Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-fall-rhapsody-in-ottawa/">Canada</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of<a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north+america&amp;cvid=d55013d210f7439f8ca981b3b73576f2&amp;aqs=edge.0.69i59l2j69i60j69i57j69i60l2j69i59.492j0j4&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS"> North America</a> and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.White sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) is a species of sturgeon in the family Acipenseridae of the order Acipenseriformes. They are an anadromous fish species ranging in the Eastern Pacific; from the Gulf of Alaska to Monterey, California. However, some are landlocked in the Columbia River Drainage, Montana, and Lake Shasta in California, with reported sightings in northern Baja California, Mexico.Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) &gt; Acipenseriformes (Sturgeons and paddlefishes) &gt; Acipenseridae (Sturgeons) &gt; Acipenserinae Etymology: : Latin, = sturgeon, 1853 (Ref. 45335); transmontanus: The specific name is derived from the Latin acipenser (sturgeon), trans (beyond), and montanus (mountain) (Ref. 27436).More on author: Richardson.

Acipenser transmontanus

Acipenser transmontanus NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation...

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Trionyx hurum

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source...

Trionyx nigricans

Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis

Troglodytes aedon mesoleucus

NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Troides alexandrae

Tryonia alamosae

Tryonia cheatumi

Tryonia circumstriata (=stocktonensis)

Tulotoma magnifica

Turdus olivaceus helleri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

FWS Digital Media Library -- Turdus olivaceus helleri The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video. North America is a continent entirely within the <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">Northern Hemisphere</a> and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa,

Turdus olivaceus helleri

Turdus olivaceus helleri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer...

Turnagra capensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Turnagra capensis ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Turnagra capensis

Turnagra capensis NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Tympanuchus cupido attwateri ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8%

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri

Tympanuchus cupido attwateri NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer...

Typhlomolge rathbuni NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Typhlomolge rathbuni ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8%

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Typhlomolge rathbuni

Typhlomolge rathbuni NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Tyto soumagnei NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">Canada.</a> NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Tyto soumagnei ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8%

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Tyto soumagnei

Tyto soumagnei NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Uma inornata NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/intense-wildfires-in-manitoba-canada/">ca</a>. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- Uma inornata ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=north%20america&amp;qs=n&amp;form=QBRE&amp;sp=-1&amp;pq=&amp;sc=0-0&amp;sk=&amp;cvid=2A486C7EEB7F4DC9A48B1971A274D39A">North America</a> and the world. North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. Because it is on the North American Tectonic Plate, Greenland is included as part of North America geographically. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 16.5% of the Earth's land area and about 4.8% of its total surface. North America is the third-largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa,

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.

Uma inornata

Uma inornata NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Uncia (=Panthera) uncia

Uratelornis chimaera NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information on rare and <a href="https://www.bing.com/search?q=endangered+species&amp;cvid=4618770443d84206bc017760c2480b9b&amp;FORM=ANAB01&amp;PC=HCTS">endangered species</a>, but includes common plants and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-models-will-help-identify-potentially-endangered-animals/">animals</a> too. NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural Heritage Network.

ITIS Reports -- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North America and the world.

FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video.The long-tailed ground roller (Uratelornis chimaera) is a species of bird in the ground roller family Brachypteraciidae, placed in the monotypic genus Uratelornis. Endemic to arid spiny forests near the coast in southwestern Madagascar, this ground roller occurs at extremely low population densities throughout its habitat. An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and invasive species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global conservation status of many species, and various other agencies assess the status of species

Uratelornis chimaera

Uratelornis chimaera NatureServe Explorer Species Reports -- NatureServe Explorer is...

Urocitellus brunneus

People in many countries struggle with being overweight, and the global obesity issue has worsened in recent years. There is a constant search for easy additions to daily meals that might help with weight management and heart health.



Chia seeds have captured public interest for their fiber content, fats, and versatility. They have popped up in everything from breakfast puddings to nutrition bars. 



However, according to Dr. Abbas Karimi at the <a href="https://en.tbzmed.ac.ir/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tabriz University of Medical Sciences</a>, the reality is more nuanced than dramatic weight changes from a single supplement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-chia-phenomenon">Understanding the chia phenomenon</h2>



Chia seeds are promoted for their high concentration of alpha-linolenic acid and plant-based protein. Some people say they support fullness and maintain stable energy throughout the day.



Scientists have taken a closer look at the effects of including these seeds in a balanced diet, hoping to see improvements in cardiovascular markers such as blood pressure or lipid profiles. 



While some findings suggest a modest reduction in waist circumference, measurable changes in overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/obesity-now-affects-more-than-a-billion-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight</a> remain unpredictable.



Chia seeds are also known for their high content of soluble and insoluble fiber which can absorb liquid and form a gel-like consistency. This fiber may <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559129.2013.818014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">slow carbohydrate breakdown</a> and contribute to a more balanced blood sugar after consumption. 



Small studies have hinted at better glucose control, though large-scale trials often show less dramatic shifts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blood-pressure-question">The blood pressure question</h2>



Research indicates that chia might help reduce systolic blood pressure by a few points. One idea is that the magnesium and potassium content supports healthy vascular function, which could relax blood vessels. 



However, not everyone sees these results, and individual factors may matter more than a simple addition of chia seeds.



There is also speculation about whether chia’s fiber can influence hormones that control blood pressure. If fiber leads to beneficial changes in gut health, the result might be indirect support for heart function. Still, any improvement might be modest and should be paired with the adoption of other healthy habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-and-heart-markers">Inflammation and heart markers</h2>



According to experts, omega-3 fatty acids help reduce low-level inflammation. It has been speculated that chia’s alpha-linolenic acid might help bring down C-reactive protein, an indicator of chronic inflammation. 



Other inflammatory markers, like interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have shown less consistent change.



In addition, chia seeds contain polyphenols that can act as antioxidants. These compounds might fight oxidative stress, though the effect can vary and may be more dependent on a person’s baseline diet, their genetics, and lifestyle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-and-glucose">Weight and glucose</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chia-seeds-have-great-potential-to-improve-human-health/">Chia seeds</a> promote a feeling of fullness because the soaked seeds swell, which may help to limit snacking between meals. However, not all trials reveal striking weight loss or major body mass index changes after chia supplementation.



An analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials on overweight groups suggests that chia might help with waist size, but blood sugar measures, like fasting glucose levels, often stay in the same range. 



A single food rarely solves metabolic problems, so experts recommend viewing chia as just one piece of a broader plan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incorporating-chia-seeds-in-meals">Incorporating chia seeds in meals</h2>



Some enjoy stirring chia into oatmeal, combining it with yogurt, or blending it into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-say-this-is-the-best-fruit-to-eat-for-a-healthier-liver/">fruit smoothies</a>. Two tablespoons of chia can provide a dose of fiber, healthy fats, and protein without drastically altering the taste of a dish.



Others grind chia seeds to sprinkle on salads or to replace part of the flour in certain baked goods. Whole seeds can work well in breakfast bowls, though ground seeds may release nutrients more effectively.



Moderation helps avoid bloating, especially for those who are not used to a high-fiber diet. Chia seeds absorb water, so sufficient fluid intake is important to prevent any digestive discomfort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-latest-research-on-chia">The latest research on chia</h2>



The systematic <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39285289/">review</a> by Dr. Karimi and colleagues found that chia is not a magic solution for reducing LDL cholesterol or glucose levels. 



However, the potential to trim waist circumference and bring down certain inflammatory markers is worth noting for those with metabolic concerns.



Researchers emphasize that consistency matters. Adding seeds for a few days and expecting major changes can set people up for disappointment. 



