Antechinus apicalis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports &#8212; NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.
FWS Digital Media Library &#8212; The U.S. <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fish&amp;cvid=215134f8ba784b52ab3a4e04d3f2db13&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j0l6.1970j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service&#8217;s National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Dibbler is the common name for Parantechinus apicalis, an endangered species of marsupial. It is an inhabitant of the southwest mainland of Western Australia and some offshore islands. It is a member of the order Dasyuromorphia, and the only member of the genus, Parantechinus. The dibbler is a small, nocturnal carnivore with speckled fur that is white around the eyes. Brown antechinus are mostly nocturnal and is arboreal. During warm periods these marsupials live in solitary nests and occupy their own home ranges. As temperatures drop, both males and females stay together in nests with up to 18 animals. Their nests are not stable and antechinus may change nests. Females usually nest alone to rear young.Most dibblers (Parantechinus apicalis) live in heathland in southwest WA, however they have an island population on the west Australian coast in which the males die off while the main population doesn&#8217;t, while savanna populations of northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus) have zero male survival to breed again but no apparent immune collapse that triggers the die-off.

Antechinus apicalis

Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much of its habitability to water. Understanding when and how water arrived on Earth is crucial for piecing together the story of life’s origins. 



Scientists have long debated whether water was present from the planet’s formation or if it arrived later through external sources. 



A recent study led by a Rutgers-New Brunswick scientist challenges existing theories, suggesting that water arrived much later than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-cycles-through-plants-with-unexpected-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previously believed</a>.



The findings indicate that Earth received water toward the final stages of its formation. This discovery could reshape scientific understanding of the conditions necessary for life.



By examining isotopes in Earth’s rocks and comparing them with meteorites, researchers have provided new insights into the timing and process of water’s arrival on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-of-life-s-origins">Timing of life’s origins</h2>



Scientists seek to pinpoint when key <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/comets-may-have-delivered-water-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ingredients for life</a> first appeared on Earth. Water, energy, and a mix of organic chemicals known as CHNOPS - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur - are essential for life to emerge. 



Determining when these components arrived can offer clues about the timing of life’s formation.



Katherine Bermingham is an associate professor in the <a href="https://eps.rutgers.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a> at Rutgers and lead author of the study.



“When water was delivered to the planet is a major unanswered question in planetary science,” said Bermingham. “If we know the answer, we can better constrain when and how life developed.”



Her research suggests that water was not present during the early phases of Earth’s formation, as some theories propose. Instead, the planet acquired it much later through a process known as late accretion, when additional material from space continued to shape Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-the-building-blocks-of-planets">Examining the building blocks of planets</h2>



Bermingham specializes in cosmogeochemistry, a field that examines the chemical composition of planetary materials to understand their origins. 



By analyzing Earth rocks and extraterrestrial materials such as meteorites, she investigates how rocky planets, including Earth, formed and evolved.



In this study, Bermingham’s team used thermal ionization mass spectrometry, a precise method for measuring isotopic compositions. 



They developed a new analytical approach to examine isotopes of molybdenum, an element found in both Earth’s crust and meteorites.



Isotopes are variations of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, which gives them slightly different atomic masses while maintaining identical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical properties</a>.



“The molybdenum isotopic composition of Earth rocks provides us with a special window into events occurring around the time of Earth’s final core formation, when the last 10% to 20% of material was being assembled by the planet. This period is thought to coincide with the Moon’s formation,” explained Bermingham.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-meteorites-and-earth-rocks">Comparing meteorites and Earth rocks</h2>



To track Earth’s early chemical history, the team examined meteorite samples from the National Museum of Natural History at the Smithsonian Institution. Scientists classify meteorites into two main groups based on their place of origin in the solar system.



The first group, known as “CC” meteorites, likely formed in the outer solar system, where conditions were wetter. The second group, “NC” meteorites, originated in the inner solar system, where conditions were much drier. 



This study focused on meteorites from the NC group to compare their chemical composition with Earth rocks.



The researchers analyzed molybdenum isotopes in rocks from Greenland, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and Japan. 



These rocks date back to the time of the Moon’s formation and are believed to contain elements added to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-other-planets-collected-first-water-from-unexpected-source-planetesimals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a> during this period.



By comparing the isotopic signatures of meteorites and Earth rocks, the team sought to determine whether the Moon-forming event delivered a significant amount of water to Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-water-may-have-arrived-late">Earth’s water may have arrived late</h2>



“Once we gathered the different samples and measured their isotopic compositions, we compared the meteorites’ signatures with the rock signatures to see if there was a similarity or a difference,” Bermingham said. “And from there, we drew inferences.”



The analysis revealed that the molybdenum composition of Earth rocks closely matched that of NC meteorites, which originated in the drier inner solar system. 



This finding suggests that Earth’s building blocks primarily came from a region of the solar system where water was scarce.



This contradicts a popular theory that a significant amount of Earth’s water arrived during the Moon-forming event. 



Instead, the study indicates that water was delivered in smaller amounts long after the Moon formed, during the later stages of planetary development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-source-of-earth-s-water">Rethinking the source of Earth’s water</h2>



“We have to figure out from where in our solar system Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-discovery-earths-building-blocks-contained-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> - the dust and the gas - came and around when that happened,” Bermingham said. “That’s the information needed to understand when the stage was set for life to begin.”



If most of Earth’s original material came from the drier inner solar system, then the Moon-forming event was likely not a major contributor of water. Instead, water must have arrived in smaller portions later. 



This conclusion challenges the idea that a single event provided Earth with the majority of its water. 



The study supports the view that water accumulated gradually over time, arriving through a combination of asteroid impacts and other processes occurring well after the planet had taken shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-questions-about-life-s-early-conditions">Questions about life’s early conditions</h2>



“Our results suggest that the Moon-forming event was not a major supplier of water, unlike what has been thought previously,” Bermingham said. “These findings, however, permit a small amount of water to be added after final core formation, during what is called late accretion.”



This discovery raises new questions about how long it took for Earth to become habitable. If water arrived later than previously thought, then life may have taken longer to emerge. 



This could also have implications for understanding other planets, particularly those that scientists consider candidates for life.



By refining the timeline of Earth’s water history, this study contributes to a broader effort to understand planetary evolution. If water arrived late on Earth, then other planets might have followed a similar pattern. 



This could mean that life-supporting conditions take longer to develop than scientists once assumed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-in-the-search-for-earth-s-water">What’s next in the search for Earth’s water?</h2>



The study represents a step forward in unraveling Earth’s past, but it also highlights the many unanswered questions about the origins of water and life. 



Future research will likely focus on refining models of planetary accretion, analyzing additional meteorite samples, and exploring other isotopic markers that could provide further insights.



Other Rutgers contributors to the study include Linda Godfrey, an assistant research professor, and Hope Tornebene, a laboratory researcher in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 



The research continues to push the boundaries of planetary science, bringing us closer to understanding how Earth became a world capable of supporting life.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703724005751?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</a>.



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Water arrived on Earth gradually over time, not in one big event

Earth, the only known planet to support life, owes much...

Childhood malignant brain tumors remain a significant challenge for clinicians and researchers around the world, largely because they are often only discovered after they have already become complex and difficult to treat.&nbsp;



Among these cancers, medulloblastoma stands out as the most common malignant brain tumor in children, frequently leading to devastating outcomes.&nbsp;



Now, a team of scientists at <a href="https://www.sickkids.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Hospital for Sick Children</a> (SickKids) has made a pivotal finding that could stop a subtype of medulloblastoma - known as sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma - from forming at its earliest stages.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detection-of-childhood-brain-cancer">Detection of childhood brain cancer</h2>



Because <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-antidepressants-could-help-treat-brain-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain tumors</a> typically trigger noticeable symptoms only after considerable growth, crucial details about the cancer’s initial formation can remain hidden. 



