Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d55013d210f7439f8ca981b3b73576f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j69i59.492j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) &gt; Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons and paddlefishes) &gt; Acipenseridae (Sturgeons) &gt; Acipenserinae Etymology: : Latin, = sturgeon, 1853 (Ref. 45335); transmontanus: The specific name is derived from the Latin acipenser (sturgeon), trans (beyond), and montanus (mountain) (Ref. 27436).More on author: Richardson.

Acipenser transmontanus

Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Aythya innotata

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Babyrousa babyrussa

Balaena mysticetus

Balaenoptera borealis

Balaenoptera musculus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-populations-dropped/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a <a title="Marine mammal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal">marine mammal</a> belonging to the <a title="Baleen whale" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whale">baleen whale</a> suborder Mysticeti. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and weight of 173 tonnes (190 tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can be various shades of grayish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath.

There are currently five <a title="Subspecies" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies">subspecies</a> of blue whale, recognized by the <a title="Society for Marine Mammalogy" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Marine_Mammalogy">Society for Marine Mammalogy</a>'s Committee on Taxonomy: B. m. musculus in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, B. m. intermedia in the Southern Ocean, B. m. brevicauda (the <a title="Pygmy blue whale" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_blue_whale">pygmy blue whale</a>) in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, B. m. indica in the Northern Indian Ocean, and B. m. unnamed subsp. in the waters off Chile. The blue whale diet consists almost exclusively of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Euphausiids" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphausiids">euphausiids</a> (<a title="Krill" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill">krill</a>).

The blue whale was once <a class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolitan species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_species">abundant in nearly all the oceans on Earth</a> until the end of the 19th century. It was hunted almost to the point of <a title="Extinction" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction">extinction</a> by <a title="Whaling" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling">whaling</a> until the <a title="International Whaling Commission" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> banned all hunting of blue whales in 1967. The <a title="International Whaling Commission" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission">International Whaling Commission</a> catch database estimates that 382,595 blue whales were caught between 1868 and 1978. The global blue whale population is estimated to be 10,000–25,000

Balaenoptera musculus

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Balaenoptera physalus

Batagur baska NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and<a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/"> Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Batagur baska ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=4f24d9dddeb2405c83483dad4caa9c03&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.3192j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

The northern river terrapin is one of Asia's largest freshwater and brackwater turtles, reaching a carapace length of up to 60 cm and a maximum weight of 18 kg. Its <a title="Carapace" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carapace">carapace</a> is moderately depressed, with a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral">vertebral</a> keel in juveniles. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Plastron" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastron">plastron</a> is large, strongly angulate laterally in the young, convex in the adult. The head is rather small, with a pointed and upwards-tending snout. The legs have band-like scales.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_river_terrapin#cite_note-boulenger-5">[5]</a>

The upper surface of the carapace and the soft parts are generally olive-brown, while the plastron is yellowish. Head and neck are brown with reddish bases. Males in breeding coloration have a black head and neck with a crimson or orange dorsal surface and red or orange forelegs. The colour of the pupils also changes during this period, to brown in females and yellow-white in males. During the breeding season, the color of the pupils of a female brown whereas the pupils in the males become yellowish-white.

Batagur baska

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Batrachoseps aridus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The garden slender salamander is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is found in northern Baja California in Mexico and Southern California in the United States. Discovered in 1969 and formerly recognized as a full species, Batrachoseps aridus. Based on a recommendation by Wake and Jockusch, B.aridus was synonymized with Batrachoseph.

The garden slender salamander's natural <a title="Habitat" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat">habitats</a>, in the <a title="Transverse Ranges" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_Ranges">Transverse</a> and <a title="Peninsular Ranges" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a>, are <a title="California chaparral and woodlands" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands">chaparral and woodlands</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate coniferous forests" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests">temperate coniferous forests</a>, <a title="Arable land" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land">arable land</a>, rural <a title="Garden" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden">gardens</a>, and <a title="Urban area" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area">urban areas</a>.

This salamander eats worms of many types and crawling arthropods of lesser size, such as <a class="mw-redirect" title="Pill bugs" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pill_bugs">pill bugs</a>.

Batrachoseps aridus

Batrachoseps aridus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Batrisodes texanus Chandler

Batrisodes texanus

Batrisodes venyivi

Bebrornis rodericanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Bebrornis rodericanus ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=4f24d9dddeb2405c83483dad4caa9c03&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.3192j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.The Rodrigues Warbler (Bebrornis rodericanus) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "birds" and found in the following area(s): Mauritius (Rodrigues Islands). This species is also known

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. The Rodrigues warbler is a species of Old World warbler in the family Acrocephalidae. It is found only on the island of Rodrigues and used to be plentiful there. Their population soon got smaller. Cyclone Monique in 1968 almost wiped out the entire species. Then a cyclone in 1979 reduced the population even more. The main threats to these birds is the destruction of vegetation for fuel or grazing, rats, and cyclones.

Bebrornis rodericanus

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Bebrornis sechellensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Bebrornis sechellensis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=9a3f713221564efb8ba765af041db10f&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59j69i57j69i60l3j0l2.676j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world.Oustalet, 1877) Common Name(s): Taxonomic Status: Current Standing: valid Data Quality Indicators: Record Credibility Rating: verified - standards met Taxonomic Hierarchy

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

The Seychelles warbler, also known as Seychelles brush warbler, is a small songbird found on five granitic and corraline islands in the Seychelles. It is a greenish-brown bird with long legs and a long slender bill. It is primarily found in forested areas on the islands. The Seychelles warbler is a rarity in that it exhibits cooperative breeding, or alloparenting; which means that the monogamous pair is assisted by nonbreeding female helpers.

Bebrornis sechellensis

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Bettongia gaimardi NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

This animal's habitat is dry, open <a title="Eucalypt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalypt">eucalypt</a> forests and grassy woodlands at altitudes between sea level and 1,000 meters.

A major component of their diet is <a title="Truffle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle">truffles</a> and other underground fungi, as well as roots and <a title="Tuber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber">tubers</a>. Insects and grubs are also eaten. It is unique in that it will travel up to 1.5 km from its nest to a feeding area, a considerable distance for such a small creature.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bettong#cite_note-DPIW2-8">[8]</a>

A <a title="Nocturnality" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality">nocturnal animal</a>, the bettong sleeps during the day in a domed nest. The nests are made with densely woven grass, leaves and shredded bark in a sheltered site such as a shallow depression in the ground or under a fallen log or clump of vegetation. The animal uses its curved <a title="Prehensile tail" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensile_tail">prehensile tail</a> to transport the nesting materials to the nest site.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bettong#cite_note-DPIW2-8">[8]</a> The animal only uses the nest for one or two nights, before it moves on in search of food.

Like other bettongs, the eastern bettong is a <a class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic breeders" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_breeders">continuous breeder</a>, producing young throughout the year.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bettong#cite_note-UTAS-9">[9]</a> The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation_period">gestation period</a> is 21 days, after which the infant (referred to as a "joey") remains in the pouch for an additional 105 days.

Bettongia gaimardi

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Bettongia lesueur NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/plants-cannot-keep-up-with-rising-co2-levels/">plants</a> and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The boodie (Bettongia lesueur), also known as the burrowing bettong, or Lesueur's rat-kangaroo, is a small <a title="Marsupial" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial">marsupial</a>. Its population is an example of the effects of <a title="Introduced species" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species">introduced animals</a> on <a title="Australia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australian</a> fauna and <a title="Ecosystem" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Once the most common <a title="Macropodiformes" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropodiformes">macropodiform</a> <a title="Mammal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal">mammal</a> on the whole continent, the boodie now only lives on off-lying <a title="Island" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island">islands</a> and in a newly introduced <a title="Population" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population">population</a> on the mainland at <a title="Shark Bay" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_Bay">Shark Bay</a>. This animal, first collected during an 1817 French expedition of the west coast, was named after <a title="Charles Alexandre Lesueur" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_Lesueur">Charles Lesueur</a>, an artist and naturalist who accompanied a previous French expedition.