On the other hand, including chia in a sustainable routine might show small but meaningful differences over several weeks or months.



The study is published in <a href="https://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-024-00847-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrition &amp; Metabolism</a>.



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Tiny chia seeds pack a powerful nutrient punch

People in many countries struggle with being overweight, and the...

Cannabis has long been at the center of medical and scientific debates, especially regarding its component substances - cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 



The psychoactive component of cannabis, THC, is known for both its benefits and drawbacks, and researchers continue to seek ways to enhance its therapeutic effects while minimizing unwanted side effects.



A breakthrough from researchers at the University of Mississippi may offer new possibilities. They have discovered how CBD, a non-psychoactive compound in cannabis, interacts with the same receptors as THC.



This discovery could lead to improved pain management treatments and new ways to mitigate THC’s negative effects, such as memory loss and nausea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-cbd">New perspective on CBD</h2>



Amar Chittiboyina, principal scientist and associate director of the <a href="https://pharm.olemiss.edu/ncnpr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Center for Natural Products Research</a>, has been exploring CBD’s properties with his team.



Their study sheds light on how CBD functions at a molecular level and how it may change the way THC interacts with the human body.



"This research will open a new avenue for anyone in the field of cannabis research," Chittiboyina said. "It actually opens up new prospects or a new horizon in modulating cannabinoid receptors and harnessing THC's beneficial effects for pain management."



CBD is just one of over 200 cannabinoids found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trema-micrantha-brazilian-plant-found-to-contain-cannabis-cbd-compound/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, but it has drawn significant attention because it does not cause intoxication like THC. 



The compound’s popularity surged in the United States following the 2018 Agricultural Improvement Act, which decriminalized hemp and allowed for the broader study of CBD’s effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-cbd-and-thc-interact-in-the-body">How CBD and THC interact in the body</h2>



To understand the significance of this research, it is important to look at how cannabinoids affect the human body. 



A key component in this process is cannabinoid receptor type 1, a protein that regulates functions such as pain, mood, appetite, metabolism, and memory. Both THC and CBD bind to this receptor on cells throughout the body, but they do so in very different ways.



When THC attaches to the receptor, it acts like an off switch, shutting down pain signals but also causing unwanted side effects. These side effects include nausea, short-term memory impairment, and a higher potential for dependency.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-relieves-anxiety-without-the-risks-that-come-with-thc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a>, in contrast, works more like a dimmer switch. Instead of fully turning the receptor on or off, it adjusts its activity, allowing for a more balanced response. This means that CBD can help manage pain and other symptoms while reducing the negative consequences associated with THC.



The <a href="https://olemiss.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Mississippi</a> researchers have pinpointed the exact locations on this receptor where CBD binds. This knowledge paves the way for future research aimed at fine-tuning cannabinoid interactions to maximize therapeutic benefits while limiting the unwanted side effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeted-cannabis-based-treatments">Targeted cannabis-based treatments</h2>



Scientists believe this discovery could lead to synthetic versions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cbd-use-during-pregnancy-has-unexpected-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a> that work even more effectively. By modifying how CBD interacts with receptors in the body, researchers may be able to develop improved treatments for pain, anxiety, and other conditions.



"Our primary objective is to harness the beneficial effects of THC while mitigating its undesirable side effects," said Pankaj Pandey, a research scientist in the center.



CBD’s ability to influence receptor activity offers new possibilities for targeted treatments. This is especially important in the medical field, where researchers are seeking safer alternatives to traditional medications that may carry risks of addiction or severe side effects.



Robert Laprairie, associate professor at the <a href="https://www.usask.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Saskatchewan</a> and co-author of the study, emphasized the broader implications of these findings.



"When people talk about cannabis, they tend to focus on or think of it just as a drug, as the plant," said Laprairie.



"But we have a treasure chest of drug possibilities here and what we're trying to do is pick out specific, very focused effects and refine those. We're trying to pull out the benefits and leave the harms behind," he stressed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cbd-s-impact-on-opioid-use">CBD’s impact on opioid use</h2>



One of the major questions arising from this research is how CBD interacts with other drugs, particularly opioids. William Neal, a postdoctoral researcher at the Ole Miss center, is conducting studies to determine whether CBD has any effect on opioid receptors in the body.



"In the event that CBD binds to an opioid receptor, you could have negative interplay with opiate drugs like morphine," Neal said. "If you're getting pain relief from opiates, and if CBD negatively interferes with the opioid receptor, it's going to frustrate people who are prescribed opiates.



"As a result, CBD will reduce efficacy of opiates and could enhance the drug abuse liabilities."



If Neal’s research confirms that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-impacts-working-memory-and-brain-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a> influences opioid function, it could have significant implications for pain management. Many patients who use opioids also take cannabis-based products, believing that the combination provides better pain relief. 



However, if CBD weakens the effects of opioids, it may lead to complications for those relying on prescription painkillers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-on-thc-and-cbd">More research on THC and CBD</h2>



Neal’s study is just one example of the many new research opportunities emerging from this discovery. Chittiboyina believes this work will help answer broader questions about the combined use of cannabis, opioids, and other substances for pain relief.



"That's what I mean when I say this is a new horizon for cannabinoids research," Chittiboyina said. "Often, to mitigate pain, patients combine opiates with cannabis, kratom, and other substances. Is this approach beneficial or detrimental?"



Answering these questions requires further research, but scientists are optimistic that understanding CBD’s molecular effects will lead to medical advancements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-cbd-in-medicine">Future of CBD in medicine</h2>



Although these findings are promising, more studies are needed before researchers can draw firm conclusions. The complexity of cannabinoid interactions means that every new discovery leads to more questions.



"But if we can pinpoint how CBD interacts with multiple targets on a molecular level, we will be in a stronger scientific position to develop solutions that are relevant to public health," Chittiboyina said.



This research has the potential to change how cannabis-based treatments are used in medicine. By improving the understanding of CBD and THC’s effects, scientists may develop more precise therapies that help patients without causing unwanted side effects.



This study received support from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), the National Science Foundation <a href="http://www.xsede.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">XSEDE</a> Bridges allocation, and the Mississippi State-sponsored National Center for Cannabis Research and Education.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Chemical Neuroscience</a>.



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CBD reduces the unwanted side effects of THC

Cannabis has long been at the center of medical and...

Artists have explored tree-like images in art for centuries. Many people see these scenes and instantly recognize them as trees, even when the art is strangely stylized or lacks detail.



A new study suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-time-and-space-interact-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ability</a> to spot trees in art may hinge on a simple quantity related to how branch thickness scales across different sizes.



The research was conducted by Jingyi Gao, currently at the University of Wisconsin, and Mitchell Newberry, an assistant professor at the University of New Mexico.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tree-proportions-trick-your-brain">How tree proportions trick your brain</h2>



Trees appear in many cultural depictions, yet the features that trigger our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-human-brain-processes-visual-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a> to recognize them are not always obvious. Some artwork has curvy shapes, while others show bold, blocky forms that look nothing like leaves or bark.



The new <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/4/2/pgaf003/7996468?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> shows that one hidden pattern stands out. When smaller branches maintain a certain relationship to their parent branches, viewers see a tree right away.



By keeping the ratio between small and large branch diameters consistent, artists preserve an essential quality that suggests tree-like growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizable-trees-in-art">Recognizable trees in art</h2>



A fractal is a shape that repeats itself on different scales. These patterns appear in snowflakes, clouds, and real tree branches. They can also show up in hand-carved shapes or painted lines, as long as the size pattern remains similar across large and small areas.



