Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S.<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-surface-slicks-create-superhighway-for-fish/"> Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Acaena exigua is an extinct species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name liliwai. It was endemic to Hawaii, where it was known from Kauaʻi and west Maui. It had not been seen or collected since 1957 and was feared extinct until 1997, when one plant was discovered in a remote montane bog on <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=maui&amp;cvid=11f593b142284a109c4b71b63cd85874&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Maui</a>. The plant died in 2000, and the species is now considered extinct.Acaena exigua A. Gray var. subtusstrigulosa Bitter: Classification. Click on a scientific name below to expand it in the PLANTS Classification Report. Rank Scientific Name and Common Name; Kingdom: Plantae – Plants Subkingdom: Tracheobionta

Acaena exigua

Acaena exigua NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

Eutrema penlandii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-butterflies-are-set-to-become-widespread-across-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Eutrema penlandii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a89f77701d234b96b3eaee1307656b94&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j0l4j69i60l3.1415j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Eutrema penlandii

Eutrema penlandii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Exocarpos luteolus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Exocarpos luteolus is a rare species of flowering plant in the <a title="Santalaceae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santalaceae">sandalwood family</a> known by the common names leafy ballart or heau. It is <a title="Endemism" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism">endemic</a> to <a title="Hawaii" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where it is known only from the island of <a title="Kauai" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai">Kauai</a>. There are eight populations remaining, for a total global population of only 39 individuals. The plant was federally listed as an <a title="Endangered species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species">endangered species</a> of the United States in 1994.

This plant is a <a title="Shrub" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub">shrub</a> growing one half to two meters tall. There are two types of leaves, lance-shaped to oval leaf blades up to 8 centimeters long and smaller, reduced leaves that are like scales. Some plants have only scale-like leaves and appear leafless at first glance. The flower has six greenish petals each about a millimeter long. The fruit is a yellow <a title="Drupe" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe">drupe</a> between 1 and 2 centimeters long

Exocarpos luteolus

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Festuca molokaiensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Festuca (fescue) is a <a title="Genus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus">genus</a> of <a title="Flowering plant" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant">flowering plants</a> belonging to the grass <a title="Family (biology)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)">family</a> <a title="Poaceae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae">Poaceae</a> (subfamily <a title="Pooideae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooideae">Pooideae</a>). They are <a title="Evergreen" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen">evergreen</a> or herbaceous perennial tufted grasses with a height range of 10–200 cm (4–79 in) and a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except <a title="Antarctica" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The genus is closely related to <a class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryegrass">ryegrass</a> (Lolium), and recent evidence from <a class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> studies using DNA sequencing of plant <a title="Mitochondrial DNA" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> shows that the genus lacks <a title="Monophyly" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly">monophyly</a>. As a result, plant <a class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomist">taxonomists</a> have moved several species, including the forage grasses tall fescue and meadow fescue, from the genus Festuca into the genus Lolium,  or alternatively into the segregate genus <a class="mw-redirect" title="Schedonorus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedonorus">Schedonorus</a>.

Because the <a title="Taxonomy (biology)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)">taxonomy</a> is complex, scientists have not determined how many true species belong to the genus, but estimates range from more than 400 to over 500.

Festuca molokaiensis

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Fitzroya cupressoides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Fitzroya is a monotypic genus in the cypress family. The single living species, Fitzroya cupressoides, is a tall, long-lived conifer native to the Andes mountains of southern Chile and Argentina, where it is an important member of the Valdivian temperate rain forests. Common names include alerce, lahuán, and Patagonian cypress. The genus was named in honour of Robert FitzRoy.The South American representative of this elite group of giant and long-lived conifers is Fitzroya cupressoides, endemic to a relatively small area of southern Chile, from Valdivia south to Chiloé over an altitudinal range from 100 to c. 1,500 m asl, and in adjacent areas of the Argentinean Andes at altitude (Premoli &amp; Gardner 2015).

Fitzroya cupressoides

Fitzroya cupressoides NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Flueggea neowawraea NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Flueggea neowawraea ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=42bf721fd5b0405d9c4fdf0744f43875&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Flueggea neowawraea, the mēhamehame, is a species of flowering tree in the family Phyllanthaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It can be found in dry, coastal mesic, and mixed mesic forests at elevations of 250 to 1,000 m. Associated plants include kukui, hame, ʻahakea, alaheʻe, olopua, hao, and aʻiaʻi. Mēhamehame was one of the largest trees in Hawaiʻi, reaching a height of 30 m and trunk diameter of 2 m. Native Hawaiians used the extremely hard wood of this tree to make weaponry.Flueggea neowawraea (commonly known as mehamehame; a member of the spurge family) is a large tree up to 100 ft (30.5 m) in height and 7 ft (2.1 m) in diameter with white oblong pores covering its scaly, pale brown bark. The thin, papery, oval leaves — 1.5-5.5 in (3.8-14 cm) long and 0.8-3.5 in (2-8.9 cm) wide — are green on the upper surface and pale green on the lower surface.

Flueggea neowawraea

Flueggea neowawraea NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=b1914be0d3094461b7abf8f36433ca87&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.r California Flannelbush is one of the most spectacular of the native California shrubs. It is a fast growing evergreen shrub with fuzzy, flannel-like leaves and abundant, large yellow blossoms that bloom in the spring. Under ideal conditions, it can reach 20 feet tall and 20 feet wide in five years.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-poop-stores-1-65-billion-tons-of-carbon-annually/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Fremontodendron californicum, with the common names California flannelbush, California fremontia, and flannel bush, is a flowering shrub native to diverse habitats in southwestern North America.Pine Hill flannelbush. Endangered.

California. Pine Hill flannelbush. Rare. Wetland Status. Interpreting Wetland Status. Related Links. More Accounts and Images; ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (FRDE2) Integrated Taxonomic Information System (FRCAD)

Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens

Fremontodendron californicum ssp. decumbens NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Fremontodendron mexicanum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Fremontodendron mexicanum is a rare species of shrub in the mallow family known by the common names Mexican flannelbush, Mexican fremontia, and Southern flannelbush, that is endemic to the central Peninsular Ranges in Mexico and the United States.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Fremontodendron mexicanum is a rare species of shrub in the mallow family known by the common name Mexican flannelbush. It is known from about ten occurrences in northern Baja California and adjacent San Diego County, California, but it has most recently been confirmed to exist in only two of those locales today.

Fremontodendron mexicanum

Fremontodendron mexicanum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Fritillaria gentneri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=32e0a17a1d064c8d893bba736edb78d9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Fritillaria gentneri ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-poop-stores-1-65-billion-tons-of-carbon-annually/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Fritillaria gentneri, or Gentner's fritillary, is a rare member of lily family, that is endemic to southwest Oregon and adjacent Siskiyou County, California. Its habitat is dry, open woodlands and chaparral from 1000–5000 feet, where it blooms from March through July. However, most populations generally are done blooming by the end of May. As with many plants, the lower elevations bloom earliest with the bloom period moving up following elevation.This perennial plant in the lily family (Liliaceae) has straight, smooth, fleshy lily-type leaves that are sometimes mottled with purple. Leaves come in two forms, either emerging as a single stemless leaf in juvenile plants, with no flowers, or appearing on flowering stalks in whorls of 3 to 5. The stalks can reach up to 70 centimeters (28 inches) high when the plant flower

Fritillaria gentneri

Fritillaria gentneri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Galactia smallii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=b24c749913b749d0ba394c70fb8c529c&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Galactia smallii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Continental US, Native : Comments Comment: US ESA: Listed Endangered, as published in Federal Register Volume 50, Number 138, Pages 29345 - 29349, July 18, 1985 Subordinate Taxa Rank.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Galactia smallii is a rare species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name Small's milkpea. It is endemic to Florida, where it is known only from a few small patches of remaining habitat in Miami-Dade County. It is threatened by the destruction and inadequate management of its habitat. It was federally listed as an endangered species of the United States in 1985.

