Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station. 



“In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green."



"Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are visible in the high-resolution version of this image. These lines indicate raised beaches, which formed in the past when lake levels were higher.”



NASA pointed out that several roads cut across the landscape, including one with switchbacks that ascends a steep slope. "These roads facilitate tourist travel from both India and China.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migratory-birds-at-pangong-lake-nbsp">Migratory birds at Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake and its surroundings are home to numerous bird species, particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-birds-burn-unexpected-amounts-of-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migratory birds</a>. Visitors can spot various waterfowl and waders that are rarely seen elsewhere.



“During the summer, species such as bar-headed geese and Brahminy ducks attract bird watchers to the lake, which is a major breeding ground for migrating birds,” said NASA.



Pangong Lake is one of the few places in India where the endangered black-necked crane is found during its breeding season. 



Ruddy shelduck and brown-headed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gulls-are-shifting-their-habitats-to-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gulls</a> are also frequently spotted around the lake. The ruddy shelduck is known for its striking orange-brown body and creamy white head, while the brown-headed gulls are often seen flying or swimming in the lake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pangong-lake-nbsp">Pangong Lake&nbsp;</h2>



Pangong Lake is a stunning high-altitude lake situated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperatures-are-rising-unexpectedly-fast-on-the-tibetan-plateau/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, extending from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. It is renowned for its mesmerizing beauty and dramatic setting, with the lake lying at an elevation of about 4,350 meters.



One of the most distinctive features of Pangong Lake is its changing colors, ranging from shades of blue to green and even red, influenced by the sky's reflection and the lake's mineral content.



This saline water lake is approximately 134 kilometers long and 5 kilometers wide at its broadest point. Despite its considerable size, Pangong Lake is relatively shallow.&nbsp;



The lake gained additional popularity after being featured in several Indian films - most notably the Bollywood hit "3 Idiots." Its remote location requires a permit for visitors, especially due to its proximity to the Line of Actual Control between India and China.



Despite the geopolitical sensitivities surrounding its location, Pangong Lake remains a favorite among tourists for its unparalleled natural beauty and serene environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-altitude-lakes">High-altitude lakes</h2>



High-altitude lakes are unique bodies of water found at elevations typically above 3,000 meters (about 10,000 feet) in mountain ranges like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Himalayas</a>, Andes, and Rockies. 



These lakes are formed either by glacial activity, where glaciers erode the earth to create depressions that fill with melted snow and rainwater, or when natural dams created by landslides or moraines trap water in valleys.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-environments">Extreme environments</h3>



The conditions at high altitudes make these lakes distinct in several ways. The climate is typically colder and harsher, with significant temperature variations between day and night. 



This extreme environment affects both the physical characteristics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lakes</a> and the types of ecosystems they support. For example, due to lower atmospheric pressure, the boiling point of water is reduced, which can affect the type of life that can survive in these regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-habitats">Critical habitats</h3>



Biologically, high-altitude lakes often have limited biodiversity because only certain types of plants and animals can tolerate the cold temperatures and lower oxygen levels in the water. 



Despite this, these lakes are crucial habitats for some unique species of fish, birds, and other wildlife. They also serve as important indicators of climate change, as variations in their water levels and temperatures can reflect environmental shifts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-high-altitude-lakes">Significance of high-altitude lakes </h3>



Lakes at high altitudes are often clear and pristine, due to the low density of human populations in these areas and minimal industrial activity, making them significant for ecological studies and attractive for tourism. 



However, they are sensitive ecosystems, and increased tourist activity brings challenges like pollution and habitat disruption.



High-altitude lakes are not only beautiful and scientifically significant but also hold cultural importance for local communities, often considered sacred and associated with historical and spiritual significance.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Pangong Lake on the Tibetan Plateau

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features a 9.5-mile section of Pangong Lake on the western end of the Tibetan Plateau. The image was captured by a crew member onboard the International Space Station.  “In this winter scene, a sheet of cracked ice tops part of the lake,” noted NASA. “On the left side, open water appears blue. Shallow water offshore of a delta, formed by a small, winding river, appears green." "Parallel lines along the coastlines of bays are...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Ksudach, a remarkable volcanic complex located on Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula.



“The peninsula is one of the world’s most active volcanic arcs due to tectonic plate movement, with the Pacific Plate subducting under the Eurasian Plate,” noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/153779/ksudachs-nested-calderas-and-craters" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-eruptions-of-ksudach">Explosive eruptions of Ksudach</h2>



Ksudach is classified as a shield <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-camera-helps-scientists-forecast-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> due to the gentle slopes formed by its extensive lava flows. The combination of its shield-like structure and the prominent caldera system makes Ksudach a unique volcanic feature on the Kamchatka Peninsula.



“Several overlapping calderas and craters comprise the volcano. Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions created by the collapse of overlying material into an emptied subsurface magma chamber,” explained NASA.



“Craters are circular depressions created by volcanic activity, surface impacts, or explosions.”



This volcanic system has a fascinating geological history shaped by multiple explosive eruptions.&nbsp;



The most significant of these occurred around 240 AD, leaving behind a prominent caldera that now hosts scenic crater lakes, such as Lake Ksudach. 