In this study, the researchers explored whether fractals could explain why certain artworks display recognizable trees. They focused on a "branch diameter scaling exponent," which acts like the fractal dimension for tree branches.&nbsp;



“There are some characteristics of the art that feel like they’re aesthetic or subjective, but we can use math to describe it,” said Gao, the lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-math-behind-tree-like-shapes">Math behind tree-like shapes </h2>



Branch diameter scaling resembles the standard Pythagorean theorem, which often shows up in middle school geometry.



By squaring the diameters of child branches and relating them to the parent branch, the researchers identified a numerical factor that separates a tree-like feel from other forms.



This number can vary from about 1.5 to 3 for real trees in nature. Artists, whether knowingly or not, often work near that range. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-art-from-different-eras">Art from different eras</h2>



The team analyzed carvings from the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque in India, a Japanese painting from the 1700s, and early 1900s Dutch abstract art. Each of these cultural pieces showed a similar balancing act in how thick the branches were compared to their bigger trunks.



Even when lines were curved like snakes or reduced to bold strokes on a gray background, observers still saw a tree if the diameter scaling stayed in that “sweet spot.”&nbsp;



“It’s at the core of a lot of different depictions of trees, even if they’re in different styles and different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brains-bend-time-to-adapt-to-lifes-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cultures</a> or centuries,” said Newberry, senior author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-discoveries">Unexpected discoveries</h2>



In some surprising cases, an art piece that looked more realistic had a slightly off scaling exponent, while a more stylized carving had a value closer to real-life trees. This hints that realism is not the only requirement for a convincing tree image.



A highly abstract example from Piet Mondrian’s series offers a glimpse at this idea. Even with just a few black lines and no obvious leaves, one painting has a scaling exponent that lands in the natural range.



When Mondrian removed that scaling in a later piece, people began interpreting the lines in all sorts of other ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-math-and-art-connect-in-tree-images">Math and art connect in tree images</h2>



The study stems from a background of interdisciplinary thinking. Mathematics can unite seemingly separate fields, especially when it comes to repeated patterns found in biology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-our-brains-neurons-make-and-retrieve-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">art</a>.



This project also highlights how looking at a painting can reveal deeper truths about nature. The researchers combined artistic analysis with core geometry to capture a consistent formula.



By tapping into fractals, the experts unlocked a new way of explaining how we recognize tree shapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blending-science-and-creativity">Blending science and creativity</h2>



The research might also spark fresh discussions about the blending of science and creativity. The study focuses on the idea that something as subjective as art appreciation might have a quantitative backbone. 



Scientists continue to investigate whether our brains latch onto these branching proportions from an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-pathway-discovered-that-suppresses-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary standpoint</a>, given our familiarity with natural trees that grew around us for thousands of years.



The visual pull of art might be less mysterious than previously believed. It could boil down to numbers that we subconsciously pick up whenever we spot repeating forms. The same principle might extend to different styles of illustration or design, from digital graphics to architecture.



The study is published in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/4/2/pgaf003/7996468?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.



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How and why our brains can instantly recognize trees, even in abstract art

Artists have explored tree-like images in art for centuries. Many...

Solar energy has fascinated scientists and engineers for decades. Many wonder how leaves harness sunlight to produce energy with remarkable efficiency.



<a href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a>, the process that drives energy capture in green organisms, employs subtle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-instead-of-oil-or-coal-powers-a-new-kind-of-engine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a> to avoid waste. This link between molecular events and advanced physics once seemed far-fetched, but new research is changing minds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-quantum-effects-shape-plant-function">How quantum effects shape plant function</h2>



Research by Professor Jürgen Hauer from the Technical University of Munich and first author Erika Keil suggests that fragile molecular states hold more power than expected. Observations in chlorophyll molecules reveal that electrons move through different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy levels</a> in a seamless way.



This happens when light enters a leaf and triggers electronic changes inside each pigment. Instead of scattering energy, the system finds pathways that keep losses to a bare minimum.



Superposition states allow energy to overlap across multiple electronic configurations. These overlaps explain why leaves can transfer energy to reaction centers so efficiently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-solar-panels-mimic-leaf-energy-efficiency">Can solar panels mimic leaf energy efficiency?</h2>



Developers of solar panels dream of mimicking natural energy transport in leaves. Basic strategies borrowed from plants might improve devices that struggle with reflection, heat, and other hurdles.



Nature uses pigments to harvest light across a wide range of wavelengths. Researchers aim to create synthetic analogs with better spectral coverage and minimal losses.



Some systems rely on specialized organic molecules designed to emulate chlorophyll. Others seek to combine biological components with man-made scaffolds to form hybrid solar cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-quantum-steps-matter">Why quantum steps matter</h2>



Classical physics alone cannot fully explain the speed and efficiency of light harvesting. Scientists suspect that quantum coherence, even if it lasts briefly, helps direct energy through an optimal route.



Coherence means electron waves remain in sync long enough to guide energy transfer. These fleeting periods can reduce random losses by funneling energy into the right channels.



Although short-lived, such coherence has been detected in photosynthetic bacteria and algae, hinting at a universal trick shared by green organisms. Observations confirm that multiple energy states interact in ways that defy classical explanations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probing-the-spectrum">Probing the spectrum</h2>



Scientists categorize chlorophyll absorption in plant leaves into two main zones, called the Q band and B band. Each leaf uses these zones to capture different wavelengths, allowing chlorophyll to gather light from various parts of the solar spectrum.



Studies suggest that these bands do not operate independently. Instead, they communicate through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-giant-leap-forward-breakthrough-ultra-pure-silicon-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> couplings that enable a steady flow of energy inside the leaf.



Once energy arrives in the lower electronic states, cooling removes excess energy as heat. This ensures the system remains stable and prevents damage from overexcitation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-experimental-observation">Challenges in experimental observation</h2>



Capturing events that happen in a few trillionths of a second is no small task. Ultrafast spectroscopy uses laser pulses to freeze these moments and map the flow of energy.



Researchers must sift through complicated data, since chlorophyll molecules vibrate and rotate while transferring energy. Careful modeling helps interpret the signals and tease apart overlapping states.



Advanced simulations also guide the design of future experiments. These combined approaches reveal hidden pathways that allow nature to avoid large losses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leaf-physics-and-solar-technology">Leaf physics and solar technology</h2>



Lessons from plants often inspire new strategies in the lab. Scientists build prototypes to see if they can harness the same quantum features found in leaves.



One idea is to insert synthetic pigments into specialized arrays that mimic the arrangement of chlorophyll in a photosynthetic complex. Another approach is to embed such pigments in robust materials, creating stable systems for light capture.



Although no device can match leaf efficiency yet, progress in controlling molecular interactions suggests a path forward. The ultimate goal is to replicate nature’s nearly perfect energy transfer on larger scales.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-discoveries-in-leaves">Quantum discoveries in leaves</h2>



Global demand for renewable power has skyrocketed. Solar panels offer a dependable alternative to fossil fuels, but improvement is always welcome.



Understanding quantum behavior in leaf structures might boost solar capture rates, driving down costs and raising output. Increased efficiency means more energy from less sunlight, a valuable gain for any region.



Quantum-driven devices could also be tailored to specific light environments, much like plants that grow in shade or bright sun. Engineers see potential for flexible systems that adapt to changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-questions-remain">Many questions remain</h2>



Scientists still debate how long these quantum states last under normal biological settings. Some measurements hint at coherence persisting longer than expected, while others find extremely brief periods.



Many suspect the protein environment around chlorophyll keeps the states stable enough to guide energy. Pinpointing which factors extend or shorten coherence is a primary focus of research.