Galactia smallii

Galactia smallii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Galium buxifolium NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --Galium buxifolium  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=42bf721fd5b0405d9c4fdf0744f43875&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Galium buxifolium is a rare species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common names box bedstraw and island bedstraw. It is endemic to the Channel Islands of California, where it is known from about 26 populations on two of the islands. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Common names are from state and federal lists. Click on a place name to get a complete protected plant list for that location.

Galium buxifolium

Galium buxifolium NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Galium californicum ssp. sierrae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=b0e42b2384bf43fca95516771457960b&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Galium californicum ssp. sierrae ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-poop-stores-1-65-billion-tons-of-carbon-annually/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Galium californicum is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name California bedstraw. The plant is endemic to California. It grows mainly in moist, shady habitats in hills and mountainous areas, often within the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. sierrae Dempster &amp; Steb. Habitat: gabbroic. S1: Critically Imperiled. T1: Critically Imperiled. G5: (species) Secure, considering populations outside California. Threatened by development, vehicles, and recreational activities. See University of California Publications in Botany 46:30 (1968) for original description, and Flora of California.

Galium californicum ssp. sierrae

Galium californicum ssp. sierrae NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Gardenia brighamii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Gardenia brighamii ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=bd45faaf7baa471c8a4c3b0d6847f450&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The native nanu gardenias ( gardenia brighamii and remyi) are lovely small trees for mid to upper elevation gardens. These plants are native to Hawaii’s dryland forests but can be grown successfully elsewhere. Their fragrant white flowers have six soft petals that converge in a short tube.Cut off the faded Gardenia flowers, just below the leaf node, to encourage continuous blooming. Check regularly for white flies

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Gardenia brighamii, commonly known as nānū, naʻu, or forest gardenia, is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii.Gardenia brighamii. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Gardenia brighamii, commonly known as nānū, naʻu, or forest gardenia, is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii.

Gardenia brighamii

Gardenia brighamii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Gardenia mannii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-set-a-bedtime-alarm-that-helps-them-survive-the-night/"> plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=53ef0ad471c748b2b1241865369ddd38&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Gardenia mannii, the nānū, Oahu gardenia or Mann's gardenia, is a species of flowering tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, that is endemic to the island of Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi. It inhabits coastal mesic, mixed mesic, and wet forests at elevations of 100–730 m in the Koʻolau and Waiʻanae Ranges. It is threatened by habitat loss.. At the time of listing, the 27 extant populations totaled between 70 and 100 individuals, with 23 of the 27 populations each containing 5 or fewer plants (USFWS 1996). Currently, Gardenia mannii is known from 18 populations with a total of 108 to 110

Gardenia mannii

Gardenia mannii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mistastin-lake-in-labrador-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=a89f77701d234b96b3eaee1307656b94&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j0l4j69i60l3.1415j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states,

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis

Gaura neomexicana var. coloradensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe...

Geocarpon minimum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=canada&amp;cvid=0cc8248913944d00888e06ec5da8b5be&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/perennial-vegetables-to-grow-in-north-america/">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Geocarpon minimum, is an inconspicuous, succulent annual, ranging from 0.4-1.6 in (1-4 cm) in height. Stems are simple or branching near the base, rising from a slender taproot. The opposite leaves are narrowly oblong, and only about 0.2 in (4 mm) long. Tiny flowers attached at the leaf have a greenish-red calyx. The fruit capsule breaks into three parts at maturity, releasing numerous seeds. Plants are dull gray when young and turn reddish-purple at maturity. A total of 15 viable populations, representing the diversity of habitats and geographic range of the species, are protected as necessary to ensure their continued existence; 2.

Geocarpon minimum

Geocarpon minimum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Geranium arboreum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Geranium arboreum ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Geranium arboreum is the rarest of the four, and is the only bird-pollinated geranium in the world! The beautiful curved red flowers are adapted to fit the bill of nectar-sipping native honeycreepers like the i'iwi, who pick up pollen on their foreheads and transfer it to other flowers. Also plant has no children Legal Status. Threatened and Endangered Information: This plant is listed by the U.S. federal government or a state. Common names are from state and federal lists.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=fish&amp;cvid=d9b459ffbcba492295e541f271976be6&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.is a many-branched, spreading wood shrub 6-12 ft (1.8-3.7 m) tall. The leaves are thin, bright green, broad and rounded at the base, tapering toward the end, and 1-1.5 in (2.5-3.8 cm) long. Each leaf has five to nine main veins,

Geranium arboreum

Geranium arboreum NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Geranium hanaense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=animals&amp;cvid=5d4c0c4b3c314c07ba90e108acf0a932&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-poop-stores-1-65-billion-tons-of-carbon-annually/">Fish</a> and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. Also is a rare, sprawling geranium found in high-altitude bogs on the eastern slopes of Haleakala.

Geranium hanaense may represent an evolutionary transition-its silvery toothed leaves resemble Geranium cuneatum, while its white and purple flowers resemble Geranium multiflorum.Geranium hanaense Medeiros &amp; H. St. John Show All Show Tabs Maui geranium General Information; Symbol: GEHA Group: Dicot Family: Geraniaceae Duration: Perennial: Growth Habit: Shrub: Native Status: HI N: Data Source and Documentation: About our new maps. Geranium hanaense is a rare, sprawling geranium found in high-altitude bogs on the eastern slopes of Haleakala. Geranium hanaense may represent an evolutionary transition-its silvery toothed leaves resemble Geranium cuneatum, while its white and purple flowers resemble Geranium multiflorum.

Geranium hanaense

Geranium hanaense NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Geranium hillebrandii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports --Geranium hillebrandii  ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.Geranium hillebrandii är en <a title="Näveväxter" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4vev%C3%A4xter">näveväxtart</a> som beskrevs av <a class="new" title="Carlos Aedo [inte skriven än]" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Aedo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Carlos Aedo</a> och Muñoz Garm.. Geranium hillebrandii ingår i <a title="Släkte" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte">släktet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Nävor (växter)" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4vor_(v%C3%A4xter)">nävor</a>, och <a title="Familj (biologi)" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familj_(biologi)">familjen</a> <a title="Näveväxter" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4vev%C3%A4xter">näveväxter</a>.  Inga underarter finns listade i <a title="Catalogue of Life" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life">Catalogue of Life</a>

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills.They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, but mostly in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.. The palmately cleft leaves are broadly circular in form.

Geranium hillebrandii

Geranium hillebrandii NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

It sits at the tail end of our digestive system and measures around 5 feet long by 2.5 inches across. The colon is responsible for absorbing water, maintaining hydration levels, and managing waste before it leaves the body.



Recent research has highlighted certain fruits that can support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/western-diet-identified-as-major-cause-of-colon-cancer/">colon health</a>. The apple emerged as a standout because of its potential to promote a healthier gut and help maintain balanced gut flora.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-colon">Understanding the colon</h2>



The colon’s structure includes four segments that work together to finalize digestion. Issues like constipation or diarrhea can result when any part of this complex pathway is disturbed.



Colon-related illnesses can display symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, or visible blood in stool. Certain screenings like colonoscopy can detect cancers or irregularities at an early stage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-apples-draw-attention">Why apples draw attention</h2>



Apples pack a high dose of pectin, which has properties that might diminish gastrointestinal inflammation. These fibers also seem to encourage healthy bacterial growth in the intestines.