“Lakes within the volcanic region are primarily recharged by rain and snowmelt from the winter season. This photo shows the water’s contrasting blue hues surrounded by green vegetation,” noted NASA.



“Traces of snow fill valleys within and outside the volcano’s caldera complex. These snow-covered areas highlight the drainage patterns from higher to lower elevations. Water that flows through these erosional pathways and into the caldera supports its vegetation and lakes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-landscape-of-ksudach-nbsp">Unique landscape of Ksudach&nbsp;</h2>



Ksudach's landscape also features pyroclastic deposits, lava flows, and hydrothermal features like fumaroles.&nbsp;



The surrounding environment - which is part of the UNESCO-listed Kamchatka Volcanoes - supports a diverse ecosystem with unique wildlife. 



Despite its remote location, Ksudach has drawn the attention of geologists, offering insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic processes</a> and the dynamics of caldera formation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-earth-s-geology-nbsp">Dynamic nature of Earth's geology&nbsp;</h2>



The most well-documented eruption of Ksudach occurred in March 1907. This eruption ranks as one of the largest in Kamchatka in the 20th century, with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 5.



The eruption produced a colossal ash column that soared into the stratosphere, dispersing fine particles over vast distances and contributing to global atmospheric changes.&nbsp;



The sheer force of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruption</a> unleashed pyroclastic flows - fast-moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and volcanic debris - that raced down the volcano's slopes, obliterating everything in their path.&nbsp;



These flows, capable of reaching temperatures over 1,000°C, decimated vegetation and altered the topography of the surrounding region.&nbsp;



Simultaneously, tephra deposits blanketed the landscape in layers of thick volcanic material, smothering ecosystems and creating a barren wasteland.&nbsp;



Today, Ksudach is considered an active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/axial-seamount-large-underwater-volcano-off-us-coast-will-likely-erupt-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcano</a> but remains dormant. The region is closely monitored due to its potential for renewed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">activity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pacific-ring-of-fire-nbsp">Pacific Ring of Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Kamchatka Peninsula lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped zone encircling the Pacific Ocean where tectonic activity is highly concentrated.&nbsp;



This geologically dynamic area features numerous volcanoes, hot springs, geysers, and frequent seismic activity - making it a hotspot for both natural beauty and scientific study. 



Kamchatka is home to over 160 volcanoes, with about 30 considered active, including Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest and one of the most active in the region.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-activity-nbsp">Volcanic activity&nbsp;</h3>



As the Pacific Plate dives into the Earth's mantle, it melts and generates magma that feeds Kamchatka’s volcanic systems.&nbsp;



This ongoing tectonic interaction also contributes to the broader activity of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which accounts for approximately 75% of the world's active and dormant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supervolcano-italy-solfatara-crater-phlegraean-fields-shows-signs-of-waking-up/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and about 90% of its earthquakes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-significance-nbsp">Broader significance&nbsp;</h3>



Beyond its geological significance, the Kamchatka Peninsula boasts a diverse ecosystem that is home to animals such as snow sheep, brown bears, red foxes, and unique plants that are adapted to its harsh environment. 



The coastal waters surrounding the peninsula support various fish species, including abundant salmon, as well as sea lions and killer whales.



The interplay of volcanic landscapes and pristine wilderness makes it a natural laboratory for understanding Earth's dynamic processes.



The image was captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Ksudach: A volcano shaped by explosive forces

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the rocks of the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia. These are some of the oldest rocks on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-earthworms-hurt-biodiversity-in-north-america/">Earth</a>, dating back between 3.6 and 2.8 billion years.



"The iron-rich rocks here began forming before there was oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere or even life itself. The area also harbors evidence of some of the earliest life - 3.45-billion-year-old fossil colonies of microbial cyanobacteria, the oldest known stromatolites on Earth," reports NASA.



The stable, geologically inactive core of an ancient continent is known as a craton. The Pilbara Craton has remained intact, surviving the affronts of plate tectonics and erosion since the Archean Eon four billion years ago.



"During the Archean, and the Proterozoic Eon that followed, multiple cratons assembled to form the Australian continent, leaving multiple basins and belts of buckled and folded rocks at their margins. The main cratons that formed Western Australia are the Pilbara and Yilgarn. They began to assemble about 2.2 billion years ago during a mountain-building episode called the Capricorn Orogeny," explains NASA.



"The land that is today known as the Hamersley Basin was then at the bottom of an ocean lying between the two cratons. The rocks of the basin preserve a record of the last ocean environment in the area before the cratons converged and closed the basin."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Pilbara Craton contains some of the oldest rocks on Earth

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features waves of dust over northern China during a sandstorm on December 12, 2022.



"Airborne particulate matter from the storm created hazardous air conditions in Beijing and surrounding areas. At the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, the air quality index for fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exceeded 300, which is considered hazardous to human health," says NASA.



