Earth Day 2021

The world is changing, and so is the climate. Sudden temperature drops, unexpected frosts, and shifting weather patterns challenge ecosystems in many ways. 



For plants, these changes are especially harsh. Unlike animals, they cannot migrate, seek shelter, or generate body heat in cold weather. Instead, they rely on internal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-warming-alters-plant-germination-and-disrupts-ecosystem-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptations to survive</a>.



Varvara Dikaya at <a href="https://www.umu.se/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå University</a> explored this challenge in her doctoral research. She studied a protein which plays a key role in plant adaptation to low temperatures.



The findings reveal that this protein participates in multiple signaling pathways, enabling plants to survive harsh conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-response-strategies-of-plants">Cold response strategies of plants </h2>



Unlike animals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shaded-plants-capture-light-beyond-the-visible-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> cannot seek warmth or migrate. Their survival depends on internal mechanisms that adjust to temperature shifts. 



Past research focused on molecules like amino acids and sugars, which help prevent freezing. Scientists also studied core temperature-response mechanisms, but many crucial components remained unknown.



Dikaya’s <a href="http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1933796" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> uncovers a missing piece of this puzzle - RNA splicing. This process determines which proteins are produced in plant cells, directly impacting cold response strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-splicing">The role of splicing </h2>



"Splicing acts as a central hub controlling the information flow from DNA to RNA, defining which proteins are synthesized from a certain gene," explained Dikaya, who is a doctoral student in the Department of Plant Physiology at Umeå University and <a href="https://www.upsc.se" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Umeå Plant Science Center</a>.



Her research focused on PORCUPINE, a protein discovered when scientists observed that plants with a mutation in this gene became unusually cold-sensitive. The mutation's spiky shoot tips inspired the name.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-temperature-drops">Impact of temperature drops</h2>



"The PORCUPINE mutant appears normal under ambient temperature conditions but cannot develop properly in the case of even a mild temperature drop. Already at 16 degrees, the mutant grows shorter roots with increased root hair density and much smaller rosettes than normal. This is very special," the team noted.



Dikaya’s work reveals that cold temperatures trigger an increase in PORCUPINE RNA in cells. This suggests that the plant produces more of this protein to cope with the stress. 



However, PORCUPINE is not just a passive responder. It actively participates in the spliceosome, a complex that processes RNA before it transforms into proteins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-player-in-rna-processing">Key player in RNA processing</h2>



PORCUPINE is not just a responder to cold; it is an active participant in RNA processing. 



This protein is part of the spliceosome, a complex molecular machine that modifies RNA before it is translated into proteins. Without proper RNA splicing, plants cannot produce the proteins they need to survive.



By studying PORCUPINE’s role in the spliceosome, Dikaya and her team discovered that it influences multiple genetic pathways. 



Some of these pathways control how plants sense and react to cold temperature shifts. Others regulate growth patterns that determine whether a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> can withstand stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-network-of-cold-responses">A network of cold responses</h2>



Dikaya and her colleagues identified several genes controlled by PORCUPINE, all of which influence how plants respond to temperature changes. Her research highlights how intricate these responses are, involving multiple overlapping pathways.



"Our findings show the complexity of the cold response in plants. It is important to understand all aspects and identify fundamental mechanisms that could be applied later on in a practical manner," Dikaya noted.



"Such knowledge will be essential to create more resilient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioelectric-future-harnessing-the-natural-energy-of-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> capable of withstanding environmental challenges in the future, even though it is still a long way to go."



Her work provides a deeper understanding of how plants adjust to fluctuating temperatures. This knowledge could pave the way for crops that can better withstand future climate uncertainties.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cold-resistant-plants">Future of cold-resistant plants</h2>



The challenges of climate change are not going away, and neither is the need for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phantom-nutrient-the-secret-force-that-fuels-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilient crops</a>. 



If researchers can harness the knowledge gained from studies like Dikaya’s, they may be able to develop plant varieties that thrive despite temperature fluctuations.



Although there is still much to learn, this research brings us one step closer to understanding the intricate mechanisms that allow plants to survive. In the years ahead, discoveries like this could reshape agriculture and help ensure food security in a changing world.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

How plants rewire themselves to battle the cold

The world is changing, and so is the climate. Sudden...

With their beak-like flowers and vibrant colors, Heliconia plants are a striking presence in tropical landscapes. But beyond their visual appeal, these captivating plants serve a vital ecological role and are emblematic of the tropical biosphere.