Research has shown that including apples in a regular diet may result in reduced cholesterol and better weight control. This benefit ties back to the apple’s soluble fiber, which is thought to slow fat absorption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-insights-on-fiber">Scientific insights on fiber</h2>



A study on fiber-enriched botanicals highlighted how these compounds contribute to digestive health by promoting gut motility and supporting beneficial bacteria. In apples, this type of fiber sweeps through the digestive system, pushing out unwanted substances along the way.



“The fiber is usually a nondigestible polysaccharide that is not digested in the human body,” explained Dr. Khalid, the study's lead author from Government College University in Faisalabad. 



Fiber’s role in colon function has been studied for its link to improved bowel regularity. It also appears to help in stabilizing blood sugar and supporting cardiovascular health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-juice-based-diet-and-gut-health">Juice-based diet and gut health</h2>



Another <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5438379/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> on the effects of a vegetable and fruit juice-based diet found notable changes in gut microbiota, metabolism, and overall health.&nbsp;



The researchers tracked participants consuming only vegetable and fruit juices. The results showed a significant decrease in weight and body mass index - demonstrating the potential impact of plant-based nutrients on digestion and weight regulation.



Although apples were not singled out in the juice-based experiment, the key takeaway remains that fruit-rich regimens can shift gut bacteria. These shifts often coincide with reductions in overall body mass.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-anti-inflammatory-angle">The anti-inflammatory angle</h2>



Inflammatory bowel disease can cause tremendous discomfort and disrupt daily life. A study on dietary interventions for IBD identified the anti-inflammatory diet as a promising strategy for managing symptoms and supporting gut health.



Apples, with their pectin and plant compounds, could complement such approaches. They may lessen the impact of irritants in the digestive tract and reduce flare-ups in some individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-dried-fruits">Potential of dried fruits</h2>



Fruits play a vital role in gut health, whether consumed fresh or dried. A <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10097306/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> on the health effects of dried fruits found limited evidence suggesting that dried fruits (raisins, cranberries, dates, prunes) may positively influence gut microbiota composition. 



Apples in their dried form carry nutrients that could still be valuable. People seeking a portable option could find dried apples handy if they stay mindful of portion sizes.



Each person’s digestive system has unique sensitivities, so it’s wise to start slow with fiber-rich fruits. Switching to a high-fiber diet too quickly may cause bloating or abdominal discomfort.



It’s also important to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-water-is-the-key-to-a-long-and-healthy-life/">drink enough water</a> to keep everything moving along. Staying hydrated can help the colon effectively manage any uptick in fiber.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-ways-to-include-apples">Simple ways to include apples</h2>



Having an apple as a midday snack or pairing it with a meal can be a small step toward better digestive health. Apple slices can be blended into a morning smoothie or eaten with peanut butter.



Baked apple slices are a sweeter treat that still contains much of the fruit’s natural fiber. These small additions can fit easily into a regular daily routine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-for-a-healthy-colon">Fruit for a healthy colon</h2>



Apples are not a cure-all, yet they align with research pointing to benefits of fruit-based diets. Combined with regular checkups, they can be part of a measured effort to keep things running smoothly.



Routine screenings remain essential for catching possible complications early. Listening to the body’s signals and consulting with professionals are key for anyone looking to fine-tune their digestive wellness.



A balanced diet that includes apples might be more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegetables-prevent-colon-cancer/">helpful for colon</a> function than many realize. The fiber, water content, and protective compounds within this fruit may do more for the gut than just satisfying hunger.



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This fruit is ideal for cleansing the colon, according to experts

It sits at the tail end of our digestive system...

Chlorella vulgaris is a small species of microalga that is rapidly becoming the new champion in superfoods. It combines high nutritional power with sustainable production methods and may represent a game-changer in terms of global food security.



Could this little green powerhouse be the future of sustainable nutrition? Science is starting to say yes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorella-vulgaris-is-a-nutritional-powerhouse">Chlorella vulgaris is a nutritional powerhouse</h2>



This tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-microalgae-show-photosynthesis-is-possible-in-near-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microalga</a> is abundant in freshwater habitats and uses sunlight and carbon dioxide to manufacture its own food, even though its entire body consists of only a single cell. 



Previous <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106856?origin=crossref">research</a> has found that Chlorella vulgaris cells contain almost 50% protein, along with a healthy supply of fats, carbohydrates, and various vitamins and minerals.



This makes algae a go-to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-superfoods/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superfood</a> for our increasingly health-conscious society. Not only is it rich in nutrients, but its cultivation requires minimal land and water use. 



Thus, it is a way to reduce our environmental footprint while eating without concerns about animal cruelty or damage to the planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-for-body-and-environment">Healthy for body and environment</h2>



Its environmental friendliness is not the end of its superpowers - it also has antioxidant properties and supports immune function, making it an attractive, nutrient-dense addition to food products.



It is currently marketed on a small scale in tablet and powder form, as a food supplement.



In this current wave of health and eco-conscious awakening, a team of scientists from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> have investigated the potential of Chlorella vulgaris as a large-scale source of nutrients for humans.



“Chlorella vulgaris could be one of the superfoods that redefine the future of food innovation,” they state. However, they caution that realizing this potential food revolution will not be without hurdles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-challenges-for-widespread-adoption">Overcoming challenges for widespread adoption</h2>



The researchers acknowledge the need for further development in various areas. 



From refining cultivation techniques to processing methods that can enhance its appeal to the average consumer's palate, the future is ripe with opportunities for growth. 



“Our study underscores the critical role of applied research in addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaccinating-plants-could-boost-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global food security</a> challenges while promoting environmental sustainability,” shared Dr. Helen Onyeaka, a co-author of the study.



The bright future of this microalga is dependent on continued technological advances, which can improve the efficiency of production and broaden its adoption among food producers.



The researchers note that the key to success involves enhancing strains of C. vulgaris using genetic modification and improving cultivation systems. They propose that the development of new culture systems could increase yields and cut costs.



Furthermore, they recommend the use of diverse bioreactors that allow for the tweaking of light and nutrient parameters in order to maximize yield in sterile conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-for-a-better-future">Innovations for a better future</h2>



In order to unlock the full potential of Chlorella vulgaris as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-broccoli-is-a-superfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mainstream superfood</a>, significant advances in processing and cultivation are essential.



Various techniques, such as mechanical milling and ultrasonication, can significantly increase nutrient accessibility, making this micro-organism's rich protein and vitamin content more bioavailable.



Additionally, advanced techniques such as pulsed electric fields can improve digestibility while retaining the production costs within economically acceptable limits. 



Sensory evaluations and consumer testing play a crucial role in refining the taste and texture of the final products, so that it is palatable and appealing to a wide audience.



As scientists continue to refine these processes, Chlorella vulgaris is poised to transition from a niche supplement to a widely accepted dietary staple that merges nutrition, sustainability, and food security into a single, green solution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorella-vulgaris-a-superfood-with-far-reaching-benefits">Chlorella vulgaris: A superfood with far-reaching benefits</h2>



Chlorella vulgaris is not only a promising addition to the food industry but also a powerful tool in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicine</a> and environmental sustainability.



Studies suggest it may aid in cholesterol reduction, cancer prevention, and neuroprotection against some diseases, including Alzheimer’s.



Its antioxidant and immune-boosting properties make it a compelling candidate for future medical research.



Additionally, this microalga contributes to sustainability by absorbing carbon dioxide, supporting carbon sequestration, and helping to purify wastewater through its ability to remove heavy metals and toxins. 



With continued research and technological advances, Chlorella vulgaris could become a cornerstone of health, industry, and environmental solutions, paving the way for a more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable future</a>.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/ichlorella-vulgarisi-as-a-food-substitute-applications-and-benefi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Food Science</a>.



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This nutritional powerhouse is shaping up to be the next big 'superfood'

Chlorella vulgaris is a small species of microalga that is...