"Air quality measurements by the Beijing Environmental Protection Monitoring Center for PM10 (larger dust particles) reached 999 - the maximum threshold for the indicator. Beijing residents were warned to stay inside, according to news reports."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ Lauren Dauphin



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Sand streaming over northern China

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Paramaribo, the capital city of Suriname at the mouth of the Suriname River. The United Nations (UN) has designated part of the city center as a world heritage site.&nbsp;



“Composed of mainly wooden buildings, the plain and symmetrical architectural style illustrating the gradual fusion of Dutch and other European architectural and later North American influences, as well as elements from Creole culture, reflects the multi-cultural society of Suriname,” reports the UN.



According to ESA, the Dutch established a trading post at the mouth of the Suriname River in 1613, although Indigenous groups have lived in the region for thousands of years.



"England and France also had settlements along the river early in Paramaribo’s history, but the Dutch asserted full control of the area in 1667 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Until the mid-19th century, Dutch planters in the area relied on the labor of enslaved people to produce sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton, and other crops," says ESA.



"In modern times, Paramaribo has grown to be a city of 240,000 people, half of Suriname’s population. The country’s main exports are bauxite, gold, oil, hardwood, and bananas."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Paramaribo on the banks of the Suriname River

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features dust over the Mediterranean Sea and southern Italy. Dust from the Sahara Desert was carried by hot winds known as the scirocco.



"The warm, dry air mass picks up moisture over the Mediterranean as it moves north toward areas of lower pressure. The systems usually produce fog or light rain, which can combine with the dust and fall as mud," says NASA.



"The scirocco on December 7 failed to deliver any rain to Sicily, and skies that day stayed quite dusty, according to Boris Behncke, a volcanologist at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia."



"The thick haze obscured Behncke’s ground-based view of Mount Etna, 20 kilometers (12 miles) away. However, a close look at the satellite image reveals a snow capped peak surrounded by a 'halo' of clear air. Behncke thinks this suggests that the dust was relatively low in altitude."



The image was captured on December 7, 2022 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Saharan dust darkens the skies over Sicily

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the North Island of New Zealand. The photo was captured as the International Space Station (ISS) approached the southernmost extent of its prograde 51.6 degree orbit.&nbsp;



From this vantage point - and with the perfect weather conditions - astronauts can get a clear view of the North Island of New Zealand, according&nbsp; to ESA.



"Looking towards the northwest, the astronaut photographer captured the mottled-green island that separates the Tasman Sea from the South Pacific Ocean. On the other side of Cook Strait, South Island peeks out from beneath the cloud cover," reports ESA.



"Seven bays surround the North Island and define its distinctive shape. The inland landscape includes grasslands (lighter green areas), forests (darker green areas), volcanic plateaus, and mountain ranges formed from sedimentary rocks."



Lake Taupō, located in the center of the North Island, is a crater lake inside a caldera formed by a supervolcanic eruption. The lake borders the active volcano Mount Ruapehu, which has the highest peak in New Zealand.&nbsp;



"The volcanic nature of the island arises from its location on the tectonic plate boundary between the Indo-Australian and Pacific Plates," says ESA. "This plate boundary is part of the vast Pacific Ring of Fire, and leads to significant geothermal activity and earthquakes in the region. Additional volcanoes, including Egmont Volcano (Mount Taranaki), also dot the North Island landscape."



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

New Zealand’s North Island

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of Lake Achit in western Mongolia.



"A dusting of snow covers much of this rugged and remote landscape," says NASA. "Darker forested zones appear along the floodplain of the major river in the area, the Khovd. The large dark area leading down to the frozen lake is the combined delta of two local rivers."



"The area is sparsely populated, with only a few signs of settlement such as the straight lines of unpaved roads. The only village in the scene is Khovd Bag, which is almost invisible under snow cover."



The image was captured on February 7, 2022 by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Achit in western Mongolia

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features wildfire smoke over northwest Argentina on November 27, 2022. Most of the fires, which are represented by red dots, are burning in Salta province.



Flavio Speranza is a forestry engineer at Argentina’s National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA). He said the fires were burning across several forested ecosystems - subtropical forests at low and middle altitudes, and montane forests on mountain slopes.



Speranza noted that almost all wildland fires in the region are caused by human activity. He said that so far in 2022, Argentina has seen a notable increase in fire activity due to a prolonged period of unusually warm, dry weather.&nbsp;



The natural-color image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ Lauren Dauphin



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Fires in Argentina fueled by unusually dry conditions

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a gray winter haze over northeastern China on January 3, 2022. The haze represents air pollution and unhealthy air quality.&nbsp;



On this day, based on data from The World Air Quality Project, several sensors in the region detected levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the very unhealthy and hazardous range. This indicates that fine particulate levels were several times higher than the World Health Organization’s recommended limit.



Despite improvements in recent years, China still produces enough air pollution to regularly darken skies in some areas, reports NASA. The gray smog in the photo is so thick that it blocks out key features of the landscape below, such as lakes and farmland.&nbsp;



According to NASA, one likely component of the gray haze is nitrate particles. A recent study led by Harvard University revealed that levels of nitrates have remained high over China, even as the country's greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced.&nbsp;



“Nitrate is now the principal component of Beijing winter haze pollution, contributing to 30-40 percent of PM2.5 mass during winter haze days,” wrote the study authors. “There is an urgent need to better understand why nitrate is not decreasing.”



