Phoca (=Pusa) hispida botnica NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.
FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. The ringed seal(Pusa hispidasyn. Phoca hispida)is an earless sealinhabiting the Arcticand sub-Arcticregions. The ringed seal is a relatively small seal, rarely greater than 1.5 m in length, with a distinctive patterning of dark spots surrounded by light grey rings, hence its common name.
The taxonomy of ringed seal has been much debated and revised in the literature. Due to its wide range, as many as ten subspecies have been described. Currently, five distinct subspecies are recognized: P. h. hispida in the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=arctic+ocean&amp;cvid=463139a8e21449fe8e38a98b484b91b9&amp;aqs=edge.0.0l7.2819j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Arctic Ocean</a> and Bering Sea, P. h. ochotensis in the Sea of Okhotsk, P. h. saimensis in Lake Saimaa in Finland, P. h. ladogensis in nearby Lake Ladoga in Russia and P.h. botnica in the Gulf of Bothnia. The ringed seal is most closely related to the Caspian seal (P. caspica) and Baikal

Phoca (=Pusa) hispida botnica

Remember when your mom advised you to eat dinner early? Turns out, she was right all along. A recent study by scientists from the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC) and Columbia University found evidence that backs up this age-old wisdom.



The study, published in the open access Nature group journal Nutrition &amp; Diabetes, suggests that consuming over 45% of our daily calorie intake after 5 p.m. can lead to increased glucose levels. 



This uptick in glucose carries potential health risks, irrespective of a person's weight or body fat levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meal-time-and-glucose-levels">Meal time and glucose levels</h2>



The experiment was conducted at <a href="https://www.columbia.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a>'s Irving Medical Center in New York, under the guidance of Dr. Diana Díaz-Rizzolo, a postdoctoral researcher and member of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the <a href="https://www.uoc.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UOC</a>.



"Maintaining high levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glucose-the-sweet-secret-to-a-younger-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glucose</a> over long periods of time can have implications including a higher risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes, an increase in cardiovascular risk due to the damage that high glucose levels do to blood vessels, and increased chronic inflammation, which aggravates cardiovascular and metabolic damage," noted Dr. Díaz-Rizzolo.



Until now, it was commonly believed that the primary repercussion of late dinners was weight gain, mostly because people tend to opt for unhealthy, ultra-processed foods at night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-meals">Timing of meals</h2>



However, the importance of this study lies in its ability to demonstrate that the timing of our meals can independently affect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/type-2-diabetes-heightens-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glucose</a> metabolism, regardless of the number of calories consumed throughout the day or an individual's weight and body fat level.



For their research, the team examined 26 individuals aged between 50 and 70, who were either overweight or obese and had prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. 



They divided the participants into two groups: early eaters who consumed the majority of their daily calories before evening, and late eaters who consumed 45% or more of their calories after 5 p.m. 



Despite both groups consuming the same amount of calories and the same types of food, their meal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-timing-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">timings</a> were different.



Intriguingly, it was found that late eaters had poorer glucose tolerance despite their weight or diet composition. They also tended to consume larger quantities of carbohydrates and fats in the evening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-late-eating-affects-glucose">Why late eating affects glucose</h2>



Dr. Díaz Rizzolo, an expert on obesity, diabetes, and aging-related topics, explained the science behind this.



"The body's ability to metabolize glucose is limited at night, because the secretion of insulin is reduced, and our cells' sensitivity to this hormone declines due to the circadian rhythm, which is determined by a central clock in our brain that is coordinated with the hours of daylight and night." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-considerations">Cultural considerations</h2>



It's important to recognize how meal timing varies across cultures, as dietary habits differ widely. For example, Mediterranean cultures often have their largest meal in the late afternoon, while Northern Europeans eat dinner early. 



Adapting dietary advice to fit these cultural contexts can improve its effectiveness. Future research should explore how considering cultural, environmental, and social factors in dietary guidance could boost adherence and results, thereby improving global public health.



By understanding meal timing in cultural contexts, dietary recommendations can better fit diverse habits worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-to-a-healthier-lifestyle">The path to a healthier lifestyle</h2>



This study reveals an essential aspect of our daily nutrition - the timing of our meals.



"Until now, personal decisions in nutrition have been based on two main questions: how much we eat, and what foods to choose. With this study, a new factor in cardiometabolic health is beginning to become increasingly important: when we eat," concluded Dr. Díaz-Rizzolo.



The path to a healthier lifestyle, according to the results of this study, should include a focus on eating the bulk of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> during daylight hours. 



"The highest levels of calorie intake during the day should be at breakfast and lunch, instead of at teatime and dinner," said Dr. Díaz-Rizzolo.



She also recommends avoiding ultra-processed products, fast food, and carbohydrate-rich foods - especially at night.



While more research is needed to explore the implications of this study further, the results thus far provide food for thought on meal timing and cardiometabolic health.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41387-024-00347-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrition and Diabetes</a>.



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Time of day that we eat plays a crucial role in our overall health

Remember when your mom advised you to eat dinner early?...

The Phlegraean Fields, now considered one massive supervolcano, are beginning to stir, making the scientific community uneasy. 



These volcanic fields, nestled just west of Naples, Italy, are among the top eight emitters of volcanic carbon dioxide worldwide. 



Since 2005, one spot in particular -- the Solfatara crater -- has been releasing increased volumes of gas, catching the attention of researchers and locals alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gas-emissions-at-solfatara-crater">Gas emissions at Solfatara crater</h2>



Gianmarco Buono, a volcanologist at the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (<a href="https://www.ingv.it/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INGV</a>), is leading a study to understand what's behind this surge in gas emissions. 



"Estimating the source of the carbon dioxide is important to properly reconstruct what is happening in the magmatic system and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/knipovich-ridge-new-hydrothermal-field-arctic-intense-geological-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrothermal system</a>," says Buono. 



His team aims to provide a tool that can distinguish between carbon dioxide coming from magma and that released by other processes, a method that could be useful in volcanic regions around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-a-supervolcano">What exactly is a supervolcano?</h2>



In the simplest of terms, a supervolcano is essentially a volcano on steroids. It's a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-survived-the-eruption-of-toba-supervolcano/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive volcanic system</a> capable of producing eruptions thousands of times more powerful than a regular volcano. 



These eruptions can eject more than 1,000 cubic kilometers of material into the atmosphere, which can have catastrophic effects on the global climate and environment.



You've probably heard of places like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-tourism-generates-over-1-megaton-carbon-annually/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the United States -- that's one of the most famous supervolcanoes. 



When a supervolcano erupts it can form a giant caldera, which is a huge crater that can span dozens of miles. 



The sheer scale of these eruptions makes them rare, but they're definitely something scientists keep an eye on due to their potential impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-supervolcano-holds-a-surprising-amount-of-magma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life across the planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-numbers-speak-volumes">Numbers speak volumes</h2>



Today, the Solfatara crater emits between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of carbon dioxide each day. To put that into perspective, that's equivalent to the emissions from burning about 500,000 gallons of gasoline daily. 