In a rapidly urbanizing world, grasslands and other green spaces are steadily disappearing. But what if there was a way to maintain these lush sanctuaries without the tiresome labor and cost? The solution may come from an unexpected source - fire.



Using fire to restore the land may seem paradoxical, yet it’s a practice that is deeply rooted in tradition. For generations, our ancestors relied on fire to sustain ecosystems.



Today, in our quest to balance progress and preservation, we've come full circle, rediscovering this ancient wisdom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-can-save-grasslands">Fire can save grasslands</h2>



A group of researchers from <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a> in Japan has recently conducted a study that reveals the potential of controlled burning, a labor-saving technique, in preserving disappearing grasslands.



The findings suggest that this method could contribute not only to preserving biodiversity but also to the survival of endangered plant species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burning-has-helped-grasslands-for-centuries">Burning has helped grasslands for centuries</h2>



Grasslands require consistent maintenance. Over centuries, humans have been utilizing techniques such as grazing, mowing, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/controlled-burns-reduce-carbon-emissions-from-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">controlled burning</a> to fend off overbearing forests from encroaching these pastures.



However, with a boom in urbanization and a subsequent decline in rural population, maintaining these green belts has become an increasing challenge.



This is where "prescribed" burning comes in - a technique that deliberately sets controlled fires. While fire may seem destructive, when managed carefully, it can be a vital tool in preserving these threatened ecosystems.



Led by master's student ASADA Airi and ecologist USHIMARU Atushi at Kobe University, the research sheds light on the significance of soil conditions in these fire management practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-s-impact-on-grasslands">Fire’s impact on grasslands </h2>



The study was conducted on a training site of the Japan Self-Defense Forces near Mount Fuji. Here, the team established 100 square-meter plots across the grasslands on four different types of soil.



Each plot's plant biodiversity and various physical and chemical factors were thoroughly studied and compared. 



The most intriguing part of the research revealed that some areas, particularly on young lava flows, were hotspots for endangered species.



The researchers observed that these young lava flows had greater overall species richness, native species richness, and prevalence of endangered species than grasslands on both young and old scoria bedrock.



The team concluded that acidity, soil depth, and rock and stone coverage played pivotal roles in supporting these unique ecosystems, thus enabling the survival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-plants-are-facing-extinction-in-the-scottish-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare plants</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-helps-balance-ecosystems">Fire helps balance ecosystems</h2>



A key point illuminated by the research is the seemingly perfect balance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-ecosystems-constantly-share-energy-to-achieve-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a> maintains. Acidic soils, which normally make nutrient absorption difficult for plants, help to counterbalance otherwise dominant species.



Controlled burning is a strategy to reset plant growth, allowing these often sidelined species a much-needed chance to thrive.



Ushimaru noted that the study pinpoints environments where managed burning can help support a significant variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-future-of-the-endangered-species-act/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">endangered species</a>.



The findings are a step forward in our understanding of how to best preserve and restore grassland environments and species diversity through properly managed fire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-role-of-grasslands">Vital role of grasslands</h2>



Grasslands are more than just open fields; they are essential ecosystems that support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, store carbon, and regulate water cycles. 



Covering nearly 40% of Earth’s land surface, grasslands provide habitat for countless plant and animal species. Their deep-rooted vegetation helps prevent soil erosion, making them critical for maintaining healthy landscapes.



Beyond their ecological value, grasslands play a pivotal role in agriculture and food security. They support livestock grazing, which sustains rural economies, and their rich soils contribute to sustainable farming. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grasslands-support-climate-stability">Grasslands support climate stability</h2>



Additionally, grasslands act as natural buffers against extreme weather, absorbing excess rainfall and reducing the risk of floods and droughts.



However, with increasing urbanization and agricultural expansion, these landscapes are disappearing at an alarming rate. Without proper management, they risk being overrun by forests, invasive species, or completely degraded.



This is where techniques like controlled burning become invaluable, helping to maintain the delicate balance that allows grasslands to flourish.



By recognizing their importance and investing in conservation efforts, we can ensure that grasslands continue to provide essential benefits for both nature and human society.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10629" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants People Planet</a>.



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Controlled fires can help us save grasslands from disappearing

In a rapidly urbanizing world, grasslands and other green spaces...

In a world where reproductive health is becoming an increasingly important topic, scientists are constantly exploring new ways to address challenges related to fertility. One recent discovery is resveratrol, a natural compound found in common foods like grapes, blueberries, and raspberries.



This polyphenolic compound has long been celebrated for its anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, recent research suggests that its potential extends far beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healing-chronic-wounds-with-gold-and-red-wine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">general wellness</a>. 



A systematic review published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences sheds light on how resveratrol could play a pivotal role in improving female fertility. This discovery opens up exciting possibilities for women seeking natural solutions to enhance their reproductive health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-resveratol-on-female-fertility">Impact of resveratol on female fertility</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from 24 studies, which included a total of 9,563 human participants. Among these, four studies specifically examined the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderate-wine-consumption-reduces-cardiovascular-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact of resveratrol</a> on the number of matured oocytes. 



Two reported an increase, while the other two found no significant changes. On the other hand, two studies focusing on the quality of matured oocytes showed improvements in women who <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-polyphenols-promote-heart-health-youthful-skin-and-a-healthy-waistline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumed resveratrol</a>. 



These findings point to the compound's potential to enhance reproductive health naturally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-resveratrol-support-fertility">How does resveratrol support fertility?</h2>



One possible explanation for resveratrol's positive effects lies in its ability to reduce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is known to damage mitochondrial DNA and accelerate cellular aging. 



By protecting against this damage, resveratrol may help preserve the integrity of oocytes and extend ovarian lifespan. Additionally, the compound activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a molecule that tends to decrease in aged oocytes. This activation could slow down cell aging and improve overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wine-production-in-a-warming-world-the-winners-and-losers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive function</a>.



Beyond its effects on oocyte quality, the review also explored resveratrol's potential in addressing specific fertility challenges. 



For instance, it may offer benefits for women dealing with infertility caused by endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or obesity-related issues. 



By inhibiting pathways involved in androgen production and reducing inflammation, resveratrol could provide a natural approach to managing these conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-results-on-miscarriage-rates">Mixed results on miscarriage rates</h2>



While the findings are encouraging, the review also revealed inconsistencies in data related to pregnancy and miscarriage rates. 



Among five studies that examined pregnancy outcomes, two reported an increase in pregnancy rates among women taking resveratrol, two found no difference, and one noted a decrease. 



Interestingly, the same study that observed a decline in pregnancy rates also reported a rise in miscarriage rates. Another study, however, found no significant changes in miscarriage occurrences. 



These mixed results highlight the need for more comprehensive research to fully understand the compound's effects on reproductive outcomes.



Resveratrol is generally regarded as safe when consumed in moderate amounts through diet or supplements, with doses up to five grams per day considered acceptable for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-red-wine-gives-some-people-a-headache/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">short-term use</a>. 



However, the long-term safety of high-dose supplementation remains uncertain, particularly concerning potential risks during pregnancy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



Lee Smith, professor of public health at Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) and senior author of the paper, emphasized the importance of cautious optimism.



“Our systematic review on resveratrol and female fertility is a comprehensive overview of all current research, and it highlights the compound’s potential to improve reproductive outcomes and possibly pave the way for new, less invasive treatments, using natural substances,” he stated. 



However, Professor Smith also pointed out the limitations of the current evidence.



“Our findings are based on a number of limitations, including the limited number of human studies, the different parameters of each study and the lack of robust data on dosage and side effects, particularly related to birth defects or foetal abnormalities,” Smith explained. 