Clarity on these mechanisms may help build artificial complexes with more robust quantum effects. As a result, energy could move through synthetic systems with the same near-zero waste found in leaves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-striving-for-clarity-in-complex-systems">Striving for clarity in complex systems</h2>



Quantum biology is not just about single molecules. It examines how entire networks of pigments and proteins cooperate to channel energy.



The synergy between theory and experiment leads to more precise models. Each insight refines our understanding of how plants achieve such efficiency.



Researchers are also exploring how environmental factors like temperature and hydration affect energy flow. This knowledge may shape solar technology suited to varied climates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Scientists want to harness <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum effects</a> beyond photosynthesis. Some envision quantum computing concepts that rely on similar phenomena to process data.



These connections remind us that nature is a powerful teacher. Studies of chlorophyll continue to influence fields like photonics and materials science.



The connection between light and molecular structure could lead to technology that was once thought impossible. A deeper understanding of plant energy transfer and leaf structure may pave the way for next-generation solar solutions.



Photosynthetic research encourages people to look at leaves with newfound respect. Their ability to gather sunlight with astonishing precision may prove to be a breakthrough for a more sustainable future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/sc/d4sc06441k" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chemical Science</a>.



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Tiny leaf pigments might hold the key to better solar power

Solar energy has fascinated scientists and engineers for decades. Many...

Climate change is reshaping ecosystems at an alarming rate. While much attention goes to the loss of animal species, plants are also vanishing. Since 1750, around 600 plant species have gone extinct, a number twice as high as animal extinctions. 



Yet, little is known about which plants are most at risk and how biodiversity shifts affect ecosystems.



Scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute have taken a deep look into the past to answer these questions. Using ancient DNA preserved in lake sediments, they reconstructed how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-conservation-day-2024-saving-species-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant life</a> changed between 15,000 and 11,000 years ago, a period of significant global warming. 



This research, recently published in the journal Nature Communications, sheds light on how past extinctions could predict future biodiversity loss. The study provides a clearer picture of how plant communities shift under warming conditions and what this could mean for ecosystems today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-forgotten-side-of-plant-extinction">The forgotten side of plant extinction</h2>



The loss of plants rarely makes headlines, even though they form the foundation of life. Many people recognize the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinction</a> of large mammals like the woolly mammoth, but few think about the plants that vanished alongside them. 



This oversight is partly due to the difficulty of studying plant extinctions. Traditional methods rely on fossilized pollen, which cannot always identify individual species.



“Everyone knows that the woolly mammoth went extinct, but virtually no-one mentions the plants that were lost at the end of the last ice age,” said Professor Ulrike Herzschuh from the Alfred Wegener Institute. “Until recently, we lacked suitable methods for investigating the extinction of plant species in detail.”



To overcome this challenge, the researchers used advanced techniques to extract and analyze ancient DNA from lake sediments. These sediments contain genetic material from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that lived up to 30,000 years ago.



By enriching and sequencing these DNA fragments, scientists could compare them with modern databases and reconstruct past plant communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-alters-plant-interactions">Climate change alters plant interactions</h2>



Shifts in climate do not just affect which plants survive but also how they interact with one another. The research revealed that plant communities undergo drastic transformations as temperatures change.



“We’ve now been able to determine in detail when and where species appeared and disappeared in Alaska and Siberia,” noted Ulrike Herzschuh.



“Our research shows that the composition of plant species changed substantially at the end of the last ice age, and that this was accompanied by fundamental changes in the ecological conditions.”



One of the most striking findings was the shift in how plants interact. During cold periods, plants often support each other, creating environments where multiple species can thrive and reduce the risk of extinction.



However, in warm periods, competition becomes dominant. This pattern is still visible today in tundra regions where cushion plants provide shelter for other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-one-third-of-the-worlds-trees-face-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>.



“In the DNA from the lake sediments, we found e.g. many cushion plants, which most likely supported the expansion of other species by forming sheltered habitats,” said Herzschuh. This sheltering effect was essential for biodiversity in colder climates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-self-destructive-cycle-for-arctic-plants">Self-destructive cycle for Arctic plants</h2>



Today, cushion plants continue to play a vital role in Arctic ecosystems. However, their ability to help other plants survive could ultimately lead to their own decline. 



As Arctic temperatures rise, trees and shrubs are expanding into tundra regions where cushion plants once dominated. These larger plants benefit from the shelter cushion plants provide, allowing them to spread more quickly.



“Since the warming of the Arctic has already progressed quite far, woody plants can survive even in the high latitudes. The cushion plants could facilitate their spreading, hastening their own extinction in the process,” noted the study authors.



This unintended consequence of plant interactions highlights the delicate balance of Arctic ecosystems. While cushion plants once promoted diversity, they may now accelerate their own disappearance by aiding the spread of larger, more competitive species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plants-most-at-risk-of-extinction">The plants most at risk of extinction</h2>



The study also sought to determine which plant species are most vulnerable to extinction. At the end of the last ice age, some plant communities vanished entirely. One of the most notable losses was the mammoth steppe, a vast ecosystem that once stretched across the Northern Hemisphere.



Identifying extinct plants proved difficult because genetic databases focus on modern species. “To identify the species that no longer existed, we had to use a trick,” said Herzschuh.



The researchers examined all DNA fragments from sediment samples, then used statistical models to isolate DNA that did not match any known modern species.



Through this method, they found that grasses and shrubs face the highest risk of extinction in a warming world. Unlike woody plants, which can spread into new areas as temperatures rise, these smaller species often struggle to compete. 



Additionally, plants in regions with high biodiversity are more vulnerable than those in less diverse environments.



One surprising discovery was that plant extinction rates peaked at the beginning of the current warm phase. Often, species disappeared thousands of years after the initial environmental changes. 



“That means the full impacts of today’s human activities might not become apparent until the distant future,” said the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-today-s-arctic">What this means for today’s Arctic</h2>



The findings provide essential insights into how climate change affects biodiversity. 



For the first time, scientists have been able to measure plant extinction rates, offering valuable reference data for predicting future changes. The results indicate that Arctic ecosystems are particularly at risk as temperatures continue to rise.



“Our studies show how important it is to understand biodiversity and ecological interactions, also in the long term, in order to better predict the impacts of climate change,” said Herzschuh.



By studying ancient DNA, researchers can uncover the long-term effects of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-centinela-mass-extinction-really-happen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant communities</a>. This knowledge is crucial for conservation efforts and for understanding how ecosystems will respond to further warming. 



The lessons from the past suggest that the most significant impacts of climate change on plant biodiversity are yet to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56176-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Warming climates force plants to compete with each other

Climate change is reshaping ecosystems at an alarming rate. While...

Invasive species pose a threat to ecosystems worldwide. They disrupt native habitats, outcompete local species, and create long-term ecological challenges.



Scientists have struggled to predict where these species will spread next, as their movements are often unpredictable. This unpredictability makes it difficult for conservationists and policymakers to develop effective strategies to contain or prevent their spread.



The spotted tilapia is just one example of an invasive species that continuously moves into new environments. These alien species adapt quickly, making it hard for researchers to simulate their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-threat-of-invasive-species-requires-immediate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">movements</a>.



Traditional climate-based models provide some insights, but they often lack accuracy in forecasting future invasions. 



Researchers at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://ifas.ufl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UF/IFAS</a>) set out to refine these predictions by taking a deeper look into what makes certain areas more susceptible to invasion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-way-to-predict-invasive-species">Better way to predict invasive species</h2>



The scientists identified a missing piece in existing invasion models. They proposed an updated approach to environmental resistance (ER) modeling, which accounts for factors beyond just climate conditions. 



This new method provides a better understanding of why some areas are more vulnerable to invasions than others.