In their recent paper published in Geology, Buono and his colleagues estimate that 20% to 40% of this carbon dioxide comes from the dissolution of calcite in the surrounding rocks. The remaining 60% to 80% is traced back to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sun-affects-magma-formation-deep-within-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underground magma</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-solfatara-crater-gas">Science behind the Solfatara crater gas</h2>



When magma moves <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-magma-traced-to-melting-in-earths-crust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">closer to the Earth's surface</a>, the pressure decreases, causing gases that were trapped inside to escape. These gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. 



Scientists keep a close eye on volcanoes by monitoring earthquakes, measuring ground deformation, and analyzing gases emitted from fumaroles -- openings in the Earth's crust that release steam and gases.



An uptick in gas emissions can be a sign of potential volcanic activity. However, not every increase leads to an eruption. 



Sometimes, carbon dioxide is released when hot underground fluids interact with the rocks above, rather than from magma itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-changes-over-decades">Monitoring changes over decades</h2>



Since 1983, the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology has been keeping tabs on the gas emissions from the Solfatara crater. 



By studying the ratios of nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide, researchers had initially concluded that the gases were primarily from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-sun-affects-magma-formation-deep-within-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep magma sources</a>. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Phlegraean-fields_supervolcano_caldera_satellite-view_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Phlegraean-fields_supervolcano_caldera_satellite-view_1s.webp" alt="Satellite view of Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater showing a large caldera supervolcano west of Naples, Italy. It is part of the Campanian volcanic arc, which includes Mount Vesuvius." class="wp-image-1951186"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Satellite view of Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater showing a large caldera supervolcano west of Naples, Italy. It is part of the Campanian volcanic arc, which includes Mount Vesuvius.</figcaption></figure>



"We focused mainly on geochemical variation, especially for carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen, because they are non-reactive species. They contain information about what is happening in the magma," Buono explains.



But things started to change in 2005. The data began to deviate from the typical chemical signatures of magma-derived gases. This shift continued over time, accompanied by rising temperatures in the shallow hydrothermal system. 



By 2012, the alert level for the region was raised from green to yellow, signaling heightened activity but not an immediate threat of eruption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-earth-s-movements">Clues from the Earth's movements</h2>



The area didn't just experience changes underground. Small earthquakes and noticeable ground deformation were also observed. 



These signs pointed toward the circulation of hot fluids <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beneath the surface</a>. When these hot, acidic fluids interact with calcite in the rocks, they can release additional carbon dioxide.



Previous studies involving drill cores of the local rocks revealed that the calcite present has a composition similar to the gases being emitted. 



Based on this information, Buono's team estimated that 20% to 40% of the carbon dioxide at the Solfatara crater comes from the breakdown of calcite in the host rocks.



The Phlegraean Fields have a long volcanic history, with activity dating back approximately 40,000 years. The most recent eruption occurred in 1538. 



Since the 1950s, the region has experienced several phases of unrest, reminding us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-super-eruptions-build-up-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's geology is always in motion</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



Understanding the source of carbon dioxide emissions in volcanic regions is crucial for public safety and environmental monitoring. 



By distinguishing between gases released from magma and those from other processes, scientists can better predict <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-volcanic-eruptions-are-more-harmful-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic activity</a> and assess potential risks.



Buono's research not only sheds light on the complex interactions beneath the Phlegraean Fields but also provides tools that could be applied to other volcanic areas. 



As he notes, "Our aim is to provide a tool to better discriminate the contribution of magmatic and non-magmatic carbon dioxide that can also be applied to other systems."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solfatara-crater-and-the-future">Solfatara crater and the future</h2>



To sum it all up, figuring out what's really going on beneath the Phlegraean Fields and Solfatara crater is a big deal -- not just for the science buffs but for everyone living on Earth.



Buono's team has shown that the spike in carbon dioxide emissions isn't just magma pushing its way up. A good chunk of that gas is actually coming from hot fluids interacting with calcite-rich rocks underground. 



This kind of info is gold because it helps us keep a closer eye on volcanic activity and, more importantly, keeps people safe.



Looking ahead, keeping tabs on these emissions and understanding their sources is key. By knowing whether the carbon dioxide is from magma or from rock interactions, scientists can better predict what's coming next. 



The Phlegraean Fields are a vivid reminder that our planet is always on the move. Scientists like Buono will keep unraveling the mysteries beneath our feet, helping us understand the dynamic planet we call home.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/51/4/397/620796/Discriminating-carbon-dioxide-sources-during" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>.



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Supervolcano shows signs of waking up, which would plunge the world into chaos

The Phlegraean Fields, now considered one massive supervolcano, are beginning...

An international team of scientists has successfully sequenced the genome of the legendary composer, Ludwig van Beethoven, for the first time ever. 



The scientists examined Beethoven's genes to understand his health and genetic makeup.



The researchers used five <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-genome-size-impact-evolutionary-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetically matching</a> locks of hair from the legendary composer for their analysis.



The findings reveal some interesting facts about Beethoven and open a whole new set of questions about his life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sounds-of-illness-beethoven-s-health">Sounds of illness: Beethoven's health</h2>



Beethoven's health has been the subject of debate ever since he asked his doctor to publicly document his illness way back in 1802.



This new research, however, brings a fresh perspective, revealing previously unknown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/selfish-dna-transposons-control-early-human-development-not-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic risk</a> factors for the liver disease that likely contributed to Beethoven's death.



Ever wondered why Beethoven had progressive hearing loss, which made him almost deaf by 1818? Or why he had chronic gastrointestinal complaints and a severe liver disease that ultimately led to his death in 1827?



So have many others, and the experts set out to find answers to these questions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ailments-with-mysterious-causes">Ailments with mysterious causes</h2>



Interestingly, the research team could not pinpoint a definite cause for Beethoven's hearing loss or gastrointestinal problems. 



However, they discovered several genetic risk factors for liver disease and found evidence that Beethoven was infected with the hepatitis B virus. Coupled with his alcohol consumption, this condition may have resulted in severe liver disease.



According to Tristan Begg, the study's lead author from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a>, Beethoven drank alcohol regularly as documented in his "conversation books."



"If his alcohol consumption was sufficiently heavy over a long enough period, the interaction with his genetic risk factors presents one possible explanation for his cirrhosis," said Begg.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questions-remain-about-genetic-causes">Questions remain about genetic causes</h2>



Furthermore, the researchers did not find a straightforward genetic cause for Beethoven's hearing loss. 



"Although a clear genetic underpinning for Beethoven’s hearing loss could not be identified, the scientists caution that such a scenario cannot be strictly ruled out," explained Dr. Axel Schmidt from the Institute of Human Genetics at the <a href="https://www.ukbonn.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University Hospital of Bonn</a>.



In regards to Beethoven's gastrointestinal complaints, no genetic explanation was pinpointed. The researchers argue that diseases like coeliac disease and lactose intolerance are unlikely causes, based on the genomic data.