“There is a need for further clinical trials, involving human participants, in order to translate these promising results into practical recommendations for women looking to improve their fertility, including guidance on the safe and effective dosage of resveratrol.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resveratrol-and-female-fertility">Resveratrol and female fertility</h2>



The potential of resveratrol to support female fertility represents an exciting avenue for future exploration. 



If ongoing and future studies confirm its benefits, this natural compound could offer a less invasive and more accessible option for women seeking to enhance their reproductive health. 



For now, researchers urge patience and continued investigation to ensure that any recommendations are grounded in solid, reliable evidence. As science progresses, resveratrol may emerge as a valuable tool in the journey toward improved fertility.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12792" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</a>. 



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Resveratrol in grapes and wine may naturally boost female fertility

In a world where reproductive health is becoming an increasingly...

Scientists have found that insect frass - a blend of excreta, feed, and molted skins - is far from a mere waste product. Instead, it could play a key role in advancing greener, more sustainable agriculture.



The study was focused on "mini-livestock," including the humble yellow mealworm, the bouncy banded cricket, and the robust black soldier fly.



Often underestimated, these insects are being cultivated as an alternative protein source for animals, playing a crucial role in the shift toward more sustainable agricultural practices. However, what they leave behind may be just as valuable - if not more - than the protein they provide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-frass-more-than-just-waste">Insect frass: More than just waste</h2>



Insect frass is a nutrient-rich byproduct of insect farming. In contrast to regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beer-byproducts-and-manure-used-to-increase-crop-yields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manure</a>, frass is inherently pathogen-poor and rich in nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon.



The nutrients in insect frass make it a promising organic fertilizer that can augment soil health and plant growth without reliance on synthetic fertilizers. This finding sets the stage for a game-changing shift in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a>.



In previous studies, a team of researchers led by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/">Agricultural Research Service</a>&nbsp;(ARS) set out to explore the potential benefits of insect frass. 



The results showed that frass can compete with fossil fuel-based fertilizers with its higher carbon and nitrogen content, while being less pathogenic than other animal manures.



Collaborating with partners from the <a href="https://uada.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture</a>, the ARS team further studied the potential of frass as an organic fertilizer when used as a soil amendment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-proof-is-in-the-soil">The proof is in the soil</h2>



The researchers embarked on an intense two-year field study. The results were quite astounding.



Yellow mealworm frass demonstrated impressive capabilities. It managed to double the soil's carbon content while tripling its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-has-too-much-and-too-little-nitrogen-at-the-same-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen</a> content.



This was significantly higher compared to other sources such as poultry litter and ammonium nitrate. Most importantly, the frass-enriched soil produced similar crop yields and carbon dioxide emission rates.



"Insect frass substantially improved soil fertility which showed its ability to be used as an alternative to inorganic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-emissions-from-fertilizers-could-be-cut-by-80-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilizers</a>," said Amanda Ashworth, a soil scientist at the ARS Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit in Fayetteville, Arkansas. 



"This is important since insect farming is on the rise and circular agricultural systems (agricultural by-products that are recycled back into production systems) can be sustainable avenues for growing foods in the future."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-agriculture">The future of agriculture </h2>



The question is, are we ready to embrace this change? As the world witnesses an increased demand for sustainable protein sources, the insect farming industry is experiencing a surge in growth. 



According to the Global Edible Insects Market Forecast to 2030 report, the industry is set to grow at an annual pace of 28%, with an anticipated market value of $8 billion U.S. dollars by 2030.



Insect frass stands as a powerful catalyst for change, moving us towards a greener future. It promises a sustainable alternative in agriculture - one that makes use of waste to enhance our environment and feed our growing populations.



The research shows that insect frass is not just waste - it's a potential goldmine, waiting to be discovered and harnessed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-frass-and-regenerative-farming">Insect frass and regenerative farming</h2>



As the agricultural industry shifts toward more eco-friendly practices, insect frass is being recorgnized as an important player in regenerative farming. 



In contrast to traditional fertilizers, which can degrade the soil and contaminate water, insect frass promotes microbial activity and improves soil structure. 



This natural byproduct not only replenishes essential nutrients but also supports long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-soils-produce-a-symphony-of-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil health</a> by promoting beneficial bacteria and fungi.



With fears of fertilizer shortages and environmental damage due to synthetic alternatives looming, insect frass presents a promising alternative.



So far, farmers who have embraced this organic amendment are reporting greater crop resilience, reduced chemical input dependence, and soil biodiversity improvements. 



As research continues, insect frass may ultimately transform the way food is grown, making agriculture not only more productive but truly sustainable.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-87075-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Future of farming: Insect waste reshapes soil health

Scientists have found that insect frass - a blend of...

Predicting and mitigating the effects of climate change while preserving biodiversity is a top priority for both scientists and policymakers. As climate change intensifies, leading to more frequent and severe droughts, understanding the impact on plant ecosystems has become increasingly important. 



One of the main challenges is forecasting changes in species richness due to shifts in precipitation patterns. 



While it’s established that regions with more water generally support greater plant diversity, results vary at smaller plot levels concerning how rainfall affects species richness.



To improve predictions, it’s essential to explore the underlying mechanisms - particularly how intense droughts and long-term rainfall changes impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-talks-on-the-drought-crisis-end-without-agreement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>.



A new study shows that increased aridity at the plot level is indeed linked to a decrease in plant species richness, and this connection is even more pronounced following extreme droughts. 



However, this phenomenon is not easy to detect because in the absence of drought, dominant plant species can obscure this effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rainfall-drought-and-plant-diversity">Rainfall, drought, and plant diversity</h2>



Experts at the <a href="https://ecolres.hun-ren.hu/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research</a> in Hungary examined the intricate connections between long-term changes in rainfall, extreme drought conditions, the biomass of dominant plant species, and plant species diversity in a dryland ecosystem.



The research reveals that increased dryness leads to a reduction in plant species diversity in drylands and uncovers the mechanisms through which rising aridity contributes to biodiversity loss in these fragile <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-now-the-driving-force-behind-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>.



Using data from a seven-year climate change field experiment, the researchers conducted a path analysis to examine how precipitation influences species diversity, both directly and indirectly. 



The experiment simulated an extreme drought event followed by long-term variations in summer rainfall with the use of rainout shelters.



Initial analysis showed a strong positive relationship between rainfall and species diversity after extreme drought treatment, but this effect was absent without drought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dominant-plant-species-and-droughts">Dominant plant species and droughts</h2>



Interestingly, the path analysis uncovered another layer. In the absence of drought, increased rainfall boosted the biomass of dominant grass species, leading to a decrease in overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadroughts-are-becoming-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>.



Nevertheless, the direct effect of rainfall remained positive, enhancing species richness even when dominant species exerted a suppressive impact. Additionally, the study revealed that past extreme droughts strengthened the link between rainfall and species diversity. 



“Droughts weaken dominant species, creating opportunities for other plants to thrive, potentially altering the plant community,” explained study lead author Dr. Gábor Ónodi.



The findings highlight the complex interactions between rainfall, dominant species, and biodiversity. 



The research shows that while rainfall can boost plant diversity, its benefits are often mediated by the presence of dominant species that can suppress others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-ecosystems">Implications for future ecosystems</h2>



The findings have significant implications for predicting how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-persistent-droughts-will-impact-wildlife-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural ecosystems</a> will respond to future climate change.



“As global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns become more extreme, ecosystems may become increasingly sensitive to changes in water availability,” noted Dr. György Kröel-Dulay, the lead researcher.



The study highlights the importance of considering both direct and indirect effects when evaluating the impact of climate change on biodiversity.



“By deepening our understanding of these dynamics, we can better anticipate upcoming challenges and develop more effective strategies for conserving biodiversity in a world facing growing environmental uncertainties,” said senior author Dr. Zoltán Botta-Dukát.