The image was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Gray winter haze over northeastern China

Icy bodies like Europa and Enceladus have drawn attention as places that might offer answers to the age-old question of whether life exists beyond Earth. 



Beneath their thick ice layers, vast oceans may hold conditions that allow microorganisms to survive, just as certain organisms thrive in Earth’s extreme ocean habitats. 



Scientists are eager to explore these hidden frontiers, and several space agencies, including <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and German Aerospace Center (<a href="https://www.dlr.de/de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DLR</a>), have shown strong interest in missions that involve advanced underwater craft designed for these cold environments.



The submersible craft, known as Extraterrestrial Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (Exo-AUVs), could travel through the ice, analyze the ocean below, and help researchers learn <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-could-survive-near-surface-europa-enceladus-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whether life may be lurking</a> in these deep waters.



Mission planners must decide where to look, which technologies to use, and how to meet core objectives for any future life detection effort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-exo-auv-technology">Significance of Exo-AUV technology</h2>



Exo-AUVs have the ability to collect and analyze samples while cruising through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-jupiter-moon-europa-deep-ocean-shifting-icy-shell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice-covered seas</a>. They can operate in challenging conditions that include high pressures, low temperatures, and limited light. 



Studies emphasize that these vehicles should carry an array of tools, including instruments for acoustics, vision, spectroscopy, and biological tests. 



Each Exo-AUV would scan large areas, identify spots with a higher chance of hosting microorganisms, and gather physical and chemical data before sending updates back to Earth.



Researchers see these machines as important because they can perform “multi-object, multi-scale and multi-dimensional detection autonomously and efficiently.” 



In other words, they are built to roam underwater for long periods, cover wide swaths of territory, and carry out detailed analyses. 



Agencies are excited about the chance to apply these methods on icy satellites, where getting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/europa-clipper-will-search-for-signs-of-life-on-jupiters-icy-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">answers about life</a> may finally be possible in the coming decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-biological-potential">Searching for "biological potential"</h2>



A key mission goal for Europa or Enceladus involves searching for strong evidence of possible biological processes, rather than expecting an immediate yes-or-no answer. 



By focusing on “biological potential,” mission planners can concentrate on scanning for biosignatures and perhaps even extant microorganisms. 



The ice shell, the boundary where ice meets liquid water, and the seafloor all feature conditions that might support life.



Thick ice can limit sunlight, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents-provide-clues-about-the-origin-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrothermal vents</a> on the ocean floor could still provide essential energy sources. In settings like these, even fragile clues might indicate living systems. 



Researchers stress that identifying the right areas to investigate, coupled with the best equipment, is essential for spotting subtle signals that standard methods may miss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exo-auvs-need-cutting-edge-tech">Exo-AUVs need cutting-edge tech</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/europa-clipper-is-on-a-1-8-billion-mile-journey-to-jupiters-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa’s icy crust</a> can reach around several miles thick, which poses a major obstacle for any vehicle hoping to access the underlying water. 



A carrier craft must melt or cut through this thick shell, enter the ocean, and release smaller underwater units into the sea. 



Plans call for using power sources like Radioisotope Thermal Generators (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/programs/radioisotope-power-systems/power-radioisotope-thermoelectric-generators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RTGs</a>) or Small Modular Reactors, which can generate both the heat and energy needed for drilling or melting through ice.



The intense radiation near Jupiter adds another hurdle. Protective materials are vital to keep the systems safe. Meanwhile, the limited payload capacity of launch vehicles demands careful design to keep spacecraft components small and light. 



Scientists are turning to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to miniaturize the instruments, shrinking everything from cameras to chemical sensors without losing performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-plan">What's the plan?</h2>



A proposed roadmap sets out the path for designing Exo-AUVs that can tackle these tasks with more autonomy than any rover or lander developed for planetary science so far. 



Mission outlines call for vehicles that start by exploring larger areas, then switch to closer observations in smaller zones to collect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-sparking-energy-source-found-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clues about life</a>. 



Researchers suggest that the roadmap should address crucial factors such as ice-penetrating methods, hull design, payload selection, and onboard autonomy for science tasks.



By following this plan, developers hope to avoid repeating mistakes from past missions that offered limited biological searches. 



Each step aims to refine the design, allowing the Exo-AUV to move smoothly and monitor everything from local chemistry to possible cell structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-exo-auv-system-to-tackle-europa">Multiple Exo-AUV system to tackle Europa</h2>



A Concept of Operations for Multiple Exo-AUV System (<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-concept-of-operations-for-Exo-AUV-system-ConOps-for-MESA_fig3_384574932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ConOps for MEAS</a>) has been introduced to tackle Europa’s varied environments. 



The idea involves a carrier vehicle, called an ice-penetrating Exo-AUV Carrier (EAC), and two smaller Exo-AUVs with different specializations. 



One is a Survey Module-equipped craft (EAS) designed to cover large areas and spot major objects on the seafloor or near the ice-water boundary. The other is an Observation Module-equipped unit (EAO) that can focus on tiny targets in localized spots.