Heliconia plants have now entered the danger zone, with new research indicating that nearly half of these species are on the brink of extinction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-of-fieldwork-data">Decades of fieldwork data </h2>



The research was focused on data from the world's herbaria - time capsules of botanical history.



"The data that is stored in the herbarium is a scientific treasure that makes a project like this feasible," explained Gary Krupnick, a botanist who heads the Plant Conservation Unit at the <a href="https://www.si.edu/museums/natural-history-museum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History</a>. 



The researchers analyzed decades' worth of fieldwork data, preserved in the form of thousands of dried specimens and meticulous labels, to assess the conservation status of Heliconia <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-plants-on-earth-could-be-saved-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role-of-heliconia-plants">Ecological role of Heliconia plants </h2>



Encompassing 187 species related to bananas, the majority of Heliconia plants are rainforest dwellers in tropical Central and South America. Their roles go way beyond their spectacular visual appeal.



They act as precious nectar stations for bats and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sipping-on-nectar-hummingbirds-consume-a-surprising-amount-of-alcohol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a>, who in turn act as pollinators for many Heliconia species, playing a major part in the propagation of these plants. 



Yet, their very splendor has put them at risk of overexploitation and poaching. Habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change further compound the threats they face.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-heliconia-s-survival">Mapping Heliconia’s survival</h2>



Despite the adverse conditions that limited in-person access to the herbarium during the pandemic, the researchers made the most of the fully digitized Heliconia specimens available online.



This precious information, coupled with a tool called GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool), allowed the research team to calculate crucial factors like the size of the Heliconia's range and the number of plants in various areas. 



The experts also explored how human activities have impacted forest cover in these areas, which Heliconia populations inhabit protected regions, and which species can potentially be reintroduced into the wild from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">botanical gardens</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threatened-heliconia-species">Threatened Heliconia species </h2>



The findings were anything but encouraging. Of the 187 Heliconia species, 47 percent are threatened with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a>.



Most of these endangered species are found in few wild protected areas, and a relatively small number of these exist outside their native ranges. 



Furthermore, many of these species are adapted to fragile environments like high-altitude cloud forests, which are particularly susceptible to change.



The team identified 45 Heliconia species that are top priorities for additional protection.



“This study provides a blueprint for how to save this group of plants, starting with this list of priority species,” Krupnick said. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raising-public-awareness">Raising public awareness</h2>



The researchers are committed to raising public awareness about the challenges facing the Heliconia genus. Their goal is to encourage responsible tourism to help curb unsustainable demand for these plants.



Their efforts will not merely save these vivid symbols of the tropics, but will also spur the conservation of other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-is-declining-at-a-steady-rate-across-germany/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered plant</a> species.



Despite the grim data, the researchers noted that there is a glimmer of hope. "Now that we know the conservation status of every one of the 187 species of Heliconia, we can construct a coherent plan of how to protect them,” said John Kress, an emeritus curator at the museum and one of the authors of the new study.



This study highlights the urgent need for enlightened conservation strategies to preserve our remarkable yet vulnerable biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-botanical-gardens-a-lifeline-for-heliconia">Botanical gardens: A lifeline for Heliconia</h2>



As wild Heliconia populations decline, botanical gardens are stepping in as vital sanctuaries. These living collections safeguard rare species, providing a backup for reintroduction efforts when conditions allow.



By cultivating Heliconia in controlled environments, scientists can develop sustainable propagation methods and help preserve the genetic diversity of the plants.



Beyond conservation, botanical gardens raise public awareness through education and partnerships with local organizations. 



However, not all Heliconia species thrive outside of their native habitats, which poses challenges for their long-term preservation. Advanced seed banking and propagation techniques must be explored to secure the future of these rainforest icons.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Half of the world's Heliconia species are at risk of extinction

With their beak-like flowers and vibrant colors, Heliconia plants are...

In the Patagonia mountains of southern Chile, the locals refer to "living rocks." At first sight, they look like common stones, but their history dates back billions of years.



These features are not only geological formations; they are gigantic bacterial biofilms that have survived through the Earth's past.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-coexist-in-shared-spaces-by-playing-nice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biofilms</a> have calcified over time and are now present in structures called stromatolites. These microorganisms had been around even before humans, primates, or even multicellular organisms.



They provide an unusual insight into the Earth’s first ecosystems and how life might have initially gained a foothold.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-living-rocks-and-the-microbes-within">Living rocks and the microbes within</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://www.northeastern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northeastern University</a> have now sequenced the genome of a bacterial species found within these formations. The bacterium belongs to the Janthinobacterium genus, a group known for its striking violet color.