By the time a young patient is diagnosed, the tumorous cells may have already undergone numerous mutations. 



In response to this clinical hurdle, a research group led by Dr. Peter Dirks at SickKids focused on the earliest cellular steps of SHH medulloblastoma.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-halting-tumor-formation">Halting tumor formation </h2>



The new study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54858-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>, shows that a single protein serves as a critical “on switch,” awakening dormant stem cells that then give rise to a tumor.



“Our findings offer a novel strategy to target cancer stem cells, providing hope for more effective treatments against aggressive brain tumors,” said Dirks, a senior scientist in the Developmental, Stem Cell &amp; Cancer Biology program and Chief of the Division of Neurosurgery.



One of the study’s most significant insights is that by preventing the reactivation of these dormant, cancer-initiating cells, the entire cascade of tumor formation can be intercepted.&nbsp;



SHH medulloblastoma arises in a particular subset of patients, and this discovery suggests that if the first molecular trigger is blocked, the disease may be prevented from taking root in the brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-opportunity-for-intervention-nbsp">An opportunity for intervention&nbsp;</h2>



In the study, the team looked at how SHH medulloblastoma unfolds at the cellular level. They found that the protein OLIG2 plays a central role in “waking up” quiescent stem <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-cancer-cell-death-may-transform-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cells</a> - cells that are otherwise inactive - and prompting them to divide uncontrollably, eventually forming tumors.&nbsp;



As the scientists dug deeper, they identified the exact window in which this reactivation occurs and recognized it as a prime opportunity for intervention.



“There is order to how the cancer initiating stem cells undergo fate changes to form tumors. We can target an early transition event and intercept the entire process - essentially stopping the cancer in its earliest form,” said study first author Kinjal Desai, a postdoctoral researcher in the Dirks lab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-to-prevent-relapse">Potential to prevent relapse</h2>



By pinpointing OLIG2’s critical role, the researchers tested whether blocking its action could halt tumor initiation and, importantly, prevent relapse in cases that had already undergone conventional treatments.&nbsp;



The experts used a small molecule called CT-179, which disrupts OLIG2 function and stops the dormant stem cells from waking.&nbsp;



When combined with an existing therapeutic approach, this treatment not only blocked SHH medulloblastoma formation in a preclinical model but also effectively prevented residual cancer stem cells from becoming reactivated later on.&nbsp;



This two-pronged effect significantly reduced the chance of tumor regrowth and improved survival outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-brain-tumors-in-the-early-stages">Targeting brain tumors in the early stages</h2>



Simultaneously, researchers at <a href="https://www.choa.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta</a> and the <a href="https://www.qimrberghofer.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute</a> in Australia carried out related experiments, published concurrently in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54861-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.&nbsp;



Their work corroborates the SickKids findings, hinting that this kind of OLIG2-targeting strategy could go beyond SHH medulloblastoma to combat other pediatric brain tumors, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) - an aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-cancer-rates-in-young-adults-linked-to-accelerated-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> that has proven particularly resistant to conventional therapies.



This latest discovery advances previous research from the Dirks Lab on the early stages of brain tumors. While the new findings will require validation in clinical trials, they highlight the advantages of what Dr. Dirks describes as ‘precision biology.’



“At SickKids, we’re already genetically testing every child with cancer to inform their diagnosis and treatments - our study goes beyond genetic testing to precision biology,” Dirks said. “I am excited for a future where this ‘magic bullet’ for early treatment could be combined with diagnostic tests to potentially prevent the cancer from developing at all.”



By intervening at the very root of tumor formation, the team’s approach could offer a transformative path for children with medulloblastoma and other aggressive brain cancers.&nbsp;



If these promising strategies move successfully through clinical trials, early intervention might indeed stop pediatric brain tumors before they can even take hold, heralding a new era in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-the-next-frontier-in-cancer-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer treatment</a>.



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New therapy for childhood brain cancer halts tumor formation

Childhood malignant brain tumors remain a significant challenge for clinicians...

The stereotype that women outtalk men persists across many cultures. Yet, a prominent study in 2007 challenged that notion by finding that men and women each speak around 16,000 words per day, on average.



A new, larger investigation revisits this topic and offers a more nuanced view: women may indeed be more talkative - but only during a specific stage of life.



Study co-lead author Colin Tidwell is a clinical psychology doctoral candidate at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona </a>(U of A).&nbsp;



“There is a strong cross-cultural assumption that women talk a lot more than men,” said Tidwell. “We wanted to see whether or not this assumption holds when empirically tested.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-varies-by-age-and-gender">Talking varies by age and gender</h2>



Analyzing data from nearly 2,200 participants, the researchers found that women aged 25 to 65 speak about 3,000 more words per day than men in the same age bracket.&nbsp;



However, in adolescence (10-17), emerging adulthood (18-24), and older adulthood (65 and up), they observed no notable gender gap in daily word count.



The study also suggests that people overall might be talking less than before, which the researchers suspect could be linked to growing reliance on digital communication.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-claim-that-women-talk-more">The claim that women talk more</h2>



In 2007, University of Arizona psychologist Matthias Mehl investigated the common claim that women are significantly more talkative than men.&nbsp;



Participants in that study - about 500 men and women - wore a device called the EAR (Electronically Activated Recorder), which periodically recorded brief clips of their everyday <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conversations</a>.



After estimating each participant’s total daily word count, the researchers concluded that no significant gender difference existed - a finding that appeared in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1139940?adobe_mc=MCMID%3D90780648708216300104417575982572668868%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1738666255&amp;adobe_mc=MCMID%3D90780648708216300104417575982572668868%7CMCORGID%3D242B6472541199F70A4C98A6%2540AdobeOrg%7CTS%3D1738667536" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a> and garnered national headlines.&nbsp;



Nevertheless, critics pointed out that most participants were college-aged and all lived in Austin, Texas, limiting the study’s diversity.



Almost two decades later, Mehl collaborated with Tidwell, Valeria Pfeifer, a postdoctoral researcher at the U of A, and Alexander Danvers, a former U of A postdoctoral fellow, to repeat the experiment on a larger scale.&nbsp;



The new work incorporates 630,000 EAR recordings from 22 separate studies across four countries, covering individuals aged 10 to 94 - a total of 2,197 participants, which is four times the original sample size.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-women-talk-more">Why do women talk more?</h2>



Among all age groups studied, a significant difference between men’s and women’s word counts emerged only in early to middle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifestyle-choices-in-young-adulthood-impact-cognitive-ability-in-midlife/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adulthood</a> (25-64). During these years, women spoke about 21,845 words per day, while men spoke about 18,570.



The researchers remain unsure exactly why women might talk more during this period, but they propose that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parent-children-relationships-are-key-to-lifelong-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parenting</a> responsibilities could be one contributing factor.



“Gender-linked differences in child rearing and family care are one possibility that could account for this difference,” said Mehl, the senior author of the study and a professor in the U of A Department of Psychology.&nbsp;



“If biological factors like hormones were to be the main cause, a sizable gender difference should have also been present among emerging adults. If societal generational changes were to be the driving force, there should have been a gradually increasing gender difference with older participants. Neither, though, was the case.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-talking-trends-across-time">Talking trends across time</h2>



While the data suggest that women do speak more than men during early and middle adulthood, Mehl highlighted that individual differences can overshadow such group patterns.&nbsp;



The least talkative person in the entire study - a man - spoke roughly 100 words a day, while the most talkative participant - also a man - exceeded 120,000 words.



“We humans are so much more different individually than the two genders systematically,” Mehl said.



Another revealing finding was that the average word count across participants has been declining since 2005, slipping from about 16,000 words per day to about 13,000.



“We did a full analysis looking at what year the data were collected and found that, indeed, 300 spoken words on average per year go missing,” noted study co-lead author Pfeifer.