This multi-vehicle setup also plans for in-water connection and disconnection, data sharing, and recharging - reducing wasted space and energy.



The EAC would stay under the ice as a home base for navigation and communication, while the two smaller craft carry out more targeted tasks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-exo-auvs-to-find-alien-life">Using Exo-AUVs to find alien life</h2>



To sum it all up, experts suggest that the approach of combining precise instruments, robust power sources, and autonomy could finally provide strong insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraterrestrial-life-moons-planets-detected-single-grain-ice-floating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whether life exists</a> on Europa or other icy bodies. 



If any findings from an exo-AUV mission hint at active biology, more craft could follow to expand coverage and confirm the results.



The vision is to conduct thorough investigations that adapt as fresh data arrives, reducing human interference caused by long communication delays of around 30 minutes each way. 



By using multiple vehicles and flexible scientific methods, researchers hope to unlock the secrets hidden under miles of ice.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11430-023-1390-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science China Earth Sciences</a>.



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Searching for life on alien ocean worlds will involve these types of robots

Icy bodies like Europa and Enceladus have drawn attention as...

iron ore deposit - 1

Scientists are paying close attention to changes in SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind COVID-19. A newly released study from Ecuador, featured in the <a href="https://cisalud-ucmh.sld.cu/index.php/Cisalud2024/index/pages/view/ctisalud" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simposio de Ciencia y Tecnología</a>, highlights how swiftly new viral forms can appear.&nbsp;



Infections worldwide have often shown that when the virus' genetic code changes, existing vaccines might lose some of their strength. That puts pressure on health officials to refine their strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sars-cov-2-variants">SARS-CoV-2 variants</h2>



Over 3,000 viral sequences from Ecuador were examined, and the findings revealed all five strands: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. Each strain brought its own modifications, including certain changes tied to immune escape.&nbsp;



The study team suggests that when these variants rise, old prevention efforts might not be enough. <a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0233-6168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Carlos Chiluisa Guacho</a> from the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes in Ambato, Ecuador, coordinated the work and points to the urgency in sharpening genomic tracking efforts across the country.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-threats-and-public-health">Evolving threats and public health</h2>



Specialists in disease control are aware that viral mutations keep officials on their toes. Variants in Ecuador showed a pattern similar to shifts observed in other parts of the globe, adding weight to calls for more rigorous checks on viral gene patterns.&nbsp;



“The Traveler-based Genomic Surveillance program is a model of <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen detection</a> that can be used as an early warning system for the detection of many pathogens beyond SARS-CoV-2,” stated the CDC in an official <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travel-genomic-surveillance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statement</a>. 



That statement echoes the main takeaway from the Ecuador study, which warns that it is never wise to underestimate the virus’s ability to adjust.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaccines-and-sars-cov-2-boosters">Vaccines and SARS-CoV-2 boosters</h2>



Shots designed to prevent severe illness have saved many lives. Yet concerns remain that the virus keeps finding ways around them. 



Study authors suggest revisiting vaccination plans from time to time to stay a step ahead. Health organizations often mention how booster doses can lift immunity in communities where variants are shifting. 



<a href="https://ghss.georgetown.edu/dr-maria-van-kerkhove/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove</a> at the World Health Organization once reminded viewers in a news briefing that, “Changes in transmissibility can affect the public health response. The more information we have about these variants, the better we can tailor vaccines, treatments, and other interventions.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-sars-cov-2">Searching for SARS-CoV-2</h2>



Many countries have built systems to trace pathogens, including specialized laboratories that can decode viral samples. 



Ecuador’s study team insists these efforts should increase in scale. Better funding, stronger expertise, and closer ties with global networks stand out as key moves. 



When labs test more samples, they raise their odds of detecting unusual shifts in the virus’s proteins. Such efforts can stop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cause-of-fatigue-in-long-covid-patients-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fresh variants</a> from catching everyone by surprise. 



Though much of the public may have relaxed after mass vaccination, researchers continue to remind policymakers that data tracking is a long game.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shoring-up-public-trust">Shoring up public trust</h2>



Officials who oversee <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infection prevention</a> in local communities face a dual challenge. 



First, they must spot and address sudden changes in the virus. Second, they need to keep people confident in protective guidelines.



Mask recommendations and safe-distancing rules may shift if new forms spread quickly, so transparency matters.



Clear updates help the public avoid confusion and encourage compliance. Anyone who wants to see daily life return to normal has a role to play in staying alert and getting recommended shots. 



Study contributors also point out that renewed trust can reinforce scientific partnerships around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-sars-cov-2">The future of SARS-CoV-2</h2>



Though the pandemic emergency has eased in many regions, the threat of a new wave has not disappeared. Stronger surveillance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-colds-boost-childrens-immunity-against-severe-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the virus</a> gives health agencies the upper hand. 



The Ecuador investigation suggests that watching for hidden changes must become a permanent part of public health tactics. 



Dr. Carlos Chiluisa Guacho, who helped guide this research, emphasized that readiness is key. He emphasized that although vaccination programs have undoubtedly saved lives, maintaining vigilance is crucial.&nbsp;



Enhancing genomic surveillance will enable earlier detection of dangerous mutations and help adapt public health strategies to prevent widespread outbreaks. 