Janthinobacterium thrives in soil and water and has evolved unique survival mechanisms to withstand extreme conditions.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-use-biological-clocks-to-predict-and-survive-cold-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bacteria</a> are the most awesome organisms on Earth. They can live without us, but we cannot live without them," said lead researcher Veronica Godoy-Carter, associate professor of biology and biochemistry at Northeastern University.



Her work focuses on how bacteria adapt to environmental changes, particularly how they respond to DNA damage and mutation.



In 2018, Professor Godoy-Carter's team traveled to Patagonia as part of a student-led expedition. The goal was to study these "living rocks" and uncover the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-soil-planet-warming-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial life</a> within.



One of their most exciting discoveries was a strain of Janthinobacterium that forms robust biofilms - so strong that they can seal liquid inside a test tube. Even more impressive, the bacterium thrives in freezing temperatures, making it an extremophile.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-pathway-to-new-materials">A pathway to new materials?</h2>



The potential applications of this bacterium extend far beyond academic curiosity. 



"These types of formations made by bacteria are believed to be, pretty much, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phospholipids-tiny-bubbles-that-may-have-been-earths-first-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first living cells</a>, organized cells, on Earth," said Godoy-Carter.



If scientists can harness the properties of Janthinobacterium’s biofilm, it could pave the way for new materials. 



"With the biofilms, we can make new plastics, new textiles, maybe we can make the textiles with the pigment, and maybe the pigment protects from UV light," she explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-a-cooperative-bacterium">The search for a cooperative bacterium</h2>



Beyond its scientific significance, one personal motivation drove Professor Godoy-Carter's interest: "I love purple," she said. "My dream was to get a purple bacterium, and I did."



The vibrant hue of Janthinobacterium likely serves as protection against the sun’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uv-radiation-played-a-role-in-earths-largest-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultraviolet radiation</a>.



However, working with bacteria directly from their natural environment presents challenges. "The next thing is to know, can we molecularly work with the original bacterium?" she asks.



Bacteria taken from natural environments are challenging to work with because they have their own complex systems and are not adapted to laboratory conditions. They often undergo changes or become inactive. "They're like, 'Man, I'm not going to cooperate," said Professor Godoy-Carter.



To overcome this hurdle, the research team is looking for ways to transfer key genes from Janthinobacterium into more lab-friendly bacterial hosts, or "chassis." 



"We need to find a good chassis," said Godoy-Carter. "And I think we have one."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hands-on-experience-for-future-scientists">Hands-on experience for future scientists</h2>



The excitement surrounding this research extends beyond the lab. The expedition to Patagonia was a hands-on experience for undergraduate students, many of whom continued working with Janthinobacterium back in the United States.



"The students feel that they are contributing to the science - and they are," said Godoy-Carter.



Their involvement not only advances microbiology but also inspires the next generation of scientists to keep exploring Earth’s hidden microbial wonders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-earth-s-past-and-future">Window into Earth’s past and future</h2>



Research into Patagonia’s "living rocks" goes beyond discovering ancient microbial existence - it also sheds light on the way life could be preserved in hostile environments on our planet, as well as beyond.



These types of stromatolites are among the oldest recorded evidence of biological processes, which have managed to survive under similar conditions billions of years ago.



Learning how these communities of bacteria survive extreme climates, ranging from ice-cold temperatures to intense UV radiation, may provide useful knowledge for astrobiology.



Researchers speculate that learning from these biofilms may be used to guide the search for life beyond Earth. Such microbial architectures may have once existed on Mars or other planetary bodies with ancient or current liquid water. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-of-the-living-rocks">Applications of the living rocks</h2>



By analyzing the resilience of Janthinobacterium and its ability to form protective biofilms, researchers can better predict what microbial life on other planets might look like.



Closer to home, the applications of these findings stretch into biotechnology, offering potential solutions for sustainable materials, bio-inspired textiles, and even medical innovations. 



As researchers continue to unlock the mysteries of Patagonia’s living rocks, they may not only rewrite the story of Earth’s earliest life but also pave the way for future scientific breakthroughs.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mra.00600-24" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microbiology Resource Announcements</a>.



Image Credit: Matthew Modoono/Northeastern University



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Patagonia’s ‘living rocks’ may hold the key to life's origins

In the Patagonia mountains of southern Chile, the locals refer...

Water is everywhere. It flows through our planet, drifts in space, and might have shaped galaxies long before Earth even existed. The question of when and where the first water molecules formed has been debated for many years.