Although the exact cause for this decline is not fully established, researchers suspect that digital technologies - such as texting, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spending-less-time-on-social-media-improves-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media</a>, and online chats - could be supplanting spoken conversations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conversation-as-a-health-behavior">Conversation as a health behavior</h2>



Mehl emphasized the need for further inquiry into the effects of talkativeness and social engagement on overall health. He is currently co-developing a device called SocialBit, akin to a Fitbit, that tracks the duration of daily conversations without recording their content. Instead, it relies on an algorithm to detect whether ambient sounds contain speech.



“I'm fascinated by the idea that we know how much we need to sleep, we know how much we need to exercise, and people are wearing Fitbits all the time, but we have no idea how much we're supposed to socialize,” he said.&nbsp;



“The evidence is very strong that socializing is linked to health, at least to the same extent as physical activity and sleep are. It's just another health behavior.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions-nbsp">Future research directions&nbsp;</h2>



Overall, the follow-up study offers a refined perspective on the question of whether women speak more than men. While the gap exists during early and middle adulthood, no significant difference emerges in adolescence, emerging adulthood, or older age.&nbsp;



Beyond that, both genders may be speaking fewer words over time - possibly due to a shift toward digital forms of communication.



As researchers continue to investigate the intersection between conversation, well-being, and modern technology, novel tools like SocialBit may shed light on just how much human dialogue contributes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-activity-may-delay-the-onset-of-dementia-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>, reinforcing the importance of face-to-face interactions in an increasingly digital era.



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Do women really talk more than men? A new look at the debate

The stereotype that women outtalk men persists across many cultures....

Chlorella vulgaris is a small species of microalga that is rapidly becoming the new champion in superfoods. It combines high nutritional power with sustainable production methods and may represent a game-changer in terms of global food security.



Could this little green powerhouse be the future of sustainable nutrition? Science is starting to say yes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorella-vulgaris-is-a-nutritional-powerhouse">Chlorella vulgaris is a nutritional powerhouse</h2>



This tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-microalgae-show-photosynthesis-is-possible-in-near-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microalga</a> is abundant in freshwater habitats and uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to manufacture its own food, even though its entire body consists of only a single cell. 



Previous <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106856?origin=crossref">research</a> has found that Chlorella vulgaris cells contain almost 50% protein, along with a healthy supply of fats, carbohydrates, and various vitamins and minerals.



This makes algae a go-to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-superfoods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superfood</a> for our increasingly health-conscious society. Not only is it rich in nutrients, but its cultivation requires minimal land and water use. 



Thus, it is a way to reduce our environmental footprint while eating without concerns about animal cruelty or damage to the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-for-body-and-environment">Healthy for body and environment</h2>



Its environmental friendliness is not the end of its superpowers - it also has antioxidant properties and supports immune function, making it an attractive, nutrient-dense addition to food products.



It is currently marketed on a small scale in tablet and powder form, as a food supplement.



In this current wave of health and eco-conscious awakening, a team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> have investigated the potential of Chlorella vulgaris as a large-scale source of nutrients for humans.



“Chlorella vulgaris could be one of the superfoods that redefine the future of food innovation,” they state. However, they caution that realizing this potential food revolution will not be without hurdles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-for-widespread-adoption">Overcoming challenges for widespread adoption</h2>



The researchers acknowledge the need for further development in various areas. 



From refining cultivation techniques to processing methods that can enhance its appeal to the average consumer's palate, the future is ripe with opportunities for growth. 



“Our study underscores the critical role of applied research in addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaccinating-plants-could-boost-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food security</a> challenges while promoting environmental sustainability,” shared Dr. Helen Onyeaka, a co-author of the study.



The bright future of this microalga is dependent on continued technological advances, which can improve the efficiency of production and broaden its adoption among food producers.



The researchers note that the key to success involves enhancing strains of C. vulgaris using genetic modification and improving cultivation systems. They propose that the development of new culture systems could increase yields and cut costs.



Furthermore, they recommend the use of diverse bioreactors that allow for the tweaking of light and nutrient parameters in order to maximize yield in sterile conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-for-a-better-future">Innovations for a better future</h2>



In order to unlock the full potential of Chlorella vulgaris as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-broccoli-is-a-superfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mainstream superfood</a>, significant advances in processing and cultivation are essential.



Various techniques, such as mechanical milling and ultrasonication, can significantly increase nutrient accessibility, making this micro-organism's rich protein and vitamin content more bioavailable.



Additionally, advanced techniques such as pulsed electric fields can improve digestibility while retaining the production costs within economically acceptable limits. 



Sensory evaluations and consumer testing play a crucial role in refining the taste and texture of the final products, so that it is palatable and appealing to a wide audience.



As scientists continue to refine these processes, Chlorella vulgaris is poised to transition from a niche supplement to a widely accepted dietary staple that merges nutrition, sustainability, and food security into a single, green solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorella-vulgaris-a-superfood-with-far-reaching-benefits">Chlorella vulgaris: A superfood with far-reaching benefits</h2>



Chlorella vulgaris is not only a promising addition to the food industry but also a powerful tool in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicine</a> and environmental sustainability.



Studies suggest it may aid in cholesterol reduction, cancer prevention, and neuroprotection against some diseases, including Alzheimer’s.



Its antioxidant and immune-boosting properties make it a compelling candidate for future medical research.



Additionally, this microalga contributes to sustainability by absorbing carbon dioxide, supporting carbon sequestration, and helping to purify wastewater through its ability to remove heavy metals and toxins. 



With continued research and technological advances, Chlorella vulgaris could become a cornerstone of health, industry, and environmental solutions, paving the way for a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a>.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ichlorella-vulgarisi-as-a-food-substitute-applications-and-benefi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Food Science</a>.



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This nutritional powerhouse is shaping up to be the next big 'superfood'

Chlorella vulgaris is a small species of microalga that is...

Octopuses have long fascinated scientists with their intelligence, camouflage abilities, and unique biology. 



These remarkable creatures continue to surprise researchers, revealing new secrets about their evolutionary past. One of the most intriguing mysteries has been the question of how octopuses determine their sex.



Scientists at the University of Oregon recently identified a sex chromosome in the California two-spot octopus. This discovery confirms that cephalopods, a group that includes squid and nautiluses, rely on chromosomes for sex determination. 



The research also suggests that this chromosome has existed for at least 480 million years, making it one of the oldest known sex chromosomes in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turquets-octopus-dna-tells-scientists-that-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse-is-close/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal kingdom</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sex-chromosome-in-octopuses">Sex chromosome in octopuses</h2>



“Cephalopods are already such interesting creatures, and there are so many things we’re still learning about them, especially in neuroscience,” said Gabby Coffing, a doctoral student at the <a href="https://www.uoregon.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oregon</a>. 



“This is just showing one more interesting thing about them: They have really ancient sex chromosomes.”



The findings, published in the journal Current Biology, provide new insights into the genetic history of octopuses and their relatives. Understanding this ancient sex determination system could help scientists uncover more about how these intelligent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-octopus-day-the-intelligent-creatures-of-the-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">creatures</a> evolved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sex-determination-varies-across-species">Sex determination varies across species</h2>



Sex determination is not the same for all animals. While humans and most mammals rely on the X/Y chromosome system, other species follow different methods. 



In turtles, sex depends on the temperature at which the eggs incubate. Some fish determine sex using a single gene rather than a whole chromosome. 



Even in humans, sex chromosomes are not always straightforward. Gene mutations or extra sex chromosomes can lead to biological variations that do not fit into a simple male or female category.



Cephalopods have long posed a challenge for genetic research. They are not standard laboratory animals like mice or fruit flies, making it difficult for scientists to study their genetics in depth. 



