadvertently led to a significant reduction in erosion and a revitalization of marsh vegetation, demonstrating a cost-effective and natural method of ecological restoration. 



This wonderful story of resilience challenges longstanding ecological paradigms and presents a compelling argument for the reintroduction of top predators as a vital strategy in environmental conservation.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06959-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Otters have the ability to restore delicate ecosystems

In a stunning display of nature's resilience, the Elkhorn Slough,...

In the lush rainforests of the Philippines, a remarkable discovery of two weevil species has emerged, highlighting the resilience of nature amidst human-induced disruptions. 



Tom Terzin, a dedicated biology professor at the University of Alberta's <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/augustana/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Augustana Campus</a>, has made a significant contribution to the world of entomology. 



His recent discovery of two unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weevil-pheromones-could-save-californias-avocado-orchards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weevil</a> species -- one previously thought to be extinct and another entirely new to science -- serves as a testament to the enduring vitality of wildlife.



While working on a broader project examining the impact of environmental changes on insect life, Professor Terzin's meticulous examination of beetle samples from <a href="https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/b+wiser/index.php/sites/nnpa-and-ws" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northern Negros National Park</a> yielded these extraordinary finds. 



The samples, collected in 2016 and 2017, came from an area that had seen its pristine forest almost completely decimated by logging, agriculture, and population growth by the late 20th century.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weevil-species-metapocyrtus-trachycyrtus-augustanae">Weevil species Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) augustanae</h2>



Among these samples, a peculiar short-nosed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-defenses-how-the-sitka-spruce-fends-off-weevil-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weevil</a> caught Terzin's eye. 



Contrary to its relatives' metallic sheen, this black bug, about half a centimeter in length, bore light scales on its surface without any distinct pattern. 



Dubbed <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/New-weevil-species_metapocyrtus-trachycyrtus_Credit_Tom-Terzin_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) augustanae</a>, named in honor of Augustana Campus, this new species is intriguing for its plainness, a stark contrast to its more flamboyant counterparts. 



"This guy was a bit strange, some sort of rebel in refusing to mimic the species,” Terzin remarked, highlighting the specimen's uniqueness. “It could mean there’s a redirection of the habits of these species, evolutionarily speaking, and being only known from a single specimen, for now, indicates it’s probably a rare species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weevil-species-metapocyrtus-orthocyrtus-bifoveatus">Weevil species Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) bifoveatus</h2>



Equally thrilling was the rediscovery of another short-nosed weevil, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/new-weevil-species_rediscovered_Metapocyrtus-Orthocyrtus-bifoveatus_Tom-Terzin_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Metapocyrtus (Orthocyrtus) bifoveatus</a>, last spotted on the island a century ago. 



Previously known to inhabit only the lowland rainforests -- areas ravaged by deforestation -- this vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weevils-the-unknown-and-underappreciated-pollination-heroes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weevil</a> was found thriving in higher altitudes over 1,000 meters. 



“Somehow this species has managed to survive in higher altitudes of over 1,000 meters, which shows a struggle for life, that they refused to become extinct from deforestation. In the world of insects, it’s almost like discovering a dodo bird,” Terzin explained, emphasizing the species' resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascination-with-beetles">Fascination with beetles</h2>



Terzin's fascination with beetles began in childhood, viewing them as "tiny natural robots" with their exoskeletons and segmented bodies. 



His enthusiasm is palpable as he describes their behavior, drawing parallels to the simplistic yet effective actions of robots.



"They behave like tiny natural robots. They have an exoskeleton and segmented bodies, and they crawl around obeying simple rules. If there’s an obstacle in their way they usually go around it, which is generally how a robot would behave," Terzin explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-these-weevil-species-discoveries">Significance of these weevil species discoveries</h2>



The significance of these discoveries extends beyond academic curiosity. As the largest family of beetles, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pheromones-could-help-get-deadly-palm-weevils-under-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weevils</a> play a crucial role in the rainforest ecosystem. 



However, their potential as pests, especially in the face of climate change, cannot be overlooked. 



“They’re like asteroids that cross the Earth’s orbit. Some of them can be dangerous, but they’re even more dangerous if we don’t know about them. So it’s important to monitor their population -- and that means we first need to discover them,” Terzin adds.



These specimens now have a special place in the Augustana Tropical Insects Research Studio's entomology collection. 



They are not just scientific curiosities but valuable resources for teaching and research, particularly in understanding ecological recovery in forestry. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-name-a-new-species">How to name a new species</h2>



The naming of the new insect after Augustana serves as a gesture of gratitude for the support Terzin received for his 2016 research trip to the Philippines and recognizes the campus's growing focus on undergraduate research.



With a rare permit to explore the country's national parks, Terzin is poised to continue his quest for new insect species in 2025. 



His work, beyond its scientific merit, may inspire the Philippine government to open its doors to more international researchers. 



As Terzin notes, while the country strives to protect its natural resources, there is a dire need for more researchers to document its rich biodiversity. 



"It’s a huge world with lots of still undescribed wonders and species," he concludes, echoing a sentiment of endless discovery and the importance of preserving our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-research">Implications and future research</h2>



In summary, Professor Tom Terzin's discovery of two unique weevil species in the Philippines' Northern Negros National Park vividly illustrates nature's remarkable capacity for resilience and adaptation.



Through his diligent research, Terzin brings attention to species that challenge our understanding of ecological recovery and underscore the urgent need for continued exploration and documentation of biodiversity in threatened ecosystems. 



