<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features record-breaking water levels in the Big Sioux River which overtopped its banks on June 24, 2024. The false-color image highlights the presence of water, appearing dark blue. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-torrential-rainfall-across-the-midwest-nbsp">Torrential rainfall across the Midwest&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In late June, more than a foot of rain fell on parts of South Dakota and Iowa in the Midwest, causing rivers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-rivers-always-recover-from-floods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">overflow</a> and resulting in significant destruction. The overflowing rivers demolished homes and bridges and inundated farmlands.</p>



<p>The areas of the Midwest that were hit hardest by excessive rain were south of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. </p>



<p>“A front of dense moisture, drawn north from the Gulf of Mexico, parked over southeastern South Dakota and northwestern Iowa on June 20 and 21, unleashing torrential rainfall. Mitchell and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, recorded 6.5 and 7.7 inches of cumulative rain, respectively,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“It was the wettest two-day period for these cities in the National Weather Service’s (NWS) climate record, dating back to 1893. In Canton, South Dakota, near Iowa’s border, about 15 inches of rain fell on those days, according to NWS estimates.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saturated-soils-in-the-great-plains-nbsp">Saturated soils in the Great Plains&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The National Water Center noted that the front brought rain to already saturated soils, as the Great Plains region had received 150-200 percent of its normal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rainfall-gets-an-unpredictable-boost-from-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> from mid-May to mid-June. </p>



<p>Using soil moisture data from NASA’s Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) center, the NWS forecasted that the ground could not absorb more water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-sioux-river-nbsp">Big Sioux River&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Big Sioux River, which borders Iowa and South Dakota, reached record heights following the consecutive days of heavy rainfall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On June 23, the river level in Sioux City, Iowa, rose to nearly 45 feet, 7 feet higher than the previous record. That evening, a steel railroad bridge connecting North Sioux City, South Dakota, with Sioux City, Iowa, collapsed into the Big Sioux River.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rock-valley-flooding">Rock Valley flooding</h2>



<p>In northwestern Iowa, about a foot of rain fell over two days near Rock Valley, 50 miles southeast of Sioux Falls.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excessive rain</a> brought the Rock River to an all-time high of 27 feet (major flooding stage is 19 feet). On the morning of June 22, the river broke a levee in Rock Valley, flooding the town and forcing 4,000 residents to evacuate. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-earth-river">Blue Earth River </h2>



<p>Subsequently, the front moved over southern Minnesota, causing water levels to rise along several rivers in the state. Rising waters on the Blue Earth River washed out a portion of the Rapidan Dam near Mankato, according to news reports.</p>



<p>As of June 25, water levels of many rivers in the Great Plains had begun to fall but remained at major flooding stage, according to the NWS.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Torrential rain caused catastrophic flooding in the Midwest

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Sombrero Galaxy, with its magnificent structure captured in stunning detail by the Hubble Space Telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sombrero-galaxy-nbsp">Sombrero Galaxy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104, is one of the most intriguing and easily recognizable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/">galaxies</a> in the night sky, notable for its bright nucleus, large central bulge, and prominent dust lane that gives it a sombrero-like appearance when viewed from Earth. It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 29 million light-years away.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Its most distinguishing feature is the dark dust lane that encircles the galaxy along its equator, resembling the rim of a sombrero hat. This dust lane is composed of interstellar dust and gas, where new stars are being born.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-type-and-structure">Galaxy type and structure</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)a galaxy, indicating it is an unbarred spiral galaxy with a prominent nucleus. However, its large bulge and dust lane also give it characteristics of an elliptical galaxy and a lenticular galaxy, making it a hybrid of sorts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-nucleus">Bright nucleus</h3>



<p>The galaxy has a very bright nucleus, which is thought to house a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive black hole</a>. Observations suggest the black hole at its center is one of the most massive known, with an estimated mass of hundreds of millions of solar masses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-scale">Size and scale</h3>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy spans about 50,000 light-years in diameter, making it about half the size of our Milky Way. Its halo is also populated with globular clusters, similar to the Milky Way, though the exact number is still a subject of research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-discovery">Research and discovery</h3>



<p>Due to its unique features and relatively close proximity, the Sombrero Galaxy has been a focus of research and has been extensively studied across various wavelengths, from radio to X-ray. These studies have helped astronomers gain insights into the processes of galaxy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/">formation</a> and evolution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-expanding-universe-model-nbsp">The expanding universe model&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The expanding universe model is a fundamental concept in cosmology that describes the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-claims-our-universe-is-27-billion-years-old-double-the-current-age-estimate/">universe</a> as continuously growing in scale over time. This model is based on observations that galaxies are moving away from each other, with their separation increasing as time progresses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Sombrero Galaxy was one of the first galaxies to be identified as having a redshift, indicating it is moving away from us, which was an important piece of evidence supporting the expanding universe model. The key aspects of this model include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-s-law">Hubble's Law</h3>



<p>In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are receding from each other at velocities proportional to their distances. This relationship, known as Hubble's Law, provided the first observational evidence for the expanding universe. It suggests that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it appears to be moving away from us.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This expansion is often described by the analogy of dots on an inflating balloon; as the balloon expands, the dots (representing galaxies) move away from each other.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bang-theory">Big Bang Theory</h3>



<p>The expanding universe model is a cornerstone of the Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe began as a singular, extremely hot and dense point approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. This theory explains the creation of all space, time, matter, and energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-microwave-background-radiation">Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation</h3>



<p>The discovery of the CMB in 1965 provided strong evidence for the Big Bang theory and the expanding universe model. The CMB is the afterglow radiation from the Big Bang, observed as a faint microwave signal pervasive throughout the universe. It is considered a snapshot of the infant universe, showing a time about 380,000 years after the Big Bang when the universe had cooled enough for atoms to form and light to travel freely.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accelerated-expansion">Accelerated Expansion</h3>



<p>Observations of distant supernovae in the late 20th century revealed that the universe's expansion is accelerating, not slowing down as previously assumed. This acceleration is attributed to a mysterious force termed "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/">dark energy</a>," which constitutes about 68% of the total energy content of the universe.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmological-principle">Cosmological Principle</h3>



<p>The model is based on the cosmological principle, which states that on large scales, the universe is homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (appearing the same in all directions). This principle supports the observation that the expansion of the universe is uniform and not directed outward from a central point.</p>



<p>The expanding universe model has profoundly impacted our understanding of cosmology, leading to further inquiries into the nature of dark matter, dark energy, and the ultimate fate of the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-image">More about the image</h2>



<p>"NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has trained its razor-sharp eye on one of the universe's most stately and photogenic galaxies, the Sombrero galaxy, Messier 104 (M104). The galaxy's hallmark is a brilliant white, bulbous core encircled by the thick dust lanes comprising the spiral structure of the galaxy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"As seen from Earth, the galaxy is tilted nearly edge-on. We view it from just six degrees north of its equatorial plane. This brilliant galaxy was named the Sombrero because of its resemblance to the broad rim and high-topped Mexican hat."</p>



<p>"At a relatively bright magnitude of +8, M104 is just beyond the limit of naked-eye visibility and is easily seen through small telescopes. The Sombrero lies at the southern edge of the rich Virgo cluster of galaxies and is one of the most massive objects in that group, equivalent to 800 billion suns. The galaxy is 50,000 light-years across and is located 30 million light-years from Earth."</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)</p>



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The brilliant Sombrero Galaxy hints at an expanding universe 

