Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-landscape-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains</h2>



"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rainbow-mountains">The Rainbow Mountains</h2>



One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. 



The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "colorful mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance.&nbsp;They are also known as the Rainbow Mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains">Wildlife of the Aladaghlar Mountains </h2>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-ecosystems-are-in-urgent-need-of-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. 



The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a>.



Among the larger mammals, the mountains host species such as brown bears, Persian leopards, and wild goats. The Aladaghlar Mountains also support smaller mammals, including foxes, hares, and various rodent species.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-influence-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birdlife</a> is abundant, including eagles, falcons, and a variety of songbirds. Reptiles like lizards and snakes are commonly found in the more humid areas, as well as amphibians.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-the-region">Cultural significance of the region</h2>



In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. 



Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geology-of-the-aladaghlar-mountains-nbsp">Geology of the Aladaghlar Mountains&nbsp;</h2>



The geological history of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mountains</a> is a fascinating tale of millions of years of natural processes.



The Aladaghlar Mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have accumulated over millions of years. These sediments include sandstones, siltstones, shales, and conglomerates.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mineral-deposition-nbsp">Mineral deposition&nbsp;</h3>



The varying colors of the Aladaghlar Mountains are largely due to the presence of different minerals in the sedimentary layers. For example, red and orange hues are typically due to iron oxides, while greens can result from copper compounds.



These minerals were deposited in the sedimentary rocks through processes such as chemical precipitation, biological activity, and the weathering of parent rocks.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tectonic-activity">Tectonic activity</h3>



The region has experienced significant tectonic activity due to its location near the convergent boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates. This tectonic activity has caused the uplift and folding of the sedimentary layers, creating the mountain range.



The compression and folding associated with tectonic movements have also contributed to the exposure of the colorful strata that were originally deposited horizontally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-and-weathering">Erosion and weathering</h3>



Over time, erosion and weathering processes have played a crucial role in shaping the Aladaghlar Mountains. 



Wind, water, and temperature variations have eroded the softer rock layers more quickly than the harder ones, creating the distinctive ridges and valleys seen today.



These erosive processes have also helped to expose the underlying layers, revealing the vibrant colors and intricate patterns that attract tourists and geologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tales and legends</h2>



One of the most famous tales associated with the Aladaghlar Mountains is that of a hidden treasure buried deep within the mountains by an ancient Persian king.&nbsp;



According to legend, the treasure is guarded by mystical creatures and can only be found by someone pure of heart and brave enough to face the challenges of the mountain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The shepherd and the fairy</h3>



Another local legend tells the story of a young shepherd who fell in love with a fairy he encountered in the Aladaghlar Mountains. The fairy granted the shepherd three wishes, but warned him that the wishes would come with consequences.&nbsp;



Despite the warning, the shepherd made his wishes, which ultimately led to his downfall, serving as a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The healing springs</h3>



The Aladaghlar Mountains are also said to be home to a spring with magical healing properties. According to folklore, those who bathe in the spring or drink its water are cured of all ailments.&nbsp;



However, the location of the spring is a closely guarded secret, known only to a few wise elders in the nearby villages.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The spirit of the mountain&nbsp;</h3>



Some locals believe that the Aladaghlar Mountains are inhabited by a protective spirit, who watches over the land and its people.&nbsp;



This spirit is said to bring good fortune to those who respect the mountain and its natural beauty, but misfortune to those who exploit or harm it.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



—--



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.

The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges. Landscape of the Aladaghlar Mountains "Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA. "Natural processes...

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features Klinaklini Glacier, located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada.



Klinaklini Glacier is notable for its size and the role it plays in the regional environment. It is part of a larger system of glaciers and ice fields in the area, which are critical for their contribution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> resources and their influence on local climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-klinaklini-glacier-and-climate-change">Klinaklini Glacier and climate change</h2>



Klinaklini is particularly interesting due to its dynamics and response to climate change. Like many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> around the world, it is being closely monitored for changes in its size, flow, and overall health. 



Glaciers in the Coast Mountains, including Klinaklini, have been studied for their response to global warming, with many showing signs of retreat and reduced ice mass.



"Decades of satellite images of western Canada make it clear that the region’s glaciers are shrinking and that the rate of ice loss is accelerating," said <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"In 1984, there were 14,329 glaciers in British Columbia and Alberta that were large enough to detect with sensors on the Landsat 5 satellite."



"By 2020, nearly 8 percent of them - 1,141 glaciers - had shrunk so much that newer Landsat sensors could no longer distinguish them, according to research conducted by University of Northern British Columbia glaciologists Alexandre Bevington and Brian Menounos."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-the-klinaklini-glacier">Ecological role of the Klinaklini Glacier </h2>



Klinaklini Glacier also plays a crucial role in the local ecosystem. It feeds into the Klinaklini River, which is an important waterway for the region. 



The river supports a variety of wildlife, including salmon populations that are vital both ecologically and economically for local communities.



Studies conducted on and around the Klinaklini Glacier contribute to the understanding of glaciology, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-glaciers-will-lose-half-of-their-volume-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, and hydrology. 



This research is essential for predicting future changes in the glacier and for understanding the broader impacts of climate change on glacial systems globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coast-mountains-of-british-columbia">Coast Mountains of British Columbia </h2>



The Coast Mountains of British Columbia are a striking and expansive mountain range forming part of the Pacific Coast Ranges in western North America. 



Stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers from the Fraser River near Vancouver in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north, the range is known for its rugged beauty and significant ecological and cultural importance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography-of-the-mountains">Geography of the mountains</h3>



Geographically, the Coast Mountains are positioned between the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Interior Plateau to the east.



They are divided into three main sections: the Pacific Ranges in the south, the Kitimat Ranges in the central region, and the Boundary Ranges in the north, which extend into Alaska and Yukon. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-processes">Geological processes</h3>



The range's dramatic landscapes include steep peaks, fjords, and valleys carved by ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-release-vast-quantities-of-unknown-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, highlighting the lasting influence of glaciation on the region.



Geologically, the Coast Mountains are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, formed by volcanic and tectonic activity. 



Their granitic composition is a result of millions of years of geological processes. Mount Waddington, the highest peak in the range at 4,019 meters, stands as a notable landmark in the Pacific Ranges.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-and-wildlife">Climate and wildlife</h3>



The climate of the Coast Mountains varies significantly depending on location. The western slopes are characterized by a temperate rainforest climate, with high levels of precipitation brought by moist Pacific air. 



In contrast, the eastern slopes are drier, with semi-arid conditions in some areas. This climatic diversity supports a wide range of ecosystems, from lush coastal rainforests to alpine tundra. 



The region is home to diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-recreation-noise-triggers-fear-response-in-wildlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, including black bears, grizzly bears, mountain goats, and numerous bird species.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreation-and-culture">Recreation and culture</h3>



The Coast Mountains are a popular destination for recreation and tourism. Activities such as hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and mountaineering draw visitors from around the world - particularly to destinations like Whistler, a renowned resort town in the Pacific Ranges. 



The fjords and valleys of the range provide opportunities for kayaking, fishing, and scenic exploration.



Indigenous peoples, including the Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, and Squamish, have lived in and around the Coast Mountains for millennia. 



These groups maintain a deep connection to the land, reflected in their stories, traditions, and art. The mountains are not only a physical presence but also a vital cultural and spiritual landscape.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.



-----

Klinaklini Glacier in British Columbia

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

The Sinai Peninsula in Egypt Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the southwestern region of the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. The peninsula serves as a land bridge between Asia and Africa.

According to <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=nasa&amp;cvid=f179067c876a4fe0a8d9cf7192a2d4e2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.535j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">NASA,</a> humans have inhabited Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula since prehistoric times and there are still traces of some of the peninsula’s earliest inhabitants, from fragments of an ancient alphabet to remnants of turquoise mines.

The Sinai Peninsula has a dry desert climate, yet is a mountainous region with a relatively high elevation, which makes it one of the cooler parts of Egypt. Its modern <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Arabic%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">Arabic</a> name is سِينَاء Sīnāʼ (<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=Egyptian%20Arabic%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">Egyptian Arabic</a> سينا Sīna; IPA: . The modern Arabic is an adoption of the biblical name, the 19th-century Arabic designation of Sinai was Jebel el-Tūr, which the name of the mountain is derived from a small town called <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=El%20Tor%2C%20Egypt%20wikipedia&amp;form=WIKIRE">El-Tor</a> 

The image was captured on March 11, 2021 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8. The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai, is a peninsula in <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/sharm-el-sheikh-from-space/">Egypt</a>, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Africa. Sinai has a land area of about 60,000 km² and a population of approximately 600,000 people. Administratively, the vast majority of the area of the Sinai Peninsula is divided into two governorates: the South Sinai Governorate and the North Sinai Governorate. Three other governorates span the Suez Canal, crossing into African Egypt: Suez Governorate on the southern end of the Suez Canal, Ismailia Governorate in the center, and Port Said Governorate in the north.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The Sinai Peninsula in Egypt

The Sinai Peninsula in Egypt Today's Image of the Day...

Intense dust storm covers Beijing in thick brown sand Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a glimpse of the largest and strongest dust storm to hit Beijing in a decade. In addition to its enormous intensity, the dust storm arrived exceptionally early in the season. 

The storm left Beijing covered in thick brown sand on Monday after strong winds blew in from the Taklamakan Desert in northwest <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=china&amp;cvid=110e6a63c6c648d6b348b90ca95a6cbf&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.1615j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">China</a>.

Intense dust storm covers Beijing in thick brown sand Heavy dust storms also hit nearby Mongolia. According to China's state news agency Xinhua, at least 341 people have been reported missing.

According to NASA, the Taklamakan Desert is a major source of airborne dust that can travel especially high and far on the strong winds of spring. The dust moved east for thousands of kilometers from the Taklamakan.

“Using NASA’s satellite data, we’re able to track the dust’s pathways,” said Hiren Jethva, a scientist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. 

The dust stayed close to the ground, greatly diminishing the air quality in Beijing. The sky turned orange, and visibility dropped to less than 3,280 feet.

Jethva noted that it is uncommon for dust storms to grow so large so fast. There were no signs of dust in satellite images from March 14. A day later, the storm was severe and widespread. 

The dust is visible in the image, which was captured on March 15, 2021 by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Intense dust storm covers Beijing in thick brown sand

Intense dust storm covers Beijing in thick brown sand Today's...

Ol Doinyo Lengai has some of the world's fastest lava Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features a unique stratovolcano in Tanzania called Ol Doinyo Lengai, which is known to the local Maasai people as the “Mountain of God.”

