Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy NGC 2090, located approximately 40 million light-years away in the constellation Columba.



NGC 2090 is a stunning spiral galaxy that is notable for its well-defined structure, featuring a bright central core surrounded by tightly wound spiral arms.&nbsp;



These arms are filled with young, hot stars and interstellar gas, indicating active star formation.&nbsp;



Captured by the Webb Telescope’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments, the image reveals the galaxy's winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail, noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-of-ngc-2090">Observations of NGC 2090</h2>



The galaxy’s spiral pattern is relatively symmetrical, making it a fascinating object of study for astronomers interested in galactic evolution and dynamics.&nbsp;



Observations of NGC 2090, including those conducted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-helps-solve-the-mystery-of-a-young-eruptive-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> Space Telescope, have provided valuable insights into the properties of its stellar populations, gas content, and the nature of its spiral structure.



“NGC 2090 was one of many galaxies studied by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to refine the measurement of the Universe’s expansion rate, or ‘Hubble constant,’” said ESA.&nbsp;



“This can be done by observing a special type of variable stars named ‘Cepheids’ in relatively nearby galaxies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-ngc-2090">New insights into NGC 2090</h2>



A Cepheid-based measurement from 1998 indicated that NGC 2090 is 37 million light-years away from Earth. However, the latest measurements suggest that the galaxy is 40 million light-years away.



“Already before that Hubble project in 1998, NGC 2090 had been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation,” noted ESA.&nbsp;



“Described as a ‘flocculent’ spiral, this galaxy has a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. We can see those patterns well in Hubble's visible-light images. However, Webb’s NIRCam near-infrared data reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-spiral-galaxies">What are spiral galaxies?</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mesmerizing-beauty-of-spiral-galaxies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiral galaxies</a> are among the most common and visually striking types of galaxies in the universe.&nbsp;



They are characterized by their flat, disk-like shape with a bright central bulge surrounded by sweeping spiral arms.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiral-arms-and-central-bulge-nbsp">Spiral arms and central bulge&nbsp;</h3>



The arms of a spiral galaxy are regions where stars, gas, and dust are concentrated, often glowing brightly with the light of young, hot stars that form within them.&nbsp;



The central bulge typically contains older stars and can host a supermassive black hole at its core.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-spiral-galaxies-nbsp">Types of spiral galaxies&nbsp;</h3>



Spiral galaxies are classified into different types based on how tightly their arms are wound and the size of their central bulge, ranging from tightly wound "Sa" galaxies to loosely wound "Sc" types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-nbsp">Star formation&nbsp;</h3>



The structure of spiral galaxies is maintained by the interplay of gravity and angular momentum, with a rotating disk of stars and gas giving rise to their iconic shape.&nbsp;



They are active sites of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-star-redefines-our-understanding-of-stellar-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> due to the abundance of gas in their arms.&nbsp;



Spiral galaxies often have a halo of older stars and globular clusters surrounding their disks, which provides clues about their formation and evolution.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-barred-spiral-galaxy">Barred spiral galaxy</h3>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, the galaxy that contains our Solar System, is a prime example of a barred spiral galaxy, a subtype where a bar-shaped structure of stars extends from the central bulge.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-columba-nbsp">The constellation Columba&nbsp;</h2>



Columba is a small and relatively faint constellation in the southern sky, whose name means "dove" in Latin. It was introduced in the late 16th century by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius and first appeared in a celestial atlas by Johann Bayer in 1603.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/super-jupiter-discovered-in-the-great-bear-constellation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">constellation</a> is said to represent the dove sent out by Noah during the biblical flood, tying it to themes of hope and peace.



Columba lies near the larger constellation Canis Major and is bordered by others such as Lepus and Puppis.&nbsp;



Although it lacks particularly bright stars, its most notable star, Alpha Columbae (also called Phact), shines at a magnitude of approximately 2.6 and is a hot blue-white star. Beta Columbae, another prominent star in the constellation, is a slightly cooler, yellow-white star.



The constellation is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere during the summer months, though it can also be seen from lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope&nbsp;



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Webb unveils spiral galaxy NGC 2090 in magnificent detail

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the star-forming region NGC 604, which is located 2.73 million light-years away from Earth in the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). The image was captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.



By studying regions like NGC 604, astronomers can gain insights into the complex interactions between stars and the interstellar medium, as well as the conditions that lead to the birth of stars. This, in turn, helps in understanding the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> and the universe as a whole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-stars-of-ngc-604">Massive stars of NGC 604</h2>



"Sheltered among NGC 604’s dusty envelopes of gas are more than 200 of the hottest, most massive kinds of stars, all in the early stages of their lives," said <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



"These types of stars are known as B-types and O-types, the latter of which can be more than 100 times the mass of our own Sun. It’s quite rare to find this concentration of them in the nearby universe. In fact, there’s no similar region within our own Milky Way galaxy."



According to ESA, this concentration of massive stars, combined with its relatively close distance, means that NGC 604 gives astronomers an opportunity to study these objects at a fascinating time early in their life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gigantic-region-of-ionized-hydrogen">Gigantic region of ionized hydrogen</h2>



NGC 604 is one of the largest known regions of ionized hydrogen, also known as an H II region. This nebula is significantly larger than the Orion Nebula, which is one of the most well-known H II regions in our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>.&nbsp;



NGC 604 spans about 1,500 light-years across, making it one of the largest H II regions in the Local Group of galaxies. This group includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and about 54 other smaller galaxies.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ngc-604-starburst-phenomenon">NGC 604 starburst phenomenon </h2>



Within NGC 604, there are hundreds of young, hot, massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>. These stars have ionized the surrounding gas, causing it to glow and creating the nebula. The region is a prime example of a starburst phenomenon, where stars form at a much higher rate than in typical galactic conditions.



“The bright orange streaks in this image signify the presence of carbon-based molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, or PAHs," explained ESA.



"As you travel further from the immediate cavities of dust where the star is forming, the deeper red signifies molecular hydrogen. This cooler gas is a prime environment for star formation. Ionized hydrogen from ultraviolet radiation appears as a white and blue ghostly glow."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-star-formation">More about star formation </h2>



Star formation is crucial for the evolution of galaxies and the synthesis of heavy elements. In the cores of stars, elements heavier than helium are created.



The elements are spread throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-stars-shakti-shiva-shaped-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> when stars reach the end of their lives and expel their material - either gently through winds or violently via supernova explosions. This enriching process allows for the formation of new stars and planets, and ultimately, the potential for life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cloud collapse</h3>



The process begins when part of a molecular cloud becomes unstable and starts to collapse under its own gravity. This can be triggered by events like shock waves from nearby <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supernova-explosions-could-damage-distant-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supernovae</a>, galactic collisions, or the influence of other massive stars.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Formation of a protostar</h3>



As the cloud collapses, it fragments into smaller clumps. Each clump will eventually form one or more stars. 



The material within these clumps continues to fall inward, heating up as it does so, eventually forming a warm core called a protostar. At this stage, the protostar is not yet hot enough for nuclear fusion (the process that powers stars) to occur.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Accretion disk</h3>



Around the protostar, material from the surrounding cloud continues to fall inward, forming a rotating disk. This material slowly accretes onto the protostar, increasing its mass.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nuclear fusion begins</h3>



Once the core of the protostar reaches a high enough temperature and pressure, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse into helium, releasing energy in the process. This marks the transition from a protostar to a main sequence star, like our sun.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Main sequence and beyond</h3>



The star will spend the majority of its life in the main sequence stage, where it balances the gravitational forces trying to collapse it and the outward pressure from nuclear fusion. 



Eventually, the star will exhaust its hydrogen fuel. Its subsequent evolution will depend on its initial mass, leading to various end stages such as red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, or black holes.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Young, massive stars in the Triangulum Galaxy

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a brilliant stellar nursery located about 163,000 light-years away.



According to ESA, the image is one of the most photogenic examples of the many stellar nurseries observed by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope during its 30-year lifetime. 



“The portrait features the giant nebula NGC 2014 and its neighbor NGC 2020 which together form part of a vast star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-a-stellar-nursery">What is a stellar nursery?</h2>



Stellar nurseries are regions in space where new stars are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">born</a> - often within vast clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds.&nbsp;



These areas are fascinating because they are cradles of stellar evolution, where gravity causes clumps of gas to collapse, eventually forming protostars.&nbsp;



Over time, the protostars will heat up and start the nuclear fusion process that powers a star.