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the Columbia Glacier, a tidewater glacier located in Prince William Sound on the south coast of Alaska. </p>



<p>It is one of the most rapidly changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> in the world and has been closely studied for the insights it provides into glacial mechanics and climate change impacts. </p>



<p>"Since the early 1980s, the Columbia Glacier has retreated more than 20 km and lost about half of its total volume. This one glacier accounts for nearly half of the ice lost in the Chugach Mountains," noted ESA.</p>



<p>"The changing climate is thought to have caused its retreat. Until 1980, when its rapid and constant retreat began, the glacier’s terminus was observed at the northern edge of Heather Island, which lies near the end of Columbia Bay, the inlet into which the glacier currently flows before draining into Prince William Sound."</p>



<p>"This satellite image, acquired in September 2023, shows instead the deep mostly ice-free Columbia Bay dotted with numerous icebergs and fragmented sea-ice."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-calving-events">Dramatic calving events</h2>



<p>The Columbia Glacier is known for its dramatic calving events, where large chunks of ice break off from the glacier's terminus and fall into the sea, becoming icebergs. This process has been particularly active as the glacier has retreated, contributing to hazards for shipping in Prince William Sound.</p>



<p>The glacier has been the focus of extensive scientific research, serving as a case study for understanding the dynamics of tidewater glaciers and their responses to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-for-ocean-acidification-a-silent-killer-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. Studies have used satellite imagery, field observations, and modeling to track its changes over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-impact-on-the-columbia-glacier">Climate impact on the Columbia Glacier</h2>



<p>"Columbia is just one of the many glaciers suffering from the effects of climate change. Most of the glaciers around the world are losing mass. However, before the advent of satellites, measuring their retreat and studying their vulnerability to climate change was difficult considering their size, remoteness and rugged terrain they occupy," said ESA.</p>



<p>"Different satellite instruments now can gather information systematically and over large areas, providing an effective means to monitor change, keep track of all calving stages and quantify the melting rate and their contribution to sea-level rise."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-columbia-glacier-nbsp">More about Columbia Glacier&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Columbia Glacier flows from the Chugach Mountains into Columbia Bay. It was once one of the largest contributors to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a> due to its significant ice loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The glacier's dynamics are influenced by its interaction with water, where the terminus meets the ocean. As the glacier flows into the sea, large chunks of ice calve off the front, leading to dramatic scenes of ice crashing into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelf-sediment-ocean-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a>. This process has been intensifying due to warmer temperatures and changes in water circulation, which undermine the ice from below.</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier's retreat has significant implications for marine navigation and local ecosystems. The increase in icebergs calving into the bay poses hazards to ships, while the fresh meltwater impacts local water temperatures and salinity, affecting the habitat of fish and other marine life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melting-glaciers-and-ocean-composition-nbsp">Melting glaciers and ocean composition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Glaciers, which are large masses of accumulated snow and ice, store about 69 percent of the world's freshwater. As the climate warms, these glaciers increasingly melt and release freshwater into nearby seas and the ocean at large.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influx-of-freshwater">Influx of freshwater</h3>



<p>The influx of freshwater from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> alters the salinity (salt concentration) of the ocean water. Since freshwater is less dense than saltwater, its addition can lead to stratification in which lighter, less salty water layers on top of denser, saltier water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Stratification can disrupt ocean currents, which are driven in part by differences in water density and temperature. These currents are crucial for regulating global climate by distributing heat and nutrients around the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changes-in-salinity-nbsp">Changes in salinity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salinity</a> can affect marine life, which often has narrow salinity tolerance ranges. For example, shifts in salinity can impact breeding cycles, migration patterns, and the availability of nutrients.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-carbon-cycle">Global carbon cycle</h3>



<p>As the ocean's composition changes, its capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere could also be altered, affecting the global carbon cycle and, by extension, climate change feedback mechanisms.</p>



<p>The melting of glaciers contributes to more pronounced changes in ocean conditions, impacting everything from global climate systems to local ecosystems in marine environments.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</p>



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Columbia Glacier on the south coast of Alaska

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features thick haze over Thailand during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-fire-season-in-mexico-is-part-of-a-worldwide-trend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire season</a>. The photograph was captured on March 16, 2024 by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi NPP satellite.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waves-of-smoke-and-haze">Waves of smoke and haze</h2>



<p>"Each year in January and February, satellites begin to detect waves of smoke and fire in Southeast Asia, particularly in highland forests in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand. Fire activity continues to increase through March and April, reaches a peak during the height of the dry season, and then fades in May with the start of the rainy season," noted NASA.</p>



<p>"Individual fires are usually small and short-lived. But they are often so numerous that smoke, along with air pollution from rural and urban areas, mixes to produce thick layers of haze that blanket the landscape." </p>



<p>"Such hazes contain mixtures of small airborne particles called aerosols and gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone that degrade air quality and have harmful health effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-in-thailand-nbsp">Haze in Thailand&nbsp;</h2>



<p>An international field campaign - the Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) - was recently launched to investigate the haze in Thailand.</p>



<p>"During the last two weeks of March 2024, NASA’s DC-8 and Gulfstream III aircraft flew several flights over Chiang Mai, Bangkok, and rural areas surrounding the cities to sample air quality with several sensors. At the same time, satellites observed the haze from above," said NASA.</p>



<p>James Crawford, ASIA-AQ’s principal investigator, said the team is collaborating closely with national and local government entities in Thailand.</p>



<p>“The goal is to take as many simultaneous measurements of pollutants as possible from the ground, air, and space,” said Crawford. The team will use the data to gain a better understanding of how the haze forms, evolves chemically over time, and moves throughout the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-haze-and-public-health-in-thailand">Haze and public health in Thailand </h2>



<p>According to media reports, nearly 200,000 people have been hospitalized this year due to air quality in the region, with over 1.3 million people falling ill since January.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-causes">Root causes</h3>



<p>The root causes of the haze include agricultural burning, particularly of corn fields, as part of slash-and-burn practices to prepare land for the next planting cycle. This is exacerbated by the dry season when there's little rain to wash the pollutants away. </p>



<p>The situation is worsened by industrial emissions and vehicle fumes, particularly in urban areas like Bangkok​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-solutions-are-needed">Sustainable solutions are needed</h3>



<p>Efforts to address the crisis have been complex, involving local and transboundary issues. Much of the agricultural burning occurs not only within Thailand but also in neighboring countries like Myanmar and Laos, contributing to the transboundary nature of the haze. </p>



<p>Activists and local communities have called for sustainable solutions that do not exacerbate the poverty of smallholder farmers, emphasizing the need for affordable and realistic alternatives to burning​.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigation-measures-nbsp">Mitigation measures&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The Thai government has implemented a no-burning rule until the end of April to combat wildfires and haze, but enforcement and effectiveness remain challenges​​. </p>



<p>Some measures taken to mitigate the immediate effects of pollution in urban areas include spraying water and seeding clouds to encourage rain, although these have had limited success​​.</p>



<p>This ongoing environmental crisis has sparked widespread concern among citizens, who are increasingly using public interest litigation to hold companies and the government accountable for environmental commitments. </p>



<p>With recent political changes, there is hope that the new administration will take more decisive action against the haze, possibly through more stringent regulations and international cooperation​​.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impacts-of-haze">Health impacts of haze</h2>



<p>Haze poses several health hazards for those exposed to it, particularly when it contains fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Here are some of the main health risks associated with exposure to haze:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respiratory-problems">Respiratory problems</h3>