The photograph was taken by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station (ISS). It captures lava flows formed by previous volcanic activity. Ol Doinyo Lengai (Oldoinyo Lengai), "Mountain of God" in the Maasai language, is an active volcano located in the Gregory Rift, south of Lake Natron within the Arusha Region of Tanzania, Africa.Part of the volcanic system of the East African Rift, it uniquely produces natrocarbonatite lava.The 1960 eruption of Ol Doinyo Lengai led to geological investigations that finally confirmed the view 

According to the ESA, is the only active volcano known to emit natrocarbonatite, a rare type of volcanic rock that is rich in sodium, potassium, and calcium carbonate, but low in silica. The lack of silica gives the lava a lower viscosity, and Ol Doinyo Lengai has some of the fastest lava flows in the world. 

The light-colored ash cone and crater that sits on top of the volcano’s summit is the site of its most recent activity. 

Ol Doinyo Lengai formed in response to the development of the East African Rift system and has been active on and off for the past 15,000 years. This region of Africa has been tectonically active for more than 25 million years.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Ol Doinyo Lengai has some of the world's fastest lava

Ol Doinyo Lengai has some of the world's fastest lava...

Big, Beautiful and Blue

Young blue stars light up the spiral galaxy NGC 2336 Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Sets/Earth_observation_image_of_the_week/(offset)/50/(sortBy)/published/(result_type)/images">European Space Agency</a> features NGC 2336, a spiral galaxy that is 100 million light years from Earth in the constellation Camelopardalis. 

The spiral arms of NGC 2336 are dotted with young, bright blue stars, while the stars in the central red portion of the galaxy are older. The galaxy is so large that it stretches across 200,000 light-years.

NGC 2336 was discovered in 1876 by German astronomer Wilhelm Tempel. The image was captured on by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. 

NGC 2336 is a <a title="Barred spiral galaxy" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy">barred spiral galaxy</a>, featuring a small optical bar. At least 8 spiral arms, with numerous <a class="mw-redirect" title="HII region" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HII_region">HII regions</a>, emanate from the ring-like structure around the bar. This ring has a radius of approximately 34 arcseconds, which corresponds to 5.3 kpc at the distance of NGC 2336.

In the large arms of the galaxy have been observed 28 HII regions that may host young massive <a title="Star cluster" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster">star clusters</a>, and for two of them the nebular emission comprises most of the flux. Three of these HII areas have ages calculated to be 100 to 300 million years and have sizes between 300 and 600 parsecs. It is suggested they are star complexes that may coexist with younger ones. The most massive of the HII regions, number 13, has a mass estimated to be (550±169)×104 <a title="Solar mass" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"><var>M</var>☉</a> and is 2,600 <a title="Light-year" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-year">ly</a> (810 <a title="Parsec" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec">pc</a>) across. Observations in the <a title="Ultraviolet" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> showed 78 star forming regions, with two them between the spiral arms and six at the galaxy ring. Their size is comparable to <a title="" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_604">NGC 604</a>, one of the largest <a title="Nebula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula">nebulae</a> in the <a title="Local Group" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Group">Local Group</a>. <a title="Star formation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_formation">Star formation</a> is more intense in the inner parts of the arms and at the ring

Image Credit: ESA 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Young blue stars light up the spiral galaxy NGC 2336

Young blue stars light up the spiral galaxy NGC 2336...

The Gateway to the Arctic in Tromsø, Norway Today's Image of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Sets/Earth_observation_image_of_the_week/(offset)/50/(sortBy)/published/(result_type)/images">European Space Agency</a> features Tromsø, the largest city in northern Norway. The false-color image was processed so that vegetation appears red, while the snow is visible in white. 

Most of Tromsø is on the island of Tromsøya, which is about 217 miles north of the Arctic Circle, and the city is often caked the "Gateway to the Arctic."

The region falls into total darkness during part of the winter months. After the Sun sets in late November, it cannot be seen again until it rises in January.

Tromsø is best known as an ideal place for viewing the northern lights. The historic city center is distinguished by its centuries-old wooden houses.Tromsø: Norway’s gateway to the Arctic At 69°N, TromsØ, Northern Norway’s largest city, lies far north of the Arctic Circle. At this latitude winter means twenty-four hours of darkness, while summer boasts the midnight sun. Tromsø is ideal for seeing the northern lights and has a modern mix of outdoor activities, a vibrant nightlife, and places to eat local food. In this modern city in the Arctic, nature and culture go hand in hand. Tromsø has many activities on offer, from an aquarium and several quality museums to the world’s northernmost botanical garden.

The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite on October 15, 2019.

Image Credit: ESA 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The Gateway to the Arctic in Tromsø, Norway

The Gateway to the Arctic in Tromsø, Norway Today's Image...

The Outer Banks of North Carolina. Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features Bodie Island, which is a narrow barrier peninsula that forms the northernmost part of the Outer Banks, North Carolina.

Bodie Island, which separates the Atlantic Ocean from the Albemarle Sound, includes the towns of Kitty Hawk and Kill Devil Hills.

The Wright Brothers National Memorial is located on top of Big Kill Devil Hill, the tallest dune which once stood about 100 feet tall. The surrounding smaller dunes, which were about 40 feet tall, were destroyed by a hurricane in 1912. 