Environmental resistance measures how difficult it is for an invasive species to establish itself in a new habitat. One of the key factors influencing this difficulty is the similarity between the native species in a given area and those in an already invaded region. 



If a new location has native species that are similar to those in an invaded area, it is more likely to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-non-native-species-are-saving-themselves-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">experience an invasion</a>.



An invasive species is more likely to spread to areas where native species resemble those in already invaded regions.



This study focused on the eastern United States, a region heavily impacted by invasive species. Florida, for example, has more invasive vertebrates than any other state. Meanwhile, the Great Lakes region and the Northeast face significant challenges from invasive plants. 



Understanding the patterns of invasion in these regions helps researchers determine which factors play the most significant role in either allowing or preventing the spread of non-native species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-new-models-for-prediction">Testing new models for prediction</h2>



To refine ER modeling, the scientists considered several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-species-are-pre-adapted-to-tolerate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental factors</a>. Traditional climate-based models assume that if an invasive species thrives in one location, it will do well in a similar climate elsewhere.



However, this approach has its limitations. It does not account for how quickly invasive species can adapt to new conditions or how existing ecosystems might resist their spread.



Yunpeng Liu is a postdoctoral researcher at UF/IFAS and lead author of the study.



“Most important, traditional modeling strategies do not predict invasion spread well if we do not know much about the suitable climates of the invasive species or we are not sure about their adaptation after they colonize into new habitats,” said Liu.



“What we came up with is an update to ER modeling that adds the necessary layer that has been missing.”



The researchers tested different versions of ER modeling, incorporating factors such as soil type and human activity. They simulated real-world invasion patterns and compared which models most accurately predicted the spread of invasive species. 



The results revealed that models based on native species similarity were the most effective in predicting invasions, outperforming those based on climate and other environmental factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-native-species-similarity-matters">Why native species similarity matters</h2>



One of the most important findings of the study was that native species similarity played a crucial role in predicting invasion spread. When native species in an area resemble those found in an already invaded region, the risk of invasion increases significantly.



“The ER model based on native species similarity was the best model for predicting current spread, not just for invasive plants but also a suite of invasive animals,” Liu explained.



This insight challenges previous assumptions that climate is the dominant factor in determining where invasive species will thrive. While climate remains important, the interaction between native and invasive species is often a stronger predictor of whether an invasion will succeed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-invasive-species">Climate change impact on invasive species</h2>



As temperatures shift due to climate change, ecosystems will experience transformations that could make them more or less vulnerable to invasion. 



Native species distributions will change, potentially increasing the similarity between previously distinct ecosystems. This could create new opportunities for invasive species to expand into areas where they previously could not survive.



“The findings suggest that native species groupings could become more similar in the future than what they are today, leading to an increase in the spread of most of the invasive species, especially for those who have already occupied a wide range of habitat,” Liu said.



Urban areas, particularly those near large cities in Florida, are likely to face the highest risk. As human activity alters natural landscapes and climate shifts continue, these regions may become hotspots for future invasions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-and-conservation-efforts">Applications and conservation efforts </h2>



The findings of this study provide valuable insights for ecologists, land managers, and policymakers. Understanding the relationship between invasive species and native biodiversity allows experts to take proactive measures before an invasion occurs. 



Rather than relying solely on climate-based predictions, conservationists can now use ER modeling to identify areas at the highest risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-have-become-one-of-the-worlds-most-invasive-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion</a>.



One key takeaway from the research is the importance of preserving the unique composition of native species in different regions. If native species become too similar across different environments, it could create more opportunities for invasive species to spread. 



Conservation efforts should prioritize maintaining the diversity of native ecosystems to strengthen their natural resistance against invaders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-progress-in-managing-invasive-species">Progress in managing invasive species</h2>



This study marks a significant advancement in predicting and managing invasive species. By refining ER modeling and focusing on species similarity, researchers have developed a more accurate tool for assessing invasion risk. 



This approach not only helps scientists better understand the spread of invasive species but also provides land managers with the knowledge needed to protect vulnerable ecosystems.



As invasive species continue to challenge native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-plants-alter-the-soundscape-of-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a>, innovative research like this plays a critical role in shaping conservation strategies. 



With a better understanding of how invasive species interact with their surroundings, experts can implement targeted solutions to safeguard biodiversity and maintain ecological balance.



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.15089" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Biogeography</a>. 



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Why some places are prime targets for invasive species

Invasive species pose a threat to ecosystems worldwide. They disrupt...

Micro- and nanoscale plastic particles can greatly increase how much toxic chemicals enter plants and human cells, according to two studies led by Rutgers University. The findings deepen concerns about plastic pollution.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that these minute plastic particles, in combination with environmental pollutants, can intensify the uptake of poisons, heightening food safety risks.



One study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2452074825000011?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NanoImpact</a>, showed that lettuce plants exposed to both nanoparticles of plastic and common pollutants - such as arsenic - absorbed significantly more toxins than when exposed to the pollutants alone.&nbsp;



A second study published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8929/4/1/4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a> demonstrated a comparable effect in human intestinal tissue, signaling that these tiny plastics may be promoting more efficient transfer of both contaminants and plastics into our bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-levels-of-plastics-and-toxins">Heightened levels of plastics and toxins</h2>



Together, these studies point to a potentially harmful cycle. As plastic degrades into micro- and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-could-help-remove-nanoplastics-from-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoplastics</a>, it pollutes soil and water, enabling plants to absorb more dangerous substances.&nbsp;



Humans, consuming these plants, may then absorb heightened levels of toxins and plastic particles, posing elevated health risks.



Philip Demokritou is the director of the Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center at the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute at <a href="https://www.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers University</a> and senior author on both papers.&nbsp;



“We’ve already put about 7 billion metric tons of plastics into the environment that keep breaking apart,” said Demokritou. "They pollute everything around us - the water we drink, the food we eat, the air we breathe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-escalated-toxin-uptake-in-human-cells">Escalated toxin uptake in human cells</h2>



Using a simulated digestive system and lab-grown models of the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-migrate-from-the-gut-to-other-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small intestine</a>, the Rutgers researchers documented that nano-scale plastic particles increased the amount of arsenic absorbed by nearly sixfold compared to arsenic exposure alone.&nbsp;



The same phenomenon was observed with the commonly used pesticide boscalid.



Even more concerning, in the presence of these chemicals, the cells also took in considerably more plastic. Plastic particle uptake roughly doubled when toxins were present.



“We know nanoscale materials can bypass biological barriers,” said Demokritou. “The smaller the particles, the more they can bypass biological barriers in our bodies that protect us.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-and-toxin-absorption-in-lettuce">Plastics and toxin absorption in lettuce</h2>



In a separate study on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-lettuce-nasas-plans-to-grow-nutritious-plants-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lettuce</a>, scientists exposed the plants to two sizes of polystyrene plastic particles - 20 nanometers and 1,000 nanometers - along with arsenic and boscalid.&nbsp;



The researchers found that the smaller particles exerted the greatest influence, increasing arsenic levels in edible plant tissue nearly threefold compared to arsenic exposure alone.



These effects remained evident in both hydroponic systems and soil-based experiments. Using high-resolution imaging, the researchers verified that smaller plastic particles can travel from roots into the above-ground tissues of the plant, allowing them to accumulate in areas people typically eat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-keep-breaking-down">Plastics keep breaking down</h2>



Micro- and nanoplastic pollution arises mainly from the progressive degradation of larger plastic debris. According to Demokritou, stopping new plastic production won’t erase what is already out in the environment.



“Even if we stop today producing plastics or using plastics, we have plenty of plastic waste unfortunately out there,” Demokritou said.