One of the most well-known stellar nurseries is the Orion Nebula, which is visible to the naked eye and located about 1,350 light-years from Earth.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamic-nature-of-a-stellar-nursery-nbsp">Dynamic nature of a stellar nursery&nbsp;</h2>



Within these nurseries, the balance between gravity and pressure determines the types of stars that form, from massive, luminous stars to smaller, cooler ones like our Sun.&nbsp;



The environment is incredibly dynamic, with powerful winds from young stars shaping the clouds and triggering the birth of even more stars.



These regions are often illuminated by the light from massive newborn stars - creating stunning, colorful displays. The light reveals the intricate structure of the dust and gas, sculpted by the energy of young stars.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-stellar-nurseries-nbsp">Significance of stellar nurseries&nbsp;</h2>



Stellar nurseries are essential for understanding the early stages of planetary formation, as protoplanetary disks (the material from which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets form</a>) are often found around young stars in these regions.



Stellar nurseries play a crucial role in the ongoing evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-is-starving-its-host-galaxy-of-star-forming-fuel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. They are responsible for the continuous birth of new stars that enrich the interstellar medium with heavier elements. This constant recycling of material is key to the development of future generations of stars and planets.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the study of these regions helps astronomers understand the fundamental processes that govern the life cycles of stars and the overall dynamics of the universe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-local-group">The Local Group</h2>



The Local Group is a collection of over 80 galaxies that includes the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, along with numerous smaller dwarf galaxies. These galaxies are bound together by gravity and span a region roughly 10 million light-years across.&nbsp;



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-thin-disk-is-billions-of-years-older-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> and Andromeda are the dominant members, with their respective satellite galaxies orbiting them.&nbsp;



The Local Group is part of a larger structure known as the Virgo Supercluster, and its galaxies are moving toward the gravitational center of the Local Group, contributing to its dynamic nature.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-magellanic-cloud">Large Magellanic Cloud</h2>



The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group and can be seen with the naked eye from the Southern Hemisphere.&nbsp;



This irregular dwarf galaxy is home to the Tarantula Nebula, one of the most active star-forming regions in our cosmic neighborhood.&nbsp;



The Large Magellanic Cloud played a key role in astronomical history, particularly when the supernova SN 1987A was observed, providing valuable insights into stellar evolution.&nbsp;



The LMC's interaction with the Milky Way, along with its own companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud, is believed to influence its shape and star formation activity. Its proximity and unique properties make it a crucial object of study for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-galactic-explosion-provides-clues-about-galaxy-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>, star formation, and the dynamics of interacting galaxies.



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and STScI



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Hubble captures a stunning stellar nursery

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features a satellite view of the fires burning in Southern California.



“Five wildfires - the biggest of which are the Palisades and the Eaton fires - are still currently burning (as of January 10, 2025) in areas of north Los Angeles. At least 10 people are known to have lost their lives and many more properties have been burnt to the ground,” said <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Los_Angeles_struggles_to_contain_wildfires" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>.



“This image, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-3 mission on January 9, 2025, shows the Palisades fire at lower left and the Eaton fire at upper right, with smoke seen reaching Catalina Island and the Santa Barbara reserve to the south of the fire.”&nbsp;



The fires have now burned more than 37,000 acres - an area bigger than San Francisco - according to Cal Fire. More than 12,000 structures have been destroyed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tens-of-thousands-of-residents-displaced-by-fires">Tens of thousands of residents displaced by fires</h2>



The Palisades Fire is the largest at more than 21,000 acres, while the Eaton Fire has burned more than 14,000 acres. Those blazes are 11 percent and 15 percent contained, respectively.



Evacuation orders have displaced over 150,000 residents, with an additional 166,000 on alert. Temporary shelters are operating at full capacity, and widespread power outages have affected nearly 1.6 million homes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-winds-and-a-lack-of-resources-nbsp">Strong winds and a lack of resources&nbsp;</h2>



Firefighting efforts are being hampered by strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-more-toxic-than-other-sources-of-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winds</a>, with gusts reaching up to 100 miles per hour, and a lack of resources. Some fire hydrants have run dry, complicating containment efforts.&nbsp;



In response to the crisis, President Biden has approved federal disaster assistance, and additional firefighters from neighboring states are joining the efforts.&nbsp;



The California National Guard has been deployed, and the Department of Defense is providing personnel and equipment. Despite these measures, the fires continue to pose a significant threat to the region.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-threats-from-the-palisades-fire-nbsp">New threats from the Palisades Fire&nbsp;</h2>



The Palisades Fire, which began near the Pacific Palisades neighborhood in Los Angeles, has rapidly expanded, prompting new evacuation orders for areas including Tarzana and Encino in the San Fernando Valley.&nbsp;



The fire's swift progression has been exacerbated by strong winds, causing it to grow by "three football fields of land per minute." This rapid expansion has led to mandatory evacuations along sections of the Pacific Coast Highway and surrounding areas.&nbsp;



The Los Angeles Fire Department reported that more than 10,000 houses and 13,000 buildings are under threat.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-behavior-of-the-fires">Unpredictable behavior of the fires</h2>



In response to the advancing flames, evacuation orders were extended into Tarzana and Encino on January 10. Residents in these areas have been advised to evacuate promptly due to the fire's unpredictable behavior and the potential for further spread.&nbsp;



The situation remains critical, with firefighting efforts ongoing to contain the blaze and protect threatened communities.&nbsp;



Authorities continue to monitor the fire's progression and are urging residents to stay informed and adhere to evacuation orders for their safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-in-southern-california-nbsp">Wildfires in Southern California&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dry-lightning-sparks-the-most-destructive-california-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> in Southern California are particularly severe due to a combination of factors. The region’s hot, dry climate creates ideal conditions for fires, especially during the summer and fall when vegetation is parched.&nbsp;



Seasonal Santa Ana winds exacerbate the problem by driving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flames</a> rapidly across the landscape, making fires difficult to contain. The area’s diverse and often dense vegetation, such as chaparral and grasslands, provides abundant fuel.&nbsp;



Furthermore, Southern California’s growing urban footprint increases the risk of fires igniting due to human activity, while also placing more people and infrastructure in harm’s way.&nbsp;



Climate change intensifies these challenges by extending fire seasons and increasing the frequency of extreme heat and drought events, creating a feedback loop that makes wildfires increasingly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-forests-are-losing-their-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destructive</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-the-california-fires">Impacts of the California fires</h2>



The Palisades and Eaton Fires are among the most destructive wildfires in California's history, both in terms of structures destroyed and economic impact. Fortunately, however, they have not surpassed the Camp Fire in terms of human fatalities.



The Camp Fire of 2018 remains the deadliest wildfire in the state of California, with 85 fatalities. 



The financial impact of the current fires is unprecedented. Estimates suggest that the damages could reach between $135 billion and $150 billion, potentially making these wildfires the costliest in U.S. history.



Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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Satellite captures devastating fires in Southern California

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features an astronaut view of Mount Nemrut, a volcano located in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.



Mount Nemrut is notable for its immense caldera, which was formed through a series of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. The caldera, one of the largest in the world, now contains several lakes such as Lake Nemrut.&nbsp;



"The eastern half of the caldera is partially filled by solidified lava flows from past eruptions. Snow cover present at the time of this photo accentuates pressure ridges that formed as the lava was flowing and cooling," noted <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>.



"These pressure ridges vary in size, thickness, and orientation due to the varying viscosity and flow direction of the lavas during eruptions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formation-of-lake-nemrut">Formation of Lake Nemrut</h2>



"Lake Nemrut (Nemrut Gölü) occupies the western half of the caldera, creating a rough crescent shape that partially submerges the old lava flows," said NASA.



"This freshwater lake, reaching up to 176 meters deep, is accompanied by a smaller lake at the upper-center of the caldera."



The lake was formed after the collapse of the Nemrut volcano's summit. This collapse created a massive crater, which gradually filled with water over time, forming the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unesco-world-heritage-site">UNESCO World Heritage Site </h2>



Mount Nemrut and its surroundings are part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site due to their ecological and geological significance.



The site is home to diverse wildlife, including various bird species that use the lake as a stopover during migration. The caldera also contains smaller lakes and wetlands, adding to the area's biodiversity.



Lake Nemrut is a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and nature enthusiasts, offering stunning views of the volcanic landscape.