While Big Kill Devil Hill survived the storm, the powerful winds caused it to shift about 450 feet to the southwest. The Outer Banks of North Carolina

When the Wright Brothers made the journey to the Outer Banks to conduct their famous gliding experiments in 1900, Kitty Hawk consisted of just a few houses, a U.S. Lifesaving Service station, and a U.S. Weather Bureau station. Today, more than 3,500 people are permanent residents of Kitty Hawk and Kill Devil Hills has a population of over 7,000. The Outer Banks (frequently abbreviated OBX) are a 200-mile (320 km) string of <a title="Barrier island" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_island">barrier islands</a> and spits off the coast of North Carolina and southeastern <a title="Virginia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia">Virginia</a>, on the east coast of the <a title="United States" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a>. They line most of the North Carolina coastline, separating <a title="Currituck Sound" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currituck_Sound">Currituck Sound</a>, Albemarle Sound, and <a title="Pamlico Sound" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamlico_Sound">Pamlico Sound</a> from the Atlantic Ocean. A major tourist destination, the Outer Banks are known for their wide expanse of open beachfront and the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. The seashore and surrounding ecosystem are important biodiversity zones, including beach grasses and shrubland that help maintain the form of the land.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

The Outer Banks of North Carolina

The Outer Banks of North Carolina. Today's Image of the...

Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> shows algae blooms in Lake Burrinjuck and the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales.

Lake Burrinjuck attracts people for fishing and water skiing this time of year in Australia, but authorities have issued warnings to stay out of the water since late January 2021.

Blue-green algae, which is also known as cyanobacteria, appear as greenish clumps on the surface of the water.

Algae blooms can be fatal for pets, and can cause illness such as vomiting and stomach issues in humans. The algae also poses a threat to the lake's fish, such as the golden perch, Murray cod, and rainbow trout.

According to NASA, if the concentrations of algae and bacteria are high enough, the process can deplete oxygen concentrations in the water and cause fish to suffocate.

State-owned water supplier WaterNSW said the algae blooms are somewhat unusual since the lake is located in a cooler part of the state and the Burrinjuck Dam recently received a large inflow of water. However, the inflows may have carried in nutrients from other areas.

The image was captured on February 10,2021 by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Burrinjuck in New South Wales covered with algae

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory shows...

Two continents meet along the Mediterranean coastline Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the intersection of two continents captured from the International Space Station (ISS) through a fisheye lens.

Astronaut Andrew Morgan shot this wide-angle photograph of the Mediterranean coastline, which includes the Nile Delta in <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=africa&amp;cvid=1f2478b553ab466ab4666089eb229902&amp;aqs=edge.0.0l7.1031j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Africa</a>, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Levant in southwest Asia.

The Nile Delta is one of the largest river deltas in the world and is characterized by rich, agricultural land that contrasts with the surrounding desert. The Mediterranean Sea is a <a title="Sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea">sea</a> connected to the <a title="Atlantic Ocean" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, surrounded by the <a title="Mediterranean Basin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by <a title="Western Europe" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe">Western</a> and <a title="Southern Europe" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</a> and <a title="Anatolia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the <a title="Levant" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant">Levant</a>. The Sea has played a central role in the history of Western civilization. Although the Mediterranean is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is usually referred to as a separate body of water. Geological evidence indicates that around 5.9 million years ago, the Mediterranean was cut off from the Atlantic and was partly or completely <a class="mw-redirect" title="Desiccated" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccated">desiccated</a> over a period of some 600,000 years during the <a title="Messinian salinity crisis" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a> before being refilled by the <a title="Zanclean flood" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclean_flood">Zanclean flood</a> about 5.3 million years ago.

According to NASA, the Nile Delta has been the center of agriculture in the region for thousands of years. 

The Levant region consists of present-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine. Overall, the Mediterranean coastline includes 21 countries with a cumulative length of about 29,000 miles.

Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory 

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Two continents meet along the Mediterranean coastline

Two continents meet along the Mediterranean coastline Today's Image of...

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a rapidly growing problem. Each year, the world generates approximately 50 million tons of this type of waste.



It's alarming to note that only 20% of e-waste is recycled, while the rest finds its way to landfills or incineration - both of which contribute to environmental pollution.



However, scientists have found a shining opportunity amid this grim reality, proving that every cloud truly has a silver (or gold) lining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-e-waste-into-gold">Transforming e-waste into gold</h2>



The idea of extracting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supergiant-gold-deposit-find-claims-to-be-the-worlds-largest-discovery-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gold</a> from electronic waste is not new. It is estimated that a ton of electronic waste contains at least 10 times more gold than a ton of regular ore from which gold is mined.



But the devil is in the detail, or in this case, in the gold extraction process. Traditional techniques involve using harsh toxins like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanide-may-have-contributed-to-the-emergence-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cyanide</a>, which pose major environmental risks.



Yet, scientists at the <a href="https://cals.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell</a> have devised an ingenious solution that is eco-friendly and doubly beneficial.



The new method does not just extract gold from e-waste, it also uses the precious metal to convert carbon dioxide (CO2), a key greenhouse gas, into useful chemicals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extracting-gold-with-precision">Extracting gold with precision </h2>



The research, led by postdoc researcher Amin Zadehnazari, is rooted in the creation of vinyl-linked covalent organic frameworks (VCOFs).



These VCOFs are designed to pick out gold ions and nanoparticles from the intricate circuit boards found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-e-waste-millions-of-tons-discarded-in-the-us-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discarded electronic devices</a>, and they do so with remarkable precision and efficiency.



One of the VCOFs was found to capture a whopping 99.9% of the gold, leaving behind other metals like nickel and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/copper-industry-of-king-solomons-era-didnt-harm-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">copper</a>.