Beethoven was also found to have some degree of genetic protection against the risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a commonly suspected cause, making this less likely.



"We cannot say definitely what killed Beethoven, but we can now at least confirm the presence of significant heritable risk, and an infection with hepatitis B virus," said Johannes Krause, from the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology. 



"We can also eliminate several other less plausible genetic causes."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-for-authenticity">Testing for authenticity</h2>



To ensure authenticity, the team conducted tests on eight hair samples acquired from public and private collections across the UK, Europe, and the United States.



In the process, they discovered that at least two of the locks did not originate from Beethoven, including a famous lock once believed to have been cut from the recently deceased composer's head by the 15-year-old musician Ferdinand Hiller.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analysis-of-beethoven-s-living-relatives">Analysis of Beethoven's living relatives</h2>



A particularly interesting aspect of this study involves the genetics of Beethoven’s living relatives. 



Some of the relatives were found to share a paternal ancestor with Beethoven in the late 1500s and early 1600s based on genealogical studies, but they did not match the Y-Chromosome found in the authentic hair samples.&nbsp;



The team concluded that this was due to the occurrence of at least one “extra-pair paternity event” - a child conceived from an extramarital relationship - in Beethoven’s direct paternal line.



“Through the combination of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-secret-code-called-spatial-grammar-may-rewrite-genetics-textbooks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> data and archival documents, we were able to observe a discrepancy between Ludwig van Beethoven’s legal and biological genealogy,” said genealogist Maarten Larmuseau from the KU Leuven.



The team hopes that by making Beethoven’s genome publicly available, further research will be encouraged, and remaining questions about his health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-evidence-reveals-new-clues-about-pompeiis-eruption-victims/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genealogy</a> could be answered.



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The research team included experts from the University of Cambridge, the Beethoven Center San Jose, American Beethoven Society, KU Leuven, FamilyTreeDNA, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Beethoven-Haus Bonn, and the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(23)00181-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Beethoven’s DNA found in his hair reveals surprising new details

An international team of scientists has successfully sequenced the genome...

Sipping on a citrus soda, have you ever wondered why the flavor seemed to be evenly distributed? A secret ingredient played a big role.



However, after much consideration and several studies indicating potential health risks, this soda additive is nearing its end in the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-banning-the-soda-additive">Banning the soda additive </h2>



The Food and Drug Administration (<a href="https://www.fda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FDA</a>), America's federal agency for regulating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-tongue-could-revolutionize-food-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food safety</a>, has recently taken a decisive step against this controversial soda ingredient called BVO, or brominated vegetable oil.



After revoking the registration of BVO, this modified vegetable oil is now officially banned across the country.



The decision came after clear evidence of toxicity emerged from recent studies, making the continued usage of BVO untenable.



James Jones, FDA deputy commissioner for humans foods, announced the significant proposal.



"The proposed action is an example of how the agency monitors emerging evidence and, as needed, conducts scientific research to investigate safety-related questions, and takes regulatory action when the science does not support the continued safe use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-ingredients-in-u-s-foods-are-potentially-unsafe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">additives</a> in foods," noted Jones. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questioning-the-safety-of-the-soda-additive">Questioning the safety of the soda additive</h2>



The story of BVO dates back to the 1930s. As an emulsifying agent, it was added to keep the citrus flavor from floating to the top of soda. 



Animal studies have suggested that the compound may slowly accumulate in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-late-increases-hunger-and-changes-fat-tissues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fat tissues</a>, preventing iodine from performing crucial functions within our thyroid gland. 



This led health authorities worldwide to question the emulsifier's safety.



In fact, BVO has already been scrapped from the ingredients list in several countries, including India, Japan, and European Union nations. 



Even the state of California bid it farewell in October 2022, with the ban expected to be active by 2027.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerns-about-potential-toxicity">Concerns about potential toxicity </h2>



The FDA had its reservations. In the 1950s, it considered BVO a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient. 



This status was given to items that had either been adequately tested or to those in common use prior to 1958.



The perception changed in the next decade when concerns about potential toxicity arose, leading to a temporary limit on BVO usage, especially in citrus <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elevated-levels-of-toxic-metals-detected-in-popular-drinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinks</a>.



Getting hard data on the long-term risks was not an easy task, hence the delay. 



However, research in the UK during the 1970s found bromine building up in human tissues, and its high concentrations were linked to heart and behavioral issues in animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-exactly-is-gras">What exactly is GRAS?</h2>



Generally Recognized as Safe, or GRAS, is a designation used by the U.S. FDA to indicate that a substance added to food is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-chemicals-from-food-production-pass-into-the-human-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">considered safe</a> by experts. 



Basically, if something is labeled as GRAS, it means that scientists and researchers agree it won’t harm you when used as intended in our food. 



This can include everyday ingredients like salt, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ultra-processed-foods-are-harmful-to-nearly-every-part-of-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain preservatives</a>, and natural flavorings that have been used for years without any known issues. 



The GRAS status can be based on a long history of common use in food or on scientific evidence showing that the substance is safe.



Companies can declare their ingredients as GRAS either by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-tongue-could-revolutionize-food-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conducting their own research</a> or by relying on the collective knowledge of experts. They can also submit their GRAS determinations to the FDA for review, but it's not always required. 



This system helps streamline the process of getting safe additives into the food supply without the need for lengthy approval procedures for every single ingredient. 



Overall, GRAS plays a crucial role in ensuring that the additives in our food are safe to eat, giving consumers confidence in the products they choose.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soda-makers-move-on">Soda makers move on</h2>



After several studies, the FDA is finally convinced that BVO should be banned. Companies such as PepsiCo and Coca-Cola Co. have already started the process of phasing out this ingredient from their products over the last decade.



"Over the years many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-are-consuming-more-sugary-drinks-than-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beverage</a> makers reformulated their products to replace BVO with an alternative ingredient, and today, few beverages in the US contain BVO," said Jones. 



This decision could be the first of many. The FDA is currently reviewing regulations authorizing certain food additives, aiming to enhance the process and prohibit food coloring agents found to cause cancer in humans or animals.



The final decision on BVO's classification went through a comprehensive review process that has now come to an end. With alternatives already being used globally to keep citrus drinks tangy to the last drop, it appears the days of BVO are truly numbered.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-soda-ingredients">The future of soda ingredients</h2>



With BVO officially banned, soda manufacturers are now turning to safer and more sustainable alternatives to maintain flavor consistency in citrus beverages. 



Common replacements include natural stabilizers such as ester gum and sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), which offer similar emulsifying properties without the associated health risks.



This shift reflects a broader trend in the beverage industry toward cleaner labels and transparency in ingredient sourcing. 



As consumers become more health-conscious, brands are under increasing pressure to minimize the use of synthetic additives and embrace natural formulations.



In addition, regulatory bodies are expected to intensify their scrutiny of food and beverage ingredients, encouraging innovation in the development of safe and effective stabilizers. 



These advancements could pave the way for a new era of beverages that prioritize both taste and health.