The prevailing theory was that water emerged relatively late in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-may-have-existed-in-the-universe-far-earlier-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic history</a>. However, a new study challenges this assumption.



Published in the journal Nature Astronomy, the research suggests that water may have formed just 100–200 million years after the Big Bang. If true, this means that water was not just a byproduct of later cosmic evolution but an early ingredient in the universe’s story.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-s-essential-ingredients">Water’s essential ingredients</h2>



For something so common, water has a surprisingly complex origin. It consists of hydrogen and oxygen - two elements with very different creation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-spacecraft-set-out-to-drill-for-water-on-the-moons-south-pole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processes</a>.



Hydrogen was born in the Big Bang alongside helium and lithium. Oxygen, however, came much later, forged in the fiery cores of stars or released during violent supernova explosions.



Without oxygen, water could not exist. That simple fact has made it difficult to pinpoint when the first water molecules formed. The assumption was that oxygen needed time to accumulate in significant amounts, delaying water’s emergence. 



But what if that wasn’t the case? What if the universe had the right conditions for water far earlier than anyone expected?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supernovae-as-cosmic-factories">Supernovae as cosmic factories</h2>



To investigate this possibility, researcher Daniel Whalen and his team turned to computer simulations. They modeled two types of supernovae: one from a star 13 times the mass of the sun and another from a colossal star 200 times as massive. 



These simulations helped track what happened to the elements produced in these stellar explosions.



The findings were striking. The smaller supernova generated about 0.051 solar masses of oxygen. The larger one? A staggering 55 solar masses of oxygen. These explosions didn’t just scatter elements into space; they may have triggered the very process that led to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-dishwasher-sized-spacecraft-will-map-moons-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birth of water</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-forms-in-the-aftermath">Water forms in the aftermath</h2>



As the expelled oxygen cooled, it mixed with hydrogen lingering from the explosions. Water molecules began to take shape in dense pockets of gas. These clumps weren’t just lifeless debris - they may have been key sites for star and planet formation.



In the smaller supernova scenario, the amount of water that formed ranged from one hundred millionth to one millionth of a solar mass, taking about 30 to 90 million years to accumulate. In the larger simulation, water formed much more rapidly. 



Just 3 million years after the explosion, around 0.001 solar masses of water had already materialized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-water-survive-galaxy-birth">Could water survive galaxy birth?</h2>



Galaxies don’t form gently. They are chaotic, turbulent structures born from immense gravitational forces pulling gas and dust together. This raises an important question - could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-arrived-on-earth-gradually-not-in-one-big-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water molecules</a> survive this violent process?



If so, water may have played a crucial role in shaping the earliest planetary systems. It might not have been an outsider introduced later in cosmic history but an intrinsic part of the universe’s foundation.



The authors of the study propose that if these early water molecules endured, they could have been incorporated into planets billions of years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-water-s-cosmic-timeline">Rethinking water’s cosmic timeline</h2>



This discovery has profound implications. If water formed just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang, then it was present during the earliest stages of planetary development. That means habitable environments could have emerged far earlier than we thought.



The presence of water in such ancient times raises new questions about the conditions necessary for life. If water-rich planets formed much earlier in cosmic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/enough-water-to-fill-trillions-of-earths-oceans-found-circling-black-hole-quasar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">history</a>, then the possibility of extraterrestrial life becomes even more intriguing. 



Did life-friendly worlds exist for billions of years before Earth? Could ancient planets, now long gone, have once harbored life?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-supernovae-in-water-formation">Role of supernovae in water formation</h2>



One thing is clear - supernovae did more than create the heavy elements needed for planets and stars. They may have actively contributed to the formation of water itself.



These massive stellar explosions didn’t just mark the end of a star’s life; they shaped the universe’s chemistry in ways that scientists are only beginning to understand.



By dispersing oxygen into space and allowing it to mix with hydrogen, supernovae set the stage for water to become a fundamental part of the cosmos. Instead of being a latecomer, water may have been present during some of the universe’s most crucial moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-water-formation-in-space">Mystery of water formation in space</h2>



The story of water isn’t just about Earth, rivers, or oceans. It is a cosmic story - a tale of explosions, creation, and endurance. The idea that water formed so early challenges our understanding of planetary evolution and forces us to rethink where, and when, life-friendly conditions could have emerged.



Future research will refine these ideas, using advanced simulations and telescope observations to track water’s journey through space. If scientists confirm that early water <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-are-searching-for-viable-sources-of-water-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> survived the formation of galaxies, it could rewrite our understanding of the universe’s history.