“We can then use the gold-loaded COFs to convert CO2 into useful chemicals,” noted Zadehnazari. “By transforming &nbsp;CO2 into value-added materials, we not only reduce waste disposal demands, we also provide both environmental and practical benefits. It’s kind of a win-win for the environment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-greener-future">Building a greener future</h2>



The unique properties of the VCOFs lie in their building blocks - tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and tetraphenylethylene (TPE). 



Tetrathiafulvalene is rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sulfur-may-have-played-key-role-origin-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sulfur</a>, which makes it a natural magnet for gold. TTF also demonstrated an amazing endurance, withstanding 16 washings and reuses without showing significant loss of adsorption efficiency.



Another fascinating aspect of this method is its ability to convert CO2 into organic matter under ambient CO2 pressure at 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit), a result of carboxylation.



This process doubles the benefit of the technique, as it is not just extracting precious metal but also reducing the levels of a potent greenhouse gas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selectively-capturing-gold-from-e-waste">Selectively capturing gold from e-waste </h2>



Study co-author Alireza Abbaspourrad, a professor of food chemistry and ingredient technology, emphasized the importance of this selective recovery.



“Knowing how much gold and other precious metals go into these types of electronics devices, being able to recover them in a way where you can selectively capture the metal you want - in this case, gold - is very important,” said Abbaspourrad.



As we face a future burdened with 80 million metric tons of e-waste by 2030, it has become more crucial than ever to find sustainable ways of dealing with this issue.



The method developed by the Cornell team provides us with a glimmer of hope - a vision of a future where waste becomes wealth, and where our technological habits serve nature rather than harm it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-growing-challenge-of-e-waste">The growing challenge of e-waste</h2>



E-waste is more than just an environmental problem; it’s a global crisis. Rapid technological advances and shorter product lifespans have fueled an unprecedented rise in discarded electronics.



Most of the waste comes from high-income countries, but its disposal disproportionately affects lower-income countries, where lax regulations result in unsafe recycling practices.



E-waste is manually dismantled in informal sectors in many regions, often exposing workers to hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, and brominated flame retardants. 



These toxic chemicals not only harm human health but also leach into soil and water, posing long-term ecological risks.



The new VCOF technology developed at Cornell is a critical step forward in addressing the growing challenges of e-waste.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55156-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

From trash to treasure: E-waste is a literal gold mine

Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a rapidly growing problem. Each...

Wildfires have increasingly captured global attention due to their growing frequency and severity. A recent study, led by a team of Canadian forest management specialists, has highlighted fuel aridity as the dominant factor influencing burn severity in Canada’s wildfires over the past several decades.



Published in the journal Science, the research combines 40 years of wildfire data with advanced modeling techniques to shed light on the drivers behind Canada’s escalating wildfire crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-severity-of-wildfires">Increasing severity of wildfires</h2>



Wildfires are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-activity-surged-during-ice-age-climate-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">uncontrolled fires</a> that burn in forests, grasslands, or wildland areas. They often start due to lightning strikes, human negligence, or arson, and spread rapidly when fueled by dry vegetation, high temperatures, and strong winds.



While they play a natural role in ecosystems, helping to clear dead plants and promote new growth, wildfires have become more severe in recent times due to climate change and poor land management.



These fires cause widespread destruction, threatening wildlife, homes, and infrastructure, while also releasing significant carbon emissions that worsen global warming.



Effective wildfire management involves prevention, firefighting, and sustainable practices to reduce their frequency and intensity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fuel-aridity-s-role-in-wildfires">Fuel aridity's role in wildfires</h2>



The researchers set out to investigate why <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/brazils-devastating-2024-fire-season-rages-on/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> in Canada have become more intense and widespread.



To do this, they collected detailed records of wildfire occurrences over the past 40 years. This dataset included information about when, where, and how wildfires occurred, along with environmental conditions at the time, like temperature and vegetation dryness.



The experts analyzed the data using a multinomial logistic regression model. This is a statistical tool that helps identify patterns and relationships.



The researchers examined how different factors - like vegetation dryness, weather, and geography - contributed to the severity of wildfires. The model can handle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-fire-risk-has-grown-exponentially-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex situations</a> where multiple factors interact, thus helping to identify which are most important.



The study reached a critical finding: the dryness of vegetation, known as fuel aridity, plays the most significant role in how severe a wildfire becomes. 



In simpler terms, drier trees and plants burn more intensely, making wildfires more destructive. This insight highlights the importance of managing vegetation, especially as climate change makes conditions drier in many areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seasonal-and-regional-variations">Seasonal and regional variations</h2>



The study revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intense-forest-fires-leave-scorched-earth-heating-the-planet-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> are not the same across seasons and regions in Canada. Wildfires during the summer were found to be the most severe. 



This is likely due to drier conditions caused by rising temperatures and reduced rainfall over the past two decades. These arid conditions make vegetation highly flammable, which leads to more intense fires.



However, the researchers observed that the factors influencing wildfires, such as fuel aridity and weather conditions, varied depending on the specific geography of the region. 



For example, some areas might experience more severe fires due to extreme dryness, while others might be affected by wind patterns or local vegetation types.



This variation shows that wildfire behavior is complex and depends on a combination of local environmental factors - making it essential to develop wildfire management strategies based on each region's unique conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-context-and-global-implications">Broader context and global implications</h2>



Jianbang Gan, a researcher from <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, provided additional relevance to the study by placing its findings in a global context. In a companion article, Gan highlighted how wildfire drivers vary significantly across different parts of the world.



For example, in the United States, strong winds often spread wildfires by carrying embers far ahead of the flames, thus igniting new areas. In places like Russia and Australia, massive forest losses play a key role in shaping wildfire behavior.