<p>Haze can aggravate conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and other chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). The fine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/">particles</a> can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing inflammation and reducing lung function.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cardiovascular-issues-and-haze">Cardiovascular issues and haze</h3>



<p>Exposure to fine particulate matter can also affect the cardiovascular system, leading to increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, and high blood pressure. Particles can affect blood vessel function and promote the formation of blood clots.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-irritation">Eye irritation</h3>



<p>Haze can cause eye irritation, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) or exacerbated symptoms in people with existing eye conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-problems">Skin problems</h3>



<p>For some people, exposure to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/">polluted air</a> can cause skin irritation or exacerbate skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>There is evidence to suggest that prolonged exposure to polluted air can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mental-health">Impact on mental health</h3>



<p>There are growing concerns about the impact of air pollution on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-linked-to-multiple-chronic-health-conditions/">mental health</a>, with studies suggesting a link between exposure to polluted air and an increased risk of depression and anxiety.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnant-women-and-children">Pregnant women and children</h3>



<p>Pregnant women, children, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of haze. There may be increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight in babies, and children may experience delayed development and reduced lung function.</p>



<p>The health impacts of haze can be mitigated by staying indoors on days when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality</a> is particularly poor, using air purifiers, wearing masks designed to filter out fine particles, and following local health advisories.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

Haze pollution is an environmental crisis in Thailand

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> features the vibrant colors of the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. The newly captured image reveals a landscape abundant in iron, magnesium, and aluminum. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-colors-of-mars">The colors of Mars</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-samples-from-mars-could-reveal-fascinating-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> gets its distinctive red color from iron oxides, or rust, on its surface. The Martian soil and dust are rich in iron minerals, which oxidize when exposed to the small amounts of oxygen present in the Martian atmosphere. </p>



<p>This oxidation process gives the planet its reddish hue, similar to how iron objects on Earth develop rust. </p>



<p>The scattering of sunlight by these iron oxide particles further enhances the reddish appearance when viewed from a distance. However, the human eye can only perceive a fraction of Mars' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-captured-in-true-color-like-youve-never-seen-the-red-planet-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">true color</a> palette. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassis-image">CaSSIS image</h2>



<p>The European Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) offers a more detailed view, showcasing a striking diversity of colors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This latest CaSSIS image reveals yellow layers rich in iron and magnesium clays, overlain by white and blue layers abundant in aluminum.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The area is draped by a dark, heavily eroded layer, illustrating a vibrant, metallic landscape formed around 3.6 billion years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mawrth-vallis">Mawrth Vallis</h2>



<p>Mawrth Vallis lies just south of the dichotomy boundary, a ridge marking the divide between Mars' southern highlands and northern lowlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This region continues to captivate scientists due to its geological complexity and history of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">liquid water</a> flow. </p>



<p>Although Mawrth Vallis was considered as a landing site for the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover, the mission ultimately chose Oxia Planum for its search for signs of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-ancient-past">Mars’ ancient past</h2>



<p>While Rosalind Franklin prepares for its mission, the TGO remains in orbit, conducting crucial research to unravel Mars' ancient past and assess its potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a>. </p>



<p>Since beginning its full science mission in 2018, TGO has not only captured stunning images but also provided a comprehensive inventory of Mars' atmospheric gases and mapped water-rich locations on the planet's surface.</p>



<p>For six years, CaSSIS has delivered breathtaking views of Mars in vivid color, documenting features ranging from volcanic landscapes to active dust devils and immense sand dunes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding Mars' water history and its implications for past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-is-letting-out-mysterious-methane-burps-but-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a> remains a core focus of ESA’s ExoMars missions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metals-on-mars">Metals on Mars</h2>



<p>Mars is rich in various metals that contribute to its geological and mineralogical diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While iron is the most prominent, magnesium is also abundant. It is often found in the form of clays, contributing to the planet's diverse mineral composition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Aluminum is another significant metal present on Mars, commonly found in layered deposits and sediments.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-metal-layers-of-mars">Complex metal layers of Mars</h3>



<p>These metals are not evenly distributed but are found in various concentrations across the Martian surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, regions like Mawrth Vallis exhibit a complex layering of different metal-rich minerals, including iron and magnesium-rich clays overlain by aluminium-rich layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This diversity indicates a rich geological history involving water activity, volcanic processes, and sedimentary deposition.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-changes-over-time">Major changes over time</h3>



<p>The presence of these metals suggests that Mars has undergone significant chemical and physical processes over billions of years, shaping its current landscape.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Understanding the distribution and composition of metals on Mars helps scientists piece together the planet's history and assess its past potential for habitability.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS</p>



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Metallic Mars: The diverse colors of the Red Planet

<p>Today's Image of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Aral Sea, captured by an astronaut aboard the International Space Station while orbiting over Kazakhstan.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although it is referred to as a sea, the Aral Sea is technically an endorheic lake that straddles the border between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, receiving water from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-desertification-of-the-aral-sea">Severe desertification of the Aral Sea</h2>



<p>Over the last six decades, extensive diversion of these rivers for agricultural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-can-now-show-us-how-much-water-we-use-for-irrigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">irrigation</a> has dramatically reduced the lake's surface area, which once might have covered most of this image.</p>



<p>Formerly the fourth largest lake in the world by surface area, the Aral Sea has shrunk to about 10% of its original size since the 1960s. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-aralkum-desert">The Aralkum Desert</h2>



<p>The southeast region of the lake has undergone severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oases-grow-by-human-effort-but-face-threats-from-desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>, giving rise to the Aralkum Desert - one of the world's newest deserts, covering 62,000 square kilometers (24,000 square miles).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The image shows sand dunes in the bottom-center, formed by winds sweeping across the barren landscape. The shrinking of the Aral Sea has also led to frequent sand and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-and-dust-storms-have-become-unpredictable-and-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>, worsening local air quality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-barsa-kelmes-nature-reserve">The Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve</h2>



<p>In the local Turkic language, "aral" means "island," reflecting the lake's history of containing over 1,100 islands. One such island hosts the Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve, located between what remains of the North and South Aral Seas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The reserve is home to hundreds of plant and animal species. Efforts to revive the local ecosystem and curb further aridification are underway, including a project supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development which involves planting black saxaul shrubs (Haloxylon aphyllum).&nbsp;</p>



<p>These shrubs help stabilize the soil and reduce dust storm impacts, aiding in the recovery of native flora and fauna.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destruction-of-the-aral-sea">Destruction of the Aral Sea</h2>



<p>The Aral Sea was once known for its vibrant fishing industry, which was a cornerstone of the local economy - particularly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan - for centuries.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the 1950s, the sea supported a thriving fishery, with annual catches of around 40,000 to 50,000 tons of fish. Several species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> thrived in its waters, including carp, roach, bream, and the Aral barbel.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collapse-of-the-fishing-industry-nbsp">Collapse of the fishing industry&nbsp;</h3>



<p>However, the industry began to collapse in the 1960s when the Soviet government initiated massive irrigation projects that diverted the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers away from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-study-most-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-quickly-losing-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake</a> to irrigate cotton fields.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As water levels dropped, salinity increased, making the environment uninhabitable for most fish species. By the 1980s, commercial fishing became untenable; the industry virtually disappeared, resulting in economic and social hardship for the communities that depended on it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-disaster">Ecological disaster</h3>