Bettongia lesueur

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Bettongia penicillata NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The woylie or brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) is an extremely rare, small <a title="Marsupial" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial">marsupial</a>, belonging to the <a title="Genus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus">genus</a> <a class="mw-redirect" title="Bettongia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettongia">Bettongia</a>, that is endemic to <a title="Australia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia">Australia</a>. There are two subspecies: B. p. ogilbyi, and the now extinct B. p. penicillata.

A description published as Hypsiprymnus ogilbyi, a species now recognised as the only extant subspecies of B. penicillata. The cited author is <a class="mw-redirect" title="G. R. Waterhouse" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._R._Waterhouse">G. R. Waterhouse</a>, who presented a manuscript prepared by <a title="John Gould" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gould">John Gould</a>. The type was collected at <a title="York, Western Australia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Western_Australia">York, Western Australia</a>.
<ul>
 	<li>Bettongia penicillata penicillata J.E. Gray, 1837. The nominate subspecies, classified as a modern extinction.</li>
</ul>
The common name, "woylie", is derived from walyu in the <a title="Nyungar language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyungar_language">Nyungar language</a>. The regional variants amongst Nyungar peoples are noted as wol, woli and woylie. The spelling woylie, and its variants, were used for the species in reports and advertisements in <a title="Western Australia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia">Western Australian</a> newspapers, and the spelling 'woylye' was added in the 1920s. The names boodie and boodie rat came to be applied by the rural inhabitants to several species in south-west Australia, including the woylie, and printed in references to them after 1897. However, the <a title="Boodie" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodie">boodie</a> (Bettongia lesueur) is now recognised as a separate species. The term "kangaroo rat" was also applied from the founding of the <a title="Swan River Colony" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_River_Colony">Swan River Colony</a>, and was sometimes used to distinguish the species from the boodie. Another vernacular term applied to the woylie was "farting rat", inspired by the abrupt noise it emits when disturbed

Bettongia penicillata

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Bettongia tropica NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/lake-st-clair-of-the-u-s-and-canada/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Bettongia tropica ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=4f24d9dddeb2405c83483dad4caa9c03&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j0.3192j0j9&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">North America</a> and the world.Bettongia tropica is endemic to the Wet Tropics of North Queensland, Australia. The species is endangered and in decline, having already disappeared from a number of localities at the edge

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The northern bettong is a small potoroid marsupial which is restricted to some areas of mixed open Eucalyptus woodlands and Allocasuarina forests bordering rainforests in far northeastern Queensland, Australia. They are known as "rat kangaroos" and move about in a slow hopping manner. There are five different species in Australia of this particular animal. It is about the size of a rabbit with a large tail dragging behind.

Bettongia tropica

Bettongia tropica NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Bison bison athabascae

Blastocerus dichotomus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Blastocerus dichotomus ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. The marsh deer, sometimes known as the swamp deer, is the largest deer species from South America reaching a length of 2 m and a shoulder height of 1.2 m. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. Formerly found in much of tropical and subtropical South America, it ranged east of the Andes, south from the Amazon rainforest, west of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest and north of the Argentinian Pampa. Today it is largely reduced to isolated populations at marsh and lagoon zones in the Paraná, Paraguay, Araguaia and Guapore river basins. Small populations also occur in the southern Amazon, including Peru where protected in Bahuaja-Sonene National Park. It is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN and on CITES Appendix I.

Blastocerus dichotomus

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NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce, including fresh plants, on future space missions to the Moon and Mars. While sealed food packets get the job done, they can lose flavor and vitamins over time.



Cultivating leafy greens and vegetables on the space station could address this problem and give crews a happier mental state. 



Efforts to grow plants such as lettuce, peppers, radishes, and tomatoes in microgravity have been underway, revealing new insights into how spaceflight influences plant genetics, water use, and flavor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-are-key-to-space-exploration">Plants are key to space exploration</h2>



This work is being guided by <a href="https://npp.orau.org/experiences/gioia-massa.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gioia Massa</a> from NASA. Her background involves studying plant behavior in space to help boost the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-astronauts-meals-lose-flavor-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variety and taste</a> of fresh crops.&nbsp;



As NASA paves the path toward deeper space travel, her team has focused on how <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-is-microgravity-grades-5-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microgravity</a> and factors like humidity and light control affect plant shape, nutrient quality, and yield. 



By examining bacteria that live alongside the plants, they also track whether these microorganisms remain safe and beneficial for human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-crops-in-microgravity">Growing crops in microgravity</h2>



One key study, <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=9195" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Habitat-07</a>, looks at how lettuce tolerates different moisture conditions in microgravity. 



Although water is crucial for plant cells, too much can restrict oxygen at the roots, and too little can cause wilting.&nbsp;



This investigation uses four moisture scenarios in a specialized growth chamber to see how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-tomatoes-are-ready-for-an-unprecedented-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> adjust nutrient production. 



Researchers check yield, overall plant health, and whether bacterial populations on the leaves pose any risk. Early data point to the importance of balancing water to maintain robust leaves that still taste good.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-space-grown-veggies-tastier">Making space-grown veggies tastier</h2>



NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7896" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04A</a> and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=7895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Veg-04B</a> explorations spotlighted how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electro-agriculture-grows-food-in-the-dark-with-94-less-land-required/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light quality</a> and fertilizer affect lettuce and leafy greens on station. 



Studies found that switching red and blue LEDs, or adjusting nutrient formulas, changes how the leaves look, taste, and grow.&nbsp;



These investigations guided more recent plantings of other crops, such as tomatoes. Crew members gave feedback on freshness and flavor, which could inform future seed selection for diverse salads during long-duration spaceflights.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/space-garden_plants_Mizuna-mustard-greens_ISS_Nick-Hague_NASA_1s.webp" alt="NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1956364"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">NASA astronaut Nick Hague harvests Mizuna mustard greens for VEG-04 onboard the International Space Station. Credit: NASA</figcaption></figure>



A <a href="https://biologydirect.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13062-024-00476-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> on Arabidopsis thaliana (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=DetailsSearch&amp;term=AT1G19968" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thale cress</a>) showed that low gravity changes gene expression and how plants regulate key chemical markers. Researchers tracked DNA methylation—a process that can switch genes on or off. 



Their discoveries open new avenues for customizing plant genes to handle the difficulties of space, like unusual water movement or limited floor space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormones-and-movement">Hormones and movement</h2>



Scientists have <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/station/research-explorer/investigation/?#id=1730" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">explored</a> how plant hormones guide growth in microgravity. One series of tests examined <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34396657/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auxins</a>, natural signals that steer root and shoot direction.&nbsp;



Some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species had lower auxin levels when floating in microgravity, which curbed their normal pattern of upward stem development. 



Others had higher levels, suggesting that the exact outcome varies by species. This subtle shift in plant chemistry helps NASA design growth chambers that best support each crop’s needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-plants-to-handle-space">Engineering plants to handle space</h2>



Roots and shoots in microgravity can develop weaker supportive tissues or, in some cases, produce thicker walls for unknown reasons. 



An <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41526-023-00312-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigation</a> used a suite of lab tools to identify changes in molecules that build plant cell walls, especially those providing mechanical strength.&nbsp;



Although some species quickly adapt and form healthy walls, others remain frail. NASA’s next step is to refine which varieties flourish with minimal gravity or to tweak conditions so roots are less prone to bending or thinning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sterols-and-space-based-flowering">Sterols and space-based flowering</h2>



Researchers on the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/first-contracted-spacex-resupply-mission-launches-with-nasa-cargo-to-space-station/">Resist Tubule</a> mission <a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bss/38/0/38_18/_article">uncovered</a> that arabidopsis plants grown in microgravity sometimes see reduced sterol levels.&nbsp;



Sterols help keep cell membranes stable and support a range of growth responses, including when and how a plant transitions to flowering. 



