Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-peaks-and-plains">Mountain peaks and plains</h2>



“Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the image,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “The plains are a semidesert grassland, or steppe, which provides pasture for livestock herders in the region.”



“The grassland surrounding the massif is classified by scientists as a cold semidesert. At an elevation of about 1,250 meters, annual temperatures are much lower there than in the mountains. The highest peak in the massif, Ikh Bogd (also known as Tergun Bogd), reaches nearly 4,000 meters.”&nbsp;



According to NASA, the climate on the peaks is classified as a polar tundra because the average annual temperature is below freezing. "Asia’s main tundra zone is located in Siberia, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, 2,800 kilometers (1,750 miles) to the north.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-winters-and-livestock-in-mongolia">Harsh winters and livestock in Mongolia</h2>



Harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winters</a> in Mongolia, locally known as "dzud," pose significant challenges for livestock and the herders who depend on them for their livelihood. These winters can be particularly severe, characterized by extreme cold, heavy snowfall, and ice, which can block access to grazing grounds, leaving animals without enough food.&nbsp;



The cold temperatures and nutritional shortages result in high mortality rates among livestock, which are crucial to the Mongolian economy and the nomadic lifestyle of many of its people.



The impact of these harsh winters extends beyond immediate animal welfare. As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">livestock</a> numbers dwindle, herders face financial hardships, and the ripple effects can be felt throughout the entire community.&nbsp;



To combat these challenges, various strategies have been employed, including the development of better forecasting and early warning systems, the stockpiling of fodder, and improved veterinary care. These measures aim to strengthen the resilience of herding communities and ensure the survival of their livestock during Mongolia's most challenging seasons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-wildlife-of-mongolia">Diverse wildlife of Mongolia</h2>



Mongolia is renowned for its diverse wildlife, adapted to its unique landscapes ranging from vast steppes to rugged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> and arid deserts. Among the most iconic species is the Bactrian camel, native to the region and crucial to nomadic herders.&nbsp;



The resilient Mongolian horse, integral to local culture, is celebrated for its endurance across the vast, open landscapes. Predators such as the snow leopard roam the high altitudes, playing a key role in the ecosystem, while the elusive Gobi bear survives in the sparse vegetation of the Gobi Desert.



The steppes are home to the fast-moving Mongolian gazelle and the critically endangered saiga antelope, known for its distinctive nose. The mountains support populations of argali sheep, the world's largest wild sheep, and the ibex, adept at navigating rocky terrains. The Siberian roe deer thrives across various habitats, showcasing the adaptability of Mongolia’s wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valley-of-lakes">Valley of Lakes</h2>



“Part of a small dry lake appears in the top left of the image. In wetter years, water from this lake feeds Orog Lake (also photographed by astronauts), out of frame to the upper right. This and other nearby lakes are part of the Valley of Lakes waterfowl conservation habitat, protected as a Ramsar site,” noted NASA.



The Valley of Lakes is known for its expansive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> and diverse ecosystems that support a variety of bird species, especially migratory waterfowl. This area serves as a crucial stopover for birds during their migration periods, providing them with essential resources such as food and shelter.&nbsp;



The conservation efforts in the Valley of Lakes focus on maintaining and restoring these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetlands</a> to ensure they continue to offer a safe haven for waterfowl. These efforts include controlling invasive plant species that threaten the natural vegetation and managing water levels to create optimal conditions for bird populations.&nbsp;



Education and community involvement are also key components of the conservation strategy, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of these habitats and encourage sustainable practices that help protect the local wildlife.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Mountain peaks and plains of central Mongolia 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features the Gobi Altai Mountains and neighboring plains covered in snow and illuminated by sunlight. The photograph was captured on January 25, 2024 as the International Space Station (ISS) passed over central Mongolia. Mountain peaks and plains “Late-afternoon sunlight casts long shadows of mountain peaks onto the plains below. Numerous steep gullies cut into the massif, or mass of mountains, whose rugged appearance contrasts with the flat plains stretching along the top of the...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut photograph of the Makran coast along the Arabian Sea.



“Several capes and bays appear along the Makran coast - a strip of land along the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran and southwestern Pakistan. Nicknamed ‘hammerhead’ capes because of their elongated forms and narrow necks, the headlands are shaped by the region’s plate tectonics, primarily uplift,” said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



“The long curves of the bays’ shorelines show accumulations of sandy sediment. This buildup appears as numerous semi-parallel lines that reveal the locations of past shorelines. These features, known as beach ridges, appear particularly well developed on the north shore of Chabahar Bay at the top of the image.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bays-of-the-makran-coast">Bays of the Makran coast</h2>



NASA noted that scientists have investigated the vulnerability of the bays to the effects of climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>.



“The research was conducted in part because the Makran coast experiences high rates of tectonic uplift. The researchers concluded that the harder rocks of the headlands were less vulnerable to wave erosion than the more erodible rocks where the neighboring bays formed. These bays are expected to change shape as waves and currents move sediment.," said NASA.



“The bays’ coastlines might move farther inland as sea level rises and shorelines erode. Or, the coastlines may advance seaward as coastal sediment accumulates over time.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-on-the-coast">Wildlife on the coast </h2>



The Makran coast is known for its rugged terrain, dramatic cliffs, and sandy beaches. The coastal waters support vibrant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-mining-has-deadly-consequences-for-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>. The beaches serve as nesting grounds for green and olive ridley turtles, highlighting their ecological significance.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-could-help-save-mangrove-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mangrove</a> forests are prevalent around estuaries and river deltas, offering critical habitats for numerous fish species and birds.



The region is a hotspot for bird watching, including migratory and resident birds like herons, egrets, and flamingos.



Despite the arid, desert-like inland areas, resilient species such as the Arabian Oryx and various reptiles thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-concerns-nbsp">Environmental concerns&nbsp;</h2>



The Makran Coast faces several environmental concerns. For example, the arid climate and overuse of land resources have led to issues like desertification.



Habitat destruction and pollution threaten the region's diverse marine life, including endangered species. Unsustainable fishing practices deplete fish stocks and disrupt the marine food chain.