Although researchers have sequenced the genomes of some octopus <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-suckers-the-future-of-underwater-adhesives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>, they still struggle to link specific genes to particular traits. The discovery of an octopus sex chromosome marks a major breakthrough in understanding how these animals develop and reproduce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-sex-chromosome-in-female-octopuses">Unique sex chromosome in female octopuses</h2>



The research team at the University of Oregon made an unexpected discovery when sequencing the DNA of a female California two-spot octopus. 



Among its 30 chromosomes, one stood out because it contained only half the usual amount of genetic material. This anomaly had not appeared in previous studies of male octopus DNA.



“This particular chromosome had half the amount of sequencing data, which indicated there was only one copy,” Coffing explained. “Then as we explored that more, we reached the conclusion that we must have stumbled upon a sex chromosome.”



This finding suggested that female octopuses carry a unique chromosome that males do not. The scientists needed to confirm their discovery by comparing it with data from other cephalopods. 



If this chromosome appeared in multiple species, it would indicate an ancient and consistent pattern of sex determination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sex-chromosome-exists-in-other-cephalopods">Sex chromosome exists in other cephalopods</h2>



The team analyzed genomic data from other octopus species and found similar evidence of this unique chromosome. 



The experts also detected the sex chromosome in squid, a species that diverged from octopuses between 248 and 455 million years ago. More surprisingly, they identified traces of it in the nautilus, a mollusk that split from the octopus lineage approximately 480 million years ago.



“This indicates that their common ancestor had this similar sex determination system,” Coffing said.



Most sex chromosomes change rapidly over time because they play a crucial role in reproduction. However, this cephalopod sex chromosome appears to have remained stable for hundreds of millions of years. 



This suggests that octopuses and their relatives have relied on this system without significant evolutionary changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-ancient-sex-chromosomes">Comparing ancient sex chromosomes</h2>



While the octopus sex chromosome is one of the oldest known, other ancient sex chromosomes exist in nature. 



Some plants, like mosses and liverworts, evolved their sex chromosomes early in Earth’s history. Insects also have sex chromosomes that date back about 450 million years, though these have changed considerably over time.



The discovery in octopuses challenges the idea that sex chromosomes always evolve quickly. It suggests that some systems remain stable if they continue to work effectively over long periods. Cephalopods seem to have found a genetic formula for sex determination that has stood the test of time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-the-missing-w-chromosome">Mystery of the missing W chromosome</h2>



One question remains unanswered: how exactly does the sex determination system work in octopuses? Scientists initially suspected that octopuses might have a system similar to birds and butterflies, where males have two identical chromosomes (ZZ) and females have one of each (ZW).



Kern and his team searched for a W chromosome in female octopuses but didn't find one. This leaves open the possibility that octopuses follow a different system in which males have two copies of a single chromosome (ZZ), while females have only one (Z).



Researchers still need more evidence to confirm how octopus sex chromosomes function. While this study has solved one piece of the puzzle, many questions remain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-the-octopus">Secrets of the octopus </h2>



Octopuses continue to be one of the most enigmatic creatures in the ocean. Their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-octopus-has-mastered-the-art-of-multispecies-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intelligence</a>, problem-solving skills, and unique genetics set them apart from most other animals. 



The discovery of an ancient sex chromosome adds another layer to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-animal-will-replace-humans-as-earths-dominant-species-this-scientist-has-an-idea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary story</a>. For now, researchers know that this octopus sex chromosome has been around for nearly half a billion years. However, the exact mechanics of how it works remain uncertain.



As scientists continue to explore cephalopod genetics, they will uncover more about how these fascinating animals developed their extraordinary traits.



The octopus has revealed one of its secrets, but it still holds on to many more.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00005-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Sex chromosome discovered in octopuses is 480 million years old

Octopuses have long fascinated scientists with their intelligence, camouflage abilities,...

Fungi are often overlooked in the grand tapestry of life, yet they play an essential role in ecosystems around the world. From decomposing organic matter to forming symbiotic relationships with plants and animals, fungi are nature’s silent architects. 



Recently, a discovery involving a fungus growing on a spider has added a new layer of understanding to the story of these remarkable organisms.



During this research, scientists identified a previously unknown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species of fungus</a> that has been named in honor of a legendary figure in natural history. 



This discovery adds to our knowledge of fungal diversity and is a reminder of how much there is still to learn about the intricate connections between fungi and their hosts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-species-gibellula-attenboroughii">New species Gibellula attenboroughii</h2>



Dr. Harry Evans, an Emeritus Fellow at CAB International, led a team of researchers from institutions such as the <a href="https://snm.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum of Denmark</a> and the <a href="https://www.kew.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Botanical Gardens Kew</a>. 



The investigation began during the filming of the <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p012msk2/episodes/guide" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BBC Winterwatch series</a> in Northern Ireland, where a peculiar fungus was found growing on a spider.



Using both morphological and molecular evidence, the scientists confirmed that this fungus represented a novel species. 



In recognition of his profound impact on natural history programming, the team decided to name it after Sir David Attenborough.



"[The species is] named after the broadcaster and natural historian Sir David Attenborough, a pioneer of BBC natural history programs, who - in his role as controller of BBC 2 - helped to develop the Natural History Unit," noted Dr. Evans.



This led, indirectly, to the filming of the present nature series, during which the new species was first discovered.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gibellula-attenboroughii-and-spiders">Gibellula attenboroughii and spiders</h2>



The spider that hosted the fungus was later identified as Metellina merianae, an orb-weaving cave spider belonging to the family Tetragnathidae.



With the help of a local speleologist, the researchers extended their search and discovered more specimens of the newly named species, Gibellula attenboroughii, in cave systems across Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. 



Interestingly, the fungus was also found to infect another spider species, Meta menardi, which occupies different ecological niches within the caves. 



Like the original specimen, which was located on the ceiling of a gunpowder store, all of the infected spiders were found on the roof or walls of the caves.



These typically reclusive creatures had abandoned their usual hiding spots or webs, and migrated to exposed areas before dying.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-to-zombie-ant-fungi">Connection to zombie-ant fungi</h2>



This behavior mirrors what has been observed in ants that are similarly infected by fungi of the genus Ophiocordyceps in Brazil's Atlantic rainforest. 



In those cases, the fungi manipulated their ant hosts to position themselves in locations ideal for spore dispersal, which led to the use of the term "zombie-ant fungi."



This phenomenon has captured the public's imagination, inspiring books, video games, and even the popular television series The Last of Us. 



Scientists have since identified behavioral-changing metabolites, such as dopamine, in cultures of zombie-ant fungi.



The discovery of similar behaviors in spiders infected by Gibellula attenboroughii suggests that these fungi may employ comparable mechanisms to control their hosts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungus-and-spiders-in-the-british-isles">Fungus and spiders in the British Isles</h2>



Published in the journal Fungal Systematics and Evolution, the study went beyond identifying the new species. 



The researchers conducted extensive historical herbarium records and literature searches, and revealed a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hidden diversity</a> within the genus Gibellula in the British Isles.



The experts also uncovered evidence of widespread disease epidemics among spiders in Norfolk and Wales. 



The findings suggest that fungi like Gibellula attenboroughii may play a significant role in regulating spider populations.



"Their role in spider-population dynamics warrants further study, as do the metabolites they produce which enable them to exploit such a highly specific ecological niche," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-zombie-fungus-controls-spiders">How zombie fungus controls spiders</h2>



The discovery of Gibellula attenboroughii highlights the importance of studying fungi not only for their ecological roles but also for their potential applications. 



Understanding how these fungi influence spiders could provide insights into broader <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tipping-point-discovered-in-fungi-evolution-that-impacts-their-shape-and-growth-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological dynamics</a>.



For instance, if certain fungi regulate spider numbers, they might indirectly affect other species within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-frost-beard-ice-formation-exidiopsis-effusa-fungi-discovered-by-hiker/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. 



Additionally, investigating the metabolites produced by these fungi could lead to discoveries with implications beyond ecology. 