The drop in sterols in microgravity can slow certain steps in development. By noting which genes control those sterols, scientists may spot ways to keep plants on schedule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-space-missions-with-plants">Preparing for space missions with plants</h2>



Having tasty salad greens aboard the station is only the first step. NASA’s focus is on sustaining crews through missions lasting many months. 



The progress so far is encouraging: fresh produce is feasible in orbit, and each new finding helps refine the process.&nbsp;



As more crops are tested for flavor, nutrition, and shelf life, humans gain the ability to grow food far from our planet. 



With input from experts like Gioia Massa, the future of in-space agriculture looks promising for both nourishment and crew satisfaction.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17429145.2023.2292220#abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Plant Interactions</a>.



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Space lettuce: NASA's plans to grow nutritious plants on Mars

NASA is examining ways to ensure explorers have nourishing produce,...

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become a favorite among foragers and food enthusiasts. 



Found in their characteristic dense patches, they are known for their creamy, custard-like texture and sweet flavor - described as a mix of mango and banana - and offer a unique culinary experience.



However, the ecological impact of pawpaws extends far beyond their popularity as a delicious treat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-take-over-the-forest">Pawpaw patches take over the forest</h2>



Pawpaws, the state fruit tree of Missouri, naturally grow in groups called patches. These patches form because pawpaw trees can reproduce clonally, meaning they spread through their roots.



New stems grow from these roots, close to the original tree, in a way similar to how aspen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> create groves. This process allows a single pawpaw tree to establish a larger group of genetically identical trees, which is why these patches are often celebrated in American folk songs.



However, these patches don’t just grow - they take over. Pawpaw trees spread quickly, creating dense clusters that dominate the forest understory.



Their thick growth and clonal expansion leave little space or resources for other plants to thrive, effectively reducing plant diversity and altering the local ecosystem. While these patches are great for pawpaws, they can significantly limit the growth of other species around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaws-effect-on-plant-diversity">Pawpaws’ effect on plant diversity</h2>



New research from <a href="https://washu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University</a> in St. Louis highlights how pawpaw patches influence biodiversity.



“Pawpaws create a habitat where the rules of competition are more random than when they’re absent,” noted Anna Wassel, a graduate student and lead author of the study.



The researchers found that pawpaw patches have a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-diverse-crops-traps-carbon-and-boosts-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on plant diversity</a> within their boundaries. Specifically, the variety of herbaceous plants, which include smaller, non-woody species like grasses and wildflowers, was 49% lower inside pawpaw patches compared to areas outside.



This indicates that nearly half of the usual types of these plants struggle to survive in the environment created by pawpaw trees. The dense shade and competitive conditions within the patches make it difficult for many plant species to thrive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pawpaw-patches-decrease-plant-density">Pawpaw patches decrease plant density</h2>



In addition to reduced diversity, the total density of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-shaped-plant-biodiversity-for-thousands-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> - combining both woody species like shrubs and herbaceous species - was found to be 29% lower inside pawpaw patches.



This means not only are there fewer types of plants, but also fewer individual plants overall. The dominance of pawpaw trees and their resource consumption leave less room and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plant-diversity-can-help-combat-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fewer resources for other plants to grow</a>.



The study also revealed that pawpaw patches increase the randomness of which plants survive, particularly at larger scales. 



In typical forest ecosystems, plants compete for sunlight, water, and nutrients in predictable ways, with certain species better adapted to the conditions prevailing. However, inside pawpaw patches, these usual rules of competition break down. 



The survival of plants becomes more random, disrupting the natural balance of the ecosystem. This unpredictability makes it harder for a stable and diverse plant community to form within pawpaw-dominated areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pawpaw-patches-ruin-other-plants">Why pawpaw patches ruin other plants</h2>



Pawpaw trees have a strong ability to outcompete other plants, thanks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-in-dry-landscapes-have-surprising-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">several factors</a>. 



Their large, tropical-looking leaves create dense shade, blocking sunlight that many smaller plants need to grow. Without enough light, these plants struggle to survive and thrive under the pawpaw canopy.



Additionally, pawpaw trees spread through underground roots and produce multiple stems in one area. This high stem density increases competition for soil nutrients and water, leaving fewer resources for other plants in the vicinity.



Another factor is that deer tend to avoid eating pawpaw trees. Instead, they graze on other plants nearby, further reducing the variety of plant species in and around pawpaw patches. 



This combination of shading, resource competition, and selective deer browsing makes pawpaw patches a tough environment for other plants to grow - significantly lowering local biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-forest-management">Implications for forest management </h2>



The study’s findings offer important lessons for managing forest ecosystems. 



“If you are monitoring a plot of land with the aim to encourage the growth of understory species, unfortunately, pawpaws are not your friends,” Wassel noted. 



The dominance and unpredictability of pawpaw patches make them a challenge for land managers focused on promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/islands-are-home-to-one-third-of-all-known-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a>.



However, for those interested in harvesting pawpaw fruit, the approach is different. To ensure cross-pollination and healthy fruit production, managers should encourage as many genetically distinct patches as possible.



“The presence of pawpaws is never inherently good or bad, it’s just natural. Nature’s goals are never as linear as ours,” noted Wassel.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecs2.70115" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecosphere</a>.



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Pawpaw trees form dense patches that outcompete other plants

Pawpaws, the largest native fruit in North America, have become...

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global estimates of water storage in Earth’s vegetation and the time it takes for that water to flow through plants. The research fills a critical gap in our understanding of the global water cycle and its sensitivity to climate and land-use changes.



Published in the journal Nature Water, the study reveals that Earth's vegetation holds about 786 km³ of water, a mere 0.002% of Earth’s total freshwater.



However, the significance lies in the rapid movement of water through plants. This transit time, from absorption to release into the atmosphere, is among the fastest in the water cycle - ranging from five days in croplands to 18 days in evergreen needleleaf forests.



For perspective, water in lakes takes around 17 years to cycle, and in glaciers, the process spans 1,600 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-loop-of-earth-s-water-cycle">Continuous loop of Earth's water cycle</h2>



Earth's water cycle, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrological cycle</a>, is the continuous movement of water through the environment. It begins with evaporation, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-are-wreaking-havoc-on-the-global-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun heats water</a> from oceans, lakes, and rivers, turning it into vapor.



This vapor rises into the atmosphere and cools, leading to&nbsp;condensation, which forms clouds. When the clouds become heavy, water returns to Earth as&nbsp;precipitation&nbsp;in the form of rain, snow, or hail. 



Once on the ground, water either flows over the surface into rivers and lakes (runoff) or seeps into the soil (infiltration). 



Plants also play a role by releasing water vapor into the air through&nbsp;transpiration. Together, these processes recycle water, connecting oceans, land, and the atmosphere in a continuous loop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-forgotten-element-of-the-water-cycle">A forgotten element of the water cycle</h2>



“Plants are the forgotten part of the global water cycle,” noted Dr. Andrew Felton, lead author and professor at <a href="https://www.montana.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Montana State University</a>. Despite their critical role in returning water from the ground to the atmosphere, plants are often excluded from water cycle diagrams.



“Our results show that the transit of water through plants occurs on the order of days, rather than months, years, or centuries, as it does in other parts of the water cycle,” said Dr. Felton.