Rising sea levels and increased frequency of extreme weather events impact coastal communities and ecosystems. Mangrove forests on the Makran coast are extremely vulnerable to sea level rise. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-makran-coast">History of Makran coast</h2>



The Makran region has been historically significant since ancient times. It was part of the ancient Persian Empire and has been mentioned in Greek and Roman texts.



Alexander the Great passed through Makran during his return from India, facing significant hardships due to the harsh environment.



The Makran Coast is situated on major trade routes connecting the Middle East, South Asia, and Central Asia. It was a key area along the ancient Silk Road and hosted important ports that facilitated trade between these regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-hazards">Natural hazards</h2>



The Makran region is seismically active, and there is a potential risk of tsunamis and earthquakes due to the tectonic activity in the area. 



The hilly terrain along parts of the Makran coast makes the region susceptible to landslides, particularly following heavy rains or seismic activity.



The climate is harsh, arid, and hot, with minimal rainfall and high temperatures, especially in the summer.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Makran coast of southeastern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Dust Over the Four Corners Region. Dust plumes blew over parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah on April 16, 2013. The dust plumes arose in two large clusters, one in northeastern Arizona, and the other in northwestern New Mexico. The dust plumes grew in both size and intensity through the day. The plumes blew toward the northeast, possibly stirring additional particles as they moved.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (<a href="http://www.earth.com/image/the-serengeti-plains-of-africa/">MODIS</a>) on NASA’s Terra satellite captured the top image in the morning, and MODIS on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured the bottom image in the afternoon. Both images are natural color.
On April 16, the U.S. Drought Monitor reported that, with the exception of a small region in central Arizona, abnormally dry or drought conditions prevailed throughout Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, with an area of extreme drought stretching across the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=arizona&amp;filters=ufn%3a%22arizona%22+sid%3a%22bf973f46-5962-4997-a7ba-a05f1aa2a9f9%22&amp;form=EDGEAR&amp;qs=MB&amp;cvid=31bfcadc1cf34ecabc49c15a60a12d9a&amp;cc=US&amp;setlang=en-US&amp;DAF1=1&amp;elv=AXK1c4IvZoNqPoPnS%21QRLON5z0IfEvUPQ1E6krBksTQjQjY1QzhOpXO42nOyLViBhfi4uRFn17KvC6qfr3VLTbubHJlgLBIdQsGKP5*ZzdTG&amp;PC=HCTS">Arizona</a>-New Mexico border. Many of the dust plumes visible in these images arose in or near that area of extreme drought. The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico. The Four Corners area is named after the quadripoint at the intersection of approximately 37° north latitude with 109° 03' west longitude, where the boundaries of the four states meet, and are marked by the Four Corners Monument. It is the only location in the United States where four states meet. Most of the Four Corners region belongs to semi-autonomous Native American nations, the largest of which is the Navajo Nation, followed by Hopi, Ute, and Zuni tribal reserves and nations. The Four Corners region is part of a larger region known as the Colorado Plateau and is mostly rural, rugged, and arid. In addition to the monument, commonly visited areas within Four Corners include Monument Valley, Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Canyon, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. The most populous city in the Four Corners region is Farmington, New Mexico, followed by Durango, Colorado.

Credit: NASA images courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Rapid Response. Caption by Michon Scott.

Dust Over the Four Corners Region

Dust Over the Four Corners Region. Dust plumes blew over...

Plume from Mount Pagan. North Pagan Volcano released a thin volcanic plume, likely rich in sulfur dioxide, on March 25, 2013. The volcano has been active nearly continuously since April 2011. This natural-color satellite image was acquired by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(satellite)">Aqua satellite</a>.

Pagan is located about 320 kilometers (200 mi) north of Saipan, the main island of the Northern Mariana Islands. With an area of 47.23 km2 (18.24 sq mi), it is the fourth largest island of the Northern Marianas. The island is a double island consisting of two stratovolcanoes joined by a narrow strip of land with a width of only 600 meters (660 yd). The southern <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/volcano-erupt-next/">volcano</a> 18.075°N 145.725°E, is 548 m (1,798 ft) high with a caldera approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter, consisting of four craters joined together. Although several fumaroles were active in 1992, the southern volcano last erupted in 1864. The northern volcano, also known as Mount Pagan, 18.13°N 145.8°E, has a height of 570 m (1,870 ft). The volcano is in the center of a caldera with a diameter of approximately 6 km (3.7 mi), and eruptions have been documented in the 1820s, 1872–1873, 1925 and 1981–85.
Pagan has two large lakes. Laguna Sanhalom (also Inner Lake) had an area of 17 hectares (42 acres) and depth of 23 m (75 ft) in the 1970s. Laguna Sanhiyon (also Laguna Lake) on the west coast of the northern island had an area of 16 hectares (40 acres) and depth of 20 m (66 ft). Both lakes contain brackish water. Plume from Mount Pagan has spread.

Credit: NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC.

Plume from Mount Pagan

Plume from Mount Pagan. North Pagan Volcano released a thin...

A dust storm blew through northeastern Mauritania in late January 2013. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on <a href="http://www.earth.com/video/nasa-captures-a-stars-explosive-encounter-with-a-black-hole/">NASA’s</a> Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image on January 20. Many of the dust plumes arose in Western Sahara, perhaps fueled by the fine sediments of impermanent rivers and lakes. The dust storm likely picked up more material in northeastern Mauritania, where sand seas cover most of the land surface. Dust-laden winds are some of the most common natural hazards in Mauritania, and less than 1 percent of the land is arable. The Sahara (/səˈhɑːrə/, /səˈhærə/; Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʼ al-kubrá, 'the Greatest Desert') is a desert located on the African continent. It is the largest hot desert in the world, and the third largest desert overall after Antarctica and the Arctic.[1] Its area of 9,200,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi) is comparable to the area of China or the United States. The name 'Sahara' is derived from a dialectal Arabic word for "desert", ṣaḥra (صحرا /ˈsˤaħra/).
The desert comprises much of North Africa, excluding the fertile region on the Mediterranean Sea coast, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley in Egypt and Sudan. It stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north to the<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=atlantic+ocean&amp;filters=ufn%3a%22atlantic+ocean%22+sid%3a%22dcc7e2ec-46f7-dd20-6554-36ed57d23417%22&amp;form=EDGEAR&amp;qs=MB&amp;cvid=543f89465a3b47908a9410046cb32fcc&amp;cc=US&amp;setlang=en-US&amp;DAF1=1&amp;elv=AY3%21uAY7tbNNZGZ2yiGNjfPDDu1Xgk58%21RUW7iu7ErbggYHAx%217jTmkfuvF8G9%21SnA7b6u3IlHhbuf3gnnXpJV1BQZl063ADYsKy2qpG*X4r&amp;PC=HCTS"> Atlantic Ocean</a> in the west, where the landscape gradually changes from desert to coastal plains. To the south, it is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and the Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions including: the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert.
References
CIA World Factbook. (2013, January 14) Mauritania. Accessed January 22, 2013.