The search for water has always been tied to the search for life. But as this study shows, water’s own story is just as fascinating - one that stretches back almost to the beginning of time itself.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-025-02479-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Water might have formed long before galaxies

Water is everywhere. It flows through our planet, drifts in...

Water keeps us alive, but what happens when something meant to help us raises new concerns? For decades, governments have added fluoride to drinking water to protect teeth, believing it to be a simple solution for cavity prevention. 



However, a recent study from <a href="https://ki.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karolinska Institutet</a> in Sweden suggests fluoride exposure - especially in pregnancy and early childhood - could impact brain development.



It’s not the first time this issue has surfaced, but the findings add weight to a long-standing debate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluoride-in-drinking-water">Fluoride in drinking water</h2>



Naturally occurring fluoride is present in many water sources, but its levels are often too low to significantly prevent cavities. 



To address this, countries such as the USA, Canada, Chile, Australia, and Ireland have long introduced fluoride into their public <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-strain-identified-that-can-eat-forever-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water systems</a>. The standard level used in these nations hovers around 0.7 mg per liter, which is considered optimal for dental health benefits.



Despite its widespread use, the addition of fluoride to drinking water has remained a topic of debate. Health officials argue it is a cost-effective public health measure, but concerns about potential side effects persist. 



“Given the concern about health risks, the addition of fluoride to drinking water is controversial and has been widely debated in the USA and Canada,” said Maria Kippler, associate professor at Karolinska Institutet.



“Our results support the hypothesis that even relatively low <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-water-fluoridation-still-effective/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concentrations of fluoride</a> can impact children’s early development.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-fluoride-exposure">Tracking fluoride exposure</h2>



To understand how fluoride affects brain development, scientists focused on a rural area in Bangladesh. Here, fluoride naturally seeps into the water supply, just like in many other regions worldwide. They followed 500 mothers and their children for years.



By studying these families over time, researchers could observe how fluoride exposure influenced thinking and learning. 



The scientists tested urine samples to check fluoride levels in mothers and children. Unlike toothpaste, which isn't swallowed, most fluoride comes from drinking water and food.



When the children turned five and ten, the researchers tested their cognitive abilities using trusted psychological methods. The goal was to see if fluoride <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/too-much-fluoride-in-tap-water-supply-might-lower-kids-iq-by-few-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levels</a> played a role in shaping their thinking and reasoning skills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluoride-exposure-and-its-effects">Fluoride exposure and its effects</h2>



The findings were concerning. The median concentration of fluoride in the urine of pregnant women in the study was 0.63 mg/L. Higher levels of fluoride in mothers were linked to lower cognitive abilities in their children at both five and ten years old.



“I’d like to stress that dental care products such as toothpaste are not normally a significant source of exposure since they are not intended for ingestion,” said Dr. Kippler.



“Fluoride in toothpaste is important for prevention of caries, but it’s important to encourage small children not to swallow the toothpaste during brushing.”



At age ten, children with more than 0.72 mg/L of fluoride in their urine showed significant cognitive deficits compared to those with lower levels. The most affected areas were verbal reasoning and sensory processing, essential skills for learning and communication. 



Alarmingly, these effects were observed at fluoride levels below the current World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>) and European Union (<a href="https://european-union.europa.eu/index_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EU</a>) drinking water safety threshold of 1.5 mg/L.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-impact-on-development">Complex impact on development </h2>



Surprisingly, fluoride <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-happens-to-our-teeth-as-we-age-new-details-have-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levels</a> in five-year-olds did not strongly correlate with cognitive abilities. "This may be due to the shorter exposure time,” said Dr. Kippler.



“But also to the fact that urinary fluoride concentrations aren’t as reliable in younger children owing to greater variations in how much fluoride is taken up and stored in the body, particularly in the bones.”



Perhaps younger children process fluoride differently, or maybe it takes longer for the effects to become noticeable. Either way, this part of the study highlights how complex fluoride’s impact on development might be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-effects-of-fluoride">Long-term effects of fluoride </h2>



The study found strong links, but it can't prove fluoride directly causes these effects.



To fully understand how fluoride affects cognitive abilities, more longitudinal studies are needed. The researchers plan to examine this issue in other populations and develop experimental models to explore the potential biological mechanisms at play.



“There is a need for more research to create a robust basis for reviewing fluoride health risks and thresholds for drinking water, foods, and dental care products, especially for children,” said Dr. Kippler. “Even small changes in cognition at a population level can have serious public health consequences.”