Because these smaller particles seem to raise absorption levels of both toxins and plastics, food contamination from plastic pollution could persist indefinitely, with potential impacts on overall public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-possible-solutions">Future directions and possible solutions</h2>



The team’s findings come from a broader <a href="https://www.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>-funded project focused on ensuring food safety amid micro- and nanoplastic pollution. 



The researchers argue for heightened efforts to minimize further plastic waste while also searching for long-term resolutions.



“We need to stick with the ‘three-R’ waste hierarchy - reduce the use of plastics, reuse, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycle</a>,” Demokritou said. “For areas where you cannot apply these three Rs, like in agriculture where so much plastic is used for weed control and other things, use biodegradable plastics.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substitutes-for-conventional-plastic">Substitutes for conventional plastic</h2>



To address pollution, the scientists are developing new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodegradable materials</a> as substitutes for conventional plastics. They are also refining techniques to detect and measure plastic contamination in food and water.&nbsp;



Still, Demokritou stressed that fully mitigating plastic pollution will require grappling with social, economic, and technological obstacles.



“It’s not that technically we cannot address some of these issues. But it will definitely be a challenge to retain all the benefits from this very useful material while reducing the harms that it does. There are social and economic obstacles related to plastic production and use to overcome,” Demokritou concluded.



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Plastics supercharge toxin absorption in plants and humans

Micro- and nanoscale plastic particles can greatly increase how much...

Wildfires have long been a part of North America’s forests, shaping ecosystems and maintaining ecological balance. Yet, recent research suggests that today’s forests burn far less than they did in previous centuries. 



At first glance, this might seem like a positive change, but scientists warn that fewer wildfires could lead to more severe and destructive fires in the future.



A study published in Nature Communications reveals that modern forests are experiencing a significant “fire deficit.” 



This gap allows flammable materials such as dead wood and dry vegetation to accumulate, setting the stage for larger, more intense wildfires.



The study’s findings challenge the common belief that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-fire-risk-has-grown-exponentially-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> are increasing in frequency. Instead, they highlight how fire suppression has created dangerous conditions for both forests and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-deficits-in-north-america">Fire deficits in North America</h2>



The study was led by researchers from the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (<a href="https://cires.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CIRES</a>) at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> and the U.S. Forest Service’s <a href="https://research.fs.usda.gov/rmrs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Research Station</a>.



The experts compared wildfire activity between two distinct periods: 1984-2022 and 1600-1880. They also analyzed 1,850 tree-ring records from historically burned areas and compared them with modern fire maps from Canada and the United States.



The results show a sharp decline in wildfire frequency over the past century. Despite recent record-breaking fire seasons, modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-have-identified-the-key-driver-of-severe-wildfires-in-canada/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> burn significantly less land than they did before 1880. 



The researchers found that North American forests currently experience only about 20 percent of the fire activity they once did.



Historically, fire regularly cleared away underbrush, limiting the buildup of dry vegetation. The absence of these smaller fires has created an environment where large, uncontrollable wildfires are more likely to occur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-maintains-healthy-forests">Fire maintains healthy forests</h2>



Fire has long played a crucial role in forest ecosystems. Frequent low-intensity <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-season-of-2023-redefined-what-is-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fires</a>, such as those common before 1880, helped maintain a balance by preventing excessive fuel accumulation. 



These fires cleared away smaller vegetation while leaving most mature trees unharmed.



“It’s a harbinger for far more bad fires to come unless we can get more beneficial management fires on the landscape,” said Chris Guiterman, a CIRES research scientist and member of NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information (<a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCEI</a>) paleoclimate team.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="Jessie Thoreson" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/forest-fires_north-america_timeline-comparison_credit-Jessie-Thoreson_1s.webp" alt="Conceptual figure illustrates the impacts of fire exclusion and suppression on area burned and fire severity in historically frequent-fire North American forests and woodlands represented by the majority of the fire scar sites used in our analysis. Credit: Jessie Thoreson" class="wp-image-1959635"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Conceptual figure illustrates the impacts of fire exclusion and suppression on area burned and fire severity in historically frequent-fire North American forests and woodlands represented by the majority of the fire scar sites used in our analysis. Credit: Jessie Thoreson</figcaption></figure>



Before European colonization, Indigenous peoples practiced controlled burns to manage landscapes and reduce fire hazards. These intentional fires were essential for preventing the unchecked growth of flammable materials. 



In addition, naturally occurring wildfires - often sparked by lightning - further contributed to this process. This fire-adapted system helped maintain biodiversity and kept wildfires from reaching catastrophic levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-suppression-changed-forest-landscapes">Fire suppression changed forest landscapes</h2>



Over the past century, humans have significantly altered the natural fire cycle. 



Widespread fire suppression policies, aimed at protecting human settlements and commercial timber, have prevented natural and controlled burns. 



Livestock grazing has also contributed by reducing grassy fuels that once carried low-intensity <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-activity-surged-during-ice-age-climate-shifts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fires</a>.



As a result, many forests now contain a dense accumulation of fuel. Instead of experiencing frequent, smaller fires that rejuvenate ecosystems, forests are now at risk of massive wildfires that destroy everything in their path. 



The shift from regular, low-intensity burns to infrequent, high-intensity wildfires marks a dangerous transformation in fire behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-risk-of-severe-wildfires">Growing risk of severe wildfires</h2>



Even though wildfires burned larger portions of the landscape in the 18th and 19th centuries, those fires were often less destructive. 



Many trees recorded the presence of fire in their growth rings but survived to continue growing. In contrast, modern wildfires are so intense that they leave forests barren, littered with dead trees.



The study suggests that these severe fires are a direct consequence of human-driven changes in fire management. Without regular burning, forests have become overcrowded with vegetation, creating a dangerous stockpile of flammable material. 



Once ignited, these dense forests burn at extreme temperatures, making them more destructive to both ecosystems and human communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-and-climate-change">Wildfires and climate change</h2>



Recent research indicates that modern wildfires are not only more severe but also increasingly linked to climate change. Warmer temperatures, prolonged droughts, and shifting weather patterns create conditions that make forests more susceptible to large fires. 



However, the study also suggests that historical fires coincided with drought periods but remained less destructive due to the presence of frequent, smaller burns.



This finding challenges the assumption that climate change alone is responsible for today’s extreme wildfires. While rising temperatures do contribute to wildfire risk, the absence of fire as a natural process plays an equally significant role. 



The current approach to fire management, which prioritizes suppression over controlled burns, has made forests more vulnerable to large-scale devastation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-a-fire-adapted-future">Preparing for a fire-adapted future</h2>



Wildfires will always be a part of North American ecosystems. Instead of trying to eliminate fire altogether, scientists and land managers emphasize the importance of adopting strategies that reduce the likelihood of severe fires.



One of the most effective approaches is the use of mechanical fuel treatments and prescribed burns. These methods involve deliberately setting controlled fires or removing excess vegetation to reduce fire hazards. 



Research shows that such techniques align with Indigenous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-wildfires-are-gaining-even-more-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire management</a> practices, which successfully maintained healthy forests for centuries.



“It’s heartbreaking to witness how recent wildfires are devastating people, communities, and forests,” said Sean Parks, research scientist with the U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station and lead author of the study.



“Wildfires are inevitable, so preparing our forests for these events through fuel reduction treatments and prescribed fire will reduce their impacts to communities and forests.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-restoring-fires-for-forest-health">Restoring fires for forest health</h2>



The study highlights the urgent need to rethink fire management policies. Returning to a more balanced approach - one that includes controlled burns and recognizes fire as a necessary ecological process - may help reduce the severity of future wildfires.