Credit: NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Rapid Response. Caption by Michon Scott.

Dust Storm in the Sahara Desert

A dust storm blew through northeastern Mauritania in late January...

Faraway Rains Change the Channel Country. It’s not unusual for a rainy season to transform a landscape, but what’s unusual about Australia’s Channel Country is that the transforming rains often fall hundreds of kilometers away. Like the Okavango Delta of Botswana, the Channel Country is an inland delta. It is fed by rain that falls on the Mitchell Grass Downs to the north. Instead of flowing to the coast, the rivers arising from these grassy plains flow toward the low-elevation Australian interior, sending water over expansive floodplains.
Just about every year brings some seasonal changes to the Channel Country, though not every year brings the same amount of flooding. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured a dry-season scene on September 26, 2009 (top), and a flooded scene on March 26, 2011 (bottom). These images show floodplains in southwestern Queensland, just west of Australia’s Northern Territory and north of the state of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=south+australia&amp;FORM=HDRSC1"> South Australia.</a>
Both images use a combination of visible and infrared light to better distinguish between water and land. Water is blue, and darker blue implies greater water depth. Vegetation is bright green and bare ground in pink-beige. The flooding is significant in March 2011, but the water isn’t high enough to crest many of the linear dunes that run northwest-southeast in this region.
Much of the water in the Georgina and Diamantina River systems results from monsoonal weather systems. <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/record-breaking-floods-in-the-central-united-states/">Floods</a> in the Channel Country typically happen between November and June, and flooding is especially likely in February or March.
When the Channel Country floods with water that flowed in from elsewhere, the phenomenon is known as a dry flood. Sometimes rain falls locally, but the region is generally arid, with less than 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain a year. Either way, where the water flows, plants, fish, and waterfowl follow. Dormant plants quickly revive, as indicated by the abundant green in the March 2011 image. Australia’s newly watered interior provides breeding grounds for about 70 bird species, including parrots and pelicans.
The vibrant flood season is fleeting, however, and typically dry conditions quickly return. Some animals don’t survive the return to dry weather, but most leave for lakes, water holes, or coastal regions, bolstering populations in those areas.
Reference
South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board. (2008) Floodplain Wetlands and Waterbirds of the Channel Country. Government of South Australia. Accessed December 14, 2012.

Credit: NASA image courtesy LANCE MODIS Rapid Response. Caption by Michon Scott.

Faraway Rains Change the Channel Country

Faraway Rains Change the Channel Country. It’s not unusual for...

On October 18, 2012, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite observed a low-pressure system over eastern Europe. Cloud-free skies all around the system allowed MODIS a clear view of the weather event. The spiral-shaped storm straddled the border between Russia and Ukraine, and clouds extended just west of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=ukraine%E2%80%99s&amp;form=EDGEAR&amp;qs=PF&amp;cvid=3cd2230efb9342fab2fda7f37559a4e9&amp;cc=US&amp;setlang=en-US&amp;DAF1=1&amp;elv=AXK1c4IvZoNqPoPnS%21QRLON5XI7IMNrw0k6h2zaMza4wtsMvJApYZWya*eP5BtIhOgx5iXsngMIAQ%213*zv3FJm0J1wOoBAyKZyiioBwqnvla&amp;PC=HCTS">Ukraine’s</a> capital city of Kyiv (Kiev).
George Huffman, a research meteorologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, said that the low-pressure system <a href="http://www.earth.com/image/the-serengeti-plains-of-africa/">MODIS</a> observed looked like an occluded front. Both warm and cold fronts push across our planet’s surface. Cold fronts can follow warm fronts, and because cold fronts tend to move faster, they can catch up with the warm fronts. When this happens, the result is known as an occluded front.
“I would interpret the cloud band to the east as the cold front, and the band spiraling out from the low as an occluded front,” Huffman observes. The cold and warm fronts appear to intersect in the northeast. “I don't think the size of this system is unusual, but what’s maybe a little unusual is how clear it is around the system, which really lets you see what’s happening.”
News reports described heavy rains and floods in western Ukraine in October 2012, as well as rain and drizzle in Belarus. Huffman detected precipitation in western Ukraine early on October 17, which pushed northward into Belarus later in the day. This low-pressure system may have been associated with the severe weather in the region.

Low pressure System Over Eastern Europe

On October 18, 2012, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)...

Plume from Mount Pagan the larger of two volcanoes on Pagan Island, has been active for more than three years. On October 16, 2012, a plume of steam and other volcanic gases streamed from the volcano. This natural-color satellite image of the eruption was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite.
Pagan Island is located in the Marianas archipelago, in the western <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=pacific+ocean&amp;filters=ufn%3a%22pacific+ocean%22+sid%3a%22c7f08858-14ef-715e-f60d-2e329bbe2b59%22&amp;form=EDGEAR&amp;qs=MB&amp;cvid=766fe746dce242639636088bc158901b&amp;cc=US&amp;setlang=en-US&amp;DAF1=1&amp;elv=AXK1c4IvZoNqPoPnS%21QRLON5z0IfEvUPQ1E6krBksTQj8Kcq6xSXIU1%21LY2MLaFJes6d0pv8WhSL9gB2Lw9mAcps3iOZKQa6Q7WDqYcLLRJ3&amp;PC=HCTS">Pacific Ocean</a>. The island’s 53 residents were permanently evacuated following a strong eruption in 1981. Ever since, scientists have monitored the volcano via satellite, through reports from passing ships and aircraft, and infrequent research expeditions. The U.S. Geological Survey provides weekly updates on Pagan’s activity.