<p>The shrinkage of the Aral Sea is one of the most severe anthropogenic ecological disasters of the 20th century. The loss of the fishing industry was just one of many devastating consequences.</p>



<p>The region experienced a sharp decline in biodiversity, with many native fish species becoming extinct, severely affecting the local fishing industry. The exposed sea bed also created health problems for local populations as winds spread toxic dust and salt from the dry seabed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-efforts-to-restore-the-aral-sea">Ongoing efforts to restore the Aral Sea</h3>



<p>Today, the area struggles with these legacies, even as there are ongoing efforts to revive some parts of the sea and mitigate the environmental damage.</p>



<p>Efforts have been made to partially restore the Northern Aral Sea, which has seen some improvement in water levels and fish populations due to the construction of a dam.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the larger Southern Aral Sea remains largely desiccated and the overall environmental restoration of the area is a complex and ongoing challenge.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The shrinking Aral Sea: An environmental disaster

<p>The great white shark is an apex predator, as it has no known natural predators other than, on very rare occasions, the orca. It is arguably the world's largest-known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals, up to the size of large baleen whales.</p>



<p>Size – more than 20 ft<br>Weight – 2.5 tons<br>Lifespan – 70 years</p>

Great White Shark

<p>Wood surfaces play a crucial role in the transmission of viruses, including the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.</p>



<p>Contaminated surfaces can pass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/">viruses</a> from person to person, raising the question: can certain surfaces naturally reduce this risk?</p>



<p>New research from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a> has found that wood possesses natural antiviral properties, which can decrease the duration viruses remain infectious on its surface.</p>



<p>Interestingly, some types of wood are more effective than others in reducing viral infectivity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wood-s-antiviral-properties">Wood's antiviral properties</h2>



<p>Enveloped viruses, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-virus-can-remain-in-sperm-months-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronavirus</a>, can survive on surfaces for up to five days, while nonenveloped viruses, including those responsible for the common cold, can persist for weeks - even on disinfected surfaces.</p>



<p>Wood is known for its antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it a popular choice for cutting boards. However, its ability to inactivate viruses has not been thoroughly explored until now.</p>



<p>Researchers studied the antiviral effects of six types of wood: Scots pine, silver birch, gray alder, eucalyptus, pedunculate oak, and Norway spruce. </p>



<p>They aimed to determine how long enveloped and nonenveloped viruses remained infectious on these surfaces.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-activity-on-wood-surfaces">Virus activity on wood surfaces</h2>



<p>To assess viral activity, the researchers periodically flushed the wood surfaces with a liquid solution and introduced this solution to cultured cells in petri dishes. By measuring cell infection rates, they evaluated the antiviral efficacy of each wood type.</p>



<p>For enveloped coronavirus, pine, spruce, birch, and alder surfaces completely reduced the virus's infectivity within one hour. Eucalyptus and oak required two hours. Pine showed the fastest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/willow-bark-may-contain-life-saving-antiviral-medications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antiviral</a> action, starting after just five minutes, followed by spruce, which significantly reduced infectivity within ten minutes.</p>



<p>In the case of non-enveloped enterovirus, oak and spruce surfaces rendered the virus noninfectious within approximately an hour, with oak acting in 7.5 minutes and spruce in 60 minutes. Pine, birch, and eucalyptus took four hours to reduce the virus's infectivity, while alder showed no antiviral effect.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-wood-s-chemical-composition">Role of wood's chemical composition</h2>



<p>The researchers concluded that the chemical composition of a wood's surface is primarily responsible for its antiviral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-linked-to-elevated-risk-of-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">properties</a>.</p>



<p>While further study is needed to pinpoint the exact chemical mechanisms, these findings highlight wood as a promising candidate for natural, sustainable antiviral materials.</p>



<p>This research opens up new possibilities for using wood in environments where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/virus-lifespan-and-transmission-boosted-by-high-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viral transmission</a> is a concern, potentially leading to safer public spaces and homes.</p>



<p>As we continue to seek ways to combat viruses, wood's natural antiviral properties may offer an effective and eco-friendly solution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-virus-activity-with-wood">Minimizing virus activity with wood</h2>



<p>The discovery of wood's antiviral properties opens numerous applications across various sectors. In healthcare, wood can be used for furniture, hospital bed rails, and countertops to reduce viral spread in hospitals and clinics. </p>



<p>In public spaces, incorporating wood in high-touch areas such as handrails, benches, and tables can enhance hygiene. Schools and daycare centers can use wood for desks and play areas, offering a safer environment for children. </p>



<p>The food industry can benefit by using wooden cutting boards and surfaces, reducing the risk of viral contamination. Additionally, wood can be integrated into office spaces, gyms, and transportation hubs to promote healthier environments. </p>



<p>This eco-friendly solution provides a sustainable alternative to chemical disinfectants, aligning with growing environmental concerns. </p>



<p>As research advances, wood's antiviral properties might lead to innovative products and designs, significantly impacting how we manage viral transmission in our daily lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beneficial-properties-of-wood">Beneficial properties of wood</h2>



<p>Wood boasts several beneficial properties beyond its antiviral capabilities. It is renowned for its antibacterial and antifungal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/476000-year-old-ancient-woodworking-discovery-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qualities</a>, making it a popular choice for kitchen utensils, cutting boards, and food storage containers. </p>



<p>Wood is also a natural insulator, providing excellent thermal and acoustic insulation, which is ideal for building construction and interior design. </p>



<p>Its high strength-to-weight ratio makes wood both durable and lightweight, suitable for a variety of structural applications. Additionally, wood has aesthetic appeal, offering a natural, warm, and timeless look that enhances interior spaces. </p>



<p>It is a renewable resource, making it an environmentally friendly option compared to synthetic materials. Wood also has the ability to regulate humidity by absorbing and releasing moisture, contributing to healthier indoor air quality. </p>



<p>Furthermore, wood can be easily shaped and modified, allowing for versatility in design and construction. These properties make wood a valuable material in numerous industries and applications.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.4c02156" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces</a></em>. </p>



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Wood surfaces can naturally reduce virus transmission

Wood surfaces play a crucial role in the transmission of...

<p>Today's artificial intelligence (AI) reads, talks, and processes vast amounts of data, aiding in business decision-making and more. Despite these impressive capabilities, AI still faces significant brain-related limitations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-physical-world-challenge">The physical world challenge</h2>



<p>Modern AI technologies, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infant-learning-mirrors-chatgpts-training/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ChatGPT</a>, interact with the physical world in limited ways. They require billions of training examples to perform tasks such as solving math problems or writing essays effectively.</p>



<p>Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (<a href="https://www.cshl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSHL</a>) NeuroAI Scholar Kyle Daruwalla has been exploring unconventional methods to overcome these computational obstacles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-inspired-by-the-human-brain">AI inspired by the human brain</h2>



<p>Kyle Daruwalla identified that modern computing's high energy consumption is largely due to data movement. In <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-neural-networks-learn-better-when-they-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial neural networks</a>, data frequently travels long distances, consuming substantial amounts of energy. </p>



<p>This inefficiency motivated Daruwalla to seek inspiration from one of the most efficient computational systems known: the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neuromorphic-computing-where-ai-meets-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>. </p>



<p>Unlike artificial systems, the human brain processes information with remarkable energy efficiency. Its neurons and synapses manage data locally, reducing the need for extensive data transfer. By studying these biological processes, Daruwalla developed a new method for AI algorithms to move and process data more efficiently. </p>