Such compounds might have pharmaceutical or industrial uses, which makes this area of research particularly promising.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tribute-to-sir-david-attenborough">Tribute to Sir David Attenborough</h2>



Naming the fungus after <a href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0041003/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sir David Attenborough</a> serves as a fitting tribute to his lifelong dedication to exploring and sharing the wonders of the natural world. 



His work has inspired countless individuals, including the scientists involved in this study, to examine the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-fungus-found-in-garden-soils-across-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a>. 



By honoring Sir Attenborough in this way, the researchers not only celebrate his contributions but also emphasize the interconnectedness of scientific discovery and public engagement. It is a reminder that science thrives when curiosity is shared and nurtured.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-gibellula-attenboroughii-important">Why is Gibellula attenboroughii important?</h2>



The identification of Gibellula attenboroughii opens up numerous avenues for future research. Scientists are eager to explore how these fungi manipulate their hosts and what chemical compounds they produce to achieve such precise control. 



Furthermore, understanding the role of fungi in regulating spider populations could provide valuable insights into ecosystem stability.



In a time when biodiversity is under threat, studies like this remind us of the importance of preserving ecosystems and the species within them. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/wfbi/fuse/pre-prints/content-f1_fuse_vol15_art7;jsessionid=dd632sclfekn9.x-ic-live-03" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fungal Systematics and Evolution</a>.



Image Credit: CABI



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Newfound fungus infects and controls spiders, turning them into "zombies"

Fungi are often overlooked in the grand tapestry of life,...

For a long time, researchers believed that only humans could recognize when someone else lacked information. This ability, known as "theory of mind," allows people to communicate, teach, and cooperate in complex ways. Many thought that animals, including apes, did not share this skill.



However, new research from Johns Hopkins University challenges that idea. The experts found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-apes-will-suffer-through-frequent-and-extreme-climate-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apes</a> actively pointed out hidden treats to humans who did not know where they were.



This seemingly simple action suggests that apes understand when others lack information and take steps to help them.



The findings, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, provide the clearest evidence yet that apes can track ignorance in others. This discovery offers insight into the shared cognitive abilities of humans and great apes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apes-share-cognitive-abilities-with-humans">Apes share cognitive abilities with humans</h2>



Study co-author Chris Krupenye is an assistant professor of psychological and brain sciences at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins</a>.



“The ability to sense gaps in one another’s knowledge is at the heart of our most sophisticated social behaviors, central to the ways we cooperate, communicate, and work together strategically,” said Professor Krupenye. 



He explained that this cognitive ability forms the basis for skills like language and teaching, both of which are considered uniquely human. The study suggests that these abilities may have evolved millions of years ago, long before <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-animal-will-replace-humans-as-earths-dominant-species-this-scientist-has-an-idea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern humans</a> emerged.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-ape-intelligence">Testing ape intelligence </h2>



In collaboration with Luke Townrow, a Johns Hopkins PhD student, Professor Krupenye worked with three male bonobos to explore <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-use-gestures-similar-to-human-body-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apes</a>’ understanding of others’ knowledge.



The apes - Nyota, 25; Kanzi, 43; and Teco, 13 - live at Ape Initiative, a research and education nonprofit.



The experiment was designed to test whether the apes could recognize when a human lacked information. One bonobo sat across a table from Townrow. Another person placed a treat (a grape or a Cheerio) under one of three cups.



Sometimes, Townrow could see where the treat was placed. Other times, he could not. The bonobo could only get the treat if Townrow found it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apes-anticipate-what-humans-know">Apes anticipate what humans know</h2>



Townrow always asked the same question: “Where’s the grape?” and then waited for ten seconds. If he had seen where the treat was hidden, the bonobo usually remained still, waiting for him to retrieve it.



But when Townrow did not see the treat being hidden, the bonobo reacted differently. Instead of waiting, it quickly pointed to the correct cup. Some bonobos even pointed multiple times, making sure their message was clear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-and-repeated-gestures">Clear and repeated gestures</h2>



“Their fingers would point right through the mesh - it was clear what they were trying to communicate,” said Professor Krupenye.



One of the apes, Kanzi, reacted especially strongly. He was highly food-motivated and would tap repeatedly to ensure Townrow noticed his pointing. His eagerness highlighted the urgency with which the apes tried to share information.



This reaction supports previous observations from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-discovery-anadoluvius-turkae-suggests-humans-originated-in-europe-not-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild</a>. Researchers have seen chimpanzees vocalize to warn others of danger when a group member appears unaware of a threat, such as a nearby snake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-gaps-in-knowledge">Recognizing gaps in knowledge</h2>



“We predicted that if apes are really tracking ignorance, when their partners lacked knowledge, they would be pointing more often and more quickly, and that’s exactly what they did,” Krupenye said.



The ability to recognize when someone lacks knowledge suggests that apes can hold two different perspectives at the same time. They know where the treat is, but apes also recognize that their human partner does not.



This cognitive skill is fundamental in human social interactions. People adjust their communication based on what they believe others know or do not know. The findings suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playful-teasing-among-apes-suggests-that-humor-has-ancient-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a> share this ability at a basic level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apes-have-advanced-mental-abilities">Apes have advanced mental abilities</h2>



“There are debates in the field about the capabilities of primates, and for us, it was exciting to confirm that they really do have these rich capacities that some people have denied them,” Krupenye said.



By demonstrating that apes can track others' ignorance, the study provides new evidence that great apes possess more advanced mental abilities than previously believed. This research could reshape how scientists view the evolution of human intelligence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-apes-change-human-beliefs">Can apes change human beliefs?</h2>



The next step is to investigate why apes behave this way. Are they simply trying to influence their partner’s behavior, or do they understand that they are changing someone else’s thoughts?



“What we’ve shown here is that apes will communicate with a partner to change their behavior, but a key open question for further research is whether apes are also pointing to change their partner’s mental state or their beliefs," said Townrow.



Future studies will explore whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-learned-to-walk-from-an-ancestor-called-lufengpithecus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apes</a> communicate to correct others’ misunderstandings or simply to achieve a goal. Either way, the findings suggest that the roots of human social intelligence stretch back millions of years.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2412450122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Apes can tell when humans don’t know something

For a long time, researchers believed that only humans could...

Earth is changing faster than many people realize, and more voices are calling for urgent responses to climate-related threats. 



Many health professionals see daily reminders of how shifting temperatures and extreme weather can harm public well-being. One approach gaining traction is the use of satellite and space-based data to map environmental risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-climate-threats-with-satellites">Monitoring climate threats with satellites</h2>



“The space sector has been in the forefront of innovation, taking on challenges often thought to be impossible and also against all odds,” said Dr. Farhan Asrar, a physician and researcher affiliated with the University of Toronto.



Dr. Asrar's work highlights how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nisar-the-satellite-that-will-change-how-we-see-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space technologies</a> can address some of the biggest climate threats.



"Space-based tools, including remote sensing data and technologies, offer unique insights that can strengthen climate resilience, support sustainable policies, and enable real-time monitoring to address the escalating global environmental challenges," wrote Dr. Asrar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-air-quality-with-satellites">Tracking air quality with satellites</h2>



Poor air quality is a growing issue connected to asthma, heart disease, and other conditions. Nearly 99% of the global population breathes air that does not meet recommended <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">standards</a>.



Space agencies maintain satellites that collect real-time climate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthcare-satellite-will-reveal-the-climate-effects-of-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">information</a> on pollutants, temperatures, and greenhouse gases. This gives health professionals the opportunity to see emerging patterns before they become full-blown emergencies.



By pairing satellite observations with patient data, governments and care providers can gauge which communities are at the highest risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-climate-driven-disease-risks">Predicting climate-driven disease risks</h2>



Climate change extends the range of <a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vector-borne diseases</a>, as higher temperatures allow mosquitoes and other carriers thrive in new areas. Satellite imagery can track the environmental factors - like water and vegetation - that help these vectors multiply.