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Controversial soda ingredient has finally been banned by the FDA

Sipping on a citrus soda, have you ever wondered why...

In a world awash with news about climate change and its devastating impacts, hundreds of scientists in Australia have rallied to form their own "emergency summit." The main agenda? The precarious future of Antarctica's ice, arguably our planet's last untouched wilderness.



The experts' conclusion, published as a press statement, is a somber one: if we don't act, and quickly, the melting of Antarctica ice could cause catastrophic sea levels rise around the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-ice-and-rising-sea-levels">Antarctica's ice and rising sea levels</h2>



"Nowhere on Earth is there a greater cause of uncertainty in sea-level rise projections than from East Antarctica, in Australia’s backyard," the experts wrote in their the&nbsp;<a href="https://aappartnership.org.au/next-generation-of-antarctic-scientists-call-for-collaborative-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statement</a>.



"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-are-intense-heat-waves-affecting-life-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">East Antarctic</a> Ice Sheet alone holds enough water to raise global sea levels by approximately 50 meters (164 feet) if completely melted."



"Implications for our coastal cities and infrastructure are immense."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-and-unprecedented-transformations">Rapid and unprecedented transformations </h2>



The report authors noted that the services of the Southern Ocean and Antarctica - as an oceanic carbon sink and planetary air-conditioner - have been taken for granted.



"Global warming-induced shifts observed in the region are immense. Recent research has shown record-low sea ice, extreme heatwaves exceeding 40°C (72°F) above average temperatures, and increased instability around key ice shelves," wrote the experts. 



They added that shifting ecosystems on land and at sea underscore the rapid and unprecedented transformations of this sensitive region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-straddling-the-edge-of-catastrophe">Straddling the edge of catastrophe</h2>



"Runaway ice loss causing rapid and catastrophic sea-level rise is possible within our lifetimes," the team warned in their statement.



The chilling thought that such irreversible tipping points could have already passed without our noticing is a terrifying prospect. This is why the scientists are sounding the alarm bell, urging us to sit up and take notice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-the-ice-in-antarctica">Saving the ice in Antarctica</h2>



The 2024 Australian Antarctic Research Conference took place at the <a href="https://www.utas.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tasmania</a> in Hobart. The summit gathered nearly 500 experts from all over the country in the first national meeting of the polar research community in many years.



The scientists' passion, knowledge, and dedication are proof that we can still turn things around if we set our minds to it.



The Australian Antarctic Program Partnership (AAPP), the organization orchestrating the summit, added worrisome data to the mix. In the past 30 years alone, the global sea level has risen by up to 10.5 centimeters (over 4 inches). 



The culprit? As we might have guessed, it's melting ice from Antarctica, mainly due to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-ice-cube-of-antarctica">Giant ice cube of Antarctica</h2>



As of now, Antarctica loses an astounding 17 million tonnes of ice every hour. This is equivalent to a giant ice cube measuring 260 meters (853 feet) on each side.



It's not just the scale of this loss that's alarming but also the pace at which it's happening: it's speeding up. Satellite imagery confirms this, showing that Antarctica is losing ice more than six times faster than it was three decades ago. 



Even East Antarctica, hailed as a stable corner of our world, is showing signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-will-the-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive disturbance</a>, including heatwaves and significant melting events.



AAPP warns that if we continue to increase our greenhouse gas emissions, Australian coastal cities could face a devastating 80 centimeters (31 inches) of sea level rise by 2100. 



Adapting to these circumstances could be a temporary solution, but for a long-term solution, we need to enact "deep, rapid, and sustained" reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. This is the only real way to avert the disaster in progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burden-on-future-generations">Burden on future generations </h2>



The scientists urge us to "bend the carbon curve" as soon as we can. Every passing year and every ton of carbon emitted without being reduced increases the burden on our future generations. It's a matter of global justice, and it's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-peace-is-at-risk-as-nations-race-for-its-resources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urgent</a>.



"Every fraction of a degree matters," the scientists caution. And with this, their statement ends, but the fight is far from over. 



As we make sense of this information, it's clear that there is a lot of work to be done to prevent the potentially devastating consequences of losing Antarctica's ice.



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Emergency meeting reveals the alarming extent of Antarctica's ice loss

In a world awash with news about climate change and...

Spaghetti, a word that evokes thoughts of delicious Italian cuisine and hearty meals, has taken on an entirely new meaning in the realm of science.



Imagine strands so impossibly thin they are 200 times slimmer than a human hair -- not destined for marinara sauce but poised to revolutionize fields as diverse as medicine and advanced materials science.



Recently, a team of scientists from University College London (<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL</a>) has crafted the world’s thinnest strands of material, daintily dubbed "spaghetti" in an attempt to blend the familiar with the extraordinary.



Beatrice Britton, the study's lead author, carried out the work as part of her master’s degree in chemistry at UCL.



“To make spaghetti, you push a mixture of water and flour through metal holes. In our study, we did the same except we pulled our flour mixture through with an electrical charge. It’s literally spaghetti but much smaller,” explained co-author Dr. Adam Clancy from the UCL Department of Chemistry.



However, this remarkable creation isn’t for your dinner plate. Its potential lies in novel applications for wound healing, tissue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-killifish-regeneration-may-help-us-heal-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regeneration</a>, and drug delivery, thereby setting a new benchmark in nanotechnology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healing-power-of-spaghetti-nanopasta">Healing power of "spaghetti" nanopasta</h2>



The secret lies in its base material - starch. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-refined-carbs-can-make-you-less-attractive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbohydrate</a>, accumulated in abundance by green plants, provides us with fascinating prospects for creating nanofibers.



The microscopic mats of nanofibers are permeable enough to permit the passage of water and moisture, while acting as a protective barrier against harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-form-memories-and-pass-them-on-to-future-generations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a>. 



“Nanofibers, such as those made of starch, show potential for use in wound dressings as they are very porous,” said Professor Gareth Williams from UCL School of Pharmacy. 



“In addition, nanofibers are being explored for use as a scaffold to regrow tissue, as they mimic the extra-cellular matrix – a network of proteins and other molecules that cells build to support themselves.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-spaghetti-nanopasta">Making spaghetti nanopasta</h2>



Nanofibers made from starch offer remarkable potential for applications in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicine</a> and industry. 



However, traditional methods for producing these materials rely on extracting and purifying starch from plant cells - a process that demands significant energy and water and raises environmental concerns.



The UCL team has devised an innovative alternative: creating nanofibers directly from starch-rich flour, a widely available and sustainable resource.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/spaghetti_worlds-thinnest_nanopasta_single-strand_credit-UCL_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/spaghetti_worlds-thinnest_nanopasta_single-strand_credit-UCL_1s.webp" alt="Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope, so the team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Credit: Beatrice Britton / Adam Clancy" class="wp-image-1951309"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Each individual strand is too narrow to be clearly captured by any form of visible light camera or microscope, so the team used a scanning electron microscope, scanning the mat with a focused beam of electrons and creating an image based on the pattern of electrons that are deflected or knocked-off. Credit: Beatrice Britton / Adam Clancy</figcaption></figure>



Bypassing the need for intensive purification, this approach not only reduces resource consumption but also leverages a common food ingredient in an unexpected and transformative way.