<p>His approach mimics the brain's strategy, allowing individual AI "neurons" to receive feedback and adjust in real-time. This innovation not only addresses the issue of energy consumption but also enhances the responsiveness and learning capabilities of AI systems. </p>



<p>"In our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-invent-computer-that-operates-just-like-the-human-brain/">brains</a>, our connections are changing and adjusting all the time," noted Daruwalla. "It's not like you pause everything, adjust, and then resume being you."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-working-memory-and-learning">Bridging working memory and learning</h2>



<p>This innovative machine-learning model supports an unproven theory which links working memory with learning and academic performance.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pupils-enlarge-dilate-when-working-memory-engaged-focused-on-task/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Working memory</a>, the cognitive system enabling us to stay on task while recalling stored knowledge, plays a crucial role in learning.</p>



<p>"There have been theories in neuroscience about how working memory circuits could facilitate learning. But there wasn't a concrete rule tying these concepts together until now. Adjusting each synapse individually required working memory alongside it," said Daruwalla.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-generation-of-ai">A new generation of AI</h2>



<p>The innovative design could pioneer a new generation of AI that learns more like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-outperforms-humans-in-creativity-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a>, making the technology more efficient and accessible.</p>



<p>This development represents a significant step forward for neuroAI, a field where neuroscience has long provided valuable data to artificial intelligence methods like machine learning. Soon, it seems, AI may return the favor.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-ai-design">Advantages of AI design</h2>



<p>The new brain-inspired AI design offers several advantages. One major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neuromorphic-computing-where-ai-meets-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benefit</a> is its increased energy efficiency, reducing operational costs and environmental impact. This makes AI applications more sustainable and accessible. </p>



<p>The real-time adjustment capability enhances responsiveness, allowing AI systems to adapt quickly to new information and changing conditions, which is crucial for dynamic environments like autonomous vehicles or smart cities. </p>



<p>This approach also improves the scalability of AI systems, as efficient data processing reduces the need for extensive computational resources. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the model's ability to mimic human learning processes can lead to more intuitive and user-friendly AI interfaces, improving user experience and adoption rates. </p>



<p>Enhanced learning capabilities enable AI to perform complex tasks with greater accuracy, which is particularly beneficial in fields requiring high precision, such as healthcare and finance.</p>



<p>Overall, these advantages position the new AI design as a transformative technology with broad applicability and significant impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-brain-inspired-ai">Potential of brain-inspired AI</h2>



<p>The new brain-inspired AI design has a range of potential applications across various fields. In healthcare, it can enhance diagnostic tools, enabling more accurate and efficient data analysis for medical imaging and patient records. </p>



<p>In education, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-writing-illustration-drastically-reduces-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI systems</a> can provide personalized learning experiences, adapting in real-time to students' needs and improving academic outcomes.</p>



<p>In robotics, the improved energy efficiency and real-time adjustments can lead to more autonomous and adaptive robots, capable of performing complex tasks with minimal human intervention. </p>



<p>The technology can also benefit environmental monitoring by processing vast amounts of ecological data more efficiently, leading to better insights and quicker responses to environmental changes. </p>



<p>Additionally, in finance, this AI model could improve algorithmic trading and risk assessment by quickly adapting to market fluctuations. Overall, this innovative AI approach opens up new possibilities for smarter, more responsive, and energy-efficient applications across diverse industries.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computational-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncom.2024.1240348/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience</a></em></em>.</p>



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Can AI systems learn like the human brain?

Today's artificial intelligence (AI) reads, talks, and processes vast amounts...

<p>Human-caused mass extinctions can be prevented if we take action now, according to an international coalition of ecologists and conservationists.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a new study published in the  journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsci.2024.1349350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Science</em></a>, the experts identified crucial biodiversity hotspots that house rare wildlife and outlined an achievable plan to protect endangered species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safeguarding-the-last-wilderness-areas-nbsp">Safeguarding the last wilderness areas&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Incorporating these “Conservation Imperatives" into the 30 by 30 initiative, which aims to protect 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030, could safeguard the world's last wilderness areas and maintain essential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>.</p>



<p>The article, authored by representatives from 20 organizations including the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a> (UEA) in the UK, shows that preserving Earth's remaining biodiversity requires conserving just a small percentage of the planet's surface. </p>



<p>This plan would help save the most endangered species from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-building-triggered-a-mass-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>, securing Earth’s wildlife for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-the-sixth-mass-extinction-nbsp">Preventing the sixth mass extinction&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Most species on Earth are rare, meaning that species either have very narrow ranges or they occur at very low densities or both,” said lead author Eric Dinerstein, a scientist at the NGO <a href="https://www.resolve.ngo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resolve</a>. </p>



<p>“And rarity is very concentrated. In our study, zooming in on this rarity, we found that we need only about 1.2% of the Earth’s surface to head off the sixth great extinction of life on Earth.”</p>



<p>“There is a dwindling window of opportunity to protect what is left of the wild across Earth's ecoregions,” added co-author Carlos Peres, a professor of conservation ecology at UEA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our analysis shows that setting aside a critical threshold of only 1.2% of all terrestrial areas - identified as nearly 17,000 sites - to ensure the persistence of endemic, threatened, and rare species is a financially viable proposition, but I'm afraid this viability will rapidly decline over time.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remaining-habitats-for-rare-species">Remaining habitats for rare species</h2>



<p>Between 2018 and 2023, an additional 1.2 million square kilometers of land were protected.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Dinerstein and his colleagues estimated that this expansion only included 0.11 million square kilometers with range-limited and threatened species. Effective planning for protected areas is essential to ensure resources are used effectively.</p>



<p>The scientists used six layers of global biodiversity data to map the entire world. By combining these layers with maps of existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-are-failing-to-safeguard-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protected areas</a> and a fractional land cover analysis, they identified remaining habitats for rare and threatened species. </p>



<p>This enabled them to pinpoint the most critical, currently unprotected biodiversity areas, termed Conservation Imperatives, which serve as a global blueprint for local-level conservation planning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-sites-to-prevent-mass-extinctions">Key sites to prevent mass extinctions</h2>



<p>Protecting these 16,825 sites, covering approximately 164 million hectares, could prevent all predicted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extinction-crisis-entire-branches-of-earths-tree-of-life-are-vanishing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a>. </p>



<p>Moreover, protecting the sites in the tropics alone could prevent most predicted extinctions. Some 38% of Conservation Imperatives are near already-protected areas, which could facilitate their integration into existing conservation zones.</p>



<p>“These sites are home to over 4,700 threatened species in some of the world's most biodiverse yet threatened ecosystems,” said co-author Andy Lee, a manager at Resolve.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These include not only mammals and birds that rely on large intact habitats, like the tamaraw in the Philippines and the Celebes crested macaque in Sulawesi Indonesia, but also range-restricted amphibians and rare plant species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cost-of-avoiding-mass-extinctions">The cost of avoiding mass extinctions </h2>



<p>The researchers estimated the cost of this protection using data from hundreds of land protection projects over 14 years, considering the type and amount of land and country-specific economic factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The figures are approximate, as various land purchase or long-term lease options might be suitable for protecting Conservation Imperatives.</p>



<p>Stakeholders worldwide, including indigenous peoples, communities with jurisdiction over Conservation Imperative sites, and other civil society members, will need to decide which options work best for them.</p>