When integrated with ground-based health data, satellite imagery can help pinpoint potential outbreaks of infectious diseases such as malaria or dengue. Public health officials can use the information to strategize interventions in advance.



Past analyses of remote sensing data supported <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/data-and-policy/article/examining-the-value-of-satellite-data-in-halting-transmission-of-polio-in-nigeria-a-socioeconomic-analysis/73EF7CA1DEEEEDA0292C068246D27217?utm_source=chatgpt.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccine distribution</a> for threats like polio, highlighting the practical benefits of combining space observations with epidemiological expertise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-climate-disaster-response">Improving climate disaster response</h2>



Extreme weather events are becoming <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10962247.2021.1942319#abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more frequent</a>, and early warning systems can save lives by guiding evacuation plans. Satellites monitor hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, providing insights that local teams can act on.



“The <a href="https://disasterscharter.org/about-the-charter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Disaster Charter</a> I referred to, it provides free satellite images when a disaster arises to support the relief efforts and it has been activated over 900 times, providing satellite images to all even to countries who do not have any satellites of their own,” noted Dr. Asrar. 



This resource, along with platforms like the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (<a href="https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/un-spider/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN-SPIDER</a>), provide critical assistance to regions with limited access to advanced technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-global-health-crises">Addressing global health crises</h2>



Many experts emphasize the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/one-health/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Health</a> approach, which recognizes the links between human, animal, and environmental health. 



Public health leaders who appreciate these connections can use space data to track deforestation, water quality, and changing temperatures that affect both ecosystems and our own well-being.



“My <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266727822400083X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> in finding innovative solutions (using space-based technologies to address climate change and related global health crises) has shown me that it is crucial to collaborate with others, and also to have an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach, thus it is bringing together expertise from various perspectives and experiences to address a challenge,” said Dr. Asrar. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-climate-monitoring-with-satellites">Real-time climate monitoring with satellites </h2>



As more space missions launch, an influx of <a href="https://climate.esa.int/en/odp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> will help us track shifting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-mission-will-closely-monitor-changes-on-earths-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental patterns</a> in near-real time.



Scientists plan to refine these tools by integrating real-time climate monitoring, predictive modeling, and health data analytics, allowing health professionals to anticipate and respond more swiftly to weather-related disasters and disease outbreaks. 



By enhancing early warning systems and resource allocation strategies, these improvements can help mitigate the health impacts of extreme heat, hurricanes, floods, and the spread of climate-sensitive diseases.



Advocates emphasize that blending satellite-derived climate data with on-the-ground knowledge from local communities, healthcare workers, and policymakers provides a more comprehensive understanding of risks. 



The research is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266727822400083X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Climate Change and Health</a>.



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Satellites might be the unlikely heroes in the climate crisis

Earth is changing faster than many people realize, and more...

A new computer model will allow experts to identify specific immune cells that battle tumors in patients with lung cancer.



The research team has demonstrated that their three-gene “MANAscore” computer model can identify the cells targeted by immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies.



The model has also played a significant role in explaining the differences in patient responses to immunotherapy.



"Mutation-associated neoantigens (MANAs) are a target of antitumor T-cell immunity. Sensitive, simple, and standardized assays are needed to assess the repertoire of functional MANA-specific T cells in oncology," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activating-tumor-destroying-cells">Activating tumor-destroying cells</h2>



Study senior author Dr. Kellie Smith is an associate professor of oncology at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a>.



“We have developed a way to identify the cells directly targeted by immune checkpoint inhibitors, and if we can identify them, we can study them. If we can study them, that means we can identify better biomarkers and better targets for combination immunotherapy,” said Dr. Smith.



Immunotherapies, such as PD-1 inhibitors, are becoming increasingly useful in treating various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-is-linked-to-32-cancer-types-that-could-drive-40-of-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of cancer</a>. They function by activating tumor-destroying immune cells - known as T cells - that are rendered inactive by the protein PD-1. 



PD-1 inhibitors re-activate the T cells, thereby fortifying the patient's immune system to fight cancer more effectively.



However, these therapies don't work for everyone, and scientists must understand why so they can develop more effective treatments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-elusive-immune-cells">Identifying elusive immune cells </h2>



Study co-author Dr. Zhen Zeng is a bioinformatics research associate at the John Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center.



“Tumor-active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T cells</a> are very important to a patient’s response to therapy, but they are difficult to find,” explained Dr. Zeng.



Dr. Smith assisted in the development of a technology known as MANAFEST (Mutation-Associated NeoAntigen Functional Expansion of Specific T Cells), which was first introduced in 2018.



The team combined MANAFEST with single-cell sequencing to identify these elusive immune cells in six patients with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-bans-could-help-prevent-1-2-million-lung-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lung cancer</a>. 



This process, which spanned several years and cost millions of dollars, showed that immunotherapy-activated immune cells share a common gene expression profile. The study laid the groundwork for the MANAscore model.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simplifying-the-identification-process">Simplifying the identification process</h2>



“Our model allows us to skip a time-consuming and expensive process to identify the cells targeted by immunotherapy, and will help us identify what distinguishes who will respond to these therapies,” explained Dr. Smith.



“We’re not the first to come up with one of these models, but what sets ours apart is that it uses only three genes, while the most commonly used model requires more than 200 genes. Ours is simpler and easier to use."



The team also discerned significant differences in the T cells activated in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-research-ai-will-change-the-way-we-see-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tumors</a> of patients who respond to immune checkpoint therapy compared to those who don’t. 



Responding patients possess a higher proportion of stem-like memory T cells, which act as a reservoir for new cells and can develop into many effective anti-tumor cells, Dr. Zeng noted. 



While this may explain the differences in patent responses, more research is required to validate these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-cancer-treatments">Revolutionizing cancer treatments </h2>



Currently, the team is focused on developing a clinical test that employs multispectral immunofluorescence panels to identify the three-gene signature of immune therapy responding T cells.



“We hope to translate our three-gene signature into a biomarker that clinicians can use to guide cancer care,” said Dr. Smith.



Using the new model, experts can also study the spatial data to understand whether interactions between tumor-targeting T cells and other types of immune cells affect clinical outcomes.



This work could potentially revolutionize cancer care, making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/better-cancer-tests-produce-better-cancer-treatments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatments</a> more personalized and effective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-reach-of-cancer-immunotherapy">Expanding the reach of cancer immunotherapy</h2>



Beyond lung cancer, researchers believe the MANAscore model could be applied to other cancers treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. 



By refining the model and expanding its use, scientists aim to develop a universal tool for identifying responsive immune cells across different cancer types. 



Ultimately, this research could lead to broader applications in precision oncology, making immunotherapy more effective for a wider range of patients.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6072595/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Computer model can identify tumor-fighting immune cells

A new computer model will allow experts to identify specific...

Scientists reveal that killer whales and dolphins have lost the ability to return to life on land. The <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.96.18.10261" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestors</a> of these sea creatures once walked along the shores, but those days will not return.



Evolution molded these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brazilian-river-dolphins-communication/">marine mammals</a> into highly efficient swimmers. Their limbs transformed into flippers, and their bodies became highly adapted to life in a watery world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transition-of-land-dwelling-mammals">Transition of land-dwelling mammals</h2>



About <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2020.0523" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">375 million years ago</a>, the first vertebrates left water behind. This shift gave rise to animals that breathed air and strolled across the land.



However, a wave of land-dwelling mammals later took the plunge back into the sea. That second transition happened around 250 million years ago and led to the evolution of whales, dolphins, and other fully aquatic groups.



“Once cetaceans pass the critical point of aquatic adaptation, their evolution follows a path of no return,” said study lead author Bruna Farina from the <a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/">University</a><a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> </a><a href="https://uni-freiburg.de/en/">of Freiburg</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sea-creatures-that-will-never-walk">Sea creatures that will never walk</h2>



Dollo’s Law states that complex evolutionary transformations cannot be reversed once they are fully established. 