This method represents a shift towards greener nanotechnology, aligning material science innovation with environmental responsibility.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-spaghetti-nanopasta">Future of spaghetti nanopasta</h2>



The researchers are optimistic about the future of these ultra-thin nanofibers, especially when they are made using starch-rich flour as a starting material.



“Starch is a promising material to use as it is abundant and renewable -- it is the second largest source of biomass on Earth, behind cellulose -- and it is biodegradable, meaning it can be broken down in the body,” said Dr. Clancy.



However, the process of creating nanofibers from flour is not without challenges. Impurities such as proteins and cellulose increase the mixture’s viscosity, making fiber formation more difficult.



The study highlights how using formic acid instead of water effectively breaks down the giant starch helices, allowing the creation of nanofibers. 



The researchers also carefully controlled the mixture’s temperature during preparation to achieve the right consistency. 



This novel approach not only simplifies the process but also opens the door to sustainable and scalable production methods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



While the team has made significant progress, much work remains to fully explore the potential of this "healing spaghetti." 



“We’ve shown that a simpler way to make nanofibers using flour is possible. The next step would be to investigate the properties of this product. We would want to know, for instance, how quickly it disintegrates, how it interacts with cells, and if you could produce it at scale,” explained Dr. Clancy.



The versatility of these nanofibers opens the door to applications beyond medicine, potentially transforming areas such as environmental engineering and biodegradable materials.



Despite the promise of starch-based nanofibers in medicine and industry, their culinary applications remain out of reach. 



“I don’t think it’s useful as pasta, sadly, as it would overcook in less than a second, before you could take it out of the pan,” Professor Williams stated humorously.



The researchers plan to continue refining the electrospinning process and exploring the properties of their nanofibers to determine their viability for practical applications. 



For now, the world's thinnest "spaghetti" stands as a remarkable example of the creativity and ingenuity of modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/astronauts-are-studying-materials-science-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials science</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/na/d4na00601a">Nanoscale Advances</a>.



Image Credit: Beatrice Britton / Adam Clancy



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World’s thinnest spaghetti 'nanopasta' could heal wounds and regrow tissues

Spaghetti, a word that evokes thoughts of delicious Italian cuisine...

Imagine being a dolphin, the only one of your kind, in an unfamiliar place that is far from home. This is the reality for a solo male bottlenose dolphin who lives in the Baltic Sea. 



He was spotted near the Svendborgsund channel -- a location far removed from the typical warm and bustling habitats of dolphins, where pods provide social connection and safety.



His unexpected presence has captured the attention of local residents and marine biologists alike, and sparked a wave of curiosity about the circumstances that led him to venture into such an unusual and challenging environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solitary-dolphin-in-the-baltic-sea">Solitary dolphin in the Baltic Sea </h2>



Enter the scientists from the esteemed <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a>. Intrigued by the solitary dolphin's presence in the Baltic Sea, and the unlikely possibility of his befriending local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harbor-porpoises-are-severely-threatened-by-fishing-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">harbor porpoises</a>, they set out to investigate.



The locals had affectionately named the dolphin Delle. To better understand Delle's behavior and communication, the team gathered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-must-shout-over-underwater-noise-to-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">underwater sound</a> recordings over a span of three months, from December 2022 to February 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delle-s-unique-sonic-communication">Delle’s unique sonic communication</h2>



When the researchers analyzed the recordings, they made a fascinating discovery about Delle's behavior. 



Delle wasn't just swimming in silence, as one might expect from an isolated dolphin. Instead, he was constantly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-use-baby-talk-to-communicate-with-their-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communicating</a>, filling the waters with an array of sounds that hinted at his active engagement with his environment.



The underwater microphone captured an astonishing 10,833 distinct sounds or "voicings" over the course of the study, showcasing the complexity of his vocal activity.



His sonic repertoire ranged from high-pitched clicks and melodic whistles, often associated with social interactions and echolocation, to deeper, more intense noises linked with aggressive or territorial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-change-their-behavior-to-adapt-to-coastal-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior among dolphins</a>. 



This range of sounds painted a vivid picture of a dolphin adapting to his unique situation through his natural abilities.



More intriguingly, Delle was found to emulate the sounds typically used in dolphin-to-dolphin communication, suggesting that he could be talking to himself. 



He also exhibited the use of low-frequency tonal and percussive noises, which are believed to aid in navigation and locating food.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-talking-dolphin">Mystery of the 'talking' dolphin</h2>



Interestingly, Delle continued his vocalizations even when there were no people in his proximity, dismissing any theory that he might be trying to communicate with humans.



The researchers believe that some of Delle's vocalizations could be emotional responses analogous to human laughter or amusement when alone.



Alternatively, they suggest that he could be venting his loneliness, using self-dialogue as a form of distraction in his solitary circumstances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The tale of Delle, the lonely dolphin in the Baltic Sea, has left marine biologists both intrigued and mystified. 



His unusual behavioral patterns present numerous questions still to be answered, and open pathways for future studies in animal behavior, marine biology, and animal communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenges-of-solitude">The challenges of solitude</h2>



Life in the Baltic Sea poses unique challenges for Delle, given its brackish waters and lack of a resident dolphin population. 



Unlike his usual marine habitats, the Baltic’s ecosystem features colder temperatures, reduced salinity, and a diet that may differ from what bottlenose dolphins are accustomed to. 



Marine biologists speculate that Delle's ability to adapt to these unfamiliar conditions reflects the remarkable resilience of dolphins. 



However, his isolation raises questions about his long-term well-being, especially as bottlenose dolphins are highly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-dolphins-whistle-to-maintain-social-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social creatures</a> that thrive in pods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-delle-teaches-us">What Delle teaches us </h2>



Delle’s story highlights the importance of monitoring marine biodiversity and the impact of environmental changes. 



His unexpected presence in the Baltic Sea could be a result of shifting ecosystems, rising water temperatures, or disrupted migration patterns. 



Researchers emphasize that such anomalies highlight the need for global conservation efforts to protect marine life. 



Delle’s vocalizations also offer a rare opportunity to study how solitary marine mammals cope with isolation, potentially contributing to our understanding of animal behavior in changing environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-dolphin-communication">Decoding dolphin communication</h2>



The researchers noted that Delle's varied repertoire, which includes clicks, whistles, and low-frequency tones, may serve multiple purposes ranging from navigation to emotional expression.



By studying his behavior, scientists hope to uncover new dimensions of dolphin cognition, such as how solitary individuals adapt their vocal patterns in the absence of a pod. 



Delle’s case could provide valuable insights into the social and emotional needs of dolphins, and could also enhance efforts to protect these intelligent marine mammals in the wild.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09524622.2024.2422092" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bioacoustics</a>.