Pagan is located about 320 kilometers (200 mi) north of Saipan, the main island of the Northern Mariana Islands. With an area of 47.23 km2 (18.24 sq mi), it is the fourth largest island of the Northern Marianas. The island is a double island consisting of two stratovolcanoes joined by a narrow strip of land with a width of only 600 meters (660 yd). The southern volcano 18.075°N 145.725°E, is 548 m (1,798 ft) high with a caldera approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter, consisting of four craters joined together. Although several fumaroles were active in 1992, the southern volcano last erupted in 1864. The northern volcano, also known as Mount Pagan, 18.13°N 145.8°E, has a height of 570 m (1,870 ft). The <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/volcano-erupt-next/">volcano</a> is in the center of a caldera with a diameter of approximately 6 km (3.7 mi), and eruptions have been documented in the 1820s, 1872–1873, 1925 and 1981–85.

Credit: NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz LANCE/EOSDIS MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC. Caption by Robert Simmon.

Plume from Mount Pagan the larger of two volcanoes on...

Flood in Southern Nigeria conditions continued in Nigeria in early October 2012. The country’s National Emergency Management Agency reported that floods had killed 431 people and displaced 1.3 million more. Floods had also wiped out 152,575 hectares (377,020 acres) of farmland.
These images show the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers in southern Nigeria. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on <a href="http://www.earth.com/video/nasa-captures-a-stars-explosive-encounter-with-a-black-hole/">NASA’s</a> Aqua satellite captured the top image on October 11, 2012, and the bottom image on October 8, 2010. Both images use a combination of visible and infrared light to better distinguish between water and land. Water varies from electric blue to navy, <a href="https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&amp;id=BD233E9C9EEBA90539F03FB100889909FDA23C3E&amp;thid=OIP.PPeHJJXVbVi8wx9CQ5IIqgHaEo&amp;mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Feoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2Fimagerecords%2F79000%2F79398%2Fnigeria_amo_2010281_lrg.jpg&amp;exph=4552&amp;expw=7280&amp;q=flooding+in+southern+nigeria&amp;selectedindex=2&amp;ajaxhist=0&amp;vt=0&amp;eim=0,1,2,3,4,6,8,10">vegetation</a> is bright green, and clouds range in color from nearly white to pale blue-green.
News reports described major rivers and severe flooding in the Niger Delta. Although flash floods frequently occur during the rainy season from May to September, news sources described the 2012 floods as the worst in more than 40 years. Floods even damaged the homestead of Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan, who declared the event a “national disaster” while visiting a relief camp outside Lokoja.

Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair

Credit: NASA image courtesy LANCE MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Michon Scott.

Flooding in Southern Nigeria

Flood in Southern Nigeria conditions continued in Nigeria in early...

Gaemi formed as a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean on October 1, 2012, according to Unisys Weather. It soon strengthened to a tropical storm and lingered off the Philippines, dropping heavy rain on the northern and western parts of the archipelago, AccuWeather reported. By October 5, Gaemi appeared headed for the coast of Vietnam.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on <a href="http://www.earth.com/video/nasa-captures-a-stars-explosive-encounter-with-a-black-hole/">NASA’s</a> Aqua satellite captured this natural-color image of Gaemi on October 5, 2012. The storm lacked a distinct eye and instead appeared as a mass of clouds over the South <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea">China Sea</a>.
On October 5, the U.S. Navy’s Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that Gaemi was located about 425 nautical miles (785 kilometers) east-southeast of Huê, Vietnam. The storm had maximum sustained winds of 35 knots (65 kilometers per hour) and gusts up to 45 knots (85 kilometers per hour). The JTWC storm track showed Gaemi moving west toward Vietnam. AccuWeather reported that, although Gaemi did not have intense winds, the storm held the potential to bring heavy rains and floods to parts of Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand in the coming days.

Credit: NASA image courtesy Jeff Schmaltz, LANCE MODIS Rapid Response Team at NASA GSFC. Caption by Michon Scott.

Tropical Storm Gaemi

Gaemi formed as a tropical depression over the western Pacific...

Enamel may hold the key to tracing the health narratives of not just present-day humans but also our ancestors. This once-unimaginable possibility is now within reach, thanks to an exciting new research method that analyzes proteins preserved in human tooth enamel.



Published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, the study focuses on two immune proteins: immunoglobulin G, an infection-fighting antibody, and C-reactive protein, which signals inflammation in the body.



Tammy Buonasera is an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a> and the study's lead author.



“These proteins are present in tooth enamel, and they are something we can use to study the biological and potentially the emotional health of past human populations,” said Buonasera.



“Analysis of immune proteins in enamel has not been done before, and this opens the door to studying disease and health in the past in a more targeted way than we can today."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tooth-enamel-health-study">Tooth enamel health study</h2>



The innovative method was applied to tooth enamel from three groups: ancestral Ohlone people from the late 1700s and early 1800s in the San Francisco Bay Area, European settlers from the late 1800s, and modern-day military cadets.



The research team, including representatives from local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bison-slaughter-had-lasting-traumatic-impacts-on-indigenous-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indigenous tribes</a>, examined the immune proteins found in the enamel of these populations, comparing them against their historical contexts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elevated-levels-of-immune-proteins">Elevated levels of immune proteins </h2>



The results revealed that the Indigenous population, exposed to high mortality rates, stress, and infectious diseases, had significantly elevated levels of the immune proteins.



Jelmer Eerkens is an anthropology professor at <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a> and a co-author of the study.



“We see certain individuals, especially children, with very high levels of immunoglobulins, which the body uses to battle disease, and C-reactive protein, which people produce when they are under <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-thrives-on-human-stress-as-it-spreads-throughout-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a>,” explained Eerkens.



“It’s heartbreaking to think about children who may have lost their parents and family to disease, were thrown into a new cultural environment they didn’t understand, and how it affected their well-being.”