This research serves as a valuable step toward understanding how ecosystems might adapt to changing climates and what measures can be taken to protect their rich diversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-conservation-efforts">Moving forward with conservation efforts</h2>



The insights gained from this study provide a clearer picture of how climate change affects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>, particularly in dryland ecosystems. 



By examining the interplay between rainfall, drought, and dominant plant species, scientists can begin to identify patterns that may help predict future ecological shifts. Such knowledge is crucial for developing strategies to safeguard biodiversity as global climates continue to evolve.



The work of the HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research highlights the need for continued investigation into the complex relationships within ecosystems. 



As the planet faces increasing environmental uncertainties, studies like this offer hope for finding ways to preserve the natural world for future generations.



The study is published in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.14483" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Ecology</a>. 



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Plant diversity threatened by reduced rainfall and drought

Predicting and mitigating the effects of climate change while preserving...

Hummingbird flower mites are tiny hitchhikers with an electrifying secret. These minuscule arachnids have developed a remarkable survival strategy.



A new study reveals that the mites use static electricity generated by their hummingbird chauffeurs to leap from one flower to another.



The remarkable relationship between the mites and hummingbirds has puzzled researchers for years. 



In particular, scientists have questioned what determines the moment that the mites choose to hop onto or off of a hummingbird. This is a crucial part of the mites' survival, as it enables them to transition from flower to flower for sustenance and reproduction.



After years of speculation and study, researchers may have finally found the answer.



It all started with Carlos Garcia-Robledo, an associate professor in the <a href="https://eeb.uconn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a>, who noted that the mites seemingly preferred the first flower that a hummingbird visited. This observation led him to question why the mites were not hopping onto second or third flowers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-static-electricity-helps-mites-jump">Static electricity helps mites jump</h2>



Initially, the scientific community speculated that some kind of smell signal influenced the mites. However, after conducting experiments, Garcia-Robledo felt there had to be another explanation.



“I knew that it was not maybe the smell that played a major role in this because if you bring the mites to a laboratory, they don’t care much about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-smells-like-dead-insects-to-attract-coffin-flies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smells of flowers</a> and so on. I knew it had to be something else,” he said.



The turning point came after Garcia-Robledo read a study about ticks and static electricity. An idea clicked. 



“Maybe something electrostatic was happening there. These mites are so tiny that they live at another level of perception, so of course, even little electric fields are important for them. This could help explain the mystery of how they can be fast enough to hitchhike on this family of birds,” he noted.



Armed with this new idea, Garcia-Robledo collaborated with Konstantine Manser, a Ph.D. student at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, and Diego Dierick, a scientist at the <a href="https://tropicalstudies.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Organization for Tropical Studies</a>. The team quickly constructed simple devices to test their theory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-mite-s-electric-path">Unveiling the mite's electric path</h2>



To their astonishment, the results were immediate and compelling. The researchers observed that the mites reacted to the static electricity.



“We turned on the device, and instantaneously, they started to respond. That’s how we figured out that they were using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-of-static-electricity-has-finally-been-solved/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">static electricity</a>,” explained Garcia-Robledo.



Further testing revealed that the mites were not just responding to static electricity but to a specific frequency of the electric field. 



“The mites respond to the bouncing of a signal that is associated with the size, geometry, and vibration of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hummingbirds-have-an-amazing-sense-of-touch-for-precise-navigation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hummingbirds</a>, which reach frequencies between 20 and 160 Hz,” noted Garcia-Robledo.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-mites-sense-different-signals">Different mites sense different signals</h2>



These discoveries have opened a new chapter in our understanding of hummingbird flower mites.



Each of the 19 mite species at La Selva demonstrates a unique preference for specific flowers and has unique structures in their legs that potentially allow them to detect different electrical frequencies.



“We think that there may be some specificity in the electric signals or different charges for flowers,” noted Garcia-Robledo.



As we continue to unravel the mysteries of hummingbird flower mites, we are reminded of the complex and little-understood ways in which life adapts and thrives.



In these tiny hitchhikers, we find another reflection of the incredible diversity and adaptability of our natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-masters-of-electricity">Masters of electricity</h2>



The ability of hummingbird flower mites to detect and respond to static electricity is probably the result of millions of years of evolutionary fine-tuning.



These tiny arachnids don’t just react to any electric field; they are sensitive to specific frequencies generated by the movement and vibrations of hummingbirds. 



But how did this ability develop, and why is it so crucial to their survival?



Researchers suspect that mites with a heightened sensitivity to electrical fields had an evolutionary advantage. Being able to time their jumps with precision ensures that they reach the right <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a>, and minimizes the risk of getting stranded in an unsuitable environment. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research</h2>



Over generations, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a> may have favored mites with specialized structures in their legs. As Garcia-Robledo's team observed, these structures seem to help the mites detect and interpret electric signals.



The discovery that mites use electric fields for travel raises broader ecological questions. Could other tiny organisms also exploit similar mechanisms? 



Insects, pollen, or even microbes might interact with electrostatic forces in ways we have yet to fully understand. 



This new perspective challenges researchers to rethink how small-scale biological systems interact with invisible physical forces, and opens the door to discoveries beyond mites and hummingbirds.



While the full extent of electrostatic sensing in nature remains a mystery, one thing is certain - these tiny mites are not just passive passengers. They are finely adapted travelers that use hidden forces to navigate their microscopic world with astonishing precision.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2419214122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Hummingbird flower mites use static electricity to travel

Hummingbird flower mites are tiny hitchhikers with an electrifying secret....

Forests along Brazil’s rivers have played a crucial role in connecting the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests for millions of years. These green corridors have allowed tree species to migrate between the two forests, even though they are separated by vast expanses of dry forest and savanna. 



Until now, researchers believed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-are-relocating-in-a-race-against-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree</a> migration only occurred during wetter climatic periods when rainforests expanded across South America. However, a new study from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) and the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> reveals a different story.



The research challenges the long-held assumption that tree species only moved between the Amazon and Atlantic forests during rare climate shifts. Instead, the study suggests that species have been dispersing continuously over time, using riverside forests as natural highways. 



This discovery reshapes the understanding of how rainforest biodiversity has evolved and highlights the ongoing importance of these ecological corridors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-migration-through-generations">Tree migration through generations</h2>



Rather than short-term bursts of movement, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-tree-species-are-moving-to-colder-and-wetter-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree species</a> have migrated slowly over many generations. The researchers found that trees growing along rivers helped species move gradually across the dry landscapes of Brazil.



“Rather than tree species being exchanged during specific wetter periods in the past, we found that species have dispersed consistently over time,” said Dr. James Nicholls of <a href="https://www.rbge.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RBGE</a>.



The study was focused on 164 species of Inga trees, a genus found widely in Latin American rainforests. By analyzing the DNA of these trees, the researchers reconstructed their evolutionary history, determining when different species diverged from their ancestors.



Mapping the locations of various&nbsp;Inga&nbsp;species further revealed patterns of movement between the Amazon and Atlantic forests.



This detailed genetic analysis uncovered a consistent pattern of species migration that spanned millions of years. The findings suggest that rainforest connectivity has depended not just on large-scale climate changes but also on localized ecological networks along rivers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-trees-migrate-more">Amazon trees migrate more</h2>



The study identified 16 to 20 instances where tree species from the Amazon successfully established themselves in the Atlantic forest. These events were spread across evolutionary history rather than being concentrated in specific periods when Brazil had a wetter climate. 



The findings indicate that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-are-moving-to-soils-that-lack-the-fungi-to-support-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> have been able to migrate across dry regions at a slow but steady pace, rather than relying on rare climate-driven rainforest expansions.



Interestingly, the researchers found only one or two cases where tree species moved in the opposite direction—from the Atlantic rainforest to the Amazon. This suggests an imbalance in species migration, likely due to the Amazon’s vast size and greater seed production. 