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Lonely dolphin in the Baltic Sea is constantly "talking" to himself

Imagine being a dolphin, the only one of your kind,...

You could easily mistake this polychaete for a set of fake eyelashes shimmering under faint lights, but this creature is indeed real. Its habitat lies at the junction of three tectonic plates in the depths of the Pacific Ocean.



Researchers from the Schmidt Ocean Institute discovered the worm while using their 7,055-pound robotic explorer ROV SuBastian. They sent the underwater robot to search on the ocean floor and this spectacular bristle worm is what turned up in the <a href="https://www.instagram.com/reel/DCUvkLLS831/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&amp;igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">video footage</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-the-polychaete-worm">Meet the polychaete worm</h2>



This fascinating creature is better known as a polychaete, which is a type of segmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-mollusk-glowing-sea-slug-found-in-the-deep-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine worm</a>. There are more than 10,000 different species of polychaetes distributed all over the world.



"To describe this polychaete, one simply must use jazz hands - it is the only way to capture this deep-sea worm's dazzle!" the experts said in an&nbsp;Instagram&nbsp;post.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-internet-reacts-to-the-sparkling-worm">Internet reacts to the sparkling worm</h2>



This creature’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-life-100-new-sea-creatures-found-in-chile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">discovery</a> soon gained the attention of Instagram viewers. One viewer humorously dubbed it a "forbidden toilet scrubber," while another compared it to a "deep sea Xmas tree." 



And yes, there were certainly those who could only see a pair of fake eyelashes crawling tantalizingly across the ocean bed.



The researchers discovered this sparkling addition to the polychaete family while the ROV (remotely operated vehicle) pilots were exploring the Chile Margin.



This intriguing region remains largely unknown, and the international team has been undertaking formidable tasks along the margin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-laboratory">A natural laboratory</h2>



The Chile Margin, which extends from the country's west coast and suddenly drops into the Pacific Ocean, is an area of particular interest for scientific exploration. 



Its unique tectonic forces and terrestrial influences make this margin an ideal location to investigate chemosynthetic and deep-sea environments and, of course, to discover creatures like this shimmering deep-sea worm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beauty-of-the-sparkling-worm">Beauty of the sparkling worm</h2>



Videos posted to the <a href="https://schmidtocean.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt Ocean Institute</a>'s Instagram account show the animal inching along the seabed. 



Here, its iridescent bristles catch the light, adding a mesmerising sparkle to its movements. 



The term polychaete means "many bristles," and the way these bristles light up is quite unique. In this species, the bristles possess protein structures that cause the iridescence.



It's important to remember that these creatures are more than just appealing to look at. 



Polychaetes play a vital role in the global ocean, from the heat-tolerant extremophiles in hydrothermal vents to the bone-eating Osedax worms that undertake nutrient cycling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-deep-sea-ecosystems">Exploring deep sea ecosystems</h2>



The Chile Margin's unique environment, with an intermediate water depth of about 2,652 to 3,281 feet, presents a fantastic natural laboratory for exploration. 



Over a period of 55 days, the researchers aim to map, sample, and characterize the deep-sea ecosystems along the central-south Chile Margin. Will they find more aquatic wonders? Only time will tell.



The expedition's journey along the Chile Margin is a remarkable endeavor that examines the unique phenomenon of chemosynthesis.



Unlike photosynthetic processes driven by sunlight, chemosynthetic organisms derive energy from chemical reactions, typically in environments devoid of light. The bristle worms residing in such habitats exhibit a symbiotic relationship with bacteria, which facilitate this energy conversion.



This natural phenomenon supports diverse lifeforms in these dark, alien worlds and gives the polychaetes an opportunity to live in and adapt to the extreme conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-goals">Future research goals</h2>



In addition to exploration, engaging the public in the wonders of deep-sea research is a key aspect of the Schmidt Ocean Institute's mission. 



Through their extensive online presence and their videos that showcase their findings, the scientists at the Institute stimulate public interest and awareness about marine biodiversity and the oceanic environment.



Furthermore, the data and samples collected serve as a foundation for future scientific inquiries, collaboration, and education. 



Researchers are particularly eager to study the evolutionary adaptations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alarming-climate-impacts-threaten-key-marine-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organisms</a> living along such dynamic margins and to uncover more about the unexplored complexities of the ocean's hidden depths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-our-understanding-of-the-ocean">Advancing our understanding of the ocean</h2>



This expedition isn't just about discovering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-seas-lakes-are-losing-their-ability-to-support-most-types-of-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new species</a>; it's about enhancing our understanding of the ocean. 



The researchers at the Schmidt Ocean Institute aim to bolster efforts to manage and protect ecosystems within Chile's waters, and to emphasize the critical need for conservation.



After all, without these explorative efforts, we might have missed out on meeting our new sparkling worm. 



Image Credit: Schmidt Ocean Institute 



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Sparkling worm discovered deep in the Pacific Ocean

You could easily mistake this polychaete for a set of...

Do you recall those childhood days when you eagerly anticipated bedtime stories about Peter Rabbit, Toad or Ratty from The Wind in the Willows? Or the excitement that washed over you every time you opened a children's book teeming with playful, animated animals? 



Well, a new study is giving us a fresh perspective on the role of these furry, iconic characters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-s-books-animal-characters">Children's books animal characters</h2>



The research has shed light on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toddlers-learn-faster-after-witnessing-impossible-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential influence</a> of non-human characters in children's books.



The researchers aimed to gauge how these animal characters affected children's theory of mind skills - crucial abilities which include deciphering social changes in the environment based on voice tone, word choice, or facial expressions.



They worked with over 100 children aged five to 10, each of whom were tested on their theory of mind skills after hearing stories featuring animal characters, as well as those highlighting human characters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-vs-animal-characters-in-books">Human vs. animal characters in books</h2>



The study unveiled an interesting pattern. When exposed to stories centered around human characters, an age-related progression was observed. 



Older children were consistently outperforming their younger counterparts, with 3rd grade children surpassing the researchers' expectations in tests featuring human characters.



But the revelations didn't stop there. The tests that involved animal characters threw up another surprise. 



The younger participants were able to match the scores achieved by pupils in 3rd grade, who were two years their senior. That's quite a feat for our young champions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insight-into-children-s-development">New insight into children's development</h2>



These findings, published in the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, highlight the importance of both human and non-human characters in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/outdoor-classes-improve-childrens-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">children's developmental stages</a>.



The research was led by Dr. Gray Atherton and Dr. Liam Cross from the University of Plymouth’s <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/schools/psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Psychology</a>.



"Animals play a huge part of children’s stories, whether that is in books and comics or through TV and film. We wanted to test if that is down to more than simply liking the characters, and whether there are actual benefits of children learning through by watching or reading about animals and if this changes over time," said Dr. Atherton.



"Our findings showed that both human and non-human characters are important in helping children interpret the world around them, and that they play differing roles at different stages in their development. Adapting activities and lessons in nurseries and the early school years to take that into account could be hugely effective in helping to support their development."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-educators-and-parents">Implications for educators and parents</h2>



The insights gained from this study have substantial implications for educators and parents aiming to support children's cognitive and social development.