Since many people are exposed to fluoride, it's important to understand its risks. Protecting teeth matters, but experts must also consider if fluoride affects brain development.



This study received financial support from the <a href="https://www.vr.se/english.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swedish Research Council</a> and the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences, and Spatial Planning (<a href="https://www.era-learn.eu/network-information/organisations/swedish-research-council-for-environment" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FORMAS</a>). 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP14534" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Fluoride in drinking water raises concerns for brain development

Water keeps us alive, but what happens when something meant...

Dad,And,Son,Use,Mosquito,Spray.spraying,Insect,Repellent,On,Skin

Mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria and dengue, remain a major global health threat, especially in tropical regions. 



Insect repellents, such as DEET, provide some level of protection but they come with challenges, including high costs, user discomfort and the need for frequent reapplication. 



Meanwhile, widely used spatial repellents that rely on synthetic pyrethroid insecticides face growing resistance among mosquito populations.



A new approach could change the way we protect people from mosquitoes.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a>, have developed a machine learning-based method that predicts novel mosquito repellents. 



This technique, combined with cheminformatics, has already identified compounds that may offer safer and more sustainable alternatives to traditional repellents. 



With funding from the National Institutes of Health (<a href="https://www.nih.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIH</a>), the team is now working to refine their findings and explore new mosquito control methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-machine-learning-in-mosquito-control">Machine learning in mosquito control</h2>



Mosquitoes use their senses of smell and taste to locate human hosts. By understanding these systems, scientists can develop better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-take-a-new-approach-to-developing-insect-repellents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repellents</a> that disrupt the insects’ ability to find and feed on people. 



The research team has used machine learning to screen more than 10 million chemical compounds, searching for effective alternatives to existing repellents.



"We have already identified repellent molecules with a high success rate, particularly from natural sources, which could provide a safer and more sustainable alternative to current repellents," said Anandasankar Ray, a professor of&nbsp;molecular, cell and systems biology.



 "We have also used machine learning to identify analogs of pyrethroids that are up to 100 times more effective than existing industry standards, like allethrin. This could have a significant impact on combating resistant mosquito populations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-four-strategies-for-controlling-mosquitoes">Four strategies for controlling mosquitoes</h2>



The research team has concentrated on four major strategies for enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-aims-to-control-mosquitoes-by-deactivating-their-sperm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito control</a>.



One of them is the creation of better topical repellents that have a good odor and are long-lasting, offering protection for 12 to 24 hours.



Another strategy focuses on spatial repellents, which form protective barriers around homes and outdoor areas to minimize the presence of mosquitoes.



To fight the increasing resistance of mosquito populations, the scientists are also discovering long-lasting pyrethroid analogs - novel molecules that will continue to be effective against resistant mosquitoes and are well suited for application in bed nets and clothing.



They are also developing improved spatial pyrethroid formulations to make current solutions more effective against resistant mosquito strains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gm-mosquitoes-in-the-testing-process">GM mosquitoes in the testing process</h2>



To gain a better insight into how such repellents operate, the researchers are using genetically modified mosquitoes to identify the sensory receptors that enable aversion to novel compounds.



In addition, they are screening volatile compounds for spatial protection and assessing new pyrethroid analogs to test their effectiveness against resistant populations of mosquitoes.



"By identifying and combining the most effective natural and synthetic compounds, we hope to deliver safe, affordable, and highly effective mosquito control solutions that could help reduce human exposure to disease vectors while improving quality of life in at-risk populations," Ray said.



"We are looking for repellents that work as well as [being] cost-effective, easy to use, and culturally acceptable solutions. Based on our preliminary results, we are optimistic that the new compounds could soon be a new weapon in the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito-borne diseases</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-mosquitoes-prefer-some-people">Why mosquitoes prefer some people</h2>



The research team is also working on another NIH-funded study to determine why some people attract more mosquitoes than others. 



While the sense of smell has been studied extensively, the role of taste in mosquito behavior is still not well understood.



"There’s a need for more effective repellents since DEET’s high cost and poor properties limit its use in tropical areas," Ray explained. "We believe compounds in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mosquitoes-find-tasty-humans-from-hundreds-of-meters-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human skin</a>, sweat, and microbiome metabolites could be key."



This study aims to identify specific skin compounds that influence mosquito attraction and examine how different chemical signals affect mosquito behavior. 



Researchers will test these compounds in behavioral experiments, focusing on those that impact both taste and smell.