By combining plant water transit estimates with those for the atmosphere (8–10 days) and soil (60–90 days), researchers can now approximate the total time a drop of water spends in the terrestrial cycle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intensification-of-the-water-cycle">Intensification of the water cycle</h2>



One striking finding is the rapid transit of water through croplands. During peak growing seasons, water cycles through crops in less than a day. This speed, consistent across global croplands, hints at a broader environmental implication.



“Land use change may be homogenizing the global water cycle and contributing to its intensification by more rapidly recycling water back to the atmosphere where it can turn into heavy rain events,” explained <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/our-faculty/greg-goldsmith" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Gregory Goldsmith</a>, senior author and associate professor at Chapman University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-dynamics-in-earth-s-vegetation">Water dynamics in Earth's vegetation</h2>



The research team utilized data from NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive Mission (<a href="https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMAP</a>), a satellite program designed to measure soil moisture across Earth’s surface.



SMAP data accounted for vegetation interference, which the satellite originally treated as noise to correct soil moisture readings. However, the researchers discovered that these corrections held important information about the amount of water stored in plants.



By analyzing this overlooked data and combining it with advanced measurements of how quickly water exits plants, the team developed detailed estimates. 



These included five years of monthly data on plant water storage and the time water takes to move through vegetation, calculated with a spatial resolution of&nbsp;9 square kilometers (approximately 3.5 square miles). 



This high-resolution analysis provided a remarkable understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distress-signals-earths-water-cycle-is-becoming-more-erratic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water dynamics within Earth's vegetation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-a-changing-planet">Implications for a changing planet</h2>



The study highlights the sensitivity of plant water transit times to environmental events like deforestation, drought, and wildfires. 



“The results suggest that the transit time of water through plants is likely to be very sensitive to events such as deforestation, drought and wildfire, which will fundamentally change the time it takes for water to flow through the water cycle,” said Felton.



By shedding light on the dynamic role of vegetation, this research highlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the urgent need to understand how land-use changes influence the global water cycle.



As the planet faces intensifying climate challenges, studies like this pave the way for more informed strategies to manage water resources and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sci-fi-inspired-scenarios-illustrate-our-impact-on-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predict environmental shifts</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-024-00365-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Water</a>.



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Water moves through plants and back into the atmosphere with unexpected speed

A study from Chapman University provides the first comprehensive global...

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of waste and grounds that often end up in landfills. People around the globe are seeking ways to reduce this organic trash, and construction researchers have identified a method that may give old coffee grounds a second life.



By finding innovative solutions, they are turning waste into a tool for advancing sustainability across industries, addressing the issue of waste management, and offering benefits to industries beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-production-threatened-by-loss-of-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee sector</a>.



By reimagining a common byproduct, scientists are opening doors to more sustainable and practical applications for organic waste, thereby transforming a problem into a valuable resource, which could redefine how organic waste is utilized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turning-coffee-grounds-into-stronger-concrete">Turning coffee grounds into stronger concrete</h2>



RMIT University engineer <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/profiles/r/rajeev-roychand" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Rajeev Roychand</a> and his colleagues have demonstrated that processing leftover coffee grounds can make concrete significantly stronger.&nbsp;



To unlock these benefits, researchers placed coffee waste in a low-oxygen environment and heated it to over 350 °F (about 660 °F). This heating method, called pyrolysis, changes the grounds into a carbon-rich material.



The treatment alters the coffee grounds at a molecular level, transforming them into a material that integrates well with concrete. More importantly, it enables the production of stronger concrete with reduced environmental impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-pyrolysis-is-key">Why pyrolysis is key</h2>



Pyrolysis involves heating organic matter in the absence of oxygen. When coffee waste is treated with this process at 350 °C, it transforms into a substance known as biochar, which carries the advantage of being able to bond effectively with cement.



In general, the construction industry has long faced challenges with resource consumption, particularly related to sand extraction. 



Using biochar derived from coffee can replace a portion of the sand that goes into concrete, thus lowering demand for natural sand.



This process not only lessens dependency on finite resources but also aligns with the growing push for sustainable construction practices. 



The pyrolyzed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-flavor-can-be-improved-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a> biochar creates a porous structure that improves the way concrete holds together under stress. 



This method provides a dual benefit: finding a productive use for waste while simultaneously addressing the ecological impacts of sand extraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-organic-waste-and-emissions">Reducing organic waste and emissions</h2>



Experts <a href="https://ico.org/resources/trade-statistics-tables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">estimate</a> that global coffee consumption generates around 10 billion kilograms (22 billion pounds) of spent grounds each year. Much of this waste takes up precious space in landfills, while also releasing methane and carbon dioxide.&nbsp;



Methane is considered to be a more harmful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period. Hence, diverting this waste toward sustainable uses could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 



Ultimately, with coffee consumption so widespread, even small changes in recycling practices could have far-reaching effects on the environment.



“The disposal of organic waste poses an environmental challenge as it emits large amounts of greenhouse gases,” said <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roychand</a>. By recycling coffee grounds, researchers hope to mitigate these environmental impacts while improving concrete’s quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indigenous-perspective-on-sustainability">Indigenous perspective on sustainability</h2>



“Inspiration for my research, from an Indigenous perspective, involves Caring for Country,” said RMIT engineer and co-researcher <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/news/all-news/2022/august/indigenous-researcher-ppe-innovation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shannon Kilmartin-Lynch</a>.



Sustainable practices that keep organic waste from landfills can protect ecosystems, minimize pollution, and preserve natural resources. 



This philosophy integrates cultural respect for the environment with cutting-edge engineering techniques. Using coffee biochar in construction aligns with this idea of managing resources more responsibly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-this-really-work">Will this really work?</h2>



The coffee-biochar blend requires further testing to confirm its performance over extended periods. Scientists want to know how it stands up to water exposure, freeze-and-thaw cycles, and constant use.



These durability tests will help determine whether biochar-infused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycled-cement-is-an-absolute-miracle-to-lower-concrete-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concrete</a> can meet the rigorous demands of modern infrastructure projects.



They are also planning to work with different types of organic waste (like wood scraps, food leftovers, and agricultural byproducts) to see if these can also be converted into materials that improve concrete’s structural properties.



These assessments are critical for determining whether the material can be used in large-scale construction projects. 



The research team is committed to exploring the practicality of biochar-based concrete under real-world conditions to ensure its reliability and safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-coffee-grounds-and-concrete">Future of coffee grounds and concrete</h2>



As buildings rise and infrastructure expands, the search for more sustainable practices will become even more urgent. This approach of adding coffee biochar to concrete could contribute to the circular economy.



Transforming a problematic waste into a valuable input, is the first push of many required to reduce reliance on raw materials such as natural sand. 



The example of this approach sets the stage for industries to adopt similar methods, encouraging broader adoption of waste-to-resource strategies.



Such actions promise to lessen the environmental strain while boosting the long-term resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-romans-made-such-incredibly-durable-concrete-is-no-longer-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">construction methods</a>.



Through continued collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and businesses, innovations like this have the potential to reshape the way we think about resources. 



By connecting waste management to infrastructure, this research could redefine sustainability in the modern era.



The research findings were published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652623023636" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Cleaner Production</a>.



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Adding coffee grounds during the construction process could reinforce buildings

Every day, countless cups of coffee leave behind piles of...

We’ve all seen houseplants tucked in corners far from windows or lush greenery growing under dense tree canopies. Yet, these plants manage to grow and thrive in shade without direct sunlight. How do they do it?



New research reveals that shaded plants capture more light than previously believed. Scientists from Utrecht University and Wageningen University &amp; Research (WUR) found that these plants effectively use light beyond the visible spectrum. 



Published in the journal Plant Cell &amp; Environment, the findings could transform photosynthesis research and greenhouse horticulture practices.