By incorporating both human and animal characters into books, educators can craft a more balanced learning environment that caters to the diverse needs of children across age groups. 



Parents, too, can enrich their children's home learning experiences by selecting a variety of stories that include both human and animal protagonists. 



This approach not only makes reading sessions more engaging but also aids in developing empathy and understanding of complex social scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



While this study provides valuable insights, it also opens avenues for further exploration. 



Future research could go deeper into the types of animal characteristics that are most effective in nurturing children's theory of mind. For instance, exploring whether anthropomorphized animals or more realistic portrayals have differing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-who-use-humor-have-better-relationships-with-their-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacts</a>. 



Similarly, cross-cultural studies could investigate whether the affinity towards animal characters holds true in diverse cultural contexts. These inquiries could refine understanding and application in educational strategies, enhancing the efficacy of storytelling as a developmental tool.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-characters-and-autism-treatment">Animal characters and autism treatment</h2>



In previous studies, Dr. Atherton and Dr. Cross examined the factors influencing the educational and social development of individuals with autism and learning difficulties.



The experts launched initiatives proving how board and online games can bolster confidence among people with autism. 



Borrowing insights from this research, the scholars now plan to dig deeper to explore if their findings could provide specific benefits to children with such conditions.



Dr. Cross envisions a significant impact of this study on individuals with autism or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-with-behavioral-issues-have-high-cortisol-levels-in-their-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other conditions</a> affecting their learning. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-way-of-looking-at-animal-characters">A new way of looking at animal characters</h2>



The researchers have observed how tasks involving animal characters can result in autistic individuals performing on par with non-autistic children. 



The plan is to replicate this study with autistic children in an effort to unveil more effective ways to support them at a critical stage in their development.



In a nutshell, this study has unraveled an entirely new dimension of how we view animals in children's books. 



Those delightful animal characters do more than simply entertain; they help shape our children's minds and understanding of the world around them in their formative years.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209652400256X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Child Psychology</a>. 



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Animal characters boost social and emotional skills in children

Do you recall those childhood days when you eagerly anticipated...

Picture yourself at a social event. As the gathering comes to a close, and you step out, a barrage of thoughts flood your mind. Did you talk excessively? Did you unintentionally offend someone with a misplaced comment? Were your companions entertained or burdened by your presence?



This anxiety-inducing pattern of thought might seem frustrating, but it's part of what makes us human - our brain's advanced social cognitive abilities.



In a scientific study led by Northwestern Medicine, researchers have investigated the intricate evolutionary aspects of this phenomenon.



The study suggests that the human brain's evolutionary advances in social cognition could be harnessed for future psychiatric therapies, potentially aiding those who suffer from anxiety or depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lizard-brain-and-social-cognitive-abilities">Lizard brain and social cognitive abilities</h2>



We often find ourselves caught up in thoughts, attempting to decipher the emotions and intentions of those around us. 



"What is that person feeling, thinking? Did I say something to upset them?" noted senior author Rodrigo Braga. 



This cognitive ability, however, is a recent addition to our evolutionary timeline. It involves placing oneself in another's shoes and making educated guesses about their thought process, despite not having any concrete evidence.



The study aimed to decipher the link between the relatively new social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive network</a> and the ancient part of the brain called the amygdala, also known as the "lizard brain." The amygdala typically processes fear and detects threats.



Yet, it also governs social behaviors like parenting, mating, aggression, and social dominance hierarchies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-and-advanced-brain-functions">Ancient and advanced brain functions</h2>



The researchers found that the communication between the amygdala and the social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive network</a> is ongoing.



In particular, the medial nucleus, a specific part of the amygdala that governs social behaviors, has a connection with the newly evolved social cognitive network areas that are linked to perceiving the emotions and intentions of others.



This link helps shape the social cognitive network's function by granting access to the amygdala's role in processing emotionally significant content.



To uncover these connections, the researchers turned to a noninvasive brain-imaging technique, known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which is used to measure brain activity by detecting variations in blood oxygen levels.



These high-resolution scans came courtesy of Kendrick Kay, a collaborator at the <a href="https://twin-cities.umn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Minnesota</a>.



The scans enabled the researchers to observe details of the social cognitive network that are not seen in lower-resolution brain scans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-cognition-of-the-brain">Social cognition of the brain</h2>



Understanding the interplay between the amygdala and the social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transcendent-thinking-promotes-brain-growth-in-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> network offers significant insights into the evolutionary trajectory of the human brain. 



This unique relationship represents a sophisticated adaptation that allows for higher-order social processing, an attribute crucial for the complex social structures that define human societies.



By aligning instinctual responses with advanced cognitive capabilities, this system equips humans with the ability to navigate intricate social landscapes, promoting cooperation, empathy, and theoretical thinking.



Such advancements have likely been pivotal in humanity's survival and success as a species, reflecting an evolutionary advantage to processing social information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-anxiety-and-depression">Implications for anxiety and depression</h2>



Both anxiety and depression involve amygdala hyperactivity, which can lead to excessive emotional responses and impaired emotional regulation. Current treatments, like deep brain stimulation, are invasive because of the amygdala's deep-seated location in the brain.



With the insights this study provides, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a less intrusive procedure, might be used to target the amygdala indirectly by focusing on the interconnected regions. This could offer a new, more comfortable treatment route for those dealing with these disorders.



Does this mean we are a step closer to alleviating the emotional load carried by millions around us? Only time will tell. But it is studies like these that keep inching us forward in our quest to better understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-walking-ecosystems-and-microbes-rule-their-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ourselves</a>, our brains, and our shared humanity.



So next time you leave a social gathering and get swamped by intrusive thoughts about the way others see you, remember that it's just your evolved human brain at work. And who knows, this advanced cognitive trait might offer a lifeline to many who grapple with their emotional well-being.



The study titled “The human social cognitive network contains multiple regions within the amygdala”&nbsp; is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp0453" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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'Lizard brain' shapes social abilities in humans

Picture yourself at a social event. As the gathering comes...

What if switching to a vegan diet could not only save you money but also upgrade your health?



A new study from the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine suggests that trading in red meat and dairy products for a greener diet could be kinder to both your wallet and your well-being. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-money-on-a-vegan-diet">Saving money on a vegan diet</h2>



The focus of the study was a humble vegan diet that is low in fat and bursting with fruits, grains, veggies, and beans. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary change</a> could slash your food bill by an impressive 19 percent.



That's a savings of $1.80 each day when compared to the traditional American diet consisting of meat, dairy, and other animal-derived products.



While this amount may not seem like much, if you multiply those savings over a year, they add up to $650.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-mediterranean-diet">Exploring the Mediterranean diet </h2>



But what if you find yourself gravitating towards a Mediterranean diet? 



With its emphasis on fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, low-fat dairy, and extra-virgin olive oil, this heart-friendly diet might cost you a tad more - about 60 cents per day - compared to the Standard American Diet (SAD).