"We will test these compounds in behavior assays, focus on those that affect taste or smell, and explore how blends of repellents may reduce mosquito attraction," Ray said. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-research-to-real-world-solutions">From research to real-world solutions</h2>



The work being done by this research team has already led to practical applications. 



A previous NIH-funded project resulted in a product development plan from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a university spinoff company, Sensorygen. 



This company has created a safe, natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-take-a-new-approach-to-developing-insect-repellents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect repellent</a> that is currently being evaluated for Environmental Protection Agency registration.



With continued research and innovation, machine learning may hold the key to smarter, more effective mosquito control solutions that could improve public health worldwide.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/95532v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife Neurosciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Mosquito repellents that actually work? Yes, thanks to AI

Mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria and dengue, remain a major global...

Close-up,In,A,Frying,Pan,With,Olive,Oil,,Ghee,(clarified

Swapping butter for plant-based oils may be a simple way to support better long-term health. 



A new study suggests that people who consume more plant-based oils - such as soybean, canola, and olive oil - tend to live longer than those who regularly eat butter.



The research, which tracked dietary habits for over 30 years, found a lower risk of death from cancer and heart disease among those who opted for plant oils. 



Meanwhile, higher butter intake was linked to an increased risk of early death.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-affects-longevity">How diet affects longevity</h2>



Scientists from <a href="https://hsph.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, Mass General Brigham, and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard analyzed dietary data from more than 220,000 participants. 



These individuals were part of long-running studies that collected information on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-eating-habits-can-lead-to-lifelong-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a> every four years. 



By reviewing this data, researchers could estimate butter and oil consumption over time.



Butter intake included all sources - spreads, cooking, baking, and margarine blends - while plant-based oil intake was calculated based on how often participants used oils in frying, sautéing, baking, and salad dressings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butter-vs-plant-based-oils">Butter vs plant-based oils</h2>



The study's lead author, Yu Zhang, M.B.B.S., is a research assistant at the Channing Division of Network Medicine at <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a>.



"What's surprising is the magnitude of the association that we found - we saw a 17% lower risk of death when we modeled swapping butter with plant-based oils in daily diet. That is a pretty huge effect on health," Zhang explained.



The key difference comes down to fat composition. 



Butter is high in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-linked-to-unexpected-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saturated fat</a>, while plant-based oils contain more unsaturated fats. Previous research has looked at dietary fats in general, but fewer studies have focused on their primary sources.



The findings suggest a clear contrast in health risks. Participants who ate the most butter had a 15% higher risk of death compared to those who ate the least. 



Meanwhile, those who consumed the most plant-based oils had a 16% lower risk of dying.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choosing-plant-based-oils-over-butter">Choosing plant-based oils over butter</h2>



"People might want to consider that a simple dietary swap - replacing butter with soybean oil or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/regular-olive-oil-consumption-can-literally-save-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">olive oil</a> - can lead to significant long-term health benefits," said corresponding author Daniel Wang, M.D., Sc.D., of the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital.



"From a public health perspective, this is a substantial number of deaths from cancer or from other chronic diseases that could be prevented."



To further explore this link, the researchers ran a substitution analysis. Their model showed that replacing just 10 grams of butter per day - less than a tablespoon - with an equivalent amount of plant-based oil could reduce cancer deaths and overall mortality by 17%.



"Even cutting back butter a little and incorporating more plant-based oils into your daily diet can have meaningful long-term health benefits," Wang added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-economic-benefits">Environmental and economic benefits</h2>



Beyond personal health, switching from butter to plant-based oils has broader implications. 



Butter production requires more land, water, and energy compared to plant oil production. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-began-dairy-farming-much-earlier-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dairy farming</a>, which supports butter production, contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. 



In contrast, plant oils have a lower environmental impact, making them a more sustainable choice.



Economically, plant-based oils are often more affordable and widely available than butter. 



With rising food prices, making the switch could be a cost-effective way for individuals and families to improve their diets without significantly increasing their grocery bills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-research">What’s next for research?</h2>



Although the study presents strong evidence, the investigators do recognize some limitations. 



A majority of participants were healthcare professionals, so the results may not be representative of the overall U.S. population.



Also, self-reported food intake information may have some error, although the long duration and large number of participants in the study reduce the concerns of the scientists in this regard.



Future studies will investigate the biological processes that mediate these health consequences.



For the moment, the message is straightforward: replacing butter with plant-based oils is a simple, practical move toward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prescription-for-fruits-and-vegetables-linked-to-better-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">improved health</a> in the long run.