“When you have a better understanding of how different colors of light affect photosynthesis and plant growth, you can help growers develop smart ways to supplement natural sunlight with colored light,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaded-plants-capture-far-red-light">Shaded plants capture far-red light </h2>



Shaded plants benefit from light that filters through the leaves of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-how-plants-grow-wider-not-just-taller/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> above them. When sunlight hits the upper plant leaves, they absorb most of the light for photosynthesis but allow some light to pass through. 



This unabsorbed light primarily consists of green and far-red wavelengths, which are less useful to the upper plants but become crucial for the plants below.



Far-red light, in particular, falls within the 700–750 nm range of the light spectrum. Unlike visible light, which plants predominantly use for photosynthesis, far-red light was previously thought to have little impact. 



However, the study reveals that shaded plants have adapted to use far-red light effectively for photosynthesis, allowing them to survive and grow even in low-light environments. This ability is vital for plants in dense forests or closely planted crops, where direct sunlight is scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthesis-in-shaded-plants">Photosynthesis in shaded plants</h2>



“Until now, researchers have seldom considered the possibility that plants utilize far-red light for photosynthesis,” said WUR PhD candidate <a href="https://research.wur.nl/en/persons/tinko-jans" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tinko Jans</a>.



Conventional experiments suggested that photosynthesis relied mainly on visible wavelengths (400–700 nm). 



However, this study reveals that far-red light significantly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/booster-plant-gene-discovery-amplifies-plant-growth-up-to-200-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boosts photosynthesis</a> when combined with small amounts of visible light. The team developed a new method to measure and model this contribution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-grow-taller-using-far-red-light">Plants grow taller using far-red light</h2>



Far-red light also affects plant behavior, triggering a “shade avoidance response.” “Many plants react to a relative increase in far-red light by growing straight up, to win the competition for light,” Jans explained.



This response benefits horticulturists, allowing plants to grow closer together in limited spaces.



Recent advances in LED technology have enabled researchers to study far-red light more effectively. 



“In earlier experiments, we showed that shade <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-plants-grow-more-branches-and-become-bushy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants grow faster</a> when supplemented with far-red light from LEDs,” noted Utrecht University environmental scientist <a href="https://www.uu.nl/staff/HJdeBoer" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hugo de Boer</a>, who initiated the study.



The findings highlight how controlled light environments can optimize plant growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-considering-the-full-light-spectrum">Considering the full light spectrum </h2>



The scientists faced challenges in studying the role of far-red light in photosynthesis because existing models only considered visible light (400–700 nm) as the primary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contributor to plant growth</a>.



Far-red light was largely overlooked in traditional research and calculations.



“It turned out to be much more difficult to quantify the color effect on photosynthesis,” explained Hugo de Boer, as earlier models and measurement methods were not designed to account for the influence of far-red light.



To overcome this, the researchers adapted widely used photosynthesis models to include far-red light. They combined measurements of photosynthesis with data from the full spectrum of light reaching plant leaves. 



This updated approach allowed them to accurately demonstrate how far-red light, when integrated with visible light, significantly enhances photosynthesis and supports plant growth. 



This breakthrough highlights the importance of considering the full light spectrum in both research and agricultural practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-crop-cultivation">Greenhouse crop cultivation</h2>



The research highlights a previously underestimated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factor in plant growth</a>: the role of far-red light in photosynthesis.



Far-red light was once thought to contribute little to photosynthesis. However, the study demonstrates that plants can effectively use this light, especially when combined with visible light, to enhance their growth.



The findings hold significant potential for greenhouse horticulture. By integrating far-red light into lighting strategies, growers can optimize plant growth even in shaded or crowded environments where sunlight is limited.



This approach could improve crop yields while reducing the energy and space required for cultivation.



Leveraging far-red light offers a smarter, more sustainable method of farming, allowing plants to thrive in conditions that were previously considered suboptimal. This advancement could transform modern agriculture, making it more efficient and environmentally friendly.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pce.15340" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Cell &amp; Environment</a>.



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Plants living in the shade get much more light than previously believed

We’ve all seen houseplants tucked in corners far from windows...

The humble carrot may be more powerful than we realized. Beyond its culinary versatility, this nutrient-rich root vegetable is gaining attention for its potential health benefits. Recent research suggests that carrots could play a significant role in the fight against type 2 diabetes.



The study was conducted by a team of experts from the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern Denmark</a> (SDU), Odense University Hospital, and the University of Copenhagen. 



The researchers found that carrots boost the body's regulation of blood sugar levels and have a beneficial influence on gut bacteria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-type-2-diabetes">What is type 2 diabetes?</h2>



Type 2 diabetes is a widespread and growing public health concern, impacting millions of people worldwide. 



Characterized by the body’s inability to effectively use insulin, this chronic condition can lead to serious complications including heart disease, kidney damage, nerve issues, and vision loss.



The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been steadily rising, fueled by factors such as sedentary lifestyles, unhealthy diets, and increasing rates of obesity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-a-snack-food">More than just a snack food </h2>



According to the World Health Organization, the number of people living with diabetes has nearly quadrupled over the past few decades - highlighting the urgent need for effective prevention, management, and treatment strategies.



Current treatments for type 2 diabetes involve dietary changes and drugs, which can be quite irritating. 



The researchers propose that carrots, which are rich in bioactive compounds, may offer a natural way to complement existing treatments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioactive-compounds-in-carrots">Bioactive compounds in carrots </h2>



To test their theory, the scientists placed laboratory mice with type 2 diabetes in two groups for a period of 16 weeks.



One group was fed a high fat diet that was supplemented with 10% freeze-dried powder of carrots, while the other group did not receive carrots in their diets.



The team found that mice on the carrot-enriched diet developed better regulation of blood sugar and a healthier gut microbiome.



The experts concluded that it was the bioactive compounds in carrots, such as short-chain fatty acid-promoting agents, which led to these improvements.



"Carrots altered the composition of the gut microbiome - the billions of microorganisms living in the gut that play a crucial role in digestion and health. Mice consuming carrots exhibited a healthier balance of gut bacteria," noted Morten Kobæk Larsen, who coordinated the research project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carrots-and-gut-bacteria">Carrots and gut bacteria</h2>



The mice that were fed carrots had more bacteria that ferment short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are small molecules produced when bacterial populations ferment dietary fibers.



These molecules are crucial for regulating energy metabolism and blood sugar. They play a crucial role in helping maintain homeostasis of the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation.



"Everything we eat affects the composition of gut bacteria. Consuming carrots shifts the gut bacteria towards a healthier balance, benefiting mice with type 2 diabetes," explained Larsen.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-strategies-for-type-2-diabetes">Dietary strategies for type 2 diabetes</h2>



Carrots contain bioactive substances derived from unsaturated fatty acids that enhance cells' ability to absorb sugar, aiding in blood sugar regulation and overall metabolic health. 



Other vegetables such as parsley, celery, and parsnips contain similar compounds.



"We see carrots as a potential component of future dietary strategies for type 2 diabetes. Other vegetables in the carrot family might have similar properties," said Lars Porskjær Christensen, a professor of analytical chemistry and natural product chemistry at SDU.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



While the research is promising, it has not been directly applied to humans. The experts believe the next step is to conduct human clinical trials.



"Such studies are costly, and we are working to secure external funding to conduct a smaller clinical trial with carrots containing relatively high amounts of bioactive compounds," said Christensen.



The researchers hope that this could pave the way for larger clinical studies to help provide preventative measures against type 2 diabetes.



Of course, preparation does play a part in retaining the health-promoting substances found in carrots.



"Even with prolonged frying or boiling, some bioactive compounds remain. However, raw or lightly cooked carrots seem to be the best option to retain as many beneficial compounds as possible," concluded Christensen.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cts.70090" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clinical and Translational Science</a>.



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Carrots may help manage diabetes by improving gut health

The humble carrot may be more powerful than we realized....