By continuing to refine scientific approaches, countries can hope to reduce the toll of future COVID-19 surges and keep as many people healthy as possible.



The full study was published as part of the proceedings of the Symposium on Science and Technology, accessible at the following <a href="https://conferencias.ageditor.ar/index.php/sctconf/article/view/109" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link</a>.



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Study reveals surprising mutations in SARS-CoV-2 virus

Scientists are paying close attention to changes in SARS-CoV-2, the...

Using the extraordinary capabilities of NASA’s Webb Telescope and the natural phenomenon of gravitational lensing, astronomers have achieved an unprecedented feat: observing individual stars in a galaxy called Dragon Arc that is 6.5 billion light-years away.



This breakthrough offers a unique opportunity to study the evolution of galaxies, the nature of dark matter, and the life cycle of distant stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dragon-arc">The Dragon Arc</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Dragon-Arc.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The galaxy</a>, known as the Dragon Arc, was observed along the line of sight to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy cluster</a> Abell 370, which acts as a cosmic magnifying glass. 



The cluster’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-galaxy-jwst-er1g-dark-matter-einstein-ring-mystery-solved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational field stretches</a> and amplifies the light from the Dragon Arc, transforming its spiral structure into an elongated arc.



This macrolensing effect enabled astronomers to resolve individual stars in the distant galaxy for the first time.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370_macrolens-illustration_credit-Yoshinobu-Fudamoto_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370_macrolens-illustration_credit-Yoshinobu-Fudamoto_1s.webp" alt="The massive, yet invisible halo of dark matter of a galaxy cluster works as a &quot;macrolens,&quot;, while lone, unbound stars drifting through the cluster act as additional &quot;microlenses, multiplying the factor of magnification. Credit: Yoshinobu Fudamoto" class="wp-image-1955944"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The massive, yet invisible halo of dark matter of a galaxy cluster works as a "macrolens,", while lone, unbound stars drifting through the cluster act as additional "microlenses, multiplying the factor of magnification. Credit: Yoshinobu Fudamoto</figcaption></figure>



“Inside the galaxy cluster, there are many stars floating around that are not bound by any galaxy,” explained co-author Eiichi Egami, a research professor at the <a href="https://astro.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona's Steward Observatory</a>.&nbsp;



“When one of them happens to pass in front of the background star in the distant galaxy along the line of sight with Earth, it acts as a microlens, in addition to the macrolensing effect of the galaxy cluster as a whole.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-44-individual-stars-identified">44 individual stars identified</h2>



The study, led by Yoshinobu Fudamoto of <a href="https://www.chiba-u.ac.jp/e/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chiba University</a> in Japan, identified 44 individual stars in the Dragon Arc, the largest number ever detected in such a distant galaxy. 



These findings represent a significant leap in the study of distant galaxies, where stars typically appear as a blended glow due to the immense distance.



“To us, galaxies that are very far away usually look like a diffuse, fuzzy blob,” said Fudamoto. “But actually, those blobs consist of many, many individual stars. We just can't resolve them with our telescopes.”



Thanks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/expansion-rate-of-the-universe-confirmed-by-jwst/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>’s incredible sensitivity and the combined effects of macro- and microlensing, the team was able to track brightness variations in these stars over time. 



These changes occurred because the relative motion of stars in the galaxy cluster altered the alignment and magnification of the distant stars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distant-stars-of-the-dragon-arc-nbsp">Distant stars of the Dragon Arc&nbsp;</h2>



The stars observed within the Dragon Arc were predominantly red supergiants - massive stars nearing the end of their lives, similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/betelgeuse-one-of-our-brightest-stars-will-vanish-from-sight-next-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Betelgeuse</a> in the Orion constellation. 



This contrasts with earlier discoveries that primarily identified blue supergiants, thanks to JWST’s ability to detect cooler stars through its infrared capabilities.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370-galaxy-cluster_JWST_UArizona_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/dragon-arc-galaxy_abell-370-galaxy-cluster_JWST_UArizona_1s.webp" alt="Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located nearly 4 billion light-years away from Earth features several arcs of light, including the &quot;Dragon Arc&quot; (lower left of center). These arcs are caused by gravitational lensing: Light from distant galaxies far behind the massive galaxy cluster coming toward Earth is bent around Abell 370 by its massive gravity, resulting in contorted images. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1955946"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Abell 370, a galaxy cluster located nearly 4 billion light-years away from Earth features several arcs of light, including the "Dragon Arc" (lower left of center). These arcs are caused by gravitational lensing: Light from distant galaxies far behind the massive galaxy cluster coming toward Earth is bent around Abell 370 by its massive gravity, resulting in contorted images. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



“This groundbreaking discovery demonstrates, for the first time, that studying large numbers of individual stars in a distant galaxy is possible,” said Fengwu Sun, a co-author and postdoctoral scholar at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard &amp; Smithsonian (<a href="https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CfA</a>). 