Despite its popularity, the lake remains relatively remote and unspoiled, contributing to its appeal as a natural wonder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mount-nemrut-has-shaped-the-landscape">Mount Nemrut has shaped the landscape</h2>



Geologically, Mount Nemrut is interesting because its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a> have played a key role in shaping the local landscape. 



Its last major eruption occurred around 1441 AD, which indicates that it's not currently active but is considered dormant.



The area around Nemrut is known for its geothermal activity, including hot springs and fumaroles, suggesting that there is still significant heat beneath the surface.



Over thousands of years, various civilizations have inhabited the region around Nemrut, leaving behind a wealth of archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-a-king">Tribute to a king</h2>



The summit of Mount Nemrut is dominated by a vast funerary mound constructed by King Antiochus I Theos, who ruled the Kingdom of Commagene in the 1st century BCE. 



The site was intended to serve as his tomb sanctuary and a place to commemorate the king's vision of divine kingship and unity between Eastern and Western cultures.



The mound, made of loose crushed stones, measures about 50 meters (164 feet) in height and spans a diameter of 150 meters (492 feet), creating an imposing feature visible from afar.



Surrounding the mound are terraces on the eastern, western, and northern sides, each adorned with colossal statues and reliefs. The statues, ranging in height from 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet), represent various deities, including Zeus, Apollo, Hercules, and the goddess Tyche, alongside King Antiochus himself. 



The heads of the statues, many of which have toppled over due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a> and erosion, lie scattered around the site, creating an iconic and enigmatic scene.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spiritual-and-religious-practices">Spiritual and religious practices</h2>



In addition to the statues, inscriptions at Mount Nemrut provide valuable historical information about the kingdom, the king's lineage, and the religious practices of the time.



The site is not only a marvel of ancient engineering but also a spiritual and astronomical center. Scholars believe the terraces were aligned with celestial events, serving as an observatory for solstices and equinoxes.



In addition to its natural and historical significance, the Nemrut volcano has been the subject of scientific study, as researchers aim to understand more about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-eruptions-play-an-overlooked-role-in-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> in the region, the history of its eruptions, and the potential risks it may pose in the future.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory



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Mount Nemrut: Ancient mysteries and natural marvels 

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the galaxy I Zwicky 18, which was captured in remarkable detail by the James Webb Space Telescope.



I Zwicky 18 is a blue compact dwarf <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> located approximately 59 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-formation-in-i-zwicky-18">Star formation in I Zwicky 18</h2>



The galaxy is notable for its relatively young appearance and the fact that it contains very few heavy elements. These characteristics indicate that it has experienced little <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-stars-release-sneezes-of-gas-and-dust-as-they-develop/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> compared to other galaxies of similar age.



“The galaxy was first identified by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in the 1930’s and resides roughly 59 million light-years from Earth,” noted <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>. “This galaxy has gone through several sudden bursts of star formation.”&nbsp;



According to ESA, I Zwicky 18 is typical of the kinds of galaxies that inhabited the early universe and is much smaller than our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/runaway-star-j1249-36-spotted-trying-to-escape-our-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-telescope-image-of-the-galaxy">Webb telescope image of the galaxy</h2>



“Two major starburst regions are embedded in the heart of the galaxy. The wispy brown filaments surrounding the central starburst region are bubbles of gas that have been heated by stellar winds and intense ultraviolet radiation unleashed by hot, young stars,” said ESA.



“A companion galaxy resides nearby to the dwarf galaxy, which can be seen at the bottom of the wider-field image. The companion may be interacting with the dwarf galaxy and may have triggered that galaxy's recent star formation.”&nbsp;



ESA explained that the “orange blobs” surrounding the galaxy are the dim glow from ancient fully formed galaxies at much larger distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-of-i-zwicky-18">Key characteristics of I Zwicky 18</h2>



As previously mentioned, the galaxy has a very low abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, suggesting that it has not undergone significant stellar processing.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-stellar-population-nbsp">Young stellar population&nbsp;</h3>



Despite its old age, I Zwicky 18 contains many young, hot stars. This suggests that it might have experienced a burst of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-detects-awe-inspiring-newborn-star/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> relatively recently in its history.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interstellar-medium-nbsp">Interstellar medium&nbsp;</h3>



The galaxy has a high density of gas, which is a prime ingredient for star formation. This gas is mostly in the form of hydrogen.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-characteristics">Unusual characteristics</h3>



Its characteristics are more typical of primordial galaxies found in the early universe, making it a valuable object of study for understanding galaxy formation and evolution.



Ultimately, I Zwicky 18 provides insights into the conditions and processes that might have been prevalent in the early universe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-cycles-of-stars-and-dust">Life cycles of stars and dust</h3>



The image was captured as part of a Webb program to study the life cycle of dust in I Zw 18.&nbsp;



“Scientists are now building off of previous research with Hubble obtained at optical wavelengths, studying individual dusty stars in detail with Webb’s equivalent spatial resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths.”&nbsp;



ESA noted that this galaxy is of particular interest as its content of elements heavier than helium is one of the lowest of all known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> in the local universe.&nbsp;



“Such conditions are thought to be similar to those in some of the first star-forming galaxies at high redshift, so the Webb study of I Zw 18 should shed light on the life-cycle of stars and dust in the early universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-constellation-ursa-major">The constellation Ursa Major </h2>



Ursa Major, also known as the Great Bear, is one of the most prominent and easily recognizable constellations in the northern sky. 



Its name, "Ursa Major," means "Great Bear" in Latin, and it has been a significant part of various mythologies and star lore across cultures for thousands of years. 



One of the most famous asterisms within Ursa Major is the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that form a shape resembling a ladle or dipper. The Big Dipper is often used as a navigation tool because it points to Polaris, the North Star, located in the nearby constellation Ursa Minor.



Ursa Major is best viewed in the northern hemisphere and is circumpolar, meaning it is visible year-round for much of the Northern Hemisphere. Its position changes with the seasons, rotating around Polaris, the North Star.



Image Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope



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Dwarf galaxy provides a window into the early universe

Red Hawk (Cetan Luta) was an Oglala Lakota from the Oyahpe band who fought alongside Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull at Little Bighorn. He witnessed plenty of violent conflicts as the European colonists forced their way across the&nbsp;U.S. Indigenous tribes faced an unprecedented strife in this time period. Photo Credit: Buyenlarge/Getty Images

Red Hawk and his Horse

Archaeologists have uncovered what may be the oldest tools ever used on Earth, and they weren't created by direct human ancestors. 



These ancient artifacts, found in Kenya’s Homa Peninsula - which is dubbed "the cradle of humankind" - date back three million years. 



The tools, consisting of sharpened stone flakes, are believed to have been made by early hominins named Paranthropus, who are considered to be the first pre-human species to walk upright.



This region where these tools were found has long been a treasure trove for discoveries about humanity's beginnings.



It’s where researchers found "Lucy," the fossil of a female&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lucy-could-barely-run-what-does-that-say-about-our-ancestors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australopithecus afarensis</a>,&nbsp;which was a pre-human species that lived over three million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-tools-reveal-human-survival">First tools reveal human survival</h2>



The sharpened stones, part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-made-the-earliest-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oldowan toolkit</a>, were used by early humans to peel and cut fruits, slice vegetables, and butcher animals.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.cuny.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">City University of New York</a> confirmed that these tools represent a technological breakthrough that enabled hominins to access new food sources, thus fueling both physical and cognitive evolution.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_Paranthropus-tooth_CBS-news_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_Paranthropus-tooth_CBS-news_1s.webp" alt="Possibly the first tools ever used on Earth, created by ancient hominins who were not direct ancestors of humans. Credit: CBS News/Science Journal" class="wp-image-1956591"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Possibly the first tools ever used on Earth, created by ancient hominins who were not direct ancestors of humans. Credit: CBS News/Science Journal</figcaption></figure>



Lead archaeologist Tom Plummer called the Oldowan toolkit a turning point. 



“In terms of technology, I think the Oldowan technology is the most important technological innovation that ever happened in human history,” he said. 



This innovation paved the way for the development of more complex tools and behaviors, and ultimately shaped the course of human evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-ancestors-didn-t-invent-tools">Human ancestors didn't invent tools</h2>



Plummer told <a href="https://youtu.be/P9Zc2noSsWw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBS News</a> that alongside these tools they also discovered a tooth fossil from an early hominin called Paranthropus - an early hominin that is not a direct ancestor of Homo sapiens.