Gan stressed the importance of understanding these regional differences to create effective wildfire management strategies. Since the causes and conditions of wildfires differ from one region to another, a one-size-fits-all approach will not work. 



Instead, strategies must be designed to address the specific factors driving wildfires in each area, such as fuel aridity, wind patterns, or vegetation types. This localized approach is essential to mitigate wildfire risks and their devastating impacts effectively .



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-climate-change">Role of climate change</h2>



As the planet gets warmer due to climate change, the factors that make wildfires worse are becoming more intense. Rising temperatures dry out vegetation, turning trees, shrubs, and grass into highly flammable fuel. 



Stronger winds, another effect of changing weather patterns, spread fires more quickly and unpredictably. These conditions combine to create wildfires that are larger, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-wildfires-are-gaining-even-more-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">move faster</a>, and are harder to control.



The damage caused by wildfires extends far beyond burned forests and destroyed homes and infrastructure.



When vegetation burns, it releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. This adds to the buildup of greenhouse gases and further accelerates global warming.



In this way, wildfires create a dangerous cycle: climate change makes wildfires worse, and the wildfires, in turn, contribute to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-fuel-aridity-to-control-wildfires">Addressing fuel aridity to control wildfires</h2>



The study highlights the urgent need to address fuel aridity through sustainable forest management and climate mitigation efforts.



As wildfires continue to grow in intensity, actionable insights like these are vital for protecting ecosystems, communities, and the planet as a whole. 



Understanding the intricate relationships between wildfire drivers and outcomes is a critical step in adapting to a hotter, more fire-prone world.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, alongside a companion <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu5463" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perspective</a> article.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Experts have identified the key driver of severe wildfires in Canada

Wildfires have increasingly captured global attention due to their growing...

Every atom of carbon in your body has an incredible story to tell. Before becoming part of you, the carbon atom likely spent time not just in other living things, but also floating in the vast spaces between stars.



And now, scientists have discovered something remarkable about this cosmic journey - these carbon atoms don't just drift aimlessly through space. They're part of a massive galactic recycling system that keeps our universe's star-forming factories running.



The remarkable research comes from a team led by Samantha Garza, a doctoral candidate at the University of Washington. 



The findings shed new light on how galaxies, like our Milky Way, maintain their ability to form new stars through a complex system of cosmic circulation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-and-the-human-body-the-basics">Carbon and the human body -- the basics</h2>



Carbon atoms are like the building blocks of life, making up a huge part of the human body. In fact, about 18% of your body weight comes from carbon. 



Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules, which include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-building-blocks-of-life-replicate-on-their-own/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nucleic acids</a> like DNA. These molecules are essential for everything your body does, from carrying energy to building cells. 



For example, glucose, a simple sugar made of carbon atoms, is one of the main sources of energy for your cells. Without carbon, none of these vital molecules would exist.



When you breathe in oxygen, your body uses it to break down carbon-based molecules in a process called metabolism. This process releases energy that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-metabolism-has-evolved-to-become-energetically-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">your body needs to function</a>. 



At the same time, carbon atoms are also involved in the removal of waste through exhaling carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a byproduct of metabolism. Your body works hard to maintain a balance of carbon by taking it in through food and releasing it as waste.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conveyor-belt-in-space-cycles-carbon">Conveyor belt in space cycles carbon </h2>



Galaxies have their own version of the Earth's water cycle, but instead of water they cycle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-detect-molecules-that-store-carbon-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elements</a>, like carbon and oxygen, through the circumgalactic medium.



It's like a massive conveyor belt system that extends far beyond the visible edges of galaxies, pushing material out into space and then drawing it back in.



"Think of the circumgalactic medium as a giant train station," Garza said.



"It is constantly pushing material out and pulling it back in. The heavy elements that stars make get pushed out of their host galaxy and into the circumgalactic medium through their explosive supernovae deaths, where they can eventually get pulled back in and continue the cycle of star and planet formation," she explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-carbon-atoms-in-space">Detecting carbon atoms in space</h2>



This discovery builds on a breakthrough from 2011 when scientists first confirmed that star-forming galaxies are surrounded by this circumgalactic medium. 



Back then, the experts found hot, oxygen-rich gases in this region. Now, Garza's team has shown that cooler materials, particularly carbon, are also part of this cosmic recycling stream.



The scale of this system is mind-boggling. Using the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/hubble/observatory/design/cosmic-origins-spectrograph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cosmic Origins Spectrograph</a> on the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, the team detected carbon extending nearly 400,000 light-years into space - that's four times the diameter of our entire galaxy. 



The experts made these measurements by studying how light from distant quasars (incredibly bright cosmic objects) was affected by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon-rich material</a> in the circumgalactic medium of 11 different star-forming galaxies in space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-traveled-outside-of-our-galaxy">Carbon traveled outside of our galaxy</h2>



"The same carbon in our bodies most likely spent a significant amount of time outside of the galaxy!" noted Jessica Werk, a professor and chair of the Department of Astronomy at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, who co-authored the study.



This recycling system might hold the key to understanding why some galaxies eventually stop forming new stars. 



Think of it like a city's recycling program - if the collection and processing system breaks down, new products can't be made from the recycled materials. 



Similarly, if a galaxy's circumgalactic medium stops cycling materials like carbon effectively, star formation in space could grind to a halt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-star-formation">Future of star formation</h2>



"If you can keep the cycle going - pushing material out and pulling it back in - then theoretically you have enough fuel to keep star formation going," noted Garza.



