Today’s Image of the Day from the European Space Agency features the Cat’s Eye Nebula (NGC 6543), located about 3,300 light-years from Earth in the constellation Draco. 

The nebula’s name comes from its eye-like appearance when viewed through a telescope. This particular image, which reveals the nebula in stunning detail, was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.

Planetary nebulae 

According to ESA, the Cat’s Eye Nebula is one of the most complex planetary nebulae that has ever been discovered.

“A planetary nebula forms when Sun-like stars gently eject their outer gaseous layers to form bright nebulae with amazing twisted shapes,” explained ESA.

“Until recently, it was thought that shells around planetary nebulae were a rare phenomenon. However, astronomers have instead shown that these rings are likely to be the rule rather than the exception.”

Appearance of the Cat’s Eye Nebula 

The central focus of the Cat’s Eye is a hot, dying star that has shed its outer layers to form the nebula. It is surrounded by concentric gas shells, jets of high-speed gas, and unusual shock-induced knots of gas.

“Although the rings may be the key to explaining the final ‘gasp’ of the dying central star, the mystery behind the Cat’s Eye Nebula’s nested ‘Russian doll’ structure remains largely unsolved,” noted ESA.

Rings around the Cat’s Eye

“This image, taken with Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), reveals the full pattern of eleven or more concentric rings, or shells, around the Cat’s Eye. Each ‘ring’ is actually the edge of a spherical bubble seen projected onto the sky – which is why it appears bright along its outer edge.”

According to ESA, observations suggest that the star ejected its mass in a series of pulses at 1,500-year intervals. “These convulsions created dust shells that each contains as much mass as all of the planets in our solar system combined.”

Several explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon, including cycles of magnetic activity similar to our Sun’s sunspot cycle, the influence of companion stars orbiting the dying star, or stellar pulsations. 

Another theory suggests that the material is ejected smoothly from the star, with the rings forming later due to the creation of waves in the outflowing material.

The constellation Draco 

Draco is a constellation in the northern sky that represents a dragon. It’s one of the largest constellations, winding between the Big and Little Dippers. 

In Greek mythology, Draco is often identified as the dragon Ladon, who guarded the golden apples in the garden of the Hesperides.

Draco is a circumpolar constellation for most northern hemisphere observers, meaning it never sets below the horizon and can be seen all year round.

Famous planetary nebulae

Planetary nebulae are some of the most beautiful and intriguing objects in the universe. 

One of the most famous is the Ring Nebula, or M57, located in the constellation Lyra. This nebula is renowned for its nearly perfect ring shape, which is the result of a dying star shedding its outer layers. 

Another well-known planetary nebula is the Helix Nebula, or NGC 7293, often referred to as the “Eye of God” due to its eye-like appearance. The Helix Nebula is one of the closest planetary nebulae to Earth, making it a popular target for amateur astronomers. 

The Dumbbell Nebula, or M27, in the constellation Vulpecula, is another striking example. It is named for its resemblance to a dumbbell and is notable for being the first planetary nebula ever discovered, by Charles Messier in 1764. 

The Butterfly Nebula, or NGC 6302, is located in the constellation Scorpius. Its name comes from its distinctive bipolar structure, resembling the wings of a butterfly. The nebula’s central star is one of the hottest known, with a surface temperature of around 250,000 degrees Celsius. 

The Eskimo Nebula, or NGC 2392, in the constellation Gemini, is known for its resemblance to a face surrounded by a fur parka, which gives it its name. Its intricate structure, including filaments and bubble-like shapes, makes it a fascinating object of study. 

These nebulae not only captivate us with their beauty but also provide valuable insights into the life cycles of stars and the processes that shape our galaxy.

Image Credit: NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope

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