This suggests that advanced tool-making was not a technology created by human ancestors, but one that was copied, then used to dominate early hominins, essentially wiping them off the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-paranthropus-the-basics">Understanding Paranthropus -- the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-species-of-human-ancestors-literally-crossed-paths-1-5-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> is an intriguing group of early human relatives that roamed Africa between about 2.7 and 1.2 million years ago. 



These ancient hominins stood out because of their strong, robust features, including large jaws and hefty molar teeth designed for crunching tough, fibrous plants. 



Unlike modern humans, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranthropus" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> had relatively small brains, but their skulls were built to handle the heavy chewing required by their diet. 



Scientists have identified several species within this group, such as Paranthropus boisei and Paranthropus robustus, each showcasing unique adaptations that highlight the diversity of our evolutionary family.



Researchers believe that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranthropus</a> lived alongside other early human species, like Homo habilis, occupying a different ecological niche thanks to their specialized eating habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-evolution-began-3-million-years-ago">Dietary evolution began 3 million years ago</h2>



Researchers uncovered ancient hippo bones near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/400000-year-old-stone-tools-show-technological-adaptations-of-prehistoric-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tools</a>, and noted that the bones had distinct cut marks.



These marks confirm that early hominins used their tools for butchery, demonstrating that they could cut and process meat. 



This ability gave them access to a critical food source that enabled them to expand their diet and improve their chances of survival.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_discovery-analysis_Credit-Science_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_discovery-analysis_Credit-Science_1s.webp" alt="(A) Photos of a dorsal flake, ventral flake, and core from Nyayanga next to a principal component analysis based on major technological attributes of Early Stone Age artifact assemblages and a capuchin-derived assemblage. Assemblages are plotted according to principal component 1 (x axis) and principal component 2 (y axis). The Nyayanga assemblage (NYA) falls within the shaded ellipse that represents the 95% confidence interval for Oldowan sites. A scree plot with eigenvalue percentage of variance for principal components 1 through 11, and a loadings plot showing the contribution of each variable are shown to the right. (B) The frequency of cores in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) and photos of two Nyayanga cores (bottom). (C) The frequency of artifacts with percussion damage in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) with photos of a Nyayanga pounded piece. Credit: Science" class="wp-image-1956476"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">(A) Photos of a dorsal flake, ventral flake, and core from Nyayanga next to a principal component analysis based on major technological attributes of Early Stone Age artifact assemblages and a capuchin-derived assemblage. Assemblages are plotted according to principal component 1 (x axis) and principal component 2 (y axis). The Nyayanga assemblage (NYA) falls within the shaded ellipse that represents the 95% confidence interval for Oldowan sites. A scree plot with eigenvalue percentage of variance for principal components 1 through 11, and a loadings plot showing the contribution of each variable are shown to the right. (B) The frequency of cores in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) and photos of two Nyayanga cores (bottom). (C) The frequency of artifacts with percussion damage in other Oldowan assemblages compared with those of Nyayanga (table S4) with photos of a Nyayanga pounded piece. Credit: Science</figcaption></figure>



Rick Potts, director of the Smithsonian's human origins program, highlighted the significance of this discovery. 



He noted that such evidence sheds light on the transformative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journey of human survival</a>, showing how early innovations like tool use played a crucial role in adapting to a challenging environment.



Potts also reflected on how this emphasizes the delicate balance of life and the adaptability required throughout human history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-death-of-early-humans">Life and death of early humans</h2>



The famous fossilized skeleton of Lucy was discovered in 1974. She lived over three million years ago and her fossilized remains have provided key insights into early human evolution.



Recent research revealed that Lucy likely died from injuries sustained in a fall from a tree - a poignant reminder of the challenges faced by early hominins as they navigated both arboreal and terrestrial environments.



Anthropologist <a href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/anthropology/faculty/jwk5664" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Kappelman</a>, who studied Lucy’s remains, noted her extensive injuries. 



“It is ironic that the fossil at the center of a debate about the role of arborealism in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a> likely died from injuries suffered from a fall out of a tree,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-innovation-began-6-million-years-ago">Human innovation began 6 million years ago</h2>



The discovery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/first-tools-on-earth_Oldowan-tools_Paranthropus-tooth_CBS-news_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient tools</a> and fossils in Kenya’s Homa Peninsula has reshaped our understanding of human evolution.



While modern humans (Homo sapiens) emerged about 300,000 years ago, the roots of innovation extend far further back in time, according to Rick Potts, a leading expert. 



These findings suggest that key behaviors, like tool-making, didn’t happen quickly but evolved gradually over a very long period of six million years.



This challenges earlier views that technological and cognitive milestones occurred in a shorter timeframe. Instead, it reveals that early hominins developed critical skills much earlier, and this laid the foundation for later advances.



Potts emphasized how this extended timeline helps us appreciate the complexity and depth of our evolutionary journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-early-tools-shaped-human-evolution">How early tools shaped human evolution</h2>



The discoveries in Kenya highlight how early technological innovations by hominins were pivotal in shaping humanity's evolutionary path. 



The Oldowan tools, that date back three million years, represent one of the earliest examples of humans using technology to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solve problems</a>.



These tools allowed early humans to process food, such as cutting meat and peeling fruits, which significantly expanded their diet and improved their ability to survive in challenging environments.



Tom Plummer emphasized the far-reaching impact of these innovations, and described the Oldowan tools as a cornerstone of human progress. 



These tools not only helped early hominins adapt to their environment but also set the stage for further advances in technology and survival strategies.



These findings remind us of the resilience and ingenuity of our ancestors, traits that have defined human history. The ability to innovate and adapt has always been central to our survival and continues to shape the future of humanity.



The study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo7452" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Discovery: First tools ever used on Earth were not made by early humans

Archaeologists have uncovered what may be the oldest tools ever...

A spacecraft named BepiColombo is currently zipping by planet Mercury, making a very close flyby and snapping incredible high-definition photos of our scorching hot solar system companion.



Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/layer-diamonds-nine-miles-thick-discovered-on-planet-mercury-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smallest in our solar system</a>, packing some pretty extreme features into its tiny frame. It zips around the Sun in just 88 Earth days, making its year the shortest of all the planets. 



Despite being so close to the Sun, Mercury has a surprisingly large core made mostly of iron, which creates a strong magnetic field. 



The surface is covered in craters, similar to our Moon, because it doesn't have much of an atmosphere to protect it from meteoroids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bepicolombo-makes-another-close-mercury-flyby">BepiColombo makes another close Mercury flyby</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-life-on-mercury-possibly-in-the-planets-craters-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury’s stark landscape</a> received another visitor on January 8, 2025. The ESA/JAXA BepiColombo spacecraft, on its sixth flyby of the planet, swept just a few hundred miles above the north pole, capturing fresh glimpses of the cratered terrain. 



Morning light soon bathed Mercury’s northern plains, revealing icy floors in areas that never see the Sun. Scientists hope these newly gathered snapshots will shed more light on the composition of this rocky body.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Mercury_s_sunlit_north_viewed_by_M-CAM_1_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_sunlit-north-pole_M-CAM_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo Monitoring camera 1 (M-CAM 1) took this photo at 07:12 CET, when the spacecraft was about 1427 km from the planet’s surface. The spacecraft’s closest approach of 295 km took place on the planet's night side at 06:59 CET. The image shows that large regions of Mercury's heavily cratered surface are smoothed over by lava from volcanic eruptions. This smoothing over is visible inside the 290 km-wide crater at the right of the image, called Mendelssohn. While its outer rim is still visible, it has been largely filled by the same smooth material that makes up the surrounding plains. Smaller, more recent impact craters dot the otherwise smooth crater. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956588"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo Monitoring camera 1 (M-CAM 1) took this photo at 07:12 CET, when the spacecraft was about 1427 km from the planet’s surface. Credit: ESA/JAXA</figcaption></figure>



The maneuver was the last in a series of gravity assists that will help BepiColombo enter orbit around Mercury in late 2026. At 06:59 CET, the craft skimmed just 295 miles above the surface on the planet’s night side. 



Around seven minutes later, it passed above the pole and caught remarkable views of the sunlit north. Shortly after this milestone, Frank Budnik, <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BepiColombo</a> Flight Dynamics Manager, underlined the success of the operation.