But what happens when this cycle slows down or stops? That's one of the next big questions researchers hope to answer.



The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, opens up new avenues for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-space-station-observes-something-unknown-55-miles-above-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> evolution. 



The research team included scientists from institutions across the U.S. and Canada. The experts are now working to quantify other elements in the circumgalactic medium and compare how the composition of active star-forming galaxies differs from those that have mostly stopped making new stars in space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-vast-carbon-recycling-system">A vast carbon recycling system</h2>



The research reminds us that we're part of something much bigger than ourselves. The atoms that make up our bodies aren't just stardust - they are active participants in an ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-nasa-plans-to-keep-people-in-space-after-the-iss-is-gone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic cycle</a> of creation and renewal.



Each time you take a breath, you're breathing in carbon atoms that might have once been part of this vast space recycling system.



The study was supported by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, demonstrating the continued importance of these institutions in advancing our understanding of the universe.



As we look to the future, this work could help explain not just how galaxies like ours maintain their stellar populations, but also why some galaxies eventually transition into cosmic deserts where new stars cease to form.



The next time you look up at the night sky, remember that you're not just looking at distant stars - you're looking at a vast cosmic recycling system that has been running for billions of years, and may have played a crucial role in making you who you are today.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad9c69" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Carbon atoms in your body traveled 400,000 light-years through space before creating you

Every atom of carbon in your body has an incredible...

Sleep affects every aspect of our lives, from physical health to emotional balance. A recent study led by Dr. Marcus Harrington at the University of East Anglia (UEA) sheds light on the link between sleep deprivation, unwanted memories, and mental health problems.



Published in the&nbsp;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&nbsp;(PNAS), the research reveals how sleep impacts our brain’s ability to control intrusive thoughts - a key factor in emotional well-being.



Dr. Harrington, a lecturer at UEA's School of Psychology, worked with researchers from York, Cambridge, Sussex, and Queen's University in Canada. 



Using advanced neuroimaging, the team explored how deficits in brain function caused by sleep loss can impair memory control, and potentially trigger emotional distress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-sleep-shapes-memories">How sleep shapes memories </h2>



The study addresses a longstanding question: why do poor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sleep-day-2024-the-quest-for-a-well-rested-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep habits</a> often lead to mental health issues like anxiety and depression? 



Sleep plays a vital role in the brain’s daily rejuvenation, particularly in regions that govern memory and emotional regulation.



“Memories of unpleasant experiences can intrude into conscious awareness, often in response to reminders. For most people, these moments pass quickly. However, they become vivid and recurring for individuals with disorders like depression or PTSD,” <a href="https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/persons/marcus-harrington" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Harrington</a> explains.



Intrusive memories disrupt emotional stability, and understanding their mechanisms is crucial. This research connects memory control failures to sleep loss, and offers insights into the complex relationship between sleep and mental health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-to-the-sleep-deprived-brain">What happens to the sleep-deprived brain?</h2>



To uncover these links, the team conducted an experiment involving 85 healthy adults. Participants were divided into two groups: one spent a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-rhythms-help-strengthen-memories-during-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restful night</a> in a sleep lab, while the other stayed awake. 



The next day, both groups performed memory suppression tasks while undergoing functional MRI scans. This process helped researchers identify which brain regions activated - or failed to activate - during attempts to suppress unwanted memories.



The results were striking. Participants who slept showed greater activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - a brain region that is crucial for controlling thoughts, actions, and emotions. Conversely, those deprived of sleep exhibited reduced activity in this area.



Sleep-deprived participants also demonstrated heightened activity in the hippocampus, the brain's memory retrieval hub, during memory suppression attempts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rem-sleep-a-key-to-emotional-resilience">REM sleep: A key to emotional resilience</h2>



Among those who slept, the quality of sleep made a difference. Participants who spent more time in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep showed better engagement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during memory suppression. 



REM sleep, often associated with dreaming, appears to restore brain regions that support memory control. This discovery supports the theory that REM sleep is important in emotional regulation and mental health.



“Taken together, our findings highlight the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-increases-feelings-of-hope-happiness-and-gratitude/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical role of sleep</a> in maintaining control over both our memories and ongoing thoughts,” Dr. Harrington noted.



This insight could pave the way for new strategies to prevent and treat mental health issues linked to poor sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-for-memory-control">Sleep for memory control </h2>



Mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD, affect millions worldwide. These conditions often involve intrusive, distressing thoughts that disrupt daily life. Understanding the brain’s mechanisms for managing these thoughts can help develop targeted interventions.



This study suggests that improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a>, particularly the amount of REM sleep, could enhance memory control and emotional resilience. Therapeutic approaches focusing on sleep hygiene or enhancing REM sleep might reduce the burden of mental health disorders.



Such treatments could benefit not only individuals with diagnosed conditions but also those facing occasional stress or emotional challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-takeaways-for-better-sleep">Practical takeaways for better sleep</h2>



While the findings open doors to scientific advances, they also highlight practical actions anyone can take.



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Prioritize sleep by aiming for 7-9 hours of quality sleep per night. A consistent bedtime routine can help.</li>



<li>Create a sleep-friendly environment by keeping your bedroom dark, quiet, and cool.</li>



<li>Avoid stimulants before bed by reducing caffeine and screen time in the evening.</li>



<li>Practice relaxation techniques:&nbsp;meditation or deep breathing can prepare your mind for restful sleep.</li>
</ol>



These habits not only improve sleep but may also bolster emotional well-being by supporting the brain’s ability to manage intrusive thoughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanswered-questions-and-future-research">Unanswered questions and future research</h2>



This study raises intriguing questions about sleep’s broader role in brain function. 