Because the Amazon is much larger, it likely sends out a greater number of seeds, increasing the chances of successful migration to the Atlantic forest.



This discovery reshapes the understanding of rainforest dynamics, showing that species movement is not just a relic of past climate changes but an ongoing process. It also suggests that even in modern times, forest corridors remain vital for biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-brazil-s-riverside-forests">Protecting Brazil’s riverside forests</h2>



The research highlights the importance of conserving forests along Brazil’s rivers. These green corridors allow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forests-which-tree-species-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree species</a> to continue moving between the two rainforests, maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. 



Brazilian law already provides legal protection for riverside forests, recognizing their critical role in preserving the country’s natural ecosystems.



“This legal protection - and efforts to preserve these riverside forests - are highly valuable for long-term habitat connectivity,” said Professor Toby Pennington from Exeter’s Department of Geography and the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/research/institutes/gsi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Systems Institute</a>.



Beyond their role in species migration, these forests are essential for sustaining the extraordinary biodiversity of the Atlantic rainforest trees.



The Atlantic rainforest is home to approximately 3,000 more plant species than the Amazon, yet only 20% of it remains intact. Habitat destruction has put many species at risk, making conservation efforts more urgent than ever.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-rainforest-connections">Maintaining rainforest connections </h2>



“In the short term, we need to protect these precious rainforests. In the long term, our study shows that we must also conserve the connections between them,” said Pennington.



Protecting the Amazon and Atlantic rainforests requires more than just safeguarding individual patches of forest. It also depends on maintaining the ecological links that have allowed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-have-an-amazing-ability-to-adapt-to-new-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree</a> species to migrate and adapt over millions of years.



Ensuring the survival of riverside forests will not only help preserve the unique biodiversity of both rainforests but also support the broader health of Brazil’s ecosystems.



The study was funded by the United States <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, emphasizing the global importance of understanding and protecting these critical rainforest connections.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.1559" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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Rainforest trees use rivers as highways for migration

Forests along Brazil’s rivers have played a crucial role in...

The Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is a vital part of the Amazon's rich biodiversity, but its genetic diversity has faced centuries of disruption. 



Factors such as European colonization, extensive deforestation, and the extinction of large seed-dispersing animals like the giant sloth have all played a role in its decline.



The Brazil nut tree is also a symbol of ecological resilience, economic sustenance, and the intricate web of life within the rainforest. But now, its future is at stake as human activities are constantly shifting the ecology of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-trees-are-critically-endangered-even-in-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amazon</a> Basin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genomic-data-from-brazil-nut-trees">Genomic data from Brazil nut trees</h2>



A team of researchers recently embarked on a mission to investigate the genetic diversity and population dynamics of Brazil nut trees.



“This research provides an amazing opportunity to study how human actions, even in the distant past, have affected genetic makeup in a wild species over short time scales,” noted Detlef Weigel, an expert at the the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/151769/biology-tuebingen" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute</a> for Biology Tübingen. 



The scientists used up-to-date genomic techniques to analyze a total of 270 Brazil nut tree samples. These samples, each with known archaeological evidence, were collected from various locations.



The result of this analysis was a detailed genomic data sheet that identified over 126,000 genetic variants in the Brazil nut tree's genome. The data is a treasure trove of insights into the genetic health and adaptability of the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-of-brazil-nut-trees">Genetic diversity of Brazil nut trees</h2>



The study suggests that, when compared to the diversity of other species, there has been a steep decline in the genetic diversity of Brazil nut trees over the past 20,000 years. But, it's not all gloom and doom.



Areas that have been managed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indigenous-communities-provide-clues-to-healthy-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indigenous communities</a> show more complex genetic backgrounds, revealing a deep connection between plant life and Indigenous land stewardship.



For example, younger trees (less than 200 years old) in the Tefé National Forest (TEF) show a greater diversity of genes. This is thanks to their adaptation to previous natural disturbances and to the management approaches of local communities that have led to genetic resilience. 



This exemplifies how traditional ecological practices can uphold the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a> and health of a species while providing a model for sustainable management.



Victor Caetano-Andrade, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Coevolution of Land Use and Urbanisation at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, shared his insight.



“We aimed to bridge gaps in our understanding of the long-term anthropogenic influences on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-herbivore-extinctions-drastically-affect-forest-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest ecosystems</a>. Our findings demonstrate how Indigenous land management practices play a significant role in maintaining the genetic diversity of Brazil nut populations,” said Caetano-Andrade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-collaboration-and-conservation">Strengthening collaboration and conservation</h2>



This innovative study highlights the crucial partnership between scientists and Indigenous land stewards. By leveraging their historical ecological knowledge, we can create more inclusive and effective conservation policies.



Looking ahead, the scientists plan to broaden their investigation to more regions and additional species within the Amazon rainforest.



The ultimate goal is to develop comprehensive conservation frameworks that protect Brazil nut trees and bolster the ecosystem's resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-and-economic-impacts">Ecological and economic impacts </h2>



The loss of genetic diversity in Brazil nut trees affects more than just the species itself. The impacts extend to other aspects of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-animals-will-suffer-as-the-rainforest-turns-into-savanna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainforest</a> ecosystem, as well as to local economies.



The Brazil nut tree is a keystone species that plays a crucial role in supporting biodiversity. These trees provide food and shelter for countless organisms - ranging from pollinators like orchid bees to large, fruit-eating mammals.



Reduced genetic diversity weakens the tree’s resilience to climate change, pests, and diseases, and increases the risk of population decline.



Moreover, this genetic bottleneck has economic consequences for communities that rely on Brazil nut harvesting as a primary source of income.



Declining tree health and lower yields could threaten a sustainable industry that has supported Amazonian livelihoods for centuries. 



Maintaining genetic variation through conservation efforts and Indigenous land stewardship will be essential for safeguarding not only the species but also the ecological and economic stability of the region.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982224016919" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Genetic legacy of the Brazil nut tree has been altered by human activity

The Brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa) is a vital part...

The city of Sydney in Australia has gained new attention for something unexpected. Instead of sunbathers by the shore or bustling restaurant queues, curious groups have appeared at the Royal Botanic Garden to experience a "corpse flower." 



This flower is famous for being the largest bloom in the world, and for its overpowering odor. Some call it revolting; others call it mesmerizing. Either way, there’s no denying its draw.



The plant’s official name is <a href="https://gustavus.edu/academics/departments/biology/titanarum/faq.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Amorphophallus titanum</a>, but its fans know it by a more colorful nickname: the corpse flower. Either way, its flowers have an odor that’s powerful enough to attract thousands.



<a href="https://findanexpert.unimelb.edu.au/profile/713188-emily-white" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Emily White</a>, a horticultural scientist at the <a href="https://www.botanicgardens.org.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Botanic Garden</a>, has studied rare tropical species for over a decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-irresistible-stench">An irresistible stench</h2>



This short-lived spectacle <a href="https://www.usbg.gov/gardens-plants/corpse-flowers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">only blooms</a> for about 24 hours every few years, when it releases a scent that many liken to the stench of rotting meat. 



Visitors report everything from hints of rancid socks to the smell of forgotten leftovers.



Staff members say nearly 20,000 people have navigated the winding pathways and stood patiently in line for a chance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-the-corpse-flower-smell-like-rotting-flesh/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">see (and smell) the flower</a> up close.



Native to the rainforests of western Indonesia, the corpse flower was discovered in 1878 by Italian botanist <a href="https://www.kew.org/plants/titan-arum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Odoardo Beccari</a>. 