The contrast between the Ohlone group and the European settlers or modern cadets reflected the varying health challenges faced by different populations across time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-records-in-tooth-enamel">Health records in tooth enamel </h2>



Tooth enamel forms over different stages of human development, much like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-rings-reveal-the-carbon-storage-capacity-of-a-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree rings</a>, and provides a timeline of a person’s health from birth to early adulthood. 



Since enamel forms during specific developmental periods - from in utero through late adolescence - researchers can pinpoint the health status during different phases of an individual's life.



This allows scientists to piece together a unique health record that spans several years. Additionally, immune proteins within tooth enamel offer more detailed information about a person’s health than structural changes observed in bones or teeth.



Many illnesses don’t leave a visible trace on the skeleton, but the proteins embedded in enamel may record responses to illness or inflammation that would otherwise go undetected. 



Furthermore, tooth enamel degrades much more slowly than other tissues, allowing scientists to investigate the health of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-coexisted-with-dinosaurs-yes-according-to-shocking-new-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient humans</a> over thousands of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-health">Implications for modern health</h2>



Beyond gaining insight into ancient populations, the new method of analysis has the potential to provide critical discoveries about how stress, disease, and lifestyle impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-genes-still-influence-modern-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humans</a>.



“Without trying to overstate things too much, looking at stresses and immune responses in past populations could provide points of comparison with modern lifestyles that can be especially valuable because you have that depth of time,” said Buonasera.



By comparing modern health issues with patterns observed in ancient populations, researchers could gain a better understanding of how human bodies have adapted to changing environments and stressors over millennia.



In addition to being the first to examine serum proteins trapped in enamel, the study’s precision is noteworthy. 



“We see the approach Tammy and her team have taken to be relevant in many contexts, for this and other questions,” said Glendon Parker, adjunct associate professor at UC Davis and one of the study’s co-authors. 



“These new tools will give us further insight into the lives of past peoples. It is an exciting time for bio-anthropology as these tools become available.”



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440324001377" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Archaeological Science</a>.



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Tooth enamel holds a record of human health

Enamel may hold the key to tracing the health narratives...

In an unprecedented development, astronomers have managed to capture detailed images of a star outside of our solar system, including gas bubbling on its surface.



These images, revealing giant hot gas bubbles larger than our sun, have been retrieved from the star R Doradus.



Interestingly, the gas bubbles seem to disappear into the interior of the star at a quicker rate than anticipated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bubbling-surface-of-r-doradus">Bubbling surface of R Doradus</h2>



"This is the first time the bubbling surface of a real star can be shown in such a way," noted study lead author Wouter Vlemmings, a professor from <a href="https://www.chalmers.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chalmers University of Technology</a>, Sweden.



"We had never expected the data to be of such high quality that we could see so many details of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/R-Doradus-star_surface-image_alma_ESO_1b.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convection on the stellar surface</a>."



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="zCNXBAbNpA-3856818-12187" type="single"]</div>



How stars generate energy is a fascinating process. At their cores, stars undergo nuclear fusion. This prodigious energy then ascends toward the surface in the form of large, hot gas bubbles -- resembling movement within a lava lamp.



The bubbles eventually cool down and descend back into the core in a process known as convection.



The mixing motion of convection helps distribute heavy elements like carbon and nitrogen across the star. 



It is also believed to generate <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/cosmic-cannibalism-and-stellar-winds-unveiling-the-secrets-of-messier-76/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stellar winds</a> that propel these elements into the cosmos, contributing to the birth of new stars and planets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convection-outside-of-our-star-system">Convection outside of our star system</h2>



In an exciting first, detailed tracking of convection movements has been achieved for stars other than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/team-creates-video-showing-the-sun-in-gamma-rays-over-a-14-year-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun</a>, using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>), jointly owned by the European Southern Observatory (ESO).



The target, R Doradus, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mays-full-moon-will-eclipse-a-giant-red-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red giant star</a> with a diameter nearly 350 times that of our sun, is conveniently located about 180 light-years away in the constellation Dorado.



Given its massive size and relative proximity to Earth, R Doradus proved to be an ideal candidate for the detailed observations. Interestingly, the star has a mass that is similar to the sun. 



The researchers noted that convection bubbles have been previously observed in detail on the surface of stars, including with the PIONIER instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope Interferometer. 



However, the new ALMA observations track the motion of the bubbles in a way that was not possible before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-close-observations-of-granular-structures">Close observations of granular structures</h2>



"Convection creates the beautiful granular structure seen on the surface of our sun, but it is hard to see on other stars," explained study co-author Theo Khouri, a researcher at Chalmers.



"With ALMA, we have now been able to not only directly see convective granules - with a size 75 times the size of our sun! - but also measure how fast they move for the first time."



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/R-Doradus-star_surface-image_comparison_alma_ESO_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/R-Doradus-star_surface-image_comparison_alma_ESO_1s.webp" alt="These images of the star, R Doradus, were obtained with the ALMA telescope in July and August 2023. They show giant, hot bubbles of gas, 75 times the size of the Sun, appearing on the surface and sinking back into the star’s interior faster than expected. Credit: ESO" class="wp-image-1944696"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">These images of the star, R Doradus, were obtained with the ALMA telescope in July and August 2023. They show giant, hot bubbles of gas, 75 times the size of the Sun, appearing on the surface and sinking back into the star’s interior faster than expected. Credit: ESO</figcaption></figure>



The granules of R Doradus seem to operate on a monthly cycle. This is a speedier pace than expected based on the sun's convection process.



"We don’t yet know what is the reason for the difference. It seems that convection changes as a star gets older in ways that we don't yet understand," explained Vlemmings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-r-doradus-and-sun-like-stars">Evolution of R Doradus and sun-like stars</h2>



The recent observations are crucial as they deepen our understanding of sun-like stars when they mature into red giants as cool, large, and effervescent as R Doradus.



"It is spectacular that we can now directly image the details on the surface of stars so far away, and observe physics that until now was mostly only observable in our sun," said Behzad Bojnodi Arbab, a PhD student at Chalmers who also participated in the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-the-sun-s-future">Glimpse into the sun's future</h2>



The red giant R Doradus offers a preview of what our sun may become in about five billion years. As stars like the sun age, they expand dramatically, becoming cooler and more luminous as red giants.