Could enhancing REM sleep through technology or medication offer new treatments for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-sleep-transforms-brain-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> disorders? How might chronic sleep deprivation, such as experienced by shift workers, impact memory control over time?



Further research is needed to explore these areas, but the findings already mark significant progress. By connecting sleep, memory control, and emotional regulation, Dr. Harrington’s work offers hope for reducing the global burden of mental illness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-prevents-unwanted-memories">Sleep prevents unwanted memories</h2>



Mental health affects us all, directly or indirectly. This research invites us to think about how something as routine as sleep shapes our minds and emotions. 



If you’ve ever struggled with a sleepless night and noticed its impact on your mood, you’ve experienced a glimpse of this phenomenon.



Dr. Harrington and his team have shown that sleep is more than a break from the day - it’s a crucial process that keeps our minds resilient and balanced.



As the experts continue to unravel these connections, we may find that improving sleep habits becomes one of the simplest, most effective ways to support mental health.



The study was published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400743122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Sleep helps prevent unwanted memories from popping up

Sleep affects every aspect of our lives, from physical health...

For many, the recent anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was a time for reflection and remembrance.



The disaster took the lives of more than 220,000 people from different countries and is ranked as the deadliest tsunami in recorded history. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-indian-ocean-tsunami">Understanding the Indian Ocean tsunami </h2>



It was 20 years ago, on a seemingly ordinary day, that an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquake-activity-will-increase-due-to-glacial-retreat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquake</a> of unprecedented magnitude occurred off the western coastline of Indonesia's Sumatra island.



Standing as the longest faultline rupture from a quake ever recorded, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-fracking-linked-to-mysterious-gentle-tremors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic</a> event sent huge waves - some reaching heights of over 30 meters - sweeping across coastal regions in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand and nine other nations within the ocean basin.



Its energy release was enormous - the equivalent of 23,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs. 



The earthquake was first recorded as having a magnitude of 8.8. The United States Geological survey later revised the official magnitude of the earthquake to 9.1 with a depth of 30 kilometers.



The epicenter was located 150 miles from the Sumatran coast.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-unforeseen-tsunami-tragedy">The unforeseen tsunami tragedy</h2>



Indonesia, the world's largest archipelago, which is located in the Pacific's seismic activity hotbed known as the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-atlantic-ocean-may-ultimately-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ring of Fire</a>," suffered immensely from the tsunami.



The disaster database EM-DAT reports that 226,408 people lost their lives due to the tsunami. Northern Sumatra was the most affected region in Indonesia, where more than 120,000 people perished.



The tsunami's massive waves didn't stay contained within Indonesia. They spread across the Indian Ocean at incredible speeds - over 800 kilometers per hour - reaching countries like Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand hours later.



The death toll in these countries was also staggering - over 35,000 in Sri Lanka, 16,389 in India, and 8,345 in Thailand.



Other countries like Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, and Myanmar also reported fatalities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tsunami-aftermath-and-recovery">Tsunami aftermath and recovery</h2>



More than 1.2 million people were left displaced in the wake of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-disasters-are-on-the-rise-but-hazard-plans-are-inadequate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disaster</a>. According to the United Nations, the international community promised to commit around $14 billion in disaster relief.



The scale of destruction was enormous with hundreds of thousands of buildings reduced to rubble, and entire communities left homeless.



However, the recovery trend has been promising, especially in cities like Banda Aceh where the rebuilding efforts have achieved significant transformation.



According to the Indonesian government, more than 100,000 houses have been rebuilt in the province of Aceh alone. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-vulnerable-coastal-communities">Protecting vulnerable coastal communities </h2>



Analyzing the cataclysmic event provides valuable insights into the importance of effective disaster preparedness.



Prior to the 2004 tsunami, there was no set system to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">detect</a> and warn against such destructive events in the Indian Ocean. Today, with 1,400 detection stations worldwide, the warning time for tsunamis has considerably improved.



However, ocean scientists caution that even with all the advanced technology and investment, we still cannot prevent the devastating impacts of a catastrophic tsunami.



Ultimately, the 20th anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami is a tribute to the resiliency of the human spirit.



But at the same time, it is a reminder of the power of nature, and the need for continued vigilance, preparedness, and mitigation efforts to protect vulnerable coastal communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-is-a-continuous-process">Resilience is a continuous process</h2>



The 2004 tsunami was a wake up call for the world and emphasized the urgent necessity to cooperate internationally in dealing with disaster risk reduction.



In the years after the tragedy, countries within the basin of the Indian Ocean established an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System. It was launched under the supervision of the <a href="https://www.ioc.unesco.org/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission</a> of UNESCO.



The warning system has enabled real-time tsunami detection and promoted regional collaboration in emergency preparedness and response efforts.



Beyond technology, governments and NGOs have provided public information programs and evacuation drill exercises. Local knowledge has been integrated into strategies on how best to react during such scenarios.



However, experts warn that resilience is a continuous process. Since climate changes increases the rate and intensity of natural catastrophes, further investment in infrastructure, research, and education is necessary in order to secure lives in the future.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

20 years later: Remembering the world's deadliest tsunami

For many, the recent anniversary of the 2004 Indian Ocean...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...