This idea mirrors what researchers see in dolphin and killer whale lineages, where the changes run too deep to roll back.



These adaptations include streamlined bodies, the presence of a blow hole, powerful tails, the transition to flippers, and specialized organs for underwater living. Each feature is so fine-tuned for marine life that the possibility of ever walking on dry land again is miniscule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unbreakable-aquatic-ties">Unbreakable aquatic ties</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orcas-have-hunting-and-eating-habits-that-we-never-imagined/">Killer whales</a> and dolphins stand out for their intelligence and tight social bonds. Their communication skills and group strategies have helped them conquer seas around the world and become top predators in marine ecosystems.



Yet their advanced aquatic traits also impose serious limits. Living in the ocean demands specialized breathing, insulation, and saltwater tolerance.



“Extreme specialization in an environment can become an evolutionary trap, reducing the chances of survival in the face of environmental changes,” noted Virag Sharma from the <a href="https://www.ul.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Limerick</a>.



Body size also plays a part in this story. In cooler waters, larger mass helps retain heat, further nudging these animals to remain in deep seas.



Once bodies are scaled up and limbs shift into flippers, returning to land becomes far more complicated. Muscles that once stabilized weight on solid ground are no longer adapted to bearing loads outside the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability-in-changing-seas">Vulnerability in changing seas</h2>



Shifting ocean <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2018.0186" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> strain marine ecosystems and challenge species that are adapted to specific thermal ranges. Warmer waters can disrupt prey availability and fuel harmful algal blooms.



Killer whales and dolphins face added dangers from pollution, overfishing, and noise. Their reliance on echolocation and coordinated hunting can be hampered by excessive boat traffic or contaminated habitats.



Unlike <a href="https://animalia.bio/semiaquatic-animals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">semiaquatic mammals</a>, these <a href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/cetacean" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cetaceans</a> have no land-based alternatives. They cannot flee to shallower waters or take shelter on beaches to avoid hazards. The ocean remains their only refuge.



This single-environment dependence increases their vulnerability. Large storms, sudden temperature shifts, or habitat degradation could hit them harder than species with more flexible living arrangements.



Experts warn that these animals sit at the mercy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-are-rapidly-changing-colors-matching-climate-predictions/">rapid ocean changes</a>. Without protective measures, killer whales and dolphins face more barriers to coping with disruptions than do their land-capable relatives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



Scientists continue studying how extreme physical changes reinforce cetaceans’ permanent reliance on the sea. Bone density, muscular configuration, and specialized blowholes highlight how far they have diverged from their land-roaming forebears.



Such features are beneficial for these sea creatures in the water but pose insurmountable challenges which prevent them from walking on land. Gravity becomes an obstacle, and their bodies lack the support systems found in most terrestrial mammals.



Conservation <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1101525108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efforts</a> aim to safeguard these ocean dwellers from growing pressures. Marine protected areas and stricter pollution controls may help maintain stable conditions.



Large-scale collaboration among nations, researchers, and communities could help shield dolphins and killer whales from further decline. Reducing noise pollution and regulating fisheries are among the steps that might keep them thriving.



Future work will explore genetic and ecological factors that shape their fate. Meanwhile, the public can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-meadows-and-climate-change-an-uncertain-future/">support conservation</a> efforts by staying informed and encouraging sustainable practices.



The study is published in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2023.1099" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B</a>.



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These marine mammals have lost their ability to ever walk on land again

Scientists reveal that killer whales and dolphins have lost the...

Asteroids occasionally wander close to the Earth, raising alarms for scientists who keep their eyes on the sky. These rocky bodies vary in size and trajectory, and some can pose a real risk if they come too close.



Experts recently identified asteroid 2024 YR4, spotted on December 27, 2024, and they note a small chance of it <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/planetarydefense/2025/01/29/nasa-shares-observations-of-recently-identified-near-earth-asteroid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impacting Earth</a> on December 22, 2032.



It ranges from about 130 feet to 330 feet across, enough to cause severe harm to one region if it collides with our planet.



This assessment is shared by <a href="https://www.iafastro.org/biographie/richard-moissl.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Richard Moissl</a> from ESA’s Planetary Defence Office. His team has been analyzing the object’s path since early January to ensure no important detail slips through the cracks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-assessment-of-asteroid-2024-yr4">Risk assessment of asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



Astronomers from NASA-funded <a href="https://atlas.fallingstar.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a> station in Chile used automated warning systems to learn that this object has about a 1.2% probability of a collision. 



Independent calculations by <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA’s Center for Near-Earth Object Studies</a> match these findings, which helps confirm the current hazard level.



Observers have placed the asteroid at Level 3 on the <a href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/sentry/torino_scale.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Torino Impact Hazard Scale</a>, meaning it deserves added attention from researchers and everyday folks alike. Once more data rolls in, that probability might drop, which is common in cases like this.



Researchers are also watching the asteroid’s path as it moves farther away from Earth. Its elongated orbit, known as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/eccentric-orbit" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eccentric</a>, makes it tricky to pin down its exact route.



A body spanning over 130 feet can trigger local destruction if it slams into Earth. Historical <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/maps.13370">records</a> show that objects of this class impact our planet roughly every few thousand years.



A risk above 1% prompts action at national and global levels. If the object is bigger than about 165 feet and could hit within the next five decades, that raises red flags.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-asteroid-2024-yr4">Tracking asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



The International Asteroid Warning Network (<a href="https://iawn.net/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IAWN</a>) is a critical group for tracking and studying cosmic debris. They share information across multiple nations and advise policymakers on how to respond if the threat sticks around.



<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>, which is part of this global network, has begun coordinating more observations to narrow down the asteroid’s path. They gather telescope data and feed it into risk assessment models for better clarity.



Plans are already in place for advanced telescope sessions in the coming months. The European Southern Observatory’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope</a> in Chile will join the effort, capturing highly detailed images before the asteroid fades from view.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-fade-and-comeback">Potential fade and comeback</h2>



Observers know that 2024 YR4 could become too dim to track for several years. If that happens, Earth-based telescopes might not see it again until 2028.



During that dim phase, the asteroid might remain on ESA’s risk list. Once it swings back into a spot suitable for tracking, experts can gather more precise observations.



Any leftover uncertainty will not vanish until measurements confirm it poses no danger. Patience and well-planned follow-up sessions help the scientific community stay vigilant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-is-in-charge-of-this">Who is in charge of this?</h2>



Two groups keep an eye on near-Earth objects that exceed a specific chance of striking Earth. The first, IAWN, coordinates worldwide detection and heads up possible warning strategies.



The second, Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (<a href="https://sdg.esa.int/activity/space-mission-planning-advisory-group-smpag-4311" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMPAG</a>), is chaired by ESA itself. They discuss spacecraft-based measures that might be used to adjust or deflect an asteroid if the odds do not fall to a safe level.



Upcoming meetings in Vienna will review current data on 2024 YR4. If numbers remain above the 1% threshold, SMPAG could advise the UN and outline possible mission scenarios.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-asteroids-is-tricky">Tracking asteroids is tricky</h2>



Size and path are only part of the puzzle. The asteroid’s angle relative to Earth means astronomers have to gather data while the object is nearly a straight shot away.



Small shifts can create big differences in long-term projections. This is why repeated tracking throughout the year is vital.



As Earth orbits the Sun and the asteroid edges further away, brightness steadily decreases. New instruments with higher sensitivity are vital to continue refining predictions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-approaches">Collaborative approaches</h2>



ESA and NASA encourage widespread engagement from both professional and amateur observers. Backyard telescopes can supply valuable brightness measurements that contribute to large-scale calculations.



In many prior cases, the risk of impact has fallen to zero after solid data came in. Time and extra sets of eyes have a powerful effect on reducing false alarms.