<p>“Our analysis estimated that protecting the Conservation Imperatives in the tropics would cost approximately $34 billion per year over the next five years,” Lee said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This represents less than 0.2% of the United States' GDP, less than 9% of the annual subsidies benefiting the global fossil fuel industry, and a fraction of the revenue generated from the mining and agroforestry industries each year.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-earth-for-future-generations">Protecting Earth for future generations </h2>



<p>Preserving wildlife is also crucial for addressing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-crisis-global-supply-chains-face-25-trillion-in-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a>. Biodiversity conservation means protecting Earth's forest cover, which acts as a carbon sink. </p>



<p>By conserving carbon-rich, wildlife-rich forested regions, we protect both threatened species and humans. Securing Conservation Imperatives is only the first critical step in this effort, as further actions are needed to address issues like poaching.</p>



<p>“What will we bequeath to future generations? A healthy, vibrant Earth is critical for us to pass on. So we’ve got to get going. We’ve got to head off the extinction crisis. Conservation Imperatives drive us to do that,” Dinerstein concluded.</p>



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Mass extinctions can be prevented by protecting key sites

Human-caused mass extinctions can be prevented if we take action...

<p>The search for extraterrestrial life has captivated our imaginations for centuries.&nbsp;Now,&nbsp;a study from the University of California,&nbsp;Riverside (<a href="https://www.ucr.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCR</a>) suggests a tantalizing possibility:&nbsp;we may be able to detect alien activity and civilizations by identifying artificial greenhouse gases they use to terraform planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-terraforming">What is terraforming?</h2>



<p>Terraforming, a concept popular in science fiction, involves transforming a planet's environment to make it hospitable for life as we know it. This process aims to alter various aspects of a planet to create conditions that are suitable for human habitation or for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-hellish-planet-venus-can-help-us-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth-like organisms</a> to thrive. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altering-the-atmosphere">Altering the atmosphere</h3>



<p>One of the primary goals of terraforming is to modify the planet's atmosphere. This could mean increasing or decreasing the levels of certain gases to create a breathable environment. </p>



<p>For instance, adding oxygen and reducing harmful gases like carbon dioxide or methane could make the air safe for humans. Another aspect could involve creating a stable climate by controlling greenhouse gases to regulate the planet's temperature.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-modification">Temperature modification</h3>



<p>Adjusting the planet's temperature is crucial for making it habitable. This could involve warming a planet that is too cold or cooling one that is too hot. </p>



<p>Techniques might include introducing greenhouse gases to trap heat and raise temperatures or installing reflective materials to reduce heat from the sun. The goal is to reach a temperature range where liquid water can exist, as water is essential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraterrestrial-life-moons-planets-detected-single-grain-ice-floating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surface-topography-changes">Surface topography changes</h3>



<p>Terraforming may also involve altering the planet's surface topography. This could include creating bodies of water, such as lakes or oceans, and modifying landforms to support vegetation and human infrastructure. </p>



<p>The addition of soil and nutrients to barren landscapes could enable the growth of plants, which in turn could help produce oxygen and stabilize the environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-suitable-conditions-for-life">Creating suitable conditions for life</h3>



<p>The overarching aim of terraforming is to create conditions similar to those on Earth. This involves ensuring the right balance of atmospheric pressure, gravity, and radiation levels. </p>



<p>By mimicking Earth's environment, terraformers hope to establish a stable ecosystem where humans and other Earth-like organisms can live and thrive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gases-signal-alien-activity">Gases signal alien activity</h2>



<p>UCR astrobiologist Edward Schwieterman and his team have identified five specific greenhouse gases that could serve as technosignatures,&nbsp;or indicators of technological activity,&nbsp;on distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a> (planets outside our solar system).&nbsp;</p>



<p>These gases are fluorinated versions of methane,&nbsp;ethane,&nbsp;and propane,&nbsp;along with gases made of nitrogen and fluorine or sulfur and fluorine.&nbsp;They are primarily used in industrial processes on Earth,&nbsp;such as manufacturing computer chips.</p>



<p>"For us,&nbsp;these gases are bad because we don't want to increase warming.&nbsp;But they'd be good for a civilization that perhaps wanted to forestall an impending ice age or terraform an otherwise-uninhabitable planet in their system,&nbsp;as humans have proposed for Mars," explained Schwieterman.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-planet-gases-indicate-alien-life">Why do planet gases indicate alien life?</h2>



<p>These fluorinated gases offer several advantages as potential terraforming agents:</p>



<p><strong>Potent greenhouse effect:</strong>&nbsp;They are incredibly effective at trapping heat,&nbsp;with some having thousands of times the warming power of carbon dioxide.&nbsp;This means a relatively small amount could significantly raise the temperature of a cold planet.</p>



<p><strong>Longevity:</strong> The gases are remarkably long-lived, persisting in Earth-like atmospheres for tens of thousands of years. This reduces the need for frequent replenishment to maintain a habitable climate.</p>



<p><strong>Ozone-friendly:</strong>&nbsp;Unlike some other proposed technosignature gases,&nbsp;like CFCs,&nbsp;these fluorinated gases are chemically inert and wouldn't harm the ozone layer,&nbsp;which is essential for protecting life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.</p>



<p><strong>Detectable infrared signatures:</strong> The gases absorb infrared radiation, creating unique signatures that could be detected by space telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope or future observatories.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-alien-activity-and-planet-gases">Linking alien activity and planet gases</h2>



<p>The researchers simulated a scenario in which these gases were present on a planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system,&nbsp;located about 40 light-years away.&nbsp;TRAPPIST-1 is home to seven known rocky planets and is a prime target for studying exoplanetary atmospheres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The simulations showed that even tiny concentrations of the gases - as little as one part per million - could be detectable with current or planned technology.</p>



<p>Schwieterman noted that searching for these technosignatures wouldn't require any additional effort if telescopes are already examining a planet's atmosphere for other reasons. </p>



<p>"You wouldn't need extra effort to look for these technosignatures, if your telescope is already characterizing the planet for other reasons," he said. "And it would be jaw-droppingly amazing to find them."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-the-search-for-alien-life">New era in the search for alien life</h2>



<p>This research not only opens up a novel avenue for detecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finding-alien-life-searching-for-color-purple-not-green/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial</a> intelligence but also highlights the remarkable capabilities of our current and future telescopes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our thought experiment shows how powerful our next-generation telescopes will be. We are the first generation in history that has the technology to systematically look for life and intelligence in our galactic neighborhood," said Daniel Angerhausen, a collaborator from the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a>.</p>



<p>While the odds of finding these technosignatures in the near future remain uncertain,&nbsp;the possibility of detecting alien <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extremophiles-and-the-quest-for-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">civilizations</a> through their planetary engineering efforts is both exciting and thought-provoking.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As our technology advances,&nbsp;we may be on the cusp of answering one of humanity's most profound questions:&nbsp;Are we alone in the universe?</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4ce8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Greenhouse gases can help detect alien life on distant planets

The search for extraterrestrial life has captivated our imaginations for...