It has intrigued plant enthusiasts ever since, partly because it grows from an underground corm that can weigh hundreds of pounds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corpse-flower-blooms-for-just-one-day">Corpse flower blooms for just one day</h2>



To see the plant in bloom is a rare event. The flower only lasts about a day, meaning that people who wish to see and smell it need to rush to the garden before the bloom collapses. 



If you miss it, there’s no knowing when it might come around again.



The wait might be four or five years, or even longer. The staff extended visiting hours and accepted donations from fascinated guests, hoping to give everyone a chance to witness the ephemeral wonder before it faded.



By the next afternoon, the flower would be spent, and the pungent smell would vanish, leaving just a tall, withered structure behind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-the-corpse-flower-stink">Why does the corpse flower stink?</h2>



The smell may be disagreeable to humans, but it’s essential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-orchids-have-fingers-to-pollinate-themselves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollination</a>.



While most flowers use pleasant fragrances to lure bees or butterflies, the corpse flower’s stench entices flies and beetles that specialize in feeding on carrion.



These insects mistake the odor for that of a rotting carcass, crawl deep into the bloom, and help transfer pollen in the process. 



This trick is vital to the corpse flower’s reproduction, though it can seem downright repugnant to most people brave enough to get close.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-don-t-eat-the-fruit">Don't eat the fruit</h2>



Once pollination occurs, the flower produces bright red, round fruits that appear over the course of a few months. 



In the wild, they would be eaten by certain birds, like rhinoceros hornbills, which help disperse the seeds across the rainforest floor.



The fruits are poisonous to humans and not intended as a snack. Even if they form successfully, the plant requires substantial energy to generate them, so it usually remains dormant for years before attempting another bloom.



“We expect multiple corpse flower blooms per year,” states the <a href="https://www.usbg.gov/gardens-plants/corpse-flowers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Botanic Garden</a> on their official website, although they note that the timing is unpredictable.&nbsp;



Curious onlookers everywhere have tuned in to live feeds hosted by botanical institutions. Many gardens around the world keep at least one corpse flower in a specialized greenhouse, hoping for the day it sets off a flurry of excitement.



<a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66511-largest-single-flower" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guinness World Records</a> shows that the tallest known specimen reached 10 feet 2 inches (just over 3 meters) when it bloomed in New Hampshire in 2010. 



The combination of size, smell, and rarity makes the corpse flower a consistent headliner whenever it decides to bloom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corpse-flower-conservation">Corpse flower conservation</h2>



Despite its fame in public displays, the corpse flower faces major challenges in nature. 



Environmental pressure has reduced the number of wild plants, and it is officially classified as Endangered by the <a href="https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/amazing-species/amorphophallus-titanum/pdfs/original/amorphophallus-titanum.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union for the Conservation of Nature</a>.



Intensive logging and conversion of the plant’s Sumatran habitat into palm oil plantations have taken a toll. 



Several botanic gardens cooperate on cross-pollination and seed-sharing programs to broaden the gene pool, including the Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney, Kew in London, and various U.S. institutions.



These programs aim to safeguard the species through <a href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110810104854504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ex situ</a> conservation efforts, an important lifeline for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants threatened</a> by habitat loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascination-for-all-ages">Fascination for all ages</h2>



The corpse flower isn’t just an oddity for expert gardeners. Families with kids on school breaks have dropped by the glasshouse to see - and sniff - something unlike any rose or lily.



Its short-lived bloom offers an unforgettable lesson in biodiversity. Even the worst smell can be a good teacher.



If the lines of visitors are any clue, plenty of people want to learn more about this plant’s unusual approach to survival. 



The spectacle reminds us that nature is full of surprises, and sometimes the most memorable experiences are the ones that leave your nose crinkled and your eyes wide.



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Corpse flowers smell like death, but thousands rush to see them bloom

The city of Sydney in Australia has gained new attention...

Colorectal cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, may have just found an unlikely foe in a common weed.



Artemisia herba-alba, a plant also commonly known as white wormwood or herba alba, has been used for medical purposes for thousands of years. It was originally used in the Middle East and North Africa.



This aromatic herb, which has been used to treat ailments such as bronchitis and digestive issues, is now capturing the attention of scientists for an even more meaningful purpose.



A recent study by researchers at the <a href="https://www.sharjah.ac.ae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sharjah</a> sheds light on the potential for white wormwood to fight colorectal cancer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-battle-against-colorectal-cancer">The battle against colorectal cancer</h2>



Colorectal cancer, or CRC, is a worldwide health concern. Ranked as the third most common type of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cancer-thrives-on-human-stress-as-it-spreads-throughout-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> globally, it is responsible for nearly 10% of all cancer cases.



Colorectal cancer mainly affects patients over the age of 50 and is the second leading cause of death from cancer. With one million mortalities and two million new cases recorded in 2020 alone, there is an urgent need for more effective CRC treatments.



Study lead author Dr. Lara Bou Malhab is a research associate at the Sharjah University Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences.



“Artemisia herba-alba&nbsp;could be a promising natural ingredient for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/better-cancer-tests-produce-better-cancer-treatments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer treatments</a> based on (our study’s) findings," noted Dr. Bou Malhab. "Colorectal cancer is a common and serious illness, making it essential to find new and better treatments.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-plant-works">How the plant works </h2>



Extracts isolated from Artemisia herba-alba were found to contain compounds with the ability to combat colorectal cancer. These compounds arrest the growth of the malignant cells and trigger self-destruction irrespective of the genetic makeup of these cells.



The compounds also interfere with the cell division in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unique-fingerprint-of-cancer-cells-revealed-in-hydrogen-atoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer cells</a> through proteins like Cyclin B1 and CDK1.



Furthermore, the herb extracts inhibit a pathway that significantly contributes to tumorigenesis, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.



“Our findings highlight the immense potential of Artemisia herba-alba as a natural source for developing innovative therapies against colorectal cancer, addressing the urgent need for treatments with fewer side effects and greater efficacy," said Dr. Malhab.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-substances-as-effective-drugs">Natural substances as effective drugs</h2>



Despite the call of modern medicine, the use of natural substances in synthesizing effective drugs with fewer side effects is an area that cannot be ignored, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer medications</a>.



Current chemotherapy drugs are plagued by the issues of cancer cells developing resistance and collateral damage in the form of side effects. This study, therefore, could have significant implications if noted and implemented by pharmaceutical giants.



While further research is necessary to unravel the specific molecular mechanisms and the clinical efficacy of Artemisia herba-alba in cancer treatment, there's no denying the potential that this unassuming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbs-and-spices-linked-to-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">herb</a> carries within its leaves. 



This study has contributed an important piece to the larger puzzle of creating more effective cancer treatments that are less harmful.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorectal-cancer-a-growing-global-concern">Colorectal cancer: A growing global concern</h2>



Colorectal cancer remains one of the major health challenges facing the world. The incidence rates of this cancer have been on the rise, mainly due to lifestyle factors, an aging population, and genetic predispositions.



Though early detection through screening programs has improved survival rates, treatment options remain limited and often involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation - all of which carry significant drawbacks.



Traditional chemotherapy causes severe side effects, such as immune suppression, fatigue, and gastrointestinal distress.



This is why natural compounds such as Artemisia herba-alba are gaining attention. Experts are looking at plant-based solutions that could offer targeted cancer-fighting properties with fewer side effects.



If further research confirms the herb’s effectiveness, it will open doors to more accessible, well-tolerated therapies that could revolutionize colorectal cancer treatment.



With colorectal cancer cases estimated to reach 3.2 million annually by 2040, the need for better treatments has never been greater.



In light of this discovery on Artemisia herba-alba, researchers are bound to look towards nature for their future pharmacological discovery in cancer treatment.



The full study was published in the journal Food Science &amp; Nutrition.



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Medicinal plant has great potential to fight colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths...

Endangered plants