The ability to identify and study different stellar types provides valuable insights into star formation and the chemical composition of distant galaxies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-galactic-evolution">Dark matter and galactic evolution</h2>



The findings have profound implications for our understanding of the universe. Observing individual stars in distant galaxies allows scientists to probe the structure of gravitational lenses, offering a novel way to study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, which is believed to shape the formation of galaxies.&nbsp;



Moreover, the alignment of microlensing stars opens a window into the physical properties and behaviors of distant stellar populations.



By studying the brightness and color changes of these stars, astronomers can gain insights into the dynamics of galaxy clusters and the conditions that influence star formation and survival in the early universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



The Dragon Arc is just the beginning. Future observations using JWST are expected to uncover even more stars in distant galaxies, enabling detailed studies of their life cycles and interactions. 



These efforts could yield hundreds of individual stellar profiles, expanding our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a> over billions of years.



“By observing the same galaxy multiple times, we can spot stars in distant galaxies because they appear to pop in and out of existence,” Fudamoto explained.&nbsp;



This technique, combined with the natural magnification effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/webb-telescope-finds-a-second-lensed-supernova-in-a-distant-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational lensing</a>, could revolutionize our approach to studying the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-the-mysteries-of-the-universe">Unlocking the mysteries of the universe</h2>



This landmark discovery demonstrates the immense potential of JWST and gravitational lensing to push the boundaries of observational astronomy.&nbsp;



By resolving individual stars billions of light-years away, scientists are unraveling some of the universe's greatest mysteries, from the nature of dark matter to the intricate dynamics of galactic evolution.



This study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02432-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>, paves the way for a deeper exploration of the cosmos, providing a foundation for future studies that will continue to expand humanity’s understanding of our place in the universe.



Image Credit: NASA



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Dragon Arc: Webb telescope captures the most distant stars ever seen

Using the extraordinary capabilities of NASA’s Webb Telescope and the...

In a fast-paced, digitized world, excessive screen time among children is a rising concern - but it seems nature has something to say about it. 



A study from the University of Michigan indicates that the secret to pulling children away from screens might be as simple as offering them access to green spaces.



The study emphasizes that community programs aiming to reduce screen time work more effectively when children have access to local green spaces such as parks, forests, and lawns.



"Neighborhood green spaces may draw children out of the house and give them an alternative space to engage in activities other than screen time," explained study lead author Ian-Marshall Lang from U-M's School of Kinesiology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-excessive-screen-time">Dangers of excessive screen time</h2>



Excessive screen time has become a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/swedish-pediatricians-no-screen-time-for-children-under-two/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growing concern for children</a> worldwide. Experts recommend no more than two hours of recreational screen use per day for children aged 6 to 17. 



However, about two-thirds of children exceed this limit. Prolonged screen use can contribute to various issues, including reduced physical activity, disrupted sleep patterns, and increased risks of obesity and mental health challenges.



Children who spend more time on screens often miss opportunities to engage in healthier activities like outdoor play, social interactions, and physical exercise. These behaviors are vital for their physical, emotional, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-too-much-screen-time-struggle-to-gain-language-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive development</a>. 



Despite the efforts of community programs and policies aimed at curbing screen time, many of these initiatives face challenges in effectiveness - particularly in neighborhoods lacking supportive environments like accessible green spaces.



This imbalance highlights the importance of addressing the root causes of excessive screen time, including environmental factors, to ensure all children can benefit from healthier, more balanced lifestyles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-spaces-and-screen-time">Green spaces and screen time</h2>



The study revealed that not all neighborhoods have equal access to green spaces. The researchers found that areas with higher Black and Hispanic populations often have fewer parks, open spaces, or natural areas.



The unequal distribution of green spaces creates barriers for children in these neighborhoods to engage in outdoor activities, impacting their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-screen-time-changes-the-brain-based-on-23-years-of-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health and well-being</a>.



The researchers explored why some community programs show varying success across racial and ethnic groups. 



"National research shows racial and ethnic inequities in green space availability. These unfair differences in green space access might explain why community programs and policies are less effective in reducing screen time among different racial groups," said Lang.



The findings emphasize the importance of creating equitable, supportive environments. Merely increasing program intensity won't solve the issue without addressing environmental barriers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-public-policy">Implications for public policy</h2>



The study suggests that improving access to green spaces could bolster the success of these programs. 



Initiatives like the 10-Minute Walk Program - which aims to ensure access to quality parks within a 10-minute walk for all U.S. residents - offer promising solutions.



"Our findings provide evidence-based support for initiatives to address inequities in green space access and promote healthier communities," noted Lang.



This research adds to a growing body of evidence that shows how unequal access to green spaces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-screen-time-affect-preteens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affects health</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-equitable-access-to-green-spaces">Equitable access to green spaces </h2>



Communities with fewer parks or outdoor areas often see poorer health outcomes, including higher rates of screen time among children. Green spaces encourage physical activity, which can reduce reliance on screens and improve overall well-being.



The study emphasizes the need for targeted action by policymakers, urban planners, and community organizations to address these inequities. By investing in equitable access to green spaces, such as parks and recreational areas, we can create environments that support healthier habits for children. 