“This is the first time that we performed two flyby campaigns back-to-back. This flyby happens a bit more than a month after the previous one. Based on our preliminary assessment, everything proceeded smoothly and flawlessly," Budnik explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bepicolombo-sees-mercury-s-polar-shadows">BepiColombo sees Mercury’s polar shadows</h2>



Scientists were excited to see evidence of chilly, forever-shadowed craters near the north pole. These cavities, including Prokofiev, Kandinsky, Tolkien, and Gordimer, are among the coldest places in the Solar System. 



Despite Mercury’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-mercury-is-still-shrinking-and-now-has-more-wrinkles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proximity to the Sun</a>, the crater floors remain dark and frigid. Some studies have suggested the presence of frozen water in these regions. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Mercury_s_shadowy_north_pole_revealed_by_M-CAM_1_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_shadowy-north-pole_M-Cam_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo's M-CAM 1 took this long-exposure photograph of Mercury's north pole at 07:07 CET, when the spacecraft was about 787 km from the planet’s surface. The spacecraft’s closest approach of 295 km took place on the planet's night side at 06:59 CET. In this view, Mercury’s terminator, the boundary between day and night, divides the planet in two. Along the terminator, just to the left of the solar array, the sunlit rims of craters Prokofiev, Kandinsky, Tolkien and Gordimer can be seen, including some of their central peaks. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956586"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo's M-CAM 1 took this long-exposure photograph of Mercury's north pole at 07:07 CET, when the spacecraft was about 787 km from the planet’s surface. </figcaption></figure>



BepiColombo will investigate whether that possibility holds true once it settles into its final orbit.



Nearby stretches of volcanic plains called Borealis Planitia captured attention in one of the monitoring camera (M-CAM) images. 



Extensive lava flows roughly 3.7 billion years ago paved this part of Mercury’s crust, burying older impact features like the Henri and Lismer craters. Wrinkles scattered across the plains likely formed as the interior cooled over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-memories-and-ancient-impacts">Volcanic memories and ancient impacts</h2>



Another close-up featured the Mendelssohn crater. Its outer rim is barely visible because past volcanic floods leveled the surface <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bepicolombo-spacecraft-reveals-mercurys-magnetic-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">over countless millennia</a>. Just a handful of smaller, younger craters break up the otherwise smooth ground.



Farther along, the Rustaveli crater appears to have undergone a similar process, joining a long list of aged and partially filled depressions. 



The towering Caloris basin also makes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bepicolombo-mission-captures-mercury-in-unprecedented-detail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a striking appearance</a>. Spanning more than 900 miles, it is the largest known impact site on Mercury. 



Lines stretching away from the basin mark the impact’s immense influence on the planet’s crust. A bright patch of lava seems to link with a trough below it, prompting questions about the direction of that molten flow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-surface-bright-surprises">Dark surface, bright surprises</h2>



Mercury is much darker than our Moon. Its surface reflects less light, which makes bright patches on fresh craters and volcanic deposits stand out. 



Those more radiant regions often connect to younger events, such as volcanic eruptions or recent impacts.



A camera shot taken by <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/10/BepiColombo_monitoring_cameras" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">M-CAM 2</a> highlights the Nathair Facula, an expansive fallout deposit from Mercury’s most powerful recorded volcanic explosion. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/Lava_and_debris_brighten_Mercury_s_surface_with_labels" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Mercury_lava-north-pole_M-Cam_BepiColombo_ESA_1s.webp" alt="BepiColombo Spacecraft sees bright patch near Mercury's upper edge in this image is the Nathair Facula, the aftermath of the largest volcanic explosion on Mercury. At its centre is a volcanic vent of around 40 km across that has been the site of at least three major eruptions. The explosive volcanic deposit is at least 300 km in diameter. Credit: ESA/JAXA" class="wp-image-1956584"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">BepiColombo Spacecraft sees bright patch near Mercury's upper edge in this image is the Nathair Facula, the aftermath of the largest volcanic explosion on Mercury. Credit: ESA/JAXA</figcaption></figure>



In the middle is a vent around 25 miles across. Scientists believe at least three large eruptions shaped this blast zone, which stretches about 186 miles across. 



Nearby is the Fonteyn crater, formed a few hundred million years ago. Its youth becomes obvious from the pale debris that fans out in all directions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



European Space Agency (<a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>) Director General Josef Aschbacher revealed the first image during his Annual Press Briefing on January 9, 2025. 



Once BepiColombo starts orbiting Mercury, mission teams aim to use data from multiple instruments to zero in on how these features formed. 



Analysts want to determine if water ice truly exists in the polar shadows and figure out whether the big lava flows advanced into Caloris basin or spread out of it.



The quest to understand Mercury’s makeup includes measuring old and new surface areas with advanced spectrometers. 



Team members look forward to breaking down mineral clues about how the planet cooled and contracted over billions of years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-countdown-to-orbit">Final countdown to orbit</h2>



Observers see this recent pass as the final time BepiColombo’s monitoring cameras will capture such close-range shots. After all, the modules that house these cameras will separate from the main orbiters by late 2026. 



The ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Mercury_Planetary_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mercury Planetary Orbiter</a> and the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/Mercury_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAXA Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter</a> will then begin their core studies. That work will include collecting data on the planet’s magnetic field, geology, and surface chemistry.



“BepiColombo's main mission phase may only start two years from now, but all six of its flybys of Mercury have given us invaluable new information about the little-explored planet," explains Geraint Jones, BepiColombo's Project Scientist at ESA.



"In the next few weeks, the BepiColombo team will work hard to unravel as many of Mercury's mysteries with the data from this flyby as we can,” Jones concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mercury-and-bepicolombo-matter">Why Mercury and BepiColombo matter</h2>



Scientists look ahead to those orbits with great anticipation. They want to put to rest a few long-held questions about Mercury’s hidden polar ices, puzzling volcanic traces, and unexpectedly dark crust. 



The spacecraft’s results should give researchers a better sense of how the planet formed and evolved. All eyes remain on the little world with big questions waiting to be answered.



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Spacecraft captures high-def images of Mercury during very close flyby

A spacecraft named BepiColombo is currently zipping by planet Mercury,...

From coastlines to capital cities, healthcare workers are warning about the immediate need for a treaty to end plastic pollution.



The danger of a global health disaster is at its highest level as United Nations-led negotiations to form a plastic treaty continue to remain dead-locked due to ongoing disputes.



Plastic pollution not only endangers human health, but threatens to harm our planet itself. Without decisive action, the consequences could be irreversible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-treaty-negotiations">Plastic treaty negotiations</h2>



At the forefront of this urgent plea for action are researchers from the Revolution Plastics Institute at the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a>.



The experts recently spotlighted the matter in an article published by the British Medical Journal, following their participation in the plastic treaty negotiations in Busan last December.



The negotiations concluded without any agreement being reached, and this pushed further discussions into 2025.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skyrocketing-plastic-production">Skyrocketing plastic production</h2>



With global annual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic production</a> currently at an alarming 400 million tonnes and expected to double by 2040, the scientists see health care professionals playing an increasingly crucial role.



The need of the hour, they say, is for more robust scientific evidence showing the impact of plastic pollution on human health. 



Such data will fortify the treaty process and guide the creation of targeted policies to reduce human exposure to plastic pollution.



"The treaty to end plastic pollution represents a historic opportunity to protect human health. If the treaty is to meet this challenge, its text must include specific measures to mitigate the health effects of plastic pollution, human health targets and metrics to measure progress towards improved health outcomes," noted Professor Steve Fletcher, the director of the Revolution Plastics Institute.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-health-versus-plastic-pollution">Human health versus plastic pollution</h2>



The article focuses on two critical health concerns linked to plastic pollution. 



First, there are the omnipresent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-infiltrating-the-human-body-even-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> - tiny particles found in the air we breathe, waterways, polar ice, soil, and in our food.



Humans are constantly ingesting, inhaling, and absorbing these particles. They have been detected in numerous organs and tissues, from the brain and blood to the placenta and liver. Microplastics have even been found in breast milk and semen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-open-burning-of-plastic-waste">Open burning of plastic waste</h2>



The other critical issue is the harmful health effects of inhaled <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-can-make-other-pollutants-more-toxic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toxic pollutants</a> that are released from the open burning of plastic waste. This danger is particularly acute in areas with deficient waste management systems.



The emissions from such open burns, which are loaded with toxic chemicals, particulate matter, and microplastics, are associated with serious health conditions. These include respiratory infections, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/steep-rise-in-cardiovascular-disease-expected-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and chronic conditions like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).