Picture a charming blueberry farm, where vibrant bushes brim with richly colored fruit and sunlit leaves shimmer in the light. Yet, a change is on the horizon.



Blueberry plants are now under threat, with their vibrant appearance dulled and growth stunted by a powdery white substance. 



The culprit is a fungus called Erysiphe vaccinii, which is responsible for the disease known as powdery mildew.



A recent study from North Carolina State University reveals the alarming global spread of&nbsp;Erysiphe vaccinii in blueberries. 



Powdery mildew reduces yield and increases fungicide reliance. It is currently impacting blueberry production on multiple continents. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-spread-of-fungal-blueberry-disease">Global spread of fungal blueberry disease </h2>



According to the study, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-fungus-found-in-garden-soils-across-america/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> has spread globally over the past 12 years, after originating in the eastern United States. 



"We’re watching this global spread happen right now, in real time," said Michael Bradshaw, assistant professor of plant pathology at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NC State</a>.



The fungus responsible for powdery mildew creates a white, powdery layer on the surface of infected plants. 



This coating not only disrupts the plant’s ability to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis but also steals essential nutrients from the plant’s tissues.



As a result, the plant’s growth is stunted, and its overall health declines - making it weaker and less productive.



"There are other closely related powdery mildews that affect plants like wild berries or eucalyptus, but these are genetically different from the ones spreading across the world on blueberries," noted Bradshaw.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-spread-of-powdery-mildew">Tracking the spread of powdery mildew </h2>



The researchers examined 173 samples of infected blueberry leaves to study the spread of powdery mildew disease. These samples included both historic specimens from herbariums (some collected over 150 years ago) and more recent samples from various countries.



Through genetic testing, the team discovered that the strains causing the current outbreaks are entirely new and different from those found in the older specimens. They identified two distinct introductions of the fungus into the global blueberry-growing regions.



One strain spread to China, Mexico, and California and the other strain was found in Morocco, Peru, and Portugal.



Bradshaw suggested that humans likely played a major role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diseases-flourish-in-city-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spread of the fungus</a> by transporting infected nursery plants across borders.



“If you’re sending plant material across the world, you’re likely spreading this fungus with it,” he stated. This highlights how the global plant trade can inadvertently introduce harmful pathogens to new regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-the-disease-on-blueberries">Impact of the disease on blueberries</h2>



Powdery mildew has a significant economic impact on the blueberry industry, costing between $47 million and $530 million every year. 



These costs stem primarily from the increased use of fungicides needed to prevent or manage the disease, as well as from potential losses in crop yield.



The study also identifies regions like the U.S. Pacific Northwest as being particularly vulnerable to future outbreaks. This area has environmental conditions that are ideal for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> to thrive, such as the right combination of temperature and humidity, yet the fungus has not yet been reported there.



Proactive monitoring and management are urgently needed to prevent the disease from taking hold in such high-risk regions.



Bradshaw noted that agricultural practices could influence disease severity. "Some areas that grow blueberries in tunnels, or enclosed areas, seem to have worse disease outcomes than areas that grow blueberries outdoors without any covering, like in North Carolina," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-farmers-manage-powdery-mildew">Helping farmers manage powdery mildew </h2>



To help farmers manage powdery mildew more effectively, the researchers developed a public database designed to identify different strains of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-can-think-and-make-smart-decisions-without-a-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a>. Growers can use this tool to input data about the fungus affecting their crops and determine which specific strain is present in their fields. 



This information is crucial because it helps farmers understand the characteristics of the strain they are dealing with, including its level of virulence (how damaging it can be) and whether it is resistant to commonly used fungicides. 



By knowing these details, farmers can make more informed decisions about how to control the disease and protect their crops.



“Understanding the genetics can warn farmers about which strain they have, whether it is resistant to fungicides, and how the disease is spreading,” Bradshaw explained.



This research highlights the urgent need to address powdery mildew’s global spread. By improving monitoring and control strategies, the study offers hope for safeguarding the blueberry industry from this emerging disease.



The research was supported by the National Science Foundation (<a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a>) and <a href="https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Novo Nordisk Foundation</a>.



The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/nph.20351" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>.



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Disease attacking blueberry plants is spreading around the world

Picture a charming blueberry farm, where vibrant bushes brim with...

When we think about the food habits of our prehistoric ancestors, our minds often wander to a time filled with animal hunts, meat-rich meals, and little thought given to plant-based foods.



Collectively, we’ve bought into the narrative that the diet of early humans was primarily carnivorous.



However, new research is causing us to reconsider this long-held belief, revealing that plant-based foods played a far more significant role in our ancestors’ diets than previously thought.



On the fertile banks of the Jordan River, south of northern Israel’s Hula Valley, a profound archaeological discovery was made. It challenges the common conception of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-our-stomach-microbes-reveal-about-ancient-human-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric human diets</a>, painting a distinctly different picture of our ancestors’ eating habits.



The archaeological study suggests that early hominids didn’t just rely on animal protein; they were voracious consumers of a range of plant-based foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-a-major-energy-source-for-early-humans">Plants: A major energy source for early humans</h2>



The discovery of ancient starch grains was the study's primary focus. These grains, believed to be approximately 780,000 years old, were found on basalt stone tools at an old settlement site near Gesher Benot Ya’akov.



This significant location, positioned on the shores of the historic Hula Lake, is a treasure trove for archaeologists. It offers countless layers of settlements, alongside fossilized animal remains and plant remnants like seeds and fruits.



The findings provide crucial evidence of early humans’ extensive use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based</a> resources for sustenance.



By analyzing the preserved starch grains, the researchers have identified a broad spectrum of plant species that were processed and consumed by ancient hominids.



The results of the study highlight the adaptability of early humans in utilizing their environment to meet dietary needs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-plant-based-foods-in-early-diets">Role of plant-based foods in early diets</h2>



The study essentially debunks the widely accepted notion that the diet of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient humans</a> relied on animal protein - a belief often encouraged by the popular "paleo" diet interpretations.



Considering the rarity of plant-based food remains in archaeological sites and the frequency of animal bone findings, this assumption is understandable. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/plant-based-diet_early-humans_discovery_credit-Melamed_Ahituv_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/plant-based-diet_early-humans_discovery_credit-Melamed_Ahituv_1s.webp" alt="Examples of some of the plants recovered from Gesher Benot Ya'akov percussive tools, including both the whole plant, the edible part, and the characteristic starch grains. From left to right: oak, yellow water lily, and common oat (scale is 20 µm). Credit: Dr. Hadar Ahituv and Dr. Yoel Melamed" class="wp-image-1956094"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Examples of some of the plants recovered from Gesher Benot Ya'akov percussive tools, including both the whole plant, the edible part, and the characteristic starch grains. From left to right: oak, yellow water lily, and common oat (scale is 20 µm). Credit: Dr. Hadar Ahituv and Dr. Yoel Melamed</figcaption></figure>



Nevertheless, the presence of starch grains on prehistoric tools offers fresh insights into the crucial role of plant-based foods in ancient diets.



These foods - particularly starchy tubers, nuts, and roots - are carbohydrate powerhouses that are vital to fuel the energy demands of the human brain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deep-connection-to-plant-based-foods">Deep connection to plant-based foods</h2>



Beyond offering an alternative perspective on hominids' dietary habits, the study also highlights their advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-humans-used-ancient-plant-fiber-technology-to-make-tools-39000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-processing methods</a>. The findings shed light on the adaptability and ingenuity of early humans.



The research was conducted as part of Dr. Hadar Ahituv's doctoral thesis at <a href="https://www.biu.ac.il/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bar-Ilan University</a>’s Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology. 