<p>A recent study reveals unexpected effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on early language development in infants.</p>



<p>The researchers found that infants exposed to cannabis in the womb showed improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/talking-to-babies-in-parentese-boosts-their-language-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language development</a> by their first birthday.</p>



<p>This discovery highlights an intriguing aspect of early childhood neurodevelopment, though experts caution against cannabis use during pregnancy due to known risks and unknown long-term effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-use-among-parents">Cannabis use among parents</h2>



<p>Cannabis use during pregnancy has become a topic of concern as its prevalence rises. Common reasons for prenatal cannabis use include alleviating morning sickness, anxiety, and chronic pain. </p>



<p>Despite these potential benefits, medical experts strongly advise against cannabis use during pregnancy due to various health risks, such as low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-exposure-during-pregnancy-significantly-reduces-birth-weight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birth weight</a>, premature birth, and developmental issues, including attention deficit/hyperactivity problems.</p>



<p>Awareness about these risks varies. Many users believe cannabis is a natural remedy and safer than pharmaceuticals, leading to its continued use. </p>



<p>Public health campaigns aim to increase awareness about the dangers of prenatal cannabis use to infants, but misinformation and varying state laws complicate these efforts. </p>



<p>Medical professionals continue to stress the importance of avoiding cannabis during pregnancy to ensure the health and safety of the developing fetus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prenatal-cannabis-and-infant-development">Prenatal cannabis and infant development</h2>



<p>A research team from the <a href="https://www.avera.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Avera Research Institute</a> in South Dakota aimed to understand the impact of prenatal cannabis exposure on infants. They recruited 207 pregnant individuals and their 12-month-old infants from The Safe Passage Study, a large prospective study conducted from 2007 to 2015.</p>



<p>"With cannabis legalization on a steady rise, the prevalence of prenatal cannabis use has increased drastically. The incidence of use by pregnant individuals has increased from 3.4 percent in 2002 to 7 percent in 2017 with a large spike coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic to 25 percent," noted the researchers.</p>



<p>Using the Mullen Scale of Early Learning, which assesses <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabinol-could-be-key-to-preventing-brain-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> development in children, the experts evaluated the infants' gross motor skills, fine motor skills, expressive language, receptive language, and visual reception. Higher scores on this scale indicate more comprehensive development.</p>



<p>Prenatal cannabis exposure data were collected through self-reporting, with participants categorized based on early (first trimester) or late (second or third trimester) exposure, and compared with unexposed participants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-language-gains-in-cannabis-exposed-infants">Language gains in cannabis-exposed infants</h2>



<p>Surprisingly, infants exposed to cannabis later in pregnancy scored higher in both expressive and receptive language areas compared to those who were not exposed. </p>



<p>Infants exposed early in pregnancy exhibited better gross motor skills, though there were no differences in fine motor skills and visual reception.</p>



<p>“Preclinical studies have shown abnormal brain connectivity in offspring exposed to cannabis affecting emotional regulation, hyperactivity, and language development. Results from this study link [prenatal cannabis exposure] to altered early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mothers-mood-influences-newborn-language-development/">language development</a> within the first year of life," the authors noted.</p>



<p>"Exposed infants demonstrated increased expressive and receptive language scores at 12 months of age, which can translate to better performance in school. However, further research is needed to determine the implications of these results later in childhood.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-and-risks">Limitations and risks</h2>



<p>Despite these surprising findings, the study has limitations. The data on cannabis use were self-reported, lacking details on frequency, mode, and quantity of use. Additionally, the study did not account for potential postnatal cannabis exposure.</p>



<p>Compounds like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can cross the placenta and impact fetal brain development. Medical organizations, including the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, recommend avoiding cannabis during pregnancy based on a broad review of available evidence on infant health.</p>



<p>Given these concerns, pregnant women should avoid cannabis to protect their child's overall health and development. The potential benefits observed in one aspect of development do not outweigh the known and unknown risks associated with prenatal cannabis exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-risks-to-infants">Additional risks to infants</h2>



<p>Studies have also linked prenatal cannabis exposure to developmental issues, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities. THC can impair fetal brain development, potentially causing long-term cognitive and behavioral problems. </p>



<p>Additionally, infants exposed to cannabis in the womb may face increased risks of respiratory problems and weakened immune systems. Experts stress that the potential harms outweigh any perceived benefits, urging pregnant women to avoid cannabis to protect their infants' health and development.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2023.1290707/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Pediatrics</a></em></em>.</p>



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Prenatal cannabis exposure has unexpected effects on infant language

A recent study reveals unexpected effects of prenatal cannabis exposure...

<p>We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense that guides us through decisions and challenges. But what if that gut feeling isn't just intuition? What if it's a direct line to your mental resilience and stress management?</p>



<p>Recent research from the UCLA <a href="https://www.uclahealth.org/departments/medicine/gastro/microbiome" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center</a> suggests a fascinating link between the health of our gut bacteria and our ability to cope with stress. </p>



<p>It seems the microorganisms residing in our digestive system may play a significant role in our mental well-being, offering a whole new perspective on stress management and resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-brain-connection">Gut-brain connection</h2>



<p>The gut-brain connection isn't a new concept. We know our gut sends signals to our brain about hunger, satiety, and even cravings. But this latest study suggests a more profound relationship, one that delves into the realms of our emotional and mental health.</p>



<p>The researchers examined over 100 adults without mental health conditions, assessing their resilience levels through surveys and MRI scans. They also analyzed stool samples to get a snapshot of each participant's gut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiome</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-microbiome-and-stress">Gut microbiome and stress</h2>



<p>The results were intriguing. Individuals with higher resilience scores, meaning they were better equipped to handle stress and adversity, also had healthier gut microbiomes. </p>



<p>Their gut bacteria produced chemicals linked to lower inflammation and a stronger gut barrier, essential for absorbing nutrients and blocking toxins.</p>



<p>"Resilience truly is a whole-body phenomenon that not only affects your brain but also your microbiome and what metabolites that it is producing," noted study senior author Dr. Arpana Gupta.</p>



<p>The researchers believe this connection stems from the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system between the two. A healthy gut can positively influence brain function, while stress and negative emotions can disrupt the gut microbiome, creating a vicious cycle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personalized-mental-health-care">Personalized mental health care</h2>



<p>This research opens up exciting possibilities for personalized mental health care. By understanding the specific gut bacteria associated with resilience, we could potentially develop targeted interventions to boost mental well-being.</p>



<p>"We have this whole community of microbes in our gut that exudes these therapeutic properties and biochemicals, so I'm looking forward to building upon this research," said Dr. Desiree Delgadillo, a study author.</p>



<p>Imagine a future where personalized probiotics or dietary interventions could enhance our resilience and help us better cope with stress. It's a tantalizing prospect, one that could revolutionize how we approach mental health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-stress-free-mind-and-gut">Building a stress-free mind and gut</h2>



<p>While this study specifically examined individuals without diagnosed mental health conditions, the findings have broader significance. They emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to mental well-being that encompasses both psychological and physical health. </p>



<p>This research suggests that maintaining a healthy gut microbiome through a balanced diet, effective stress management <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">techniques</a>, and possibly personalized probiotics could be essential components in enhancing resilience and improving mental health overall. </p>



<p>It serves as a reminder that the gut's role extends beyond digestion, playing a crucial role in our overall health and well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-the-gut-microbiome">Improving the gut microbiome</h2>



<p>Improving your gut microbiome involves incorporating diverse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-cause-high-anxiety-through-changes-in-gut-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fiber</a>-rich foods into your diet. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. </p>



<p>Fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi introduce probiotics, which are good bacteria that aid digestion and boost immunity. Limit processed foods and high-sugar items, as they can harm your gut flora. </p>