Dr. Cressida Bowyer, the Deputy Director of the Revolution Plastics Institute, has extensively studied the perils of open burning of plastic waste. 



"With 16% of global municipal waste burned openly, rising to 40–65% in low-and middle-income countries, vulnerable populations bear the brunt of this crisis. The toxic fumes from burning plastic are a silent but deadly contributor to global health burdens. Urgent action is needed to eliminate this dangerous practice and protect public health," she warned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerable-populations-are-affected-the-most">Vulnerable populations are affected the most</h2>



The longer the world waits to finalize a binding plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-plastics-treaty-countries-with-nothing-to-lose-delayed-progress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treaty</a>, the more devastating the health impacts of plastic pollution will become.



Studies show that vulnerable populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, are disproportionately exposed to the harmful effects of plastics. 



This disparity is most apparent in regions with inadequate waste management systems, where open burning of plastic waste is rampant and environmental contamination intensifies daily.



Beyond its environmental toll, plastic pollution worsens global health inequalities. Microplastics and toxic chemicals from mismanaged plastic waste seep into the food chain, water sources, and also into the air.



Toxic emissions, especially in urban areas, have been linked to respiratory diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treaty-needed-to-end-plastic-pollution">Treaty needed to end plastic pollution</h2>



Health experts warn that without the necessary steps of action, these health crises will intensify and spread aggressively, straining health systems and threatening the health of future generations.



But dealing with plastic pollution is not just an environmental issue; it is an important step to ensuring the global public's health.



The message is clear. As responsible stewards of the planet and protectors of human health, it's time for all health professionals to take a determined stand against the harms of plastic pollution.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj.q2890" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Medical Journal</a>.



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Plastic treaty is a 'historic opportunity' to stop a human health crisis

From coastlines to capital cities, healthcare workers are warning about...

Glaciers, often associated with the vast sheets of melting ice in Antarctica and Greenland, are far more widespread and diverse than commonly understood. With over 200,000 glaciers outside the polar regions, these icy giants are key players in shaping Earth's terrain and regulating ecosystems. 



However, the rapid pace of melting glaciers, accelerated by human-induced climate change, is causing profound environmental and geopolitical changes. 



Researchers Elzė Buslavičiūtė and Dr. Laurynas Jukna from Vilnius University’s <a href="https://www.chgf.vu.lt/en/about/structure/institute-of-geosciences" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Geosciences</a> have investigated these transformations, and shown how satellite observations are revealing the scale of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-the-worlds-glaciers-could-disappear-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> loss and its far-reaching implications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glaciers-the-basics">Understanding glaciers - the basics</h2>



In addition to shaping global landscapes and borders, glaciers act as the planet's natural air conditioners, playing a crucial role in regulating Earth’s climate. 



These massive ice formations store about 75% of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world’s fresh water</a> and act as giant reservoirs that release water slowly into rivers and lakes, ensuring a steady supply even during dry seasons. 



Additionally, they reflect sunlight back into space, which helps keep our planet cool. Without glaciers, many ecosystems would struggle to survive, and countless communities that rely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/retreating-glaciers-and-expanding-meltwater-lakes-in-alaska/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacial meltwater</a> for drinking, agriculture, and hydropower would face serious water shortages.



As glaciers shrink, sea levels rise, which can lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal flooding</a>, erosion, and the displacement of millions of people living in low-lying areas.



Moreover, melting glaciers contribute to the warming of oceans, which can harm marine life and disrupt global weather patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-glaciers-of-modern-europe">Melting glaciers of modern Europe</h2>



During the last Ice Age, roughly 20,000-22,000 years ago, glaciers from Scandinavia sculpted much of Europe’s landscape, leaving behind features that define the continent’s geography today. 



These glaciers, though diminished, continue to play a vital role by storing freshwater, sustaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-disrupting-the-seasonal-flow-of-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a> and lakes, and regulating water flow and temperatures.



Modern Europe’s glaciers are predominantly concentrated in regions such as the Alps, Svalbard, Iceland, and the Pyrenees.&nbsp;



Unlike their colossal polar counterparts, these smaller glaciers - classified as valley glaciers, ice caps, and hanging glaciers - are nestled in mountainous terrains. They form when snow accumulation surpasses ablation, eventually compacting into dense glacier ice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-glacier-melt-with-space-technology">Tracking glacier melt with space technology</h2>



While the Alps’ glaciers have been retreating since the Ice Age, their melting has significantly accelerated in recent decades. 



The <a href="https://www.glamos.ch/en/#/E23-16" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glacier Monitoring in Switzerland</a> (GLAMOS) program reveals a stark decline in glacial area within the Swiss Alps, where ice cover has shrunk from 1,311 km² (500 mi2) in 1973 to 961 km² (371 mi2) by 2016 - a loss of nearly 350 km² (130 mi2) in under 50 years.



This data is primarily derived from archival aerial and satellite imagery, such as NASA’s Landsat mission, which has been operational since 1972.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/melting-glaciers_rhone-glacier_timelapse_Landsat_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/melting-glaciers_rhone-glacier_timelapse_Landsat_NASA_1s.webp" alt="The Rhône Glacier in Switzerland in August 2001 and August 2024, based on false-color imagery from the Landsat 7 and 8 satellites. Credit: Vilnius University" class="wp-image-1956575"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The Rhône Glacier in Switzerland in August 2001 and August 2024, based on false-color imagery from the Landsat 7 and 8 satellites. Credit: Vilnius University</figcaption></figure>



By analyzing false-color satellite images, scientists can monitor glacial retreat, changes in glacier height, and volume shifts. 



For instance, Landsat imagery of the Rhône Glacier in Switzerland shows dramatic reductions in ice cover between August 2001 and August 2024.



Moreover, advanced sensors like IceSAT-2/GLAS and radars aboard Sentinel-1 satellites are employed to detect glacier movement and mass changes. 



These tools allow researchers to quantify the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on glaciers with unprecedented accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-glaciers-shift-national-borders">Melting glaciers shift national borders</h2>



The ecological impacts of glacier melt are well-documented, but its geopolitical ramifications are equally significant. In Europe, where many national borders align with watershed lines along high mountain ridges, shifting glaciers are redrawing maps.



One notable example involves the borders between Italy, Switzerland, and Austria. As glaciers recede or peaks collapse, these natural boundaries shift. 



In 2006, Italy and Austria preemptively signed an agreement to accommodate potential border changes. Similarly, the Matterhorn Glacier’s retreat in 2024 slightly expanded Switzerland’s territory by shifting the mountain’s highest point closer to Italy.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/melting-glaciers_switzerland_time-lapse_Landsat_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/melting-glaciers_switzerland_time-lapse_Landsat_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Glacier melting from 1850 to 2016 in southwestern Switzerland based on GLAMOS aerial and satellite observations. On the right is a false-color Landsat 8 satellite image from 2 October 2016, with lines indicating the distribution of glaciers during different periods. Credit: Vilnius University" class="wp-image-1956577"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Glacier melting from 1850 to 2016 in southwestern Switzerland based on GLAMOS aerial and satellite observations. On the right is a false-color Landsat 8 satellite image from 2 October 2016, with lines indicating the distribution of glaciers during different periods. Credit: Vilnius University</figcaption></figure>



These shifting boundaries are more than technicalities. They affect economic and cultural ties, as well as tourism and resource management. 



The Alps, for instance, sustain major rivers like the Rhône and the Rhine, which are critical for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-supply-from-icy-mountains-will-become-less-reliable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water supply</a> and agriculture across multiple nations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism-and-local-adaptations-in-the-alps">Tourism and local adaptations in the Alps</h2>



In Switzerland, villages near glaciers depend heavily on tourism, which is closely tied to these natural wonders. 



Visitors flock to witness these majestic ice formations, thus fueling local economies. However, as glaciers shrink, these communities face economic uncertainty.



Some regions have resorted to innovative measures to slow glacial melting, such as covering glaciers with reflective geotextiles to reduce heat absorption. 



While effective in the short term, such localized efforts are insufficient to counter the broader trends of global warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-retreat-of-europe-s-glaciers">The retreat of Europe's glaciers </h2>



The rapid melting of glaciers highlights the urgency of coordinated global efforts to combat climate change. The retreat of Europe’s glaciers affects everything from freshwater resources to national borders and economic stability. 