This approach of increasing access to green spaces not only promotes physical activity but also strengthens the effectiveness of community programs aimed at reducing screen time. 



Addressing these disparities ensures that all children, regardless of their neighborhood or background, have the opportunity to lead healthier lives.



The research was supported by the&nbsp;National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute&nbsp;and other NIH organizations. Co-authors included experts from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.umich.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, the&nbsp;<a href="https://sc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Carolina</a>, and the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ku.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829224001692?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Health &amp; Place</a>.



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Green spaces are key to reducing kids' screen time

In a fast-paced, digitized world, excessive screen time among children...

When it comes to New Year's health resolutions, we often focus on the usual suspects: exercise routines, plant-based diets, better sleep, and stress management. But there's one crucial health habit that often flies under the radar - proper hydration.



While it might not be as trendy as the latest workout program or diet plan, staying well-hydrated is arguably one of the easiest and most impactful changes you can make for your health. 



The benefits are remarkable: improved blood pressure, better diabetes management, enhanced joint health, and even migraine relief, not to mention that coveted skin glow we all desire.



“Staying optimally hydrated is a relatively easy lifestyle modification with potentially significant benefit: a longer disease-free life,” said Natalia Dmitrieva, a research scientist in the Laboratory of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine at the <a href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute</a> in Bethesda, Maryland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-americans-are-chronically-dehydrated">Most Americans are chronically dehydrated</h2>



Here's a sobering fact: more than half of Americans don't meet the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-we-really-need-to-drink-eight-cups-of-water-daily/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recommended daily water intake</a>. Women should aim for 8-10 cups daily, while men need 10-12 cups. 



The problem isn't just about forgetting to drink water – it's that many of us don't actively think about hydration until we're already thirsty.



"Thirst often occurs when we are already under-hydrated, meaning the harmful effects of insufficient hydration may have already begun," noted Dmitrieva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effortless-hydration-by-habit-stacking">Effortless hydration by habit stacking</h2>



Incorporating more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bottled-water-has-become-a-global-scourge-wreaking-environmental-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> into your day doesn’t need to be difficult. You can use a simple technique called habit stacking. 



This means pairing water consumption with routines you already do every day, making it easy to create a sustainable hydration habit.



Here’s how it works:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Morning coffee ritual: As you wait for your coffee to brew, drink a full glass of water. This jumpstarts your hydration first thing in the morning.</li>



<li>Dog walking: Take a water bottle with you on your walk and aim to finish it by the time you get home. It’s a great way to hydrate while staying active.</li>



<li>Lunch break: Use the time while your food heats up to drink a glass of water. It’s simple and helps you stay consistent.</li>



<li>Desk work: Combine short stretching breaks with a quick glass of water. It refreshes both your body and mind.</li>
</ul>



This approach leverages routines you already follow, making it easier to build a lasting habit of staying hydrated. Small, intentional steps like these can lead to big health benefits over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydration-beyond-plain-water">Hydration beyond plain water</h2>



Meeting your daily hydration needs doesn’t mean you have to stick to the habit of drinking only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-4-4-billion-people-lack-access-to-safe-drinking-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plain water</a>. The&nbsp;CDC recognizes several alternatives&nbsp;that can help you stay hydrated while adding variety to your routine. Here are some options:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Plain coffee or tea: These beverages count toward your hydration goals when consumed without added sugars.</li>



<li>Sparkling water and seltzers: Fizzy drinks can be a refreshing way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrate</a>, especially for those who enjoy carbonation.</li>



<li>Flavored waters (unsweetened): Naturally flavored waters without added sugars or artificial sweeteners offer a tasty twist</li>
</ul>



Even certain foods can contribute to your daily water intake. "Examples include tomatoes, cucumbers, oranges and lettuce, all of which can significantly contribute to your daily water intake," said Dmitrieva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-strategies-to-build-a-hydration-habit">Simple strategies to build a hydration habit</h2>



Want a practical approach to ensure proper hydration? 



"One effective strategy is to fill a 32-ounce bottle with water in the morning and make sure to drink it throughout the day, in addition to any other beverages consumed during meals or coffee breaks," said Dmitrieva.



"At the end of the day, assess whether you've consumed an additional 4-6 cups of water. If not, refill the bottle and drink more before the day ends."



On days with intense physical activity or prolonged exposure to heat, you'll need to increase this amount accordingly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-increased-water-intake">Benefits of increased water intake</h2>



The habit of proper hydration might not have the same excitement as starting a gym membership or experimenting with trendy superfoods, but it plays a crucial role in maintaining good health. It’s a simple, affordable, and low-effort habit that offers significant benefits for your body and mind.



This year, as you set your health goals, think about prioritizing hydration. By drinking enough water daily, you support vital functions like digestion, joint health, and energy levels. It’s one of the easiest wellness changes you can make and sustain over time.



The best habits are those you can stick with consistently. Staying hydrated doesn’t require drastic lifestyle changes, fancy equipment, or extra expenses - just small, consistent efforts.



Making hydration a daily priority is a straightforward way to invest in your long-term health. 



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Looking for a New Year's resolution? Make hydration a habit

When it comes to New Year's health resolutions, we often...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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