During this phase, convection becomes a dominant process on their surface, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-chimney-venting-found-heart-milky-way-galaxy-sagittarius-a/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hot gas</a> rises and cools, creating enormous granules of bubbling plasma. 



This phase plays a crucial role in the distribution of elements across the star and into space, enriching the interstellar medium. 



Understanding how red giants like R Doradus evolve not only helps astronomers study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-sheds-light-on-earendel-the-most-distant-star-in-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distant stars</a> but also sheds light on the eventual fate of our own solar system.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07836-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Video: Bubbling surface of a distant star captured by telescope

In an unprecedented development, astronomers have managed to capture detailed...

Every cloud has a silver lining, even on Mars. For any space enthusiast or sky observer fascinated by the Red Planet's atmospheric beauty, scientists have invented a comprehensive and browsable image database containing two decades worth of Martian sky-splendor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-cloud-atlas">Mars Cloud Atlas</h2>



The research begins in Berlin, at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), where this database or the "Mars Cloud Atlas," as it is fondly called, was created.



The goal? To better comprehend the Martian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric conditions</a>, the origins of specific features, and most importantly, to answer what these "tell-tale" signs reveal about not just Mars, but also the climates of other heavenly bodies in our solar system.



The Atlas, which was presented by Daniela Tirsch of DLR at the <a href="https://www.epsc2024.eu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europlanet Science Congress</a> in Berlin, is free for public access and features brilliant photos of clouds, storms and more, across the Martian skies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-express-continues-to-dazzle">Mars Express continues to dazzle</h2>



The images in the Cloud Atlas are indeed a sight to behold, captured over 20 years by the High Resolution Stereo Camera <a href="https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2004/01/the_high_resolution_stereo_camera_hrsc/10113150-2-eng-GB/The_High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera_HRSC_article.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">(HRSC) instrument</a>.



For two decades, HRSC has been aboard the European Space Agency’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Mars_Express" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars Express</a> spacecraft, orbiting the red planet since 2005, recording atmospheric conditions.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_cloud-streets_Vastitas-Borealis_Mars-Express_ESA_Cowart_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_cloud-streets_Vastitas-Borealis_Mars-Express_ESA_Cowart_1s.webp" alt="An example of cloud streets over Vastitas Borealis, a large area near the North Pole mostly devoid of craters. Credit: ESA/Cowart" class="wp-image-1944565"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">An example of cloud streets over Vastitas Borealis, a large area near the North Pole mostly devoid of craters. Credit: ESA/Cowart</figcaption></figure>



Despite Mars having a considerably thin atmosphere, the HRSC has done a fascinating job of capturing numerous cloud formations and dust storm phenomena. 



These formations are made up of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> and carbon dioxide ice crystals, alongside dust particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-express-the-basics">Mars Express -- the basics</h2>



The Mars Express spacecraft is packed with cool scientific instruments aimed at studying Mars from orbit, focusing on its atmosphere, surface, and what lies beneath.



Its main goal? To uncover clues about Mars' past environment, especially when it comes to water, to figure out if the planet ever had conditions that could support life.



Mars Express has sent back some amazing high-resolution images of the Martian surface, showing everything from massive canyons and ancient river valleys to icy polar caps and stunning cloud formations.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_lee-waves_mars-express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_lee-waves_mars-express_ESA_1s.webp" alt="Lee waves are a special type of cloud created by the wind encountering obstacles and build up on the ‘leeward‘ or downwind side. The geometries of the lee waves depend on the shape of the obstacles. Credit: ESA" class="wp-image-1944569"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Lee waves are a special type of cloud created by the wind encountering obstacles and build up on the ‘leeward‘ or downwind side. The geometries of the lee waves depend on the shape of the obstacles. Credit: ESA</figcaption></figure>



Over the years, Mars Express has made some really amazing discoveries. It picked up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane in the Martian atmosphere</a>, sparking exciting questions about the potential for microbial life hiding beneath the surface.



The mission also found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of liquid water</a> under the south polar ice cap, a finding that could really change how we think about Mars' habitability.



Almost two decades later, Mars Express is still orbiting Mars, sending back valuable data that deepens our understanding of the planet and keeps the dream of future human exploration alive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mesmerizing-martian-spectacles">Mesmerizing Martian spectacles</h2>



Clouds on Mars are just as diverse and fascinating as those we see in our skies on Earth, with some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-express-ice-spiders-surface-angustus-labyrinthus-inca-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">features unique to the Red Planet</a>. 



"One of my favorite phenomena are the beautiful 'cloud streets' -- linear rows of fleecy clouds that develop around the huge volcanic Tharsis rise and the northern lowlands in northern spring and summer," noted Tirsch.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_gravity-wave-clouds_mars-express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_gravity-wave-clouds_mars-express_ESA_1s.webp" alt="This image displays two atmospheric phenomena: the white curved lines are gravity wave clouds, while the brown areas are dust lifted from the ground by wind. The colour shift visible in the dust lifting event might be indicative of very fast winds. Credit: ESA" class="wp-image-1944571"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This image displays two atmospheric phenomena: the white curved lines are gravity wave clouds, while the brown areas are dust lifted from the ground by wind. The colour shift visible in the dust lifting event might be indicative of very fast winds. Credit: ESA</figcaption></figure>



"While they resemble cumulus clouds on Earth, they are formed under different atmospheric conditions. We also see impressive dust clouds that can spread hundreds of kilometers -- a phenomena we luckily don’t experience on Earth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-clouds-and-dust">Mars clouds and dust</h2>



Dust plays a leading role in Mars's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-search-for-signs-of-life-on-mars-continues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> and climate. Uncommon upwelling events can lead to the formation of beige, dust-filled blobs that linger in the atmosphere. 



At specific seasons, large temperature and air pressure differences can trigger stronger-than-usual winds. 



These powerful gusts lift enormous amounts of dust from the Martian surface, forming clouds that, from the vantage point of giant dormant volcanoes, mimic eruption clouds.