As Buslavičiūtė and Jukna from <a href="https://www.vu.lt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vilnius University</a> emphasize, addressing these challenges requires long-term, global strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change’s impact on vulnerable regions like the Alps.



In the face of these monumental changes, space-based technology offers hope by providing accurate data to inform policies and strategies. 



However, without immediate and sustained international action, the landscapes and borders shaped by glaciers over millennia may become unrecognizable within our lifetime.



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Melting glaciers are reshaping landscapes and national borders around the world

Glaciers, often associated with the vast sheets of melting ice...

Archaeologists working on a busy route in <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambridgeshire" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridgeshire</a> have come across a stone coffin dating back more than a thousand years. This massive artifact was featured on BBC’s "Digging for Britain." 



The show aired January 7th on BBC2, and many people were eager to learn more about this unusual discovery in the middle of a routine road-widening project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-history-in-plain-sight">Unearthing history in plain sight</h2>



An excavation team found the coffin, which weighs about 1,650 lbs (750 kg), during road improvements on the A47 in Cambridgeshire.&nbsp;



The site sits along what was once an important <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-ancient-rome-smelled-like-patchouli/">Roman</a> route that linked significant centers. This stone burial piece had remained untouched for centuries, and offers a glimpse of how people were buried in the later stages of Roman Britain.



<a href="https://headlandarchaeology.com/about-us/key-people/people/david-harrison/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Harrison</a> from Headland Archaeology said it was “a fascinating find.” Headland Archaeology is one of the organizations working closely with National Highways to identify and protect historic evidence when new roads are built.&nbsp;



The discovery has raised excitement among experts, who see this as one more clue about day-to-day life and traditions during the Roman period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-heritage-through-teamwork">Protecting heritage through teamwork</h2>



Construction teams collaborated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/archaeologists-uncover-5000-year-old-royal-tomb-that-is-18-feet-long/">archaeologists</a> for seven months, and enlisted help from 52 specialists and 20 civil engineers at 14 spots along this portion of the A47.&nbsp;



The large-scale effort also involved experts from the <a href="https://www.mola.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Museum of London Archaeology</a> (MOLA), <a href="https://yorkarchaeology.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York Archaeology</a>, <a href="https://heritage360.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heritage 360</a>, and <a href="https://clivedenconservation.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clivedon Conservation</a>. Each group contributed specific skills to ensure the safe handling and thorough documentation of sensitive artifacts.



Chris Griffin, who directs the National Highways program in the east region, <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-63546293" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explained</a> that their primary goal is improving travel, yet occasional surprises come with the job.&nbsp;



“While our main focus has been on building a road to improve journeys for road users, it’s been extremely satisfying to play a part in uncovering such an unusual archaeological find,” he remarked.&nbsp;



His organization has a system in place to record, safeguard, and eventually share heritage items with local communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blending-modern-roads-with-ancient-stories">Blending modern roads with ancient stories</h2>



The route in Cambridgeshire was once a vital track for travelers, traders, and soldiers moving across the area under Roman rule. Historians note that coffins carved from stone were relatively rare in that period, suggesting this burial may have been intended for someone of status.&nbsp;



The process of carefully extracting the coffin required an engineering strategy to preserve the carving and any objects that might remain inside.



Archaeologists believe the coffin’s placement near a Roman cemetery speaks to established community practices in the region. There were social customs around grave goods, coffin materials, and site layouts that varied between urban and rural areas.&nbsp;



This find hints that the settlement along the A47 held importance, possibly due to its connection with travel routes that branched out across Roman Britain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-local-interest-and-education">Supporting local interest and education</h2>



National Highways works with professional teams to protect remarkable items that surface during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/">construction</a>.&nbsp;



“Archaeology belongs to the communities we serve and by working alongside Headland Archaeology, we are delighted to be able to conserve and protect this incredible find for future generations,” said Griffin.



The approach benefits regional museums and universities that rely on new information to broaden what we know about ancient societies.



“Its careful excavation and recording, both in the field and the laboratory, [that] allows us to continue to learn how our Roman ancestors lived and died,”&nbsp;David Harrison <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b014hl0d" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">added</a> 



Specialists at MOLA and other heritage institutions will analyze fragments and items from the site to understand construction methods, potential funerary offerings, and any remains that might shed light on health conditions of that era.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-standing-out-among-roman-finds">Standing out among Roman finds</h2>



Researchers say that an intact coffin of this size stands apart from other burials in the region. Scholars of Roman Britain point out that many cemeteries from the third and fourth centuries lacked elaborate markers, so stone coffins offer rare physical proof of local customs.&nbsp;



In some places, wooden coffins or simpler internments were more common. Stone burials sometimes contained personal belongings or other grave goods, giving scholars a deeper understanding of how people valued life and memory.



Even as road construction picks back up, workers remain alert for more relics. In addition to this coffin, National Highways has encountered smaller artifacts in Cambridgeshire, Bedfordshire, Gloucestershire, and Essex. 



Each piece enriches the story of past eras and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-beyond-wealth-some-communities-find-joy-in-simplicity/">local communities</a>. Many of these highlights will be presented in upcoming instalments of BBC’s Digging for Britain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-steps-for-public-engagement">Future steps for public engagement</h2>



The new season, now in its 12th series, continues to captivate viewers across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sequoias-are-thriving-in-the-uk-landscape/">U.K</a>. Historians and archaeologists appear on the show to discuss their on-site work and the significance behind every bronze brooch, tile fragment, or carved coffin. Roadside discoveries highlight how the past can sit just inches beneath modern infrastructure.



Many in the community are looking forward to seeing what else emerges. As the A47 upgrade continues, archaeologists will monitor any areas that seem likely to contain more finds.&nbsp;



Specialists plan to document every clue, from tiny bits of pottery to larger stone structures, helping ensure these materials can be studied now and appreciated by future generations.



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Archaeologists have unearthed a stone coffin  hidden underground for 1,500 years

Archaeologists working on a busy route in Cambridgeshire have come...

A team of researchers have recently witnessed behavior in the wild that could offer critical clues about how the endangered whale shark reproduces.&nbsp;



This surprising discovery, made by a research team off northwestern Australia, could be pivotal for the species’ conservation.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whale-sharks-move-into-dangerous-territory-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whale sharks</a>, recognized as the world’s largest fish, have long posed a challenge for scientists who strive to understand the details of their life cycles - particularly their mating rituals.&nbsp;



Given that whale sharks are currently listed as endangered, every insight into their reproductive strategies is essential for crafting effective measures to protect them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collecting-data-on-whale-shark-behavior">Collecting data on whale shark behavior </h2>



At Ningaloo Reef, a <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> on the northwestern coast of Western Australia, annual expeditions have taken place each May from 2009 to 2024. This specific timeframe captures the peak period when whale sharks migrate to the region and aggregate in considerable numbers.&nbsp;



Scientists have used these field seasons to observe and collect data on the behaviors of whale sharks, hoping to uncover patterns that would illuminate everything from feeding habits to potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fascinating-mating-behaviors-of-leopard-seals-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mating rituals</a>.



During the 2024 expedition, a research team documented a mature male whale shark engaging in what appeared to be following and biting behaviors toward a smaller female shark.&nbsp;



Although it remains unclear if this encounter culminated in mating, the new observations provide a rare glimpse into the courtship interactions of these elusive giants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-hand-accounts-of-unusual-behavior">First-hand accounts of unusual behavior</h2>



“Following and biting are common copulation behaviours in other species within the subclass of cartilaginous fish that the whale shark belongs to,” explained PhD candidate Christine Barry, a member of <a href="https://www.murdoch.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Murdoch University</a>’s Harry Butler Institute and the <a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Institute of Marine Science</a>.&nbsp;



Barry and her colleagues noted that these behaviors have been observed in several other cartilaginous fish, including various shark species. Such actions typically denote an attempt by the male to stabilize or secure the female’s position during mating.



“This is also consistent with previous reports by fishers recounting behaviours they’d observed out on the water of sexually mature males towards females at different aggregation sites,” Barry added.&nbsp;



These anecdotes, now supported by direct evidence, add weight to the idea that whale sharks’ mating rituals may mirror those of other large sharks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-piecing-together-mating-clues">Piecing together mating clues</h2>



The research team, led by Barry alongside Dr. Mark Meekan of the University of Western Australia, published their conclusions in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1507072/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.&nbsp;



According to Barry, it is unlikely that the encounter during this expedition resulted in a successful mating event. Nonetheless, the instance of following and biting strongly suggests that whale shark mating behavior follows a pattern akin to many other shark species.