Dr. Ahituv is now at the Laboratory for Ancient Food Processing Technologies (<a href="https://arch.haifa.ac.il/2013/12/25/laboratory-for-groundstone-research/#:~:text=The%20Laboratory%20for%20Ancient%20Food,associated%20graduate%20and%20undergraduate%20students." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LAFPT</a>) at Haifa University’s Zinman Institute of Archaeology.



The researchers found starch grains on basalt maces and anvils - tools associated with cracking and crushing plant foods.



These tools provided clear evidence of plant processing, demonstrating that early humans prepared a diverse array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based foods</a>. These included acorns, cereals, legumes, and aquatic plants.



"This discovery underscores the significance of plant foods in our ancestors' evolution," noted Dr. Ahituv. 



"We now recognize that early hominids gathered a range of plants year-round and processed them using basalt tools, opening a new chapter in the understanding of early human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-environmental-impacts-of-various-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> and their deep connection to plant-based foods."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-evolution-and-complex-social-societies">Human evolution and complex social societies</h2>



The ancient artifacts also offer insights into the prehistoric hominids' social and cognitive behaviors.



The systematic tools used for plant processing hint at an elevated level of cooperation and social structure, with these early humans likely operating within larger social groups. 



Their ability to utilize a diverse array of resources from both water and land-based environments showcases an intimate knowledge of their surrounding environment that was similar to the human connection with nature today.



This research builds on revolutionary discoveries, providing valuable insights into the dietary habits of our ancient ancestors, while offering a fresh perspective on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-flint-discovery-challenges-theory-of-human-cultural-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human evolution</a> and the emergence of complex societies.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2418661121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Early humans thrived on plant-based diets, not just meat, over 780,000 year ago

When we think about the food habits of our prehistoric...

Hotter, drier North American climates will curtail the growth of a critical fungus used to keep the invasive spongy moth (Lymantria dispar) in check, according to computer models recently devised by scientists.



The research, led by the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chicago</a> and the <a href="https://www.anl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Argonne National Laboratory</a>, highlights the interconnected nature of climate change impacts by showing how higher temperatures can ripple through ecosystems and alter species interactions in unexpected ways.



Greg Dwyer is a professor of ecology and evolution at UChicago and senior author of the study.&nbsp;



“The vast majority of previous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> studies look at individual organisms, but a small amount of climate change can have a big effect when you compound it across multiple species,” said Dwyer.&nbsp;



“So, computer models are crucial for understanding the effects of climate change on species interactions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spongy-moth-a-destructive-invader">Spongy moth: A destructive invader</h2>



Introduced to North America in 1869, the spongy moth originates from Europe. 



Female <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bella-moths-use-toxins-to-deter-predators-and-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moths</a> deposit their eggs on various surfaces - such as branches, stacked firewood, and outdoor furniture - which people can inadvertently transport far beyond the moth’s initial release site in Massachusetts. 



Once hatched, the caterpillars voraciously consume the leaves of hardwood forests, particularly oaks, leading to large-scale defoliation and significant tree mortality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-vs-forest-invaders">Fungi vs. forest invaders</h2>



Relief arrived in 1989, when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fungus</a> Entomophaga maimaiga began to spread among spongy moth populations.&nbsp;



While it’s not certain how or when this non-native fungus arrived in North America - whether intentionally introduced for control or accidentally imported - the fungus effectively curbed moth outbreaks for decades.&nbsp;



Another pathogen, the nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV), also helps keep spongy moth numbers down, but it requires large moth populations to spread efficiently. 



The E. maimaiga fungus, in contrast, can develop in small moth populations before major destruction sets in, provided that conditions are cool and moist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-warming-affects-moth-fungus-dynamics">How warming affects moth-fungus dynamics</h2>



As part of their study, Dwyer and his colleagues collaborated with atmospheric scientists Jiali Wang and Rao Kotamarthi from the Argonne National Laboratory to integrate advanced climate modeling into existing spongy moth population models.&nbsp;



By refining large-scale climate data to capture regional differences in temperature and precipitation, the research team could project how changing environments affect the interplay of spongy moths, their predators, and pathogens like E. maimaiga.



The simulations revealed that rising temperatures and drier weather reduce the infection rates of E. maimaiga, resulting in fewer moth deaths. 



As spongy moths become more likely to survive and reproduce, they cause more extensive defoliation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiplication-of-the-spongy-moth">Multiplication of the spongy moth</h2>



“Even small reductions in mortality rate for the moths lead to big increases in defoliation,” Dwyer explained. 



“If they don’t get killed off when they’re at low density one year, then the next year they’ll be back at higher density. You get this multiplication process going on.”



Recent seasonal trends have already hinted at what the future might hold. Below-average rainfall paired with above-average temperatures helped spur significant moth outbreaks, earlier than the researchers expected.&nbsp;



“Our projections were pessimistic, but probably not pessimistic enough. It’s very concerning,” said Dwyer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-domino-effect-of-climate-change">The domino effect of climate change</h2>



The study highlights the importance of treating species interactions as dynamic systems, where even slight changes in temperature or humidity can cascade across multiple organisms.&nbsp;



In this case, the spongy moth, the fungus that infects it, and the overall forest ecosystem are interlinked. As warmer, drier conditions limit E. maimaiga, spongy moth numbers surge, ultimately threatening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-mammals-play-a-vital-role-in-maintaining-forest-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest health</a> and stability.



The spongy moth’s destructive capacity poses a financial burden as well, given the expensive efforts needed to manage infestations and the losses in timber and ecosystem services resulting from tree deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-spongy-moth-populations-nbsp">Controlling spongy moth populations&nbsp;</h2>



By drawing attention to the vulnerability of E. maimaiga under climate change, the study suggests that forest managers and policymakers might need alternative or supplemental approaches to control spongy moth populations.&nbsp;



In addition, other species could be affected in similarly indirect ways - a warning that climate change can reshape ecological communities through multiple layers of interaction.



In the future, the team hopes to test its model’s predictions in real-world settings and refine it to factor in additional complexities, such as geographic variations in forest composition and predator species.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preserving-the-health-of-our-forests-nbsp">Preserving the health of our forests&nbsp;</h2>



By deepening our understanding of how climate change influences species relationships, researchers can help guide effective solutions for preserving forest health and maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>.



Overall, the research highlights a broader truth about ecological management in a changing world: when one piece of the puzzle shifts, the entire system can behave in unexpected ways.&nbsp;



As Dwyer put it, “a small amount of climate change can have a big effect when you compound it across multiple species,” and the spongy moth’s changing fate exemplifies that message.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02204-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.



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Nature's defense against the invasive spongy moth is fading

Hotter, drier North American climates will curtail the growth of...

Wild mushrooms, especially those found in local forests, have sparked a lot of curiosity among nutrition enthusiasts. Some of these mushrooms contain amino acids and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrimp-proven-to-be-a-nutritional-treasure-packed-with-antioxidants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a> that support human health.



Researchers have now focused on one specific amino acid, tryptophan, which our bodies use to produce molecules linked to mood and sleep regulation. 



Although we often hear that dairy products and turkey are good sources of this substance, certain wild mushrooms may also be worthy contenders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mushrooms-in-everyday-diet">Mushrooms in everyday diet</h2>



Growing consumer interest in nutrient-rich and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/">sustainable foods</a> has encouraged scientists to look more closely at mushrooms. 



Many regions of the United States enjoy mushroom-based dishes, but consumers in Europe and North Africa have also increased their mushroom consumption.



The quest for these nutritional benefits has led to new methods of extracting and measuring key mushroom components, including amino acids. 