Small, sustainable changes to eating habits can have long-term payoffs - not only for individuals but for public health and the planet too.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2831265" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Internal Medicine</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Health challenge: Cooking with butter vs. plant-based oils

Swapping butter for plant-based oils may be a simple way...

The fashion industry has long operated on a system of take, make, and waste, where resources are extracted, turned into garments, and eventually discarded - often far too soon.



Clothing is produced at a rapid pace, sold in mass quantities, worn for a short period, and frequently tossed aside, which contributes to the growing problem of textile waste.



Many of these discarded garments end up in landfills or incinerators, adding to pollution and resource depletion.



This linear approach is not just wasteful - it’s a major environmental burden. The fashion industry is responsible for about 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making it one of the most polluting industries in the world.



The heavy reliance on raw materials, energy-intensive production, and short product lifecycles all contribute to its massive footprint.



Now, a new guide is offering a practical way forward, helping brands transition to a circular design model that prioritizes sustainability, longevity, and waste reduction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roadmap-to-circular-fashion">Roadmap to circular fashion</h2>



Scientists at <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RMIT University</a> have partnered with brands to create <a href="https://refashioning.org/download/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Refashioning: Accelerating Circular Product Design at Scale</a>. 



This is a guide that is aimed at eliminating wasteful design practices and promoting durable fashion.



The goal is to help brands transition from linear production models to circular design - where products are created with reuse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a>, and longevity in mind.



Professor Alice Payne, project lead and Dean of the University’s school of fashion and textiles, explained that the guide challenges traditional design thinking and offers practical steps for businesses looking to make a change.



“This guide provides a systematic approach to implementing circular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-were-already-making-clothing-120000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clothing</a> design in a way that all organizations can implement, regardless of their size,” Payne explained.



“Based on extensive research with the industry, we’ve created practical steps businesses can take to improve the circularity of their outputs," she added. 



"Although other circular design guides are available, Refashioning is unique in providing a systematic methodology that enables designers to both slow the flow and close the loop.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-circular-fashion-is-the-future">Why circular fashion is the future</h2>



Most fashion brands still rely on a production system that encourages short-lived clothing. 



Products are made quickly and cheaply, with little thought about what happens to them once consumers are finished wearing them.



A circular approach changes that. It considers key factors early in the design process - material choices, product durability, intended use, and what happens to the product at the end of its useful life.



By making these decisions upfront, brands can create garments that last longer and can be repaired, reused, or recycled rather than sent to landfills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-industry-and-government-collaboration">Industry and government collaboration</h2>



The project was funded by Sustainability Victoria and developed in partnership with Country Road Group brands and two independent circular design experts, Courtney Holm and Julie Boulton.



Sustainability Victoria’s CEO, Matt Genever, highlighted the importance of collaboration between industry, government, and researchers to address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-dark-side-of-donating-clothes-to-charity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">textile waste</a>.



“It’s an example of how effective cross-sector collaboration can generate impactful results in the transition to a circular economy,” he said.



“By fostering partnerships across sectors, Sustainability Victoria enables meaningful change that moves beyond theory and into real, actionable solutions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-circular-fashion-in-the-real-world">Testing circular fashion in the real world</h2>



One of the key strengths of the guide is that it was tested on real products before being finalized. 



Over the course of a year, eight product and design teams from four brands - Country Road, Trenery, Witchery, and Politix - applied the guidelines in a commercial setting.



This hands-on approach ensured the guide was practical and adaptable for real-world use.



Erika Martin, Head of Sustainability at Country Road Group, explained how working on the guide has helped unify their approach to circular design.



“This project delivered a clear vision for circular design, and leveraged the expertise in the industry, academia and our own business,” she said.



“The opportunity to help create guidelines based on real life feedback and challenges and not just academic theory was a key driver for our involvement, alongside our commitment to building a better future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-towards-a-sustainable-future">Shift towards a sustainable future</h2>



With the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-friendly-vegan-leather-could-transform-the-fashion-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fashion industry</a> under increasing pressure to reduce its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-fast-fashion-jeans-bad-for-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impact</a>, practical tools like Refashioning offer businesses a clear way to take action. 



By rethinking how clothes are designed from the start, brands can reduce waste, lower emissions, and contribute to a more sustainable future.



The shift to circular design won’t happen overnight. But with collaboration, research, and practical steps, the industry is moving in the right direction - one product at a time.



The full guide may be downloaded <a href="https://refashioning.org/download/">here</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Trends: How fashion brands are cutting waste and extending product lifespan

The fashion industry has long operated on a system of...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

News coming your way