Cyclone systems and large spiral dust storms are annual phenomena near the Martian North pole. Studying these atmospheric marvels is vital for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-plan-terraform-mars-nanoparticles-would-make-it-habitable-for-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air mass circulation on Mars</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-cloud-types">Mars cloud types</h2>



On both Mars and Earth, "gravity clouds" are common. They appear in mid-latitudes during the winter for both hemispheres. 



Also, these clouds are frequently observed over the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-frost-detected-on-mars-enormous-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tharsis volcanic plateau</a> in the southern Martian winter.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_elongated_Arsia-Mons-mountains_Mars-Express_ESA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/mars_clouds_elongated_Arsia-Mons-mountains_Mars-Express_ESA_2s.webp" alt="This elongated cloud has formed as a result of wind encountering the Arsia Mons mountains. It forms almost every day during a specific season, from early morning until noon. Credit: ESA/Cowart" class="wp-image-1944567"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This elongated cloud has formed as a result of wind encountering the Arsia Mons mountains. It forms almost every day during a specific season, from early morning until noon. Credit: ESA/Cowart</figcaption></figure>



A particular type of gravity cloud, the "Lee waves," form on the downwind side of ridges, mountains and other hurdles, resulting in repeating ridge formations.



While some clouds are location and season-specific, other types like 'twilight clouds' can magically appear in the early morning, at any time of year, any place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-martian-weather">Understanding Martian weather</h2>



The HRSC Cloud Atlas, thus, is an incredible tool offering valuable insights into the physical characteristics of Martian clouds and storms, their timing and locations. 



This knowledge contributes to our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and climate cycles on Mars, further providing basis for climate studies on other planets, including Earth and Venus.



Daniela Tirsch confirms that the DLR team has already used the database to create global maps that indicate the occurrence of various cloud types, based on season and location.



She also shared that Mars Express will continue its mission till at least 2026, meaning the database will keep expanding, further refining our understanding of Mars's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-desert-moss-might-help-humans-live-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>. 



Delightfully, papers on the database and its scientific applications are already underway.



Explore the <a href="https://hrscteam.dlr.de/public/data.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian Cloud Atlas</a>&nbsp;for amazing Mars data.



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Mars cloud photos taken over 20 years released online in stunning new Atlas

Every cloud has a silver lining, even on Mars. For...

Consciousness has long intrigued thinkers, from ancient philosophers to contemporary neuroscientists. It is a complex phenomenon we encounter daily, yet we often find it difficult to fully define or comprehend.



This elusive aspect of our existence encompasses our thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and self-awareness. 



Despite significant advancements in fields like cognitive science and psychology, the true nature of consciousness remains one of humanity's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panpsychism-what-if-all-things-humans-plants-atoms-have-universal-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most profound mysteries</a>.



Researchers are actively investigating how consciousness emerges from brain activity, the distinctions between conscious and unconscious states, and the broader implications of consciousness on our understanding of reality and existence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hyperdimensional-paradigm">Hyperdimensional paradigm</h2>



Michael Pravica, a physics professor at the <a href="https://www.unr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nevada</a>, offers a fresh perspective on the age-old mystery of consciousness. 



He proposes that understanding this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-human-consciousness-through-eureka-moments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex phenomenon</a> may require us to look beyond our familiar dimensions.



Central to his theory is the concept of hyperdimensionality -- the intriguing possibility that our universe harbors more dimensions than the four we can perceive (three spatial dimensions and one of time).



Could this expanded view open new pathways for exploring the nature of consciousness? 



By examining these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-in-the-brain-does-consciousness-reside-scientists-think-they-might-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">broader dimensions</a>, we may uncover insights that have significant implications for our understanding of the universe and our place within it.



"The sheer fact we can conceive of higher dimensions than four within our mind, within our mathematics, is a gift... It's something that transcends biology," Pravica told Popular Mechanics. 



He believes that our ability to imagine and mathematically describe dimensions beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-do-babies-start-gaining-their-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our physical experience</a> hints at a deeper connection between consciousness and the fabric of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-string-theory-and-higher-dimensions">String theory and higher dimensions</h2>



String theory is an ambitious framework in physics that seeks to unify all fundamental forces and particles into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single theoretical model</a>. It proposes that the basic building blocks of the universe aren't point-like particles but tiny, one-dimensional "strings" that vibrate at specific frequencies. 



These vibrations correspond to different particles, much like how different musical notes come from vibrations of a guitar string. To make the mathematics of string theory work, scientists have found that it requires additional spatial dimensions. 



These new dimensions extend beyond the three we experience daily. In some versions of the theory, there are up to ten or eleven dimensions in total.



The extra dimensions aren't easily observed because they might be compactified or curled up at scales so small they're beyond our current ability to detect. Imagine dimensions folded in on themselves like tiny loops at every point in space. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimension-of-consciousness">Dimension of consciousness</h2>



While the concepts of hyperdimensionality and string theory have received overwhelming acceptance from physicists, attributing a link between higher dimensions and consciousness can stir up a tempest in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meditation-reveals-common-altered-states-of-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientific teapot</a>.



Interestingly, Pravica, an Orthodox Christian with a PhD from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard</a>, harnesses hyperdimensionality to bridge the gap between his scientific understanding and religious faith. He posits a fascinating theory: Jesus could be a hyperdimensional entity.



Pravica explained his perspective by citing a Biblical event. "According to the Bible, Jesus ascended into heaven 40 days after being on Earth. How do you ascend into heaven if you're a four-dimensional creature?" he pondered.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-fiction-or-fact">Science fiction or fact?</h2>



Not everyone in the scientific field is convinced by Pravica's approach. Some argue that linking consciousness to hyperdimensionality -- and by extension, to religious concepts -- blurs the line between empirical science and personal belief. 



One scientist commented that such theories are bordering "on science fiction." <a href="https://www.fordham.edu/academics/departments/physics-and-engineering-physics/faculty-and-staff/stephen-holler/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stephen Holler</a>, an associate professor of physics at <a href="https://www.fordham.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fordham University</a> in New York, shares this skepticism. 



He emphasizes the importance of acknowledging gaps in our scientific knowledge without resorting to non-scientific explanations. 