<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alejandro-R-Lopez" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alejandro R. López</a>, a scientist from the <a href="https://www.uca.es/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cádiz</a> in Spain, has carried out several studies to extract and measure tryptophan content and antioxidant activity in wild mushrooms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-tryptophan">Exploring tryptophan</h2>



Tryptophan is crucial because our bodies cannot produce it on their own. It supports the production of <a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/serotonin-the-natural-mood-booster" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">serotonin</a>, the chemical that influences our mood, and <a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/melatonin-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=Melatonin%20is%20a%20hormone%20that,in%20the%20body%20beyond%20sleep." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melatonin</a>, a substance tied to daily sleep patterns. 



Experts have paid special attention to this amino acid in mushrooms due to its potential to assist with healthy cell function and <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/oxidative-stress" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxidative stress</a>. “The concentrations ranged from 0.042 mg/g to 0.742 mg/g,” claimed López, where he and the team explained their examination of how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/synthetic-psilocybin-less-effective-therapy-than-natural-mushroom-extract/">natural extracts</a> from mushrooms could support the body’s own defenses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-approach-that-made-a-difference">The approach that made a difference</h2>



Previous <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8228365/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efforts</a> to measure tryptophan sometimes involved large volumes of harsh solvents or high heat that could degrade heat-sensitive compounds.&nbsp;



Recently, investigators adopted ultrasound-assisted extraction with a milder temperature (77 °F, 25 °C) and a moderate amount of ethanol. 



This choice used fewer harmful chemicals, made the process faster, and preserved the delicate nature of the bioactive substances. 



They also adjusted factors like the amplitude of the ultrasound probe and the duration of sonication. This method was developed using a statistical design called <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/box-behnken-design" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Box-Behnken</a>, which guided the research team in finding the sweet spot for extraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wild-mushroom-extracts">Wild mushroom extracts</h2>



A separate part of the project looked at each mushroom’s ability to scavenge <a href="https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-are-free-radicals-a-dietitian-explains.h00-159699912.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">free radicals</a>. Two common tests, <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8878429/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DPPH</a> and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/abts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ABTS</a>, measured antioxidant capacity in percentages. 



Some mushrooms showed around 17.7%, while others reached up to 71.6%. Meanwhile, a range of 7.2% to 24.9% emerged for the ABTS test. 



Another area of investigation considered how effectively these mushrooms might help slow the activity of <a href="https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/54" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">acetylcholinesterase</a> (AChE). 



This enzyme is tied to neurological changes in aging conditions. The samples tested offered inhibition percentages between 13.1% and 49.8%. 



Researchers compared their findings with other documented values for similar mushrooms. Some species, especially those in the Lactarius genus, had strong antioxidant readings and moderate to notable <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AChE-inhibitory activity</a>. 



These signs hint that the mushrooms in question may be valuable as dietary options that help maintain normal nervous system activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-health-and-wild-mushrooms">Human health and wild mushrooms</h2>



While these results spark fresh ideas about mushrooms and tryptophan, more steps are necessary. Cell and animal research could add depth to these findings, especially regarding the link between mushroom-derived tryptophan and <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3744903/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging-related conditions</a>.&nbsp;



Another helpful move would be to see if preparation methods, such as cooking or drying, affect tryptophan levels in ways that matter for daily intake.&nbsp;



For the time being, the data supports the notion that certain wild mushrooms may serve as a suitable dietary source of tryptophan, alongside antioxidant compounds. 



They are also appealing for those looking to expand food choices that align with healthy diets. These mushrooms display interesting properties that might benefit individuals curious about options to support cognitive well-being.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814624036562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Chemistry</a>.



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Wild mushrooms contain substances that improve sleep, mood and cognitive health

Wild mushrooms, especially those found in local forests, have sparked...

Researchers at Montana State University (MSU) have unearthed a remarkable ancient forest preserved under ice on the Beartooth Plateau, providing a rare look into how warming climates could reshape alpine ecosystems.&nbsp;



The study, published in the <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2412162121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, analyzes the remnants of a mature whitebark pine forest that once thrived at an elevation of 10,000 feet during a period of warmer temperatures roughly 6,000 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-exposed-by-melting-ice">Ancient forest exposed by melting ice</h2>



The forest, which endured for centuries before cooling temperatures forced it to retreat downslope, was sealed under ice approximately 5,500 years ago due to a shift in summer solar radiation and subsequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanic-cooling-not-warming-caused-a-major-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic cooling</a>.&nbsp;



“This is pretty dramatic evidence of ecosystem change due to temperature warming. It's an amazing story of how dynamic these systems are,” said David McWethy, one of the study’s authors and an associate professor in <a href="https://www.montana.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>’s Department of Earth Sciences.



Unlike glaciers, ice patches do not flow and instead preserve deposited materials such as pollen, charcoal, and macrofossils in their frozen layers. These conditions allowed the forest to remain intact until recent warming caused the ice to melt, exposing the ancient remnants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-effort-to-decode-climate-history">Collaborative effort to decode climate history</h2>



The idea to explore the Beartooth Plateau for ancient climate clues stemmed from earlier discoveries by Craig Lee, now an assistant professor at MSU. In 2007, Lee uncovered a 10,300-year-old atlatl fragment in the region, suggesting that layers of ice held vast records of cultural and environmental history.



“Most of our best long-term climate records come from Greenland and Antarctica. It's not a small thing to find ice patches that persisted for that long a time period at lower latitudes in the interior continent,” McWethy noted.



Building on this discovery, McWethy, Lee, and Greg Pederson, a paleoclimatologist with the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, began investigating the ice patches in 2016. By 2018, their team expanded the project to study additional alpine ice patches in the region.&nbsp;



This collaborative effort involved tribes, federal agencies, and multiple universities and focused on reconstructing the area’s long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-temperature-has-changed-over-500-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate history</a> and its influence on Indigenous peoples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconstructing-the-ancient-alpine-ecosystem">Reconstructing the ancient alpine ecosystem</h2>



To piece together the story of the forest, the team examined multiple elements of this alpine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. Using ice cores, they analyzed water isotopes and organic material, while Pederson harvested cross-sections of ancient wood for radiocarbon dating. 



The findings confirmed that during a period of moderate and moist climate, tree lines shifted upward, allowing whitebark pine forests to thrive for 500 years.



“The plateau seems to have been the perfect place to allow for ice patches to establish and persist for thousands of years, recording important information on past climate, human activity and environmental change,” Pederson said.



The study suggests that as today’s climate warms, tree lines could rise again, transforming areas of alpine tundra into forest. However, Pederson cautioned that factors such as precipitation, wind, and snowpack would influence the density, distribution, and composition of these potential new forests.&nbsp;



“Growing season temperatures are the primary control on tree line elevation and latitude, but other factors such as moisture, wind, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a> and human disturbance may play an important role in dictating forest structure and elevational limits,” he explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-alpine-ecosystems">Implications for alpine ecosystems</h2>



The researchers warn that these changes could have profound impacts on the region’s ecosystem and resources. Rising tree lines might alter high-altitude snowpack, which serves as a critical water source for irrigation and hydroelectric power.&nbsp;



Additionally, if forests encroach on tundra areas, they could increase the risk of wildfires due to changing fuel conditions.



Cathy Whitlock, a climate expert and MSU Regents Professor Emerita, emphasized the broader implications. She noted that reduced snowpack could strain water supplies, while McWethy added that the establishment of forests in tundra areas might fundamentally alter the region’s fire dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-past-to-predict-the-future">Learning from the past to predict the future</h2>



The study emphasizes the importance of understanding past ecological changes to prepare for future challenges.&nbsp;



“That’s the reason why studies of past ecological change are more than interesting pieces of science. They have much larger implications for the resources we all depend on,” Pederson said.



As climate change accelerates, the Beartooth Plateau’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient forest</a> serves as both a stark reminder of the Earth’s dynamic ecosystems and a window into the potential future of high-altitude environments.



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Frozen forest reveals climate impacts on alpine ecosystems

Researchers at Montana State University (MSU) have unearthed a remarkable...

Endangered animals