<p>Staying hydrated and managing stress also support a healthy gut. Regular exercise promotes digestive health by increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial diversity</a>. Consider taking a high-quality probiotic supplement, but consult a healthcare professional first to find the best option for you.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>As with any remarkable research, there are limitations. The study didn't include participants with mental health conditions, and further research is needed to confirm the findings in a broader population.</p>



<p>However, the potential of this research is undeniable. It sheds light on a previously underestimated aspect of our mental health and opens up new avenues for exploration and intervention.</p>



<p>"If we can identify what a healthy resilient brain and microbiome look like, then we can develop targeted interventions to those areas to reduce stress," noted Dr. Gupta.</p>



<p>The journey to understanding the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resilience-is-surprisingly-linked-to-gut-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut-brain connection</a> is ongoing, but one thing is clear: our gut feeling might be more than just a feeling. It could be a reflection of our mental resilience, a hidden strength waiting to be harnessed.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44220-024-00266-6.epdf?sharing_token=d7tnr1iH4wYyb9klreuBRtRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0O3gE_rnHYKQBao0SogNg-0qklrgPyZtDg8CO775Mle9BpWbQLlf50Xl_waLYmNIMA_0OQP46z5W2iLZ9pS04zfOCqGVlmntaLiE78jhiSbJvxz5v0l6wFELHLU7ObTPnq9oCSd3UZ11Qvbp5Bk6p6Vz195ae7okFEwqz3vGz4QeyZKxguB8JHZG4edTBNkKttUMNL_xWVUCAurRwDMBxTYrYkEHyFMuYIuc1jRgQ_owSEHCWK05omJW8_vplR8Uw0773IHwvw-rp62pX8XWJGYH3WOuf8R8xHZvc4ryIZ-iA%3D%3D&amp;tracking_referrer=www.npr.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Mental Health</em></a>.</p>



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Gut bacteria may be a secret weapon against stress

We've all experienced that "gut feeling" – an intuitive sense...

<p>Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the universe, where the building blocks of stars are only visible in wavelengths beyond the human eye's reach. </p>



<p>Recently, astronomers made an unexpected discovery using two powerful telescopes, revealing twin disks and jets erupting from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secret-origins-of-young-star-clusters-traced-to-three-families/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">young stars</a> in a multiple star system.</p>



<p>This discovery - notable for the age, size, and chemical makeup of the stars, disks, and jets - is particularly thrilling due to its location in a well-studied part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newly-discovered-stars-milky-way-are-old-as-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">universe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-twin-stars">What are twin stars?</h2>



<p>Twin stars, also known as binary stars, are two stars that orbit around a common center of mass. This system is bound by their mutual gravitational attraction. Binary star systems can vary widely in their characteristics, with the stars differing in size, brightness, and distance from each other. </p>



<p>There are several types of binary stars, including visual binaries, where the two stars can be seen separately through a telescope, and spectroscopic binaries, where the stars are too close to be distinguished visually but can be identified through their spectral lines.</p>



<p>These systems are important in astronomy because they allow scientists to calculate stellar masses, which are crucial for understanding star formation and evolution.</p>



<p>Additionally, the study of binary stars provides insights into the dynamics of stellar interactions and the processes leading to phenomena such as supernovae or the formation of neutron stars and black holes. Twin stars thus play a vital role in advancing our knowledge of the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-twin-star-discovery">Twin star discovery</h2>



<p>In this remarkable research, astronomers utilized the U.S. <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>'s Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>) and NASA's James Webb Space Telescope’s (<a href="https://webb.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI). These telescopes observe different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.</p>



<p>Combining their observations allowed the discovery of twin stars hidden in radio and infrared wavelengths within WL20. This star system is located in the nearby rho Ophiuchi molecular cloud complex, over 400 light-years away from Earth.</p>



<p>"What we discovered was absolutely wild," said astronomer Mary Barsony. "We've known about star system WL20 for a long time. But what caught our attention is that one of the stars in the system appeared much younger than the rest." </p>



<p>"Using MIRI and ALMA together, we actually saw that this one star was two stars right next to each other. Each of these stars was surrounded by a disk, and each disk was emitting jets parallel to the other."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disks-and-jets-uncovered">Disks and jets uncovered</h2>



<p>ALMA detected the disks, while MIRI revealed the jets. Study co-author Valentin J.M. Le Gouellec of NASA-ARC retrieved and analyzed ALMA archival data, revealing the disks' composition.</p>



<p>ALMA's high-resolution observations of the disks surrounding the newly observed twin stars revealed their structure.</p>



<p>Lukasz Tychoniec of Leiden Observatory provided high-resolution images, showing the disks' massive size - approximately 100 times the distance between Earth and the Sun.</p>



<p>Martijn L. van Gelder provided additional resources to process the data collected by MIRI, uncovering the chemical makeup of the jets.</p>



<p>"So if it weren’t for MIRI, we wouldn’t even know that these jets existed, which is amazing," said Barsony.</p>



<p>"Someone looking at this ALMA data not knowing there were twin jets would think, oh, it’s a large edge-on disk with a central hole, instead of two edge-on disks and two jets. That’s pretty remarkable."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-fortunate-accident">A fortunate accident</h2>



<p>Another remarkable aspect of this discovery is the chance it had to occur. "A lot of the research about binary protostars focuses on a few nearby star-forming regions," said Michael Ressler, a scientist from JPL.</p>



<p>"I had been awarded some observing time with JWST and decided to study binaries in the Perseus star-forming region."</p>



<p>"However, I had been studying WL20, which is in the rho Ophiuchus region in nearly the opposite part of the sky, for nearly 30 years, and I thought, ‘why not sneak it in? I’m never going to get another chance, even if it doesn’t quite fit with the others.’ We had a very fortunate accident with what we found, and the results are stunning."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights-into-star-formation">New insights into star formation</h2>



<p>While twin stars are not a new phenomenon, the recent discovery of twin disks and jets in the young star system WL20 is unique. It reveals unprecedented details about the formation processes of such systems. </p>



<p>This discovery is significant because it involves observing the early stages of star formation with high-resolution data, showing parallel disks and jets.</p>



<p>By combining multi-wavelength data from ALMA and JWST, these new findings illuminate the complex processes involved in the formation of multiple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star systems</a>.</p>



<p>The astronomers plan to utilize ALMA’s future upgraded capabilities, such as the Wideband Sensitivity Upgrade, to continue unraveling the mysteries surrounding the birth of stars and planetary systems.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Wild discovery: Twin stars with parallel disks and jets

Twin stars have emerged from the hidden realms of the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...


<p>The leatherback sea turtle is a species with a cosmopolitan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/highest-points-of-greenland-are-now-affected-by-global-warming/">global </a>range. Of all the extant sea turtle species, D. coriacea has the widest distribution, reaching as far north as Alaska and Norway and as far south as Cape Agulhas in Africa and the southernmost tip of New Zealand.</p>



<p>Size – 4 – 6 ft<br>Weight – 660 – 1100 pounds<br>Life Span – 30 years</p>


Leatherback Sea Turtle

<p>Galápagos tortoises are native to seven of the Galápagos Islands. Shell size and shape vary between subspecies and populations. On <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rats-on-tropical-islands-change-reef-fish-behavior/">islands</a> with humid highlands, the tortoises are larger, with domed shells and short necks; on islands with dry lowlands, the tortoises are smaller, with "saddleback" shells and long necks. </p>



<p>Size – 4 ft<br>Weight – 475 pounds<br>Lifespan- 100 or more years</p>