But if stack up the low-fat vegan diet against the Mediterranean diet, the savings rise to a significant $2.40 per day - a whopping 25% drop in food costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-costs-of-a-vegan-diet">Costs of a vegan diet </h2>



The secret to these savings is simple: swap out the costly meat and dairy for budget-friendly plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diet-shifts-the-hidden-costs-of-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternatives</a>, and you've got yourself a deal.



The study's findings revealed a daily savings of $2.90 on meat, 50 cents on dairy, and an additional 50 cents on added fats with a vegan diet. But it's not all about the money, is it?



Dr. Hana Kahleova is the study's lead researcher and the Director of Clinical Research at the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (<a href="https://www.pcrm.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PCRM</a>).



"A vegan diet won't just save money; it could save lives by helping to avoid or improve conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease," said Dr. Kahleova.



Sure, the vegan diet comes with its own additions to the bill - an extra 50 cents a day on vegetables, 30 cents on grains, and a supplementary 50 cents on meat alternatives.



Yet, it seems like even with these additions, the financial and health benefits tip the balance in favor of the vegan lifestyle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-going-vegan-worth-it">Is going vegan worth it?</h2>



The study also revealed that a low-fat vegan diet outperformed the Mediterranean diet in areas of weight, body composition, insulin sensitivity, and cholesterol levels.



So, before you turn a blind eye to that tofu or give those beans the cold shoulder, consider this: Could saving money while potentially improving your health be reason enough to give a plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> a chance?



With the cost of living on a steady incline, a vegan diet seems like an option that is worth considering.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-diet-and-environmental-consciousness">Vegan diet and environmental consciousness </h2>



While we're pondering personal health and financial benefits, it's only fair that we consider the environmental implications of our dietary choices. Shifting towards a vegan diet doesn’t just favor your finances but also ticks the eco-friendly box.



Animal agriculture contributes to a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, and deforestation. By shifting towards a greener diet, we have a shot at significantly reducing our carbon footprints.



Producing plant-based foods generally calls for fewer resources like land and water, and results in fewer emissions compared to meat and dairy production. 



This compelling argument weaves together the ecological, personal, and financial advantages of going vegan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-through-the-green-transition">Navigating through the green transition</h2>



Granted, the benefits of a vegan diet are plentiful. But the transition might come with a few bumps in the road, especially when it comes to snapping out of old habits and ensuring nutritional adequacy.



Thankfully, assistance is abundant. Recipes, meal plans, and nutritional guides could ease the transition, ensuring a wholesome <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a>. 



Community support - such as online forums or local vegan groups - can provide needed motivation and answer pressing questions. Introducing plant-based meals gradually into your routine might make the shift feel less formidable and more sustainable.



Setting achievable goals, like starting with one vegan meal a day, could pave the way for lasting changes that benefit both your health and the environment.



The study is published in the journal JAMA Network Open.



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Switching to a vegan diet can cut grocery costs by a very significant amount

What if switching to a vegan diet could not only...

The Red Planet has always been a subject of intrigue and fascination. Recent research led by Curtin University has added more fuel to this age-old curiosity. The scientists discovered what could possibly be the oldest evidence of hot water activity on Mars.



This discovery opens up possibilities that at some point in its mysterious past, Mars may have been a place where life could exist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-water-on-mars">Hot water on Mars</h2>



The study focused on a zircon grain from the renowned <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> meteorite NWA7034, fondly known as Black Beauty. This tiny grain, although no larger than a grain of sand, holds secrets dating back billions of years.



The analysis of the 4.45 billion-year-old zircon grain revealed geochemical fingerprints of ancient water-rich fluids. These traces of the past suggest that hot water was once present on Mars.



Dr. Aaron Cavosie from Curtin's <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/about/learning-teaching/science-engineering/school-of-earth-and-planetary-sciences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a> noted that this discovery opens new paths for understanding early Martian hydrothermal systems and the planet's past habitability.



"We used nano-scale geochemistry to detect elemental evidence of hot water on Mars 4.45 billion years ago," said Dr. Cavosie.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-conditions-on-mars">Early conditions on Mars</h2>



Hydrothermal systems are vital for the development of life. They were crucial for life to flourish on Earth. Dr. Cavosie noted that the same essential ingredients for habitable environments were present on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteorite-that-struck-mars-reveals-when-the-planet-had-liquid-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> during its early crust formation period. 



The team utilized nano-scale imaging and spectroscopy to identify essential elements on the zircon grain, including iron, aluminum, yttrium, and sodium.



The presence and pattern of these elements, added during the zircon's formation billions of years ago, suggest that water was present during early Martian magmatic activity. 



This intriguing discovery indicates that during the initial stages of the Red Planet's existence, conditions were conducive to the existence of water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-mars-crust">Resilience of Mars' crust</h2>



The study also highlighted the resilience of Mars' crust. Despite enduring massive meteorite impacts, causing upheaval of its surface, Mars still had <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-lost-most-of-its-water-but-where-did-it-go/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water</a> during the early Pre-Noachian period, which was before about 4.1 billion years ago.



In 2022, Curtin researchers studied the same zircon grain. They found that it had been "shocked" by a meteorite impact, marking it as the first and only known shocked zircon from Mars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-life-on-mars">Implications for life on Mars</h2>



The discovery of ancient hydrothermal activity on Mars significantly changes our understanding of the planet's potential for life. Hydrothermal systems could have created environments rich in chemical energy and nutrients vital for life.



The presence of warm, mineral-laden waters in Mars' crust could have served as a cradle for microbial communities, much like the hydrothermal vents on Earth harbor diverse ecosystems despite the absence of sunlight. 



This implies that if life ever existed on early Mars, hydrothermal systems may have been havens, providing conditions to support some form of life.



The research offers valuable insights into planetary habitability within our solar system and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The revelations from the zircon grain continue to ignite curiosity and lay the groundwork for future Mars exploration missions. 



Planetary scientists are eager to explore other ancient Martian rocks and meteorites that might hold additional clues about Mars' hydrothermal systems and geological history. 



Missions equipped with advanced technology could further investigate the surface and subsurface of Mars, searching for more evidence of past water activity and potential biological markers.



These future efforts could significantly enhance our understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-vanishing-water-mystery-new-insights-curiosity-rover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red Planet</a> and refine our search for life beyond Earth, spurring innovative technologies and methodologies in planetary science research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-mars-and-its-water-activity">Early Mars and its water activity</h2>



This recent study builds on previous research, taking us a step closer to understanding what early Mars was like. 



According to Dr. Cavosie, identifying the signs of water-rich fluids from the zircon's formation period provides geochemical markers of water in the oldest known Martian crust.



The research was conducted by scientists from Curtin’s Space Science and Technology Centre, the John de Laeter Centre, and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Dr. Jack Gillespie is the lead author of the paper detailing study, which is set to be published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq3694" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances.</a>



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Discovery: Ancient Mars had hot water that could have supported life

The Red Planet has always been a subject of intrigue...