As researchers continue to analyze historical fire patterns, one thing remains clear: fire is not the enemy of forests. In fact, its absence may be causing more harm than good. 



By learning from the past and restoring traditional fire practices, we may be able to create a future where wildfires are less destructive and forests remain resilient.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-56333-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Fewer forest fires happen today than in the past, ironically causes bigger issues

Wildfires have long been a part of North America’s forests,...

Imagine your child being able to enjoy the simple pleasure of a peanut butter sandwich without worrying about a potential allergic reaction. For parents of children with peanut allergies, this may no longer be a distant dream, but an attainable reality.



Researchers have found a promising new treatment strategy and the secret ingredient is regular, store-bought <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/midnight-snack-the-best-foods-for-a-good-nights-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peanut butter</a>.



The study revealed that, after ingesting peanut butter at incremental doses over an 18-month period, all children with a moderate level of peanut allergy were able to consume three tablespoons of peanut butter without an allergic reaction.



This presents a potential solution for many children with mild to moderate peanut allergies who have a higher tolerance threshold, which equates to tolerating at least half a peanut.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-breakthrough-for-peanut-allergies">A breakthrough for peanut allergies</h2>



"Children with high-threshold peanut allergy couldn't participate in previous food allergy treatment trials, leaving them without opportunities to explore treatment options," noted <a href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIAID</a> Director Dr. Jeanne Marrazzo.



"Today’s report focuses on this population and shows that a very safe and accessible form of therapy could be liberating for many of these children and their families."



While existing FDA-approved food allergy treatments are primarily designed for children with low-threshold peanut allergy, the recent study offers a glimpse of hope for an estimated 800,000 U.S. children who have high-threshold peanut allergy.



Before now, their only management strategy has been peanut avoidance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers aimed to identify whether a simple, low-cost treatment could help children with high-threshold peanut allergies tolerate an even greater amount of peanut protein.



The mid-stage trial was conducted with a diverse group of 73 children, aged between 4 and 14 years. 



The children were randomly assigned to either implement the new treatment strategy or persist with their peanut avoidance regimen.



Those following the new protocol started with a daily dose of 1/8 teaspoon of peanut butter, which was gradually increased every eight weeks to a maximum of one tablespoon. 



This increase was carefully monitored by medical professionals with minimal reported cases of severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-500000-americans-are-now-allergic-to-red-meat-because-they-were-bitten-by-a-tick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">allergic</a> reactions during the treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exceptional-success-rate">Exceptional success rate</h2>



After successful completion of the treatment plan, the children participated in an oral food challenge to evaluate how much peanut butter they could consume without an allergic reaction. 



All of the children who completed this challenge successfully tolerated up to 9 grams of peanut protein, which is equivalent to 3 tablespoons of peanut butter.



This was in stark contrast to the avoidance group, where only a fraction of the children could tolerate this amount.



The trial notably took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, with certain essential logistical restrictions.



Nevertheless, using statistical techniques to account for missing results, the study showed an exceptional success rate among the children in the trial who were exposed to increasing amounts of peanut butter.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peanut-tolerance-a-lasting-effect">Peanut tolerance: A lasting effect?</h2>



After the initial treatment, the children continued to ingest 2 tablespoons of peanut butter weekly for 16 weeks, then avoided <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/peanuts-have-a-beneficial-impact-on-vascular-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peanuts</a> entirely for eight weeks.



The children returned to the study site for a final oral food challenge after this period. The sustained success rates were impressive, with over 86% of the treated children continuing to tolerate peanut protein.



Follow-up trials are needed to determine whether the therapy has a long-lasting effect on peanut tolerance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-food-allergy-treatments">Expanding food allergy treatments</h2>



The researchers are now exploring whether similar strategies could be applied to other common allergens, such as tree nuts, eggs, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beef-and-dairy-contain-a-powerful-cancer-fighting-nutrient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dairy</a>.



If effective, this approach could revolutionize allergy management, reducing the burden of strict food avoidance and offering a more inclusive diet for millions of individuals.



Additionally, experts highlight the importance of accessibility. Unlike existing FDA-approved treatments that rely on pharmaceutical interventions, this method of desensitization uses an affordable, widely available food product. This makes it a practical and scalable solution for families worldwide.



Looking ahead, the experts aim to conduct larger, long-term studies to confirm the durability of peanut tolerance and assess whether sustained exposure is necessary for lifelong immunity.



Ultimately, the research could reshape food allergy treatment and offer renewed hope to families navigating the challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-pets-reduce-the-risk-of-food-allergies-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food allergies</a>.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/EVIDoa2400306" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEJM Evidence</a>.



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New therapy may help reduce peanut allergies in children

Imagine your child being able to enjoy the simple pleasure...

Plant lovers have experimented with everything from eggshell powder to coffee grounds to help their greenery thrive. While some of these methods are effective, a homemade, chlorophyll-rich fertilizer known as "green gold" is gaining attention among gardening enthusiasts.



Dr. Cristhian Josue Cedeno from the <a href="https://www.utm.edu.ec/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Manabí</a> has shared new insights on how nutrient-rich preparations can influence plant growth and vitality.



This knowledge aligns with the idea that plants are more than decorations: they are complex organisms that respond well to science-backed care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chlorophyll-rich-fertilizer">Chlorophyll-rich fertilizer </h2>



Bold, bright leaves are full of <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10384064/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chlorophyll</a>, the natural pigment responsible for a plant’s green shade. When leaves appear pale or lifeless, it can signal a nutrient deficiency that basic watering cannot fix. Chlorophyll-rich fertilizers may fill that gap by boosting a plant’s photosynthetic process. One promising organic option is LVEB (bovine manure vermicompost leachate), a liquid derived from composted cattle manure that has been processed by earthworms.&nbsp;



This nutrient-rich solution enhances soil quality, promotes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/">beneficial microbes</a>, and provides essential minerals like magnesium, which directly support chlorophyll production. 



Unlike synthetic fertilizers, LVEB improves plant health naturally, making it a sustainable choice for home gardeners and farmers alike.



“The 1:30 dilution of the LVEB stood out above the remaining ones, showing significantly greater increases than chemical fertilization for plant height, stem diameter, leaf quantity, total chlorophyll content, and increasing yield by 1,28 t/ha compared to plants that received chemical fertilizer,” said study co-author Cedeno Solorzano.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-power-of-magnesium">Hidden power of magnesium</h2>



“Magnesium plays a critical role in plant metabolism as it is the central atom in chlorophyll molecules,” explained Shaul O, from <a href="https://www.biu.ac.il/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bar-Ilan University</a>.



Anyone frustrated with sickly plants might consider the importance of <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a>, which is a crucial mineral in every chlorophyll molecule.&nbsp;



If leaves appear yellow or growth seems sluggish, magnesium deficiency could be an underlying factor. Dark, leafy material used in homemade fertilizer solutions may add a direct supply of this nutrient.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-healthy-soil-with-chlorophyll-fertilizer">Supporting healthy soil with chlorophyll fertilizer </h2>



Adequate <a href="https://bioenergy.asu.edu/why-study-photosynthesis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> is important, but roots and soil also deserve attention. Healthy soil provides the foundation for strong plant growth, influencing nutrient absorption, moisture retention, and resistance to disease.



“Organic amendments supply readily available carbon and nutrients that stimulate soil microbial biomass and activity," stated H. J. McGovern from the <a href="https://scri.webarchive.hutton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scottish Crop Research Institute</a>.



"This microbial stimulation not only accelerates the decomposition of organic matter but also enhances the availability of essential nutrients to plants, ultimately leading to improved plant growth and soil health."