By placing these newly documented behaviors in the broader context of whale shark biology, scientists can form hypotheses regarding the mating process of the species.&nbsp;



Additionally, the research group underscores that knowledge of how whale sharks court and reproduce can significantly boost conservation efforts, particularly as populations remain vulnerable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avoidance-behavior-by-female-whale-sharks">Avoidance behavior by female whale sharks </h2>



Whale sharks, which can grow up to 12 meters or more in length, have a global distribution in warm temperate and tropical waters. Despite their widespread presence, many aggregation sites show an overwhelming number of males.&nbsp;



“At Ningaloo Reef, and many aggregation sites around the world, males outnumber females with a ratio of one female to three males,” Barry said. The reasons behind this imbalance have puzzled scientists for years.



“This could explain why female whale sharks may be avoiding aggregation sites. Particularly for juvenile female sharks, the energetic costs of unwanted attention from males could imply a reason for strong male biases,” Barry added.&nbsp;



Female whale sharks, particularly younger ones, might seek refuge in areas with fewer adult males to steer clear of the stress and energy demands associated with repeated courtship attempts.&nbsp;



This avoidance behavior could be a crucial factor influencing whale shark population structures at various aggregation points.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



One pressing question is what these findings mean for managing whale shark populations worldwide. As an endangered species, whale sharks already face numerous challenges, including interactions with fisheries, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/basking-sharks-are-exceptionally-vulnerable-to-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vessel strikes</a>, and habitat degradation.&nbsp;



Understanding their mating behavior, including how males and females interact at aggregation sites, can aid biologists and policymakers in deciding how to protect critical habitats - such as identifying areas where females can avoid male-dominated gatherings.



The annual expeditions at Ningaloo Reef also serve as a model for studying whale sharks in their natural environment without relying on anecdotal sightings.&nbsp;



By systematically gathering data and applying scientific methods, researchers can more accurately identify patterns and track changes in whale shark behavior over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuation-of-whale-shark-research">Continuation of whale shark research</h2>



This new information about potential mating interactions is just the latest in a series of findings by Christine Barry, Dr. Meekan, and other scientists at Murdoch University’s School of Environmental and Conservation Sciences and partner institutions.&nbsp;



Their previous studies have covered topics ranging from the impact of tourism on whale shark well-being to prey dynamics in waters frequented by these fish.



Moving forward, the researchers intend to broaden their focus to include additional observational and genetic studies, in hopes of confirming how often such pre-mating behaviors occur and what leads to successful reproduction.&nbsp;



In this way, the data gleaned at Ningaloo Reef and other aggregation sites may help scientists develop clearer conservation strategies tailored to the unique reproductive needs of whale sharks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-the-largest-fish-in-the-sea">Saving the largest fish in the sea</h2>



The newly documented behaviors at Ningaloo Reef represent a pivotal step in unraveling one of the great mysteries of marine biology: how whale sharks reproduce.&nbsp;



While much remains to be learned about courtship and mating in these gentle ocean giants, the direct observations of following and biting offer valuable context for a species that has long eluded scientific understanding.



With further research, scientists hope to clarify whether female whale sharks avoid highly male-dominated sites as a means to reduce the stress and energy costs of unwanted attention.&nbsp;



Such knowledge could shape guidelines for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-marine-protected-areas-boost-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine protected areas</a> and responsible ecotourism that minimize disturbances to whale shark breeding practices.&nbsp;



Ultimately, uncovering the nuances of whale shark mating is a vital piece of the puzzle in ensuring the survival of these endangered animals for generations to come.



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Whale shark mating behaviors observed for the first time in the wild

A team of researchers have recently witnessed behavior in the...

A recent study reveals that Americans who are 55 years of age and older now face an estimated 42% lifetime risk of developing dementia, surpassing older estimates by more than double.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preventing-dementia-scientists-say-three-factors-matter-most/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dementia</a>, which involves progressive declines in memory, concentration, and judgment, is expected to result in roughly 500,000 new cases in 2025, a figure set to climb to one million cases a year by 2060.&nbsp;



Researchers explain that this rise is closely linked to the aging U.S. population, along with additional risk factors such as genetic predisposition, high rates of hypertension and diabetes, obesity, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, and mental health challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-previous-estimates-were-lower">Why previous estimates were lower</h2>



Researchers attribute prior underestimations to inconsistent documentation of dementia in health records and death certificates, inadequate monitoring of early-stage cases, and the underreporting of cases among racial minorities, who are disproportionately affected by the condition.



The findings stem from a large collaborative study funded by the <a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Institutes of Health,</a> conducted by <a href="https://nyulangone.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Langone Health</a>, with contributions from <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> and other institutions.&nbsp;



The research utilized data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS), which has been tracking the vascular and cognitive health of nearly 16,000 participants since 1987. ARIC-NCS is noted for being the longest research effort focusing on cognition and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-environments-and-sidewalks-improve-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a> in African-Americans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gender-and-racial-disparities">Gender and racial disparities</h2>



The study’s findings, published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03340-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Medicine</a>, detail 3,252 dementia diagnoses among participants from 1987 to 2020, translating to a lifetime risk of 42% for middle-aged Americans. 



The results indicate that men face a 35% risk, whereas women face a 48% risk - a difference primarily due to women’s longer average life expectancy. 



The research also pinpoints higher dementia susceptibility among Black adults and among carriers of a particular APOE4 gene variant, recognized as a chief genetic risk factor for late-onset <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-a-brain-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a>.



"The relative growth in new dementia cases was especially pronounced for Black adults. These results highlight the urgent need for policies that enhance healthy aging, with a focus on health equity," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-rise-in-dementia-risk">Dramatic rise in dementia risk</h2>



“Our study results forecast a dramatic rise in the burden from dementia in the United States over the coming decades, with one in two Americans expected to experience cognitive difficulties after age 55,” said Josef Coresh, who served as senior investigator on the research and is the founding director of the <a href="https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/optimal-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Optimal Aging Institute</a> at NYU Langone.&nbsp;



Coresh noted that the increase in cases is partly tied to brain function decline starting in middle age, a growing number of Americans over 65, and longer average lifespans among women.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-concerns-linked-to-dementia-risk">Health concerns linked to dementia risk </h2>



The study also reveals that the lifetime risk of dementia surpasses 50% for those reaching age 75. However, previous findings suggest that strategies for preventing heart disease - such as blood pressure control and diabetes prevention - could similarly help reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive decline</a>.



“The pending population boom in dementia cases poses significant challenges for health policymakers, in particular, who must refocus their efforts on strategies to minimize the severity of dementia cases, as well as plans to provide more health care services for those with dementia,” Coresh said.



Hearing loss is another critical concern tied to dementia risk, yet only about a third of older Americans experiencing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hearing-loss-linked-to-a-greater-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hearing loss</a> use hearing aids. Coresh advocates greater monitoring, expanded testing, and more affordable hearing aids to alleviate this issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-racial-disparities-and-broader-recommendations">Racial disparities and broader recommendations</h2>



According to Coresh, far more resources are needed to address racial inequities in health care, noting that while dementia numbers among Caucasian individuals are expected to double over the next four decades, rates among Black individuals are expected to triple. 



Health policies should heighten efforts in Black communities to improve childhood education and nutrition, which research has shown to be beneficial for delaying cognitive decline later in life.



Ultimately, these findings highlight the daunting challenges posed by dementia as Americans age, but they also suggest paths for intervention - through robust healthcare systems, preventative heart health measures, support for hearing care, and programs targeted at reducing social and racial inequities.



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Risk of dementia is much higher than previously thought

A recent study reveals that Americans who are 55 years...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

This image contains some of the Native Americans who worked with General Miles in the 1890s to settle the Indian War: Standing Bull, Bear Who Looks Back Running, Has the Big White Horse, White Tail, Liver [Living] Bear, Little Thunder, Bull Dog, High Hawk, Lame, and Eagle Pipe. Photo Credit: John C. Grabill/Buyenlarge/Getty Images

Meeting of the Chiefs

“Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” traveling show claimed to give a glimpse into what daily life was like in the still undeveloped western section of the U.S. This included the Native Americans who also lived in the area. Bill partnered with Indigenous performers from Great Plains tribes who wore feathered headdresses and rode painted horses. Photo Credit: Transcendental Graphics/Getty Images