"Gaps in scientific knowledge are attributed to divine intervention, rather than being seen as opportunities for further inquiry and understanding," Holler told Popular Mechanics.



He further expresses concern that this approach might <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-consciousness-and-you-what-happens-when-machines-become-sentient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hinder scientific progress</a>. "It's a poor explanation mechanism that arguably stifles the inquisitive nature required for good science and teaches that it’s not okay to say, 'I don’t know'," Holler added. 



His viewpoint highlights the delicate balance between remaining open to new ideas and maintaining rigorous scientific standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dimension-of-consciousness-0">Dimension of consciousness</h2>



The debate sparked by Pravica's theory brings to light the broader conversation about how we explore consciousness. Could considering extra dimensions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-can-lead-to-altered-states-of-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">offer new insights</a>, or does it complicate the matter further? 



While hyperdimensionality is a well-established concept in theoretical physics, its application to consciousness is relatively uncharted territory.



This discussion also touches on how personal beliefs can influence scientific exploration. Throughout history, many scientists have drawn inspiration from their philosophical or religious views. 



The key challenge lies in ensuring that such influences encourage curiosity rather than limit it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-consciousness-research">Future of consciousness research</h2>



As we continue to investigate the nature of consciousness, it's essential to keep an open mind while adhering to scientific principles. 



Theories like Pravica's invite us to think creatively and consider possibilities beyond conventional wisdom. They remind us that much about the human mind -- and the universe -- remains unknown.



Advancements in technology, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-connection-behind-brain-signals-and-human-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-will-outsmart-humans-when-we-crack-the-neural-code/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>, may soon provide new tools to study consciousness. 



These developments could help us understand how cognitive processes might interact with dimensions we have yet to explore fully.



The quest to comprehend consciousness is far from over. Ideas that challenge the status quo, like the hyperdimensional paradigm, play a crucial role in pushing the boundaries of knowledge. 



Whether or not such theories withstand scientific scrutiny, they provoke valuable discussions that drive progress.



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Consciousness may stem from unseen dimensions beyond our reality

Consciousness has long intrigued thinkers, from ancient philosophers to contemporary...

As the mercury rises, a surprising yet simple dog cooling tactic could be the saving grace in protecting our furry friends from heat-related illnesses.



A recent study featured in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA) uncovers an intriguing method to cool down dogs promptly after some romping around. Get ready for this - teaching dogs to willingly plunge their heads in water.



This innovative research was conducted at the Penn Vet Working Dog Center at the University of Pennsylvania. 



The experts compared various cooling techniques, and wouldn't you know it? Voluntary head dunking took the lead, cooling dogs faster and saving them from perilous post-exercise temperature peaks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-perspective-on-dog-cooling">Revolutionary perspective on dog cooling</h2>



"This study alters our comprehension of canine cooling methods," said Dr. Cynthia M. Otto, executive director of the <a href="https://www.vet.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn Vet</a> Working Dog Center.



"During heat stress, blood flow to the head, nose, tongue and ears is increased. Cooling the tissues of the head allows for rapid cooling of the whole body with limited amounts of water."



"Furthermore, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warning-dogs-drinking-from-public-water-sources-is-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">training the dog</a> to participate in the cooling process can enhance not only its safety, but the human animal bond," said Dr. Otto.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-trick-for-maximum-dog-cooling">Simple trick for maximum dog cooling</h2>



Heat-related illness is a serious threat to dogs, especially during the sweltering summer months. Dogs can quickly overheat during outdoor activities, leaving them exposed to risks like heatstroke.



The research highlights the life-saving rule of "cool first, transport second," urging owners to act fast and start cooling dogs displaying signs of heat stress, even before knocking on the vet's door.



Voluntary head dunking is a simple trick for maximum cooling. The research describes how positive reinforcement is used to train <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/medium-sized-dogs-have-a-greater-risk-of-developing-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> to dunk their heads in a bucket of water, going after a toy or treat.



This simple, yet effective method helps dogs flush their noses and eyes from dust and debris while providing instant relief from overheating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-easy-solution-for-heat-stress">Easy solution for heat stress</h2>



The research provides actionable insights for pet owners everywhere. Whether it's for canine athletes, working dogs, or your beloved pet enjoying a day out in the park, the head dunking method offers an easy solution to handle heat stress.



Integrating the head dunking technique into your regular routine is straightforward and can yield substantial dividends for your dog's well-being. Start by selecting a suitable container or bucket that your pooch finds non-threatening. 



Next, use positive reinforcement techniques - such as treats or toys - to encourage voluntary head submersion.



Gradually, dogs will associate this action with fun and reward, making it easier for them to adopt this cooling mechanism naturally. Developing this habit at home ensures your pet is prepared, even in unpredictable heatwave conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-dog-cooling-strategies">Optimizing dog cooling strategies</h2>



The discoveries outlined in this study open avenues for further research, particularly in optimizing dog cooling strategies across diverse environmental conditions. 



For search and rescue teams, police dogs, and service animals often required to work in high temperatures, these insights could significantly enhance both performance and safety. 



Moreover, veterinary practitioners might explore adapting these findings to develop standardized cooling protocols, potentially reducing the incidence of heat-related illnesses across various canine populations. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-pet-owners">Tips for pet owners</h2>



When the temperature is sweltering for you, it's probably even hotter for your pet. It is vital that pet owners recognize the signs of heat stress or stroke in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-imitate-human-actions-from-2d-videos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">furry buddies</a>.



Signs of heat stress include anxiousness, an elongated tongue, abnormal gum and tongue color (dark red), and unstable movements.



To prevent heat-related issues, pet owners should ensure their pets have constant access to water and shade.



On extremely hot days, it's best to keep pets indoors or limit their outdoor time to early morning or evening hours when temperatures are cooler. And remember, never leave pets alone in vehicles, even for a short while, as temperatures can rapidly rise to dangerous levels.



By taking these precautions and being aware of their pet's unique needs, owners can ensure their dogs stay safe and content during warm weather.



The study is published in the <a href="https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/aop/javma.24.06.0368/javma.24.06.0368.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association</a>. 



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This simple technique instantly reduces heat stress in dogs

As the mercury rises, a surprising yet simple dog cooling...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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