Homemade chlorophyll fertilizer functions like other organic solutions by feeding beneficial microbes. Healthier soil creates a better environment for roots to access water and nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-chlorophyll-fertilizer">Preparing chlorophyll fertilizer</h2>



Gardeners often harvest the greenest leaves from shrubs that hold onto their color year-round. These leaves are placed in a blender with around one quart of water to form a rich, dark mixture.



Straining the blend removes chunky bits, and a brief bain-marie heating for about 5 to 10 minutes helps release the essential pigments. This simple recipe is then used in place of typical watering routines every couple of weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-steady-progress">Maintaining steady progress</h2>



Tracking improvement can be as simple as checking leaves for a vibrant hue. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-with-wilting-flowers-arent-dying-they-are-saving-energy/">Wilted or droopy plants</a> often show renewed structure after consistent application of the chlorophyll-rich brew.



It pays to stay mindful of the soil’s moisture content and drainage status so that excess water does not cause roots to suffocate. The combination of appropriate watering, sunlight, and nutrient balance keeps plants in good shape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-greener-approach">A greener approach</h2>



“The application of organic amendments improves soil physical properties such as structure, porosity, and water retention," noted the Food and Agriculture Organization (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>).



"In turn, these improvements support a more active microbial community that enhances nutrient cycling and overall soil fertility.” 



Sustainability is a crucial point for many who prefer organic methods.&nbsp;



Homemade chlorophyll solutions fit this mindset by reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. The steps rely on easily available plant material, which makes the process affordable and eco-friendly.



Using the green gold approach can be an encouraging way to nurse neglected houseplants back to health. The steps are quick, and the benefits become visible in the form of stronger leaves and sturdier stems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8232839.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Técnica</a>.



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Gardening hack called 'green gold' works like magic for houseplants

Plant lovers have experimented with everything from eggshell powder to...

The natural world is in constant flux, but few changes have been as rapid or as far-reaching as those brought by climate change. Rising temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events are transforming ecosystems worldwide. 



Plants, unlike animals, cannot move to escape these changes. Instead, they must adapt where they stand, developing new ways to cope with heat, drought, and unpredictable seasons.



This challenge is particularly urgent for crops, which provide food for billions of people. Agricultural systems depend on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> that can withstand extreme conditions while maintaining high yields. 



Some species, like Arabidopsis thaliana, already show remarkable adaptability, thriving in vastly different environments such as Sweden and Italy.



By understanding how plants naturally adjust to different climates, scientists can develop stronger, more resilient crops that will sustain future generations in an increasingly unpredictable world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-climate-adaptation">Plants and climate adaptation</h2>



Every plant species has a unique way of responding to environmental stress. Some grow deeper roots to access water, while others alter their reproductive cycles to match changing seasons. 



These adaptations do not happen randomly; they are rooted in genetic changes that help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-understanding-of-light-detection-in-plants-may-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> survive in specific conditions. However, scientists are still working to uncover the exact genetic mechanisms that drive these changes.



A recent study provides new insight into this process. By combining population genetics with global climate data, researchers have identified key genetic variants that help plants adapt to different climates. 



The study focuses on Marchantia polymorpha, a liverwort that grows in diverse environments across Europe, America, and Japan.



The research was conducted by scientists from the Gregor Mendel Institute (<a href="https://www.oeaw.ac.at/gmi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GMI</a>) of Molecular Plant Biology, the Umeå Plant Science Centre (<a href="https://www.upsc.se" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UPSC</a>), and <a href="https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hiroshima University</a>. The findings reveal important details about how plants evolve in response to climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-genes-for-climate-survival">Plant genes for climate survival</h2>



Scientists have long known that certain genetic traits provide advantages in specific environments. Plants in arid regions tend to develop water-retaining structures, while those in colder climates often produce antifreeze proteins to prevent cell damage. However, pinpointing which genetic variants control these traits remains a major challenge.



To address this, the researchers collected genetic samples from different populations of Marchantia polymorpha across Europe, America, and Japan. 



By integrating this genetic data with a worldwide climate dataset, they analyzed how each subpopulation’s genetic profile corresponded to its local climate.



“Comparing populations in Europe and Japan, we found genetic variants associated with warmer and colder summer temperatures, as well as with the amount of summer precipitation,” noted study co-author Liam Dolan. “These adaptations could be crucial for optimizing reproduction in different conditions.”



The analysis not only highlighted specific genetic changes linked to temperature and precipitation but also revealed broader patterns in how plants <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adjust to their surroundings</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-differences-in-genetic-adaptation">Regional differences in genetic adaptation</h2>



One of the most striking findings of the study was the difference in genetic diversity among Marchantia polymorpha populations from different regions.



In Europe, populations exhibited high genetic variability among individuals but remained genetically similar across different locations. This suggests that plants in these regions have maintained a wide range of genetic tools to handle diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental conditions</a>.



In contrast, Japanese populations showed a much more uniform genetic structure. Since these populations are geographically isolated, they may have evolved under more consistent environmental pressures, leading to less genetic diversity. These differences suggest that climate adaptation may shape reproductive strategies in unique ways.



Marchantia polymorpha, like many bryophytes, can reproduce both sexually and asexually. This flexibility gives it an advantage in changing environments. While sexually reproducing individuals can generate genetic diversity, asexual reproduction allows plants to rapidly colonize suitable habitats.



Understanding how these strategies vary between populations helps scientists piece together the bigger picture of plant adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-gene-database-helps-climate-research">Plant gene database helps climate research</h2>



One of the most important outcomes of the study is the creation of a population genomics database for Marchantia polymorpha.



This resource allows scientists to examine genetic variability in greater detail, providing a foundation for future research. It is the first database of its kind for this species and could serve as a model for studying other plants.



“We’re eager to expand this database with samples from around the globe, enhancing the robustness of future research,” said Dolan. "Our platform opens up exciting possibilities for addressing a wide range of biological questions related to plant growth and development.”



By incorporating more samples from different climates, researchers can refine their understanding of how genetic diversity contributes to plant survival. This information may help scientists identify genes that improve drought tolerance, disease resistance, or temperature adaptability in crops.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-food-security">Implications for food security</h2>



Climate change presents one of the greatest challenges to modern agriculture. Rising temperatures and unpredictable weather patterns threaten global food production, making it more important than ever to develop resilient crops. 



Studies like this one offer a glimpse into how plants naturally cope with environmental stress. By identifying the genetic factors that support adaptation, scientists can apply these insights to crop breeding programs.



Developing climate-resilient crops is not just about improving yield; it is about ensuring that food production remains stable in a changing world. Breeding programs can use the knowledge gained from this research to select for traits that enhance survival under extreme conditions. 



If certain genetic variants help Marchantia polymorpha withstand heat or drought, similar traits could be introduced into staple crops like wheat, rice, and maize.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-adaptation-research">Future of plant adaptation research</h2>



This study is an important step in understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smarter-climate-models-how-plants-influence-the-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> adaptation at the genetic level, but it is only the beginning. Expanding the genetic database and conducting further research on different plant species will provide a clearer picture of how plants evolve in response to climate change.



As scientists continue to explore plant genetics, they may uncover even more ways in which plants naturally adjust to their environments. The knowledge gained from these studies could revolutionize agriculture, conservation, and climate resilience strategies.



For now, Marchantia polymorpha serves as a valuable model for studying genetic adaptation. Its ability to thrive in diverse climates offers a powerful example of nature’s capacity for change.



By decoding its genetic secrets, scientists move one step closer to ensuring a stable and sustainable future for plant life on Earth.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00008-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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