These findings, significant in their own right, also serve as a clarion call for greater international collaboration in conservation efforts, reminding us of the countless wonders that still await discovery and the crucial role of scientific inquiry in safeguarding our planet's natural heritage.



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New weevil species discovery ‘almost like discovering a dodo bird’

In the lush rainforests of the Philippines, a remarkable discovery...

Evolutionary biologists from Johns Hopkins Medicine have made significant strides in understanding how bird brains evolved to support flight. 



By integrating PET scans of contemporary pigeons with analyses of dinosaur fossils, the research sheds light on a long-standing biological mystery: the development of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/body-sizes-and-shapes-of-birds-are-shrinking-as-the-earth-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> flight capabilities through brain evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-cerebellum-brain-region-and-flight-evolution">Birds' cerebellum brain region and flight evolution</h2>



The key discovery is the adaptive enlargement of the cerebellum in certain fossil vertebrates. This brain region, crucial for movement and motor control, appears to have played a pivotal role in this evolutionary process.



For years, scientists have speculated about the importance of the cerebellum region of the brain in bird flight, yet lacked concrete evidence. 



Addressing this gap, the current study juxtaposes PET scan data from modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-birds-dream-of-flying-scientists-say-they-now-know-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pigeons</a> during flight with the fossil record of ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-birds-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs</a>. 



"Powered flight among vertebrates is a rare event in evolutionary history," says <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/amy-balanoff" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Amy Balanoff</a>, assistant professor at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins</a> and lead author of the study.



Remarkably, only three vertebrate groups -- pterosaurs, bats, and birds -- achieved this feat, each evolving independently on the evolutionary tree.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-physical-adaptations">Beyond physical adaptations</h2>



Dr. Balanoff and her team delved beyond external physical adaptations to explore the neurological foundations of flight. 



Collaborating with biomedical engineers at <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a>, they compared brain activity in pigeons before and after flight. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/bird-flight_brain-evolution_endocasts_woodpecker-Melanerpes-aurifrons_credit-Amy-Balanoff_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Using PET imaging</a> -- a technique akin to those used in human medicine -- they examined changes in 26 brain regions.



The results were revealing. In all eight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-traits-help-birds-thrive-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> studied, the cerebellum exhibited significant increases in activity during flight. 



This was complemented by heightened activity in the optic flow pathways, which link the retina to the cerebellum and are instrumental in processing visual movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-technology-and-evolutionary-history">Modern technology and evolutionary history</h2>



The novelty of this flight research lies in its correlation of modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-is-luring-birds-to-their-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> brain function with historical evolutionary developments. 



Utilizing a digital database of dinosaur skull endocasts, Dr. Balanoff traced the expansion of the cerebellum back to the earliest maniraptoran dinosaurs, precursors to the first flying birds. 



This enlargement, coupled with increased tissue folding in the cerebellum, suggests a trajectory toward greater brain complexity and flight readiness.



While the findings are promising, the researchers acknowledge their preliminary nature. They caution that similar brain activity changes could occur in other behaviors, like gliding. 



The study also focused on straightforward flying, leaving the role of other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-feeding-benefits-people-as-much-as-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> brain regions in complex maneuvers an open question.



The team's future endeavors aim to identify specific cerebellar regions and neural connections critical to flight. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-flight-evolution-in-bird-s-brains">Implications of flight evolution in bird's brains</h2>



This research contributes to a broader scientific dialogue about brain evolution, as posited by Dr. Gabriel Bever, associate professor at Johns Hopkins. 



He suggests that the enlargement of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/as-urban-heat-continues-to-rise-birds-are-moving-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> brain throughout evolutionary history may reflect the need to navigate diverse landscapes, ultimately paving the way for various locomotive adaptations, including flight.



“At Johns Hopkins, the biomedical community has a wide-ranging set of tools and technology to help us understand evolutionary history and link our findings to fundamental research on how the brain works,” Dr. Bever concluded.



In summary, the innovative research conducted by the team at Johns Hopkins Medicine marks a significant advancement in our understanding of avian flight evolution. 



By ingeniously combining PET scan data of modern pigeons with the fossil analysis of ancient dinosaurs, they have uncovered the critical role of the cerebellum in enabling flight. 



This breakthrough deepens our comprehension of bird brain evolution and guides scientific investigation towards the intricate connections between brain development and physical capabilities across different species.



As this study bridges past and present, it paves the way for future research to further unravel the mysteries of evolutionary biology and the complex journey of life on our planet.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.2172" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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How birds’ brains evolved to enable them to fly

Evolutionary biologists from Johns Hopkins Medicine have made significant strides...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes why satellite images and measurements of our planet have become "essential to our survival, offering a new outlook of our world."&nbsp;



Rising sea levels pose one of the biggest societal threats associated with climate change. According to ESA, satellite altimeter missions such as Copernicus Sentinel-6 are essential in monitoring global and regional changes in sea level.



"Unbeknown to many, the island of Crete, Greece, plays an important role in the Copernicus satellite altimetry constellation and on an international stage," reports ESA.



"Satellite altimetry data have to be continuously monitored at the ESA’s Permanent Facility for Altimetry Calibration where different techniques have pioneered the use of transponders to provide the best measurements to validate satellite altimeters in space soon after launch."



Dr. Craig Donlon explains that, by understanding planet Earth through satellite measurements, we are able to find evidence of change.&nbsp;



Video Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Satellites have become essential to our survival

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