IAWN’s role in funneling these observations is central to making sure all participants see the same data. Data consistency reduces guesswork and leads to better insights for any future steps.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-odds-big-impact">Small odds, big impact</h2>



A probability of around 1.2% might seem low. Yet even a small chance can’t be ignored when dealing with massive space rocks that could threaten populated areas.



Scientists hope that additional observations will cut that percentage closer to zero. Monitoring remains essential until the numbers drop definitively.



Geologic records remind us that impacts have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-chicxulub-caused-dinosaurs-extinction-event-traced-to-origin-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shaped Earth’s history</a>. A collision of any significant size is rare, but it’s best not to leave things to chance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-asteroid-2024-yr4">Preparing for asteroid 2024 YR4</h2>



Astronomers will soon switch to more powerful telescopes to track 2024 YR4 as it dims. They aim to collect enough measurements to refine orbital calculations and ease public concerns.



SMPAG’s meeting next week will focus on next steps if the risk level remains the same. By staying informed and ready, experts can spring into action if needed.



Governments may look to these groups for guidance on how to protect citizens. Meanwhile, curiosity and caution steer each new observation session.



Confidence grows with every updated data point. New angles and vantage points offer a clearer look at what might lie ahead.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steady-vigilance">Steady vigilance</h2>



Dr. Moissl and his colleagues stay on alert for any changes in the asteroid’s path. Near-Earth objects can be unpredictable, so preparedness is key.



Many are optimistic that more data will cut down the current uncertainty. However, official procedures are in place in case the threat persists.



People worldwide may not notice the faint object, but scientists are keeping watch. Once it reappears in 2028, fresh observations could settle the question of its impact risk.



Our knowledge of space threats has advanced in recent years. Researchers now respond more quickly and share their findings across borders.



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NASA: Asteroid 2024 YR4 has a chance of hitting Earth, scientists actively monitoring

Asteroids occasionally wander close to the Earth, raising alarms for...

Urban environments are complex ecosystems where pollution, weather patterns, and human activities constantly interact. Among the many factors shaping urban climates, airborne particles play a crucial role in influencing cloud formation and radiation balance. 



These particles affect how sunlight is absorbed or reflected, how clouds develop, and even how precipitation forms.



Traditionally, scientific research has focused on primary particles - those emitted directly from vehicle exhaust, industrial processes, and other sources. However, new particles formed through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-air-pollution-forms-may-help-us-prevent-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric reactions</a> have received far less attention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-climate-regulation">Impact on climate regulation</h2>



Despite their invisible presence, these secondary particles significantly impact climate regulation. Recent findings suggest that scientists may have underestimated their role in urban climate systems.



A study published in the journal One Earth provides strong evidence that new particles in urban areas influence atmospheric processes in ways that were previously overlooked. This new understanding could reshape approaches to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-deaths-in-india-linked-to-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air quality management</a> and climate mitigation strategies.



"To accurately assess the climate effects of particles, we need comprehensive long-term vertical observations," noted Academician Markku Kulmala from the Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR) at the University of Helsinki.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-urban-particles-matter-for-climate">Why urban particles matter for climate</h2>



Urban air pollution is a well-documented problem, but most studies have primarily focused on what happens at ground level. 



The formation of new particles occurs in the atmosphere itself, driven by chemical reactions between pollutants and natural compounds. These newly formed particles can grow in size and eventually influence cloud development, which in turn affects local and regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climates</a>.



Cities produce a variety of gaseous emissions that act as precursors for particle formation. When these gases mix with atmospheric compounds, they create new particles that rise and spread through different layers of the atmosphere. 



The extent to which these particles impact climate has remained uncertain due to the difficulty of measuring them at various altitudes.



Recognizing this gap, researchers have turned to advanced monitoring methods to capture the full picture of urban particle behavior. By shifting the focus from ground-based observations to a more comprehensive vertical analysis, they have uncovered new insights into how particle formation varies at different heights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-altitude-in-particle-formation">Role of altitude in particle formation</h2>



The researchers conducted their study using a 325-meter meteorological tower in Beijing, one of the tallest atmospheric research platforms in the world. 



This tower allowed the team to measure particle formation at multiple heights, providing a clearer understanding of how these processes differ at various atmospheric levels.



The findings revealed that particle formation is far more pronounced at higher altitudes than previously assumed. Factors such as increased sulfuric acid concentration and higher relative humidity contribute to particle growth in the upper layers of the urban atmosphere. 



This suggests that air pollution dynamics in cities are far more layered and complex than traditional ground-level measurements have shown. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-full-picture-of-urban-particle-dynamics">Full picture of urban particle dynamics </h2>



“The enhanced particle formation aloft suggests that while ground-level measurements provide valuable insights, they may not capture the full picture of particle dynamics, particularly in densely populated urban areas,” said study lead author Wei Du.



By analyzing particles at different heights, researchers discovered that elevated regions of the atmosphere serve as active zones for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-air-quality-trends-revealed-in-new-images/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particle formation</a>. 



These findings suggest that policymakers and scientists must consider vertical air movement when assessing air pollution and climate impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-particles-and-cloud-formation">Urban particles and cloud formation</h2>



Clouds play a crucial role in regulating Earth’s climate by reflecting sunlight and distributing moisture. 



The process of cloud formation depends on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which provide surfaces for water vapor to condense into droplets. Many of these nuclei originate from newly formed particles in the atmosphere.



When gaseous emissions rise and interact with chemicals at higher altitudes, they contribute to the growth of these tiny particles. As they increase in size, they become more effective at attracting water vapor and forming clouds. 



The study found that the impact of new particles on CCN has been underestimated by around 20%, highlighting the need for more accurate climate models that include vertical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-air-pollution-impacts-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particle behavior</a>.



The ability of these particles to influence cloud formation means they also affect temperature regulation and precipitation patterns. This has wide-ranging implications for urban climates, which are already experiencing shifts due to increasing pollution and global climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-urban-climate-policy">Implications for urban climate policy</h2>



The study’s findings go beyond scientific discovery and have important real-world applications. Cities around the world are grappling with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/135-million-people-died-prematurely-due-to-pm25-air-pollution/">air pollution</a> and climate-related challenges, making it essential to develop policies that address the full complexity of atmospheric processes.



By understanding how new particles behave at different altitudes, urban planners and policymakers can create more effective strategies to manage pollution and mitigate climate impacts.



“As cities continue to grapple with air pollution and climate challenges, understanding the vertical profiles of atmospheric processes can help develop more effective strategies to mitigate their impacts on both climate and public health,” noted Wei Du.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-collaborative-approach">A collaborative approach</h2>



This study represents a collaborative effort between leading institutions, including the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. 



Scientists from multiple disciplines contributed to the research, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in addressing climate challenges.



“The Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower is a unique research platform for atmospheric and climate science in megacities. We are pleased to collaborate with international partners to address climate change together,” said Yele Sun, professor at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-climate-research">Expanding climate research</h2>



By expanding the scope of climate research to include vertical measurements, scientists are gaining a more complete understanding of how urban atmospheric particles behave and influence climate. 



These insights can shape future climate policies, helping cities adapt to environmental changes while improving air quality for millions of people.



As research continues, long-term monitoring will be key to refining climate models and identifying more effective solutions for pollution control. 



This study marks an important step in that direction, emphasizing the need to look beyond ground-level observations and consider the full atmospheric picture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(24)00599-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">One Earth</a>.



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Climate effects of particles in urban air have been underestimated

Urban environments are complex ecosystems where pollution, weather patterns, and...

Date	Citation Page	Title
12/02/1970	35 FR 18319 18322	List of Endangered Foreign Fish and Wildlife; 35 FR 18319 18322
07/30/1970	35 FR 12222 12225	Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (Conservation of Endangered Species and Other Fish or Wildlife